MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
STATE ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA
ENGLISH FOR MICROELECTRONICS
STUDENTS
YEREVAN 2008
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
STATE ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA
H. Ghazaryan, H. Petrosyan
ENGLISH FOR MICROELECTRONICS
STUDENTS
YEREVAN 2008
2
Ðî¸801
Ð. Ô³½³ñÛ³Ý, Ð. ä»ïñáëÛ³Ý
"English for Microelectronics Students". àõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ó»éݳñÏ: ºñ., г۳ëï³ÝÇ
å»ï³Ï³Ý ׳ñï³ñ³·Çï³Ï³Ý ѳٳÉë³ñ³Ý. - 2008Ã. 110 ¿ç:
Ò»éݳñÏÁ ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í ¿ ÙÇÏñá¿É»ÏïñáÝÇϳÛÇ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³óáÕ
Ù³·ÇëïñáëÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²ÛÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ û·ï³Ï³ñ ÉÇÝ»É Ý³¨ ѳñ³ÏÇó
Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ëáíáñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Ò»éݳñÏáõÙ ï»Õ ·ï³Í ÝÛáõÃÇ
Ûáõñ³óáõÙÁ ÏÝå³ëïÇ É»½í³Ï³Ý áñáß³ÏÇ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë
ݳ¨ û·ï³Ï³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ TOEFL ѳÝÓÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ ݳ˳å³ïñ³ëïí»ÉÇë:
¶ñ³ËáëÝ»ñ`
ï.·.¹. åñáý.
ì. ´áõÝdzÃÛ³Ý
². ÔáõϳëÛ³Ý
ÊÙµ³·ÇñÝ»ñ`
Ø. ´³¹³¹Û³Ý
Ð. ä»ïñáëÛ³Ý
H. Ghazaryan, H. Petrosyan
"English for Microelectronics Students". Academic manual. Yerevan, State
Engineering University of Armenia. - 2008, pp. 110.
This academic manual is intended for the Graduate students specializing in
microelectronics. It can also be used for the specialties related to electronics. The
material introduced in the manual will help develop certain linguistic skills. It will
also be useful while preparing to take TOEFL.
Reviewers:
Dr. Sci. Prof.
Buniatyan
A. Ghukasyan
Editors:
M. Badadyan
H. Petrosyan
3
ܳ˳µ³Ý
àõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ó»éݳñÏÁ, áñÁ ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í ¿ §ØÇÏñá¿É»ÏïñáÝÇϳ¦
Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ëáíáñáÕ Ù³·Çëïñáë³Ï³Ý ËÙµ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ϳñáÕ ¿
û·ï³·áñÍí»É ݳ¨ ѳñ³ÏÇó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:
Ò»éݳñÏÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý µÝ³·Çñ ï»ùëïÝ ÁÝûñó»Éáõ,
ÁÝϳɻÉáõ, óñ·Ù³Ý»Éáõ ¨ µ³Ý³íáñ í»ñ³ñï³¹ñ»Éáõ, µ³Ý³íáñ
ѳÕáñ¹³Ïóí»Éáõ, ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ ¨ TOEFL-ÇÝ
ݳ˳å³ïñ³ëïáõÙÁ:
Ò»éݳñÏÁ µ³Õϳó³Í ¿ 14 ¹³ëÇó, áñáÝóÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñÁ
å³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿ µÝ³·Çñ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ï»ùëï` ¹ñ³Ý Ñ»ï¨áÕ µ³é³ó³ÝÏáí,
µ³é³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ù»ñ³Ï³Ý³Ï³Ý í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí, áñáÝù ÏÝå³ëï»Ý
Ó»éݳñÏáõÙ ï»Õ ·ï³Í ÝÛáõÃÇ ÁÝϳÉÙ³ÝÝ áõ Ûáõñ³óÙ³ÝÁ: ø»ñ³Ï³Ý³Ï³Ý
í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý µ³½Ù³ÏÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý ëϽµáõÝùÇ
íñ³:
Ò»éݳñÏáõÙ ï»Õ »Ý ·ï»É ݳ¨ ï»ùëïÇ ÁÝϳÉáõÙÁ ëïáõ·áÕ
í³ñÅáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ µ³Ý³íáñ ѳÕáñ¹³ÏóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í
ûٳݻñ:
Ò»éݳñÏÁ ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í ¿ 80 ³Ï³¹»ÙÇ³Ï³Ý Å³ÙáõÙ ³ÝóÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ:
UNIT 1
4
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. Microelectronics, as
the name suggests, is related to the study and manufacture, or
Microfabrication, of electronic components which are very small (usually
micron-scale or smaller, but not always). These devices are made from
semiconductors. Many components of normal electronic design are
available in microelectronic equivalent: transistors, capacitors, inductors,
resistors, diodes and of course insulators and conductors can all be found in
microelectronic devices.
Digital integrated circuits (ICs) consist mostly of transistors.
Analog circuits commonly contain resistors and capacitors as well.
Inductors are used in some high frequency analog circuits, but tend to
occupy large chip area if used at low frequencies; gyrators can replace
them in many applications.
As techniques improve, the scale of microelectronic components
continues to decrease. At smaller scales, the relative impact of intrinsic
circuit properties such as interconnections may become more significant.
These are called parasitic effects, and the goal of the microelectronics
design engineer is to find ways to compensate for or to minimize these
effects, while always delivering smaller, faster, and cheaper devices.
Notes
scale – Ù³ëßï³µ
available - Ù³ïã»ÉÇ
equivalent - ѳٳñÅ»ù
contain - å³ñáõݳϻÉ
frequency - ѳ׳ËáõÃÛáõÝ
application - ÏÇñ³éáõÃÛáõÝ
impact - ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ
intrinsic – Ý»ñùÇÝ
significant - Ý߳ݳϳÉÇ
deliver - ³ñï³¹ñ»É
5
Exercises
1. Find in the text synonyms to the words below.
part
production
equipment
use ( n )
develop
keep on
influence
feature
important
usually
2. Find in the text antonyms to the words below.
irrelevant
expensive
external
unusual
enormous
conductor
abnormal
increase
destroy
maximize
3. Match the words with their definitions.
semiconductor
transistor
capacitor
inductor
resistor
diode
insulator
conductor
integrated circuit
a solid-state electronic device that controls current
flow without use of a vacuum.
a non-conductor.
a device designed to introduce inductance into an
electric circuit.
a semiconductor device used as a rectifier.
a substance or thing that conducts electricity, heat,
sound, etc.
an electronic circuit containing many amplifying
devices.
a device used for storing an electric charge.
a device used in circuit to provide resistance.
a substance whose conductivity is poor at low
temperatures.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
6
a) apply – applied – application – applicable – applicant
b) conduct – conductor – conductive – conductivity
c) use – usage – useful – useless – usefulness – usefully
d) resistor – resist – resistance – resistant – irresistible
e) develop – developing – development - developed
5. Form abstract nouns from the adjectives below.
applied, important, enormous, significant, frequent, available, resistant,
mobile, productive.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
be related to
consist of
be made from
as well
such as
compensate for
7. Read the sentences and decide which of the four choices is
closest in meaning to the sentence.
1. Professor Baker said that he'd try to schedule the class at a time
convenient to the majority.
A) The time should be suitable to the majority.
B) It’s not convenient to have the class.
C) The schedule is not convenient for most of the people.
D) Class is scheduled for tonight.
2. Jane usually likes to live alone, but this quarter she has a roommate.
A) Jane usually has a roommate.
B) Jane doesn't like to live alone.
C) Jane has a quarter.
D) Jane has a roommate now.
3.They were lucky to get the only two seats left for the play.
A) They got the last two seats.
B) They lost their seats to another couple.
C) They got the best seats.
D) They got the first two seats in the last row.
7
4. Margaret bought a dozen oranges but when she got them home, three
were bad.
A) All the oranges were bad.
B) Three oranges were good.
C) Twelve oranges were good.
D) Nine oranges were good.
5. It would have been a perfect paper except for one misspelled word.
A) It was a perfect paper.
B) The word was spelled perfectly.
C) The paper had one mistake.
D) The teacher didn't accept the paper.
6. If you already have your boarding pass, there is no need to check in.
A) The man cashed a check.
B) Go ahead if you have your boarding pass.
C) Please don't pass this point unless you have checked in.
D) Don't wait if you are bored.
7. In spite of his allergy, Peter continued to eat chocolate.
A) Peter doesn't eat chocolate.
B) Eating chocolate is good for Peter.
C) Peter doesn't like chocolate.
D) Peter has an allergy to chocolate.
8.After a very promising first act, the play began to drag.
A) The play wasn't as good as they thought at first.
B) They promised to see the first act.
C) The first act wasn't good.
D) They forgot what they had promised.
9. Mary had to save for two years in order to have enough money for her
vacation in Europe.
A) Mary lived in Europe for 2 years.
B) Mary had to work for 2 years to take a vacation in Europe.
C) Mary took a vacation to Europe 2 years ago.
D) Mary couldn't save enough money.
8
10. Nancy isn't used to walking so far.
A) Nancy used to walk farther.
B) Nancy doesn't like to walk so far.
C) Nancy isn't accustomed to walking very far.
D) Nancy needed help to walk so far.
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. ______ think of metallurgy as a modern field of science, but it is actually
one of the oldest
A) Although
B) Many people
C) Many people who
D) In spite of many people
2. Modern saw blades are coated with a special ____ plastic.
A) reduction of friction
C) friction is reduced
B) reduced friction
D) friction reducing
3. A cloud is a dense mass of _____ water vapor or ice particles.
A) or
C) either
B) whether
D)both
4. The higher ___octane number of gasoline, the less knocking occurs in
the engine as the fuel is burned.
A)some
C) is
B)the
D)than
5. The chief advantage of using satellites to predict weather ___ can survey
vast regions of the earth at one time.
A)is that they
C) is that
B)they
D) that they
՛
6. ____ Jane has an excellent resume she hasn't found a job yet.
A) However
C) Although
B) Yet
D) Still
7. Because the metal mercury ___ in direct proportion to temperature, it was
once used as the indicator in common thermometers.
A) is expanding
C) is expanded
9
B) expands
D)expanded
8. Scientific research in oncology ___ the funding it deserves.
A) is seldom
C) being given
B) seldom given
D) is seldom given
9. Industrial psychologists have found that most people ___ to work even
if they became very wealthy.
A) continuing
C) would continue
B) to continue
D) will continue
10. Surveys of recent armed conflicts show that war ___ extremely rare
between democratic nations.
A) was
C) were
B) is
D) are being
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not
correct.
1. The largest and powerfulest member of the cat family is the tiger.
A
B
C
D
2. Evidently, scientists have no yet proved conclusively that the universe
A
B
C
began with the Big Bang.
D
3. Quality, price and located are often considered to be the primary
A
B
C
concerns in buying a house.
D
4. Whales, the largest of all life things, require an enormous amount of
A B
C
D
food.
5. According to ancient myths and legends, vampires must remain inside
A
B
C
their coffins while the sun out.
D
6. Of many people believe that diamonds are the costliest gems, but
10
A
B
C
emeralds are actually more valuable.
D
7. An ordinary household oven may be used to broil, bake, fried or roast
A
B
C
D
many types of food.
8. What air travel would become such an inexpensive and efficient way of
A
B
C
travel was probably not envisioned by the earliest aviators.
D
9. Much governments use gold as the standard of their currency, other
A
B
C
countries differ from this in their use of silver.
D
10. An oligopoly is a small combination of business interests that work
A
B
with one the other to control a product or service.
C
D
UNIT 2
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
At the modern stage of scientific and technological development,
microelectronics is rapidly gaining ground and its advances today largely
determine progress in many branches of industry. The need for lighter,
more compact. and more reliable radioelectronic equipment capable of
performing the functions of growing complexity has led to research into
ways and means of achieving the aims. Since discrete transistors could not
meet the above requirements, search for principally new approaches to
microminiaturization, low-cost, and reliable electronic systems has brought
the concept of producing circuits in one tiny die, or chip. Microcircuit
techniques gradually become available, which resulted in the replacement
11
of discrete elements by solid state and hybrid microcircuits, or integrated
circuits (ICs) for short.
Microelectronics is the next stage of development of electronics,
which uses a variety of physical, chemical, circuit techniques and
fabrication methods for the research, development, and utilization of ICs
and miniature electronic devices.
Vacuum tubes were the first generation of the element base of
radioelectronic equipment, and discrete semiconductor devices were the
second; integrated circuits and large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits
represent the third and the fourth generation of that base respectively. The
trend today is to lay the foundations of functional microelectronics.
As regards their technologies, ICs fall into two categories,
monolithic ( solid-state ) and hybrid. The basic advantage of monolithic
technology is that it offers the possibility of producting high-quality active
elements.
Monolithic circuit production requires an extremely large initial
outlay to set up economically warranted facilities. Considering that
monolithic circuit fabrication is a complex and labor consuming process
and, besides, it involves large investments in tooling and requires a lengthy
period to design and produce a prototype circuit, monolithic technology is
economically justifiable only in long production runs, i. e. where large
quantities of ICs are produced in single and repeated manufacturing cycles.
Hybrid circuits (hybrids) contain thin-film or thick-film passive
elements and semiconductor active discrete elements, or IC components.
Thin-film hybrid technology is preferable where there is a need to produce
special microcircuits (microassemblies) in comparatively low quantities.
An advantage of thin-film technology is its flexibility which
enables the engineer to select materials with optimum parameters and
characteristics and in essence achieve any configuration of passive
elements.
Notes
12
determine – áñáß»É, í×é»É
requirement – å³Ñ³Ýç
justifiable – ³ñ¹³ñ³óÙ³Ý »Ýóϳ
preferable – ݳËÁÝïñ»ÉÇ
utilization – û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ
complexity – µ³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝ
facilities – 1. Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 2. ѳñÙ³ñ³Ýù, ë³ñù,
ѳñÙ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
modern, rapidly, determine, principally, device, foundation, quantity,
contain, select.
2. Give antonyms to:
reliable, complexity, new, tiny, short, advantage, active, low, thin, next,
possible.
3. Match the words with their definitions:
determine
perform
tiny
integrate
utilize
flexible
requirement
do a piece of work.
decide, find out precisely.
combine into a whole.
make use of.
very small.
sth needed or demanded.
easily bent without breaking.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
13
a) compare – comparative – comparable – comparison
b) imagine – imagination – imaginative – imaginary - imaginable
c) integrate – integrated – integrating – integration
d) differ – different – difference – differently – differentiate
e) special – specialize – specially – specialist – specialization
5. Form abstract nouns from the adjectives given below.
dangerous, helpful, useless, respective, beautiful, logical, comparable,
careless.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions:
as regards
for short
gain
in essence
for the research of
considering that
achieve the aim
to lay the foundation
ground
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
The Nobel prizes, awarded annually for distinguished work in
chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international
peace, were made available by a fund bequeathed for that purpose by
Swedish philanthropist, Alfred Bernhard Nobel.
The prizes, awarded since 1901, are administered by the Nobel
Foundation in Stockholm. In 1969, a prize for economics endowed by the
Central Bank of Sweden was added. Candidates for the prizes must be
nominated in writing by a qualified authority in the field of competition.
Candidates are judged by Swedish and Norwegian academies and institutes
on the basis of their contribution to mankind. The awards are usually
presented in Stockholm on December 10, with the King of Sweden
officiating, an appropriate tribute to Alfred Nobel on the anniversary of his
death. Each prize includes a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash award of
about one million dollars.
1. What does this passage mainly discuss?
14
A) Alfred Bernhard Nobel
B) The Nobel prizes
C) Great contributions to mankind
D) Swedish philanthropy
2. How often are the Nobel prizes awarded?
A) Five times a year
B) Once a year
C) Twice a year
D) Once every two years
3. A Nobel prize would NOT be given to
A) an author who wrote a novel
B) a doctor who discovered a vaccine
C) a composer who wrote a symphony
D) a diplomat who negotiated a peace settlement
4. Why were the prizes named for Alfred Bernhard Nobel?
a) He left money in his will to establish a fund for the prizes.
b) He won the first Nobel prize for his work in philanthropy.
c) He is now living in Sweden.
d) He serves as chairman of the committee to choose the
recipients of the prizes.
5. Why are the awards presented on December 10?
a) Because it is a tribute to the King of Sweden.
b) Because Alfred Bernhard Nobel died on that day.
c) Because that day was established in Alfred Nobel’s will.
d) Because the Central Bank of Sweden administers the trust.
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
15
1. Not until a monkey is several years old ____ to exhibit signs of
independence from its mother.
A) it begins
C) and begin
B) does it begin
D) beginning
2. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to
increase the subscription price or _____.
A) selling advertising
C) to sell advertising
B) f they should sell advertising
D) sold advertising
3. Harward ____ a school for men, but now it is coeducational.
A)was used
C) was used to
B)was used to be
D) used to be
4. To check for acidity, one had better ____ litmus paper.
A)useful
C) to use
B)using
D) use
5. Beethoven did not let his deafness ____ from writing music.
A) is preventing
c) prevent him
B)be prevented
d) prevented him
6. If it ____ more humid in the desert Southwest, the hot temperature
would be unbearable.
A)were
C) is
B)was
D) had been.
7. It is imperative that he ____ on time.
A) came
C) come
B) to come
D) comes
8. The scientist was completely engrossed ____ his work.
A) in
C) by
B) at
D) with
9. In the 21-st century everyone____ a computer at home.
16
A) needed
B) will have needed
C) needing
D) will need
10. The famous architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, was greatly ____, who
wanted him to study architecture.
A) influenced by his mother
B) from his mother’s influence
C) his mother influenced him
D) influencing for his mother.
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not
correct.
1. The value of the dollar declines as the rate of inflation raises.
A
B C
D
2. He had to balance his account very carefully because he had
A
B
C
few money.
D
3. Mirrors done of shiny metal were used by the Egyptians in ancient
A
B
C
times.
D
4. All data in computer are changed into electronic pulses by an input
A
B
C
unit.
D
5. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested
A
B
C
D
in soccer.
6. An x-ray microscope enables a person to see on solid materials such as
A
B
C
metal and bone.
17
D
7. Caricature, a type of comic exaggeration is common used in political
A
B
C
D
cartoons.
8. It may be argued that modern presidents have far great responsibilities
A
B
than their predecessors did.
C
D
9. Though Pablo Picasso was primarily a painting he also became a fine
A
B
C
D
sculptor, engraver and ceramist.
10. If England had not imposed a tax on tea 220 years ago, will the
A
B
C D
USA have remained part of the British Commonwealth?
UNIT 3
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Integrated resistors can be made in a variety of ways. The elements
that can serve as resistors are individual portions in the bulk of a
semiconductor (bulk resistors), pn junctions biased in the forward or
reverse direction, and transistor structures.
Integrated circuits most often use resistors in the form of thin
semiconductor layers diffused into the crystal surface and isolated from
each other. The resistors of this type are known as diffused resistors, which
show linear characteristics and obey well Ohm’s law in the working range
of voltages. The impurity concentration gradient present in diffused layers
results in a higher conductance of strongly doped silicon layers near the
surface.
Diffused resistors are generally grown at one of the stages of
manufacture of a transistor in a single technological cycle. Resistors with a
low value of receptivity p are made during the diffusion of an emitter
18
region, and those with a medium value of p at the stage of diffusion of a
base region. Besides, resistors of high nominal values can be grown in the
collector region or in the substrate.
Diffused resistors should have the smallest possible dimensions for
which reason it is expedient to form them from high-ohmic layers of small
cross section in the shape of narrow meandered strips. The strips terminate
in contact pads, with ohmic contacts produced in strongly doped n+
regions. Bends and branches affect the value of an integrated resistor.
Diffused resistors have a relatively high value of TCR (temperature
coefficient of resistance a) because the electron and hole mobilities are
temperature dependent. The carrier mobility commonly decreases with
growing temperature. The variation of hole mobility with temperature
becomes less noticeable as the impurity concentration grows. So, diffused
resistors formed on the p layer have a positive temperature coefficient (TC)
that depends on the impurity concentration, and those produced on the n
layer have a negative TC.
Diffused resistors display a nonlinear resistance variation because
the pn junction widens with increasing voltage, so the layer cross section
decreases and the nominal value grows.
The maximum operating voltage of a resistor depends on the pn
junction reverse breakdown voltage which varies only with impurity
concentration.
The power dissipation of a resistor is largely a function of its
maximum operating temperature. The factors that determine this upper
temperature limit are the required stability of the resistor value, range of
variations in TCR, and the maximum operating temperatures of other
resistors. In microcircuits, resistors heat up most heavily. Overheating is
given due consideration in calculating the optimum area of a resistor: too
small an area causes an increased heating of the resistor and may lead to
breakdown.
Notes
impurity – ³ÝÙ³ùñáõÃÛáõÝ, ˳éÝáõñ¹
19
gradient – ·ñ³¹Ç»Ýï, ûùáõÙ, ³ëïÇ׳Ý
dope – ùëáõù
expedient – Ýå³ï³Ï³Ñ³ñÙ³ñ
meander – áÉáñù, åïáõÛï
dissipation – óñáõÙ
breakdown – íݳëí³Íù, íóñ³Ýù
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
portion, structure, use, form, show, law, region, reason, affect, vary,
relatively.
2. Give antonyms to:
obey, impurity, higher, strongly, narrow, decrease, less, noticeable,
positive, heavily.
3. Match the words with their definitions.
dissipate
expedient
gradient
integrate
diffuse
layer
section
to be helpful for a purpose.
degree of slope.
disperse, go away.
thickness of material spread over a surface.
part cut off, slice.
combine into a whole.
send out in all directions mix.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) continue – continuation – continuous – continuously
b) pretend – pretended – pretender – pretention - pretentious
c) skill – skillful – skillfulness – skilled
d) local – localize – locate – location – locality
e) permit – permitted – permissive – permission – permissible
20
5. Form nouns from the verbs below.
perform, inform, depend, operate, invent, analyze, begin, elaborate, resist,
build, diffuse, serve, reduce, vary, discover.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
due to
neither … nor
because of
so that
hardly ever
either ... or
provided that
in order to
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
The general principles of dynamics are rules that demonstrate a
relationship between the motions of bodies and the forces that produce
those motions. Based in large part on the work of his predecessors, Sir
Isaac Newton deduced three laws of dynamics, which he published in 1687
in his famous Principia.Prior to Newton, Aristotle had established that the
natural state of the body was a state of rest, and that unless a force acted
upon it to maintain motion, a moving body would come to rest. Galileo had
succeeded in correctly describing the behavior of falling objects and in
recording that no force was required to maintain a body in motion. He
noted that the effect of force was to change motion. Huygens recognized
that a change in direction of motion involved acceleration, just as did a
change in speed, and further, that the action of a force was required. Kepler
deduced the laws describing the motion of planets around the sun. It was
primarily from Galileo and Kepler that Newton borrowed.
1. What was the main purpose of this passage?
a) To demonstrate the development of Newton’s laws.
b) To establish Newton as the authority in the field of physics.
21
c) To describe Newton’s laws of motion.
d) To describe the motion of planets around the sun.
2.Which of the following scientists established that the natural state of the
body was a state of rest?
a) Galileo
b) Kepler
c) Aristotle
d) Newton
3. Who was the first scientist to correctly describe the behavior of falling
objects?
a) Aristotle
b) Newton
c) Kepler
d) Galileo
4. According to Huygens, when was acceleration required?
a) For either a change in direction or a change in speed
b) Only for a change in speed
c) Only for a change in direction
d) Neither for a change in direction nor for a change in speed.
5.According to this passage, Newton based his laws primarily upon the
work of
a) Galileo and Copernicus
b) Ptolemy and Copernicus
c) Huygens and Kepler
d) Galileo and Kepler
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. It is essential that all applications ____ no later than July 1.
22
a) be filed
b) filed
c) filing
d) to file
2. State University ____ by the board of Regents.
a) was governing
c) governing
b) is governed
d) governs
3. It is the first time that the Princess of Wales ____ to the United States,
isn’t it?
a) is not
c) have been
b) has been
d) is being
4.____ of genetic engineering is not very old.
a) A science
c) The science
b) Science
d) Sciences
5. I don’t understand why he objects to your ____ with us.
a) came
c) coming
b) have coming
d) come
6. This new book will have been published ____ next month.
a) by
c) from
b) at
d) for
7. Professional people appreciate ____ when it is necessary to cancel an
appointment.
a) you to call them
c) that you would call them
b) your calling them
d) that you’re calling them
8. Professor Smith didn’t make us ____ our lab reports.
a) typing up
b) to type up
c) typed up
d) type up
23
9. If water is heated to 212 degrees F, ____ as steam.
a) it will boil and escape
c) it boil and escape
b) it is boiling and escaping d) it would boil and escape
10. Only after food has been dried or canned ____.
a) that it should be stored for later use
b) should be stored for later use
c) it should be stored for later use
d) should it be stored for later use
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. The ozone layer must be protected because it shields the Earth from
A
B
C
excessive ultraviolet radiations.
D
2. Economic goods often consists with material items, but they can also
A
B
C
be services to people.
D
3. Melanin, a pigment that lays under the skin, is responsible for skin
A
B
C
color.
D
4. Much heavy work that was once made by hand can now be done more
A
B
C
easily with the help of compressed air.
D
5. Before the invention of the printing press, books have been all printed
A
B
C
by hand.
D
6.Rock music was original a mixture of country music and rhythm and
24
A
B
C
blues.
D
7.Before television became so popular, Americans used to entertain
A
B
each other in the evening by playing games, saying stories, and
C
D
singing songs.
8. If protect, a solar cell lasts for a long time and is a good source
A
B
C
D
of energy.
9. Despite of his denial, we knew that he was guilty.
A
B
C
D
10. The most common form of treatment it is mass inoculation and
A
B
C
chlorination of water sources.
D
UNIT 4
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
A hybrid microcircuit consists of film passive elements deposited
on a glass or ceramic substrate and active elements such as discrete
semiconductor devices mounted on the same substrate. Hybrid IC
technology thus takes advantage of both film and monolithic IC
technology.
The formation of a film passive circuitry on the substrate involves
a few steps. First, stripes of silver, aluminum, or gold are grown by
evaporation, or deposited by any other method through the windows in a
mask. Next, another mask is used to deposit resistors in the form of film
stripes of tantalum, chromium, or special alloys. Changing both the
25
material for film deposition and the thickness of the film gives various
values of the resistors. A capacitor is made by depositing a metal layer
through a special mask, then an oxide layer through another mask, and,
finally, a second metal layer on the top of the oxide.
After the passive circuitry is complete, active devices such as
transistors and diodes are mounted and bonded to the substrate. Discrete
components must be comparable in size to thin-film elements, therefore
hybrid circuits use either active devices of adequately decreased
dimensions or unpackaged (uncased) devices. Contact between active parts
and passive elements can be made by one of the known methods such as
thermocompression, ultrasonic and laser welding; the aim is to bond the
lead wires of the active elements to contact lands on the subcircuits come
in a variety of design versions, the planar type being most popular.
Assembled circuits are protected against external influences by
encapsulating them into metallic or ceramic cases with lead-out pins.
What distinguishes film hybrid technology is its high flexibility;
namely, it affords a wide choice of materials and techniques for the
fabrication of film elements and makes available comparatively easy
approaches both to design and produce most circuits in the hybrid version.
The process of manufacturing hybrid ICs includes several basic
stages; preparation of substrates and photomasks; deposition of film passive elements and interconnections; trimming of resistors; attachment of
uncased active elements on the substrate; encapsulation; and testing.
Notes
deposit – Ýëïí³Íù ³é³ç³óÝ»É, ï»Õ³¹ñ»É
mount – ï»Õ³Ï³Û»É, ÙáÝï³Å»É, ßñç³Ý³Ï»É
bond – ϳå, ϳå³Ýù, ϳå»É
distinguish – ï³ñµ»ñí»É, ï³ñáñáß»É
trim – ϳñ·³íáñ»É
evaporation – ·áÉáñßdzóáõÙ
welding – ½á¹áõÙ
discrete - ³Ýç³ï, ³é³ÝÓÇÝ
Exercises
26
1. Give synonyms to:
device, contain, desire, involve, various, mount, bond, aim, type, assemble,
protect, choice, manufacture.
2. Give antonyms to:
necessary, special, top, complete, external, popular, include, easy, most,
connect.
3. Match the words with their definitions.
deposit
evaporation
weld
component
alloy
assemble
fabricate
dehydration.
part.
lay, place, put.
join the pieces by fusing.
gather together, collect.
construct.
mixture of metals.
4. Study the following related words and use them in
sentences of your own.
a) deposit – depositary – deposition – depositor – depository
b) comprehend – comprehensible – comprehension - comprehensive
c) employ – employee – employer – employment
d) produce – producer – production – product – productive –
productivity
e) distinct – distinction – distinctive – distinctly - distinctness
5. Form adjectives from the following nouns.
commerce, finance, responsibility, addition, religion, comparison,
electricity, usage, function.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
27
both … and
such as
protect against
make available
so that
made of
take advantage of
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
Our eyes and ears must be called transformers since they sense the
light and sound around us and turn them into electrical impulses that the
brain can interpret. These electrical impulses that have been transformed
by the eye and ear reach the brain and are turned into messages that we can
interpret. For the eye, the process begins as the eye admits light waves,
bends them at the cornea and lens, and then focuses them on the retina. At
the back of each eye, nerve fibers bundle together to form optic nerves,
which join and then split into two optic tracts. Some of the fibers cross, so
that part of the input from the right visual field goes into the left side of the
brain, and vice versa. The process in the ear is carried out through sensory
cells that are carried in fluid-filled canals and that are extremely sensitive
to vibration. Sound that is transformed into electricity travels along nerve
fibers in the auditory nerve. These fibers form a synapsis with neurons that
carry the messages to the auditory cortex on each side of the brain.
1. We might call our eyes and ears “transformers” because
a) they sense light and sound
b) they create electrical impulses
c) the brain can interpret the input
d) the messages travel in the brain
2. According to the passage, optic nerves eventually
a) bend
c) admit light nerves
b) split
d) become messages
3. What happens when input from the right visual field goes into the
left side of the brain,?
a) The nerve fibers bundle together
b) The optic nerves split
c) The retina receives light waves.
28
d) Input from the left field goes to the right side.
4. Which of the following is most similar to the word “vibration” as
used in the text.
a) movement
c) light
b) sound
d) heat
5. The process in the ear is “carried out” or
a) brought over
b) taken away
c) accomplished
d) maintained
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. The skin temperature of humans is ____ their internal temperature.
A) not high as
C) not low
B)not as high as
D) low than
2. Not only ____ places of beauty, they serve scientific and educational
purposes as well.
A) are botanical gardens
C) botanical gardens are
B) botanical gardens to be
D) to be botanical gardens
3. High and low atmospheric pressure systems are ____ cause changing
weather patterns.
A) the
C) an
B) a
D) such
4. Vancouver, British Columbia, has a temperate climate for a city situated
____ far north.
A) as
C) very
B) so
D) by
29
5. Metallic paints are used to paint bridges, ____ .
A) isn’t it?
C) no?
B) isn’t that so?
D) aren’t they?
6. Helium is not inflammable, ____ therefore safer than hydrogen.
A) that is
C) but is
B) and is
D) and it
7. The higher the content of carbon dioxide in the air, ____ .
A) more heat it retains
C) it retains more heat
B) than it retains more heat
D) the more heat it retains
8. The mass production of paper bags cut costs so much that a bag soon
became a routine part of ____ every purchase.
A) nearly
C) nearby
B) near
D) nearness
9. ____ cell in the body is far from a capillary.
A) Not
C) Not only a
B) No
D) Neither a
10. Many chemicals react ____ in acid solutions.
A) more quickly
C) quicklier
B) more quick
D) as quickly more
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. The largest and powerfulest member of the cat family is the tiger.
A
B
C
D
2. Evidently, scientists have no yet proved conclusively that the universe
A
B
C
began with the Big Bang.
D
30
3. One can never be certain which the Moon will be full on any given
A
B
C
D
day or not.
4. Many cough suppressants contain alcohol, whose is generally not
A
B
C
recommended in treating small children.
D
5. The brain is composed of a mass of softly gray matter in the skull that
A
B
C
D
controls our intelligence.
6. The movement of the stars was first noticed by early travelers,
A
B
who used the stars to guide its way across the sea.
C
D
7. Mary Curie won two Nobel Prizes for their discoveries of
A
B
radioactivity and radioactive elements.
C
D
8. Although humans have highly developed brains, most animals
A
B
have more acute senses than them.
C
D
9. That the subways are overcrowded in Manhattan it is a problem
A
B
C
that should be dealt with soon.
D
10. Quality, price and located are often considered to be the primary
A B
C
concerns in buying a house.
D
UNIT 5
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
31
A silicon wafer can contain several hundred integrated circuits.
Before proceeding with assembling, the wafer need be cut vertically and
horizontally with a diamond scribe to separate it into individual chips. This
operation is known as dicing, or scribing. After sorting out the chips, the
assembly proper follows. For this, it is first necessary to mount the chip on
a header then bond or solder it to connect the circuit to the header terminals
and, finally, encapsulate or package the mounted chip to protect it against
mechanical and environmental influences.
Typical encapsulations for integrated circuits are hermeticallysealed metal envelops, epoxy resin coats and other plastic enclosures, and
ceramic and metal-ceramic packages. Ceramic and metal-ceramic packages
are commonly meant for IC designed to operate in adverse mechanical and
environmental conditions. A metal-ceramic enclosure consists of a ceramic
header (envelope bottom) and a metal can or cover bonded to the header by
welding or soldering; in a ceramic enclosure both the header and the can
are made from a ceramic material and bonded together; a plastic package
has its can and bottom molded of a plastic material and bonded together by
thermocompression. Plastic packages are suitable for ICs intended for work
in all but too arduous conditions.
The design of a package is chosen proceeding from service
conditions and requirements for equipment dimensions, type of assembly,
and tests of the encapsulated ICs.
Packages can be cylindrical and flat in shape, with leads running
parallel or normal to the header plane. IC packages can be classified by the
overall and mounting dimensions, the number of leads, and the lead pitch.
In mounting a chip on the header, the chip is held with its goldplated face down and then pressed onto the gold-plated header mounted on
a header anvil. A eutectic such as a gold-silicon or gold-germanium alloy
that forms under heat provides a good bond on cooling. All electrical
connections are then made between the contact pads on the chip and lead
out pins of the header using thin gold wire attached by
thermocopmpression bonding. This done, a gold-plated kovar can is
mounted on the header and hot-welded to form a sealed envelope.
There are other methods of bonding the chip to a header. In wide
use is the flip chip method for attachment of active elements provided with
ball leads, solder bumps, and beam leads. The method combines the
operations of mechanical bonding and electrical connection of the chip to
32
the header. This is essentially a thermocompression bonding method, by
which the chip is mounted, face down, onto the heated header and then
pressed against it, so that the solder bumps (preliminarily built up on the
chip) make contact with the conductor pattern and form soldered joints.
Another method of bounding uses a lead frame to attach the chip to its
spiderlike lead pattern. The method is rather simple and inexpensive.
Notes
scribe – ·ñÇã, ѳïÇã, µñÇã
dicing – Ïïñ³ïáõÙ
solder – ½á¹»É, ½á¹³Ïó»É
enclosure – Ý»ñ¹ñ³Ýù
mold – ÓáõÉ»É, ϳճå³ñ»É
arduous – ¹Åí³ñ
lead – 1. ѳÕáñ¹³É³ñ, 2. ϳå³ñ
anvil – ½Ý¹³Ý, ë³É
adverse – ѳϳ¹Çñ, ѳϳé³Ï
bump - »Éáõݹ
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
proceed, assemble, separate, dice, solder, finally, environment, commonly,
condition, arduous, flat, beam.
2. Give antonyms to:
connect, suitable, arduous, normal, cool, conductor, simple, inexpensive,
together, before, first.
3. Match the words with their definitions:
preliminary
compress, squeeze.
33
press
joint
attach
encapsulate
classify
suitable
initiatory, prior.
junction, connection.
arrange in classes or groups.
add, append, fasten.
put into a capsule.
right for the purpose or occasion.
4. Study the following related words and use them in
sentences of your own.
a )correspond – corresponding – correspondent – correspondence
b )extend – extended – extensibility – extension – extensive
c) suspect – suspicion – suspicious – suspiciousness
d) account - accountant – accountancy – accounting
e) condense – condensation – condenser - condensed
5. Form the opposite of the following words by adding the
negative prefixes un-, im-, in-, ir-, dis-.
usual, advantage, possible, direct, regular, dependence,
employment, accurate, polite, rational, moral, expected, connect,
practical, convenient.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
in adverse
be known as
consist of
I'd rather
made of (from)
regardless of
sort out
provide with
intended for
according to
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
34
The Sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled by thermonuclear
reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The Sun has
existed in its present state for about 4 billion, 600 million years and is
thousands of times larger than the Earth.
By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the
Sun's life will be like. About 5 billion years from now, the core of the Sun
will shrink and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The
higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear
reactions. The outer regions of the Sun will expand approximately 35
million miles, about the distance to Mercury, which is the closest planet to
the Sun. The Sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on the Earth
will become too hot for life to exist.
Once the Sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it
will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size of the Earth, it will become a
white dwarf star. The Sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent
eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white
dwarf.
After biltions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its
fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a star is called a black dwarf. After the
Sun has become a black dwarf, the Earth will be dark and cold. If any
atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen onto the Earth's surface.
1. What is the primary purpose of this passage?
A) To alert people to dangers posed by the Sun.
B) To discuss conditions on Earth in the future.
C) To present a theory about red giant stars.
D) To describe changes that the Sun will go through.
2. The word "fueled" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A) powered
C) created
B) bombarded
D) propelled
3. The word "state" ic line 3 is closest in meaning to
A) shape
C) location
B) condition
D) size
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun
A) is approximately halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf
B) has been in existence for 10 billion years
C) is rapidly changing in size and brightness
D) will continue as a yellow dwarf for another 10 billion years
35
5. What will probably be the first stage of change as the sun becomes a red
giant?
A) Its core will cool off and use less fuel
B) Its surface will become hotter and shrink
C) It will throw off huge amounts of gases
D) Its center will grow smaller and hotter.
6. When the Sun becomes a red giant, what will the conditions be like on
Earth?
A)Its atmosphere will freeze and become solid.
B)It will be enveloped in the expanding surface of the Sun.
C)It will become too hot for the life to exist.
D)It will be nearly destroyed by nova explosions.
7. As a white dwarf, the Sun will be
A) the same size as the planet Mercury.
B) thousands of times smaller than it is today.
C) around 35 million miles in diameter.
D) cold and dark.
8. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the
sequence of stages that the Sun will probably pass through?
A) yellow dwarf, white dwarf, red giant, black giant
B) red giant, white dwarf, red dwarf, nova explosion
C) yellow dwarf, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf
D) white dwarf, red giant, black dwarf, yellow dwarf
9. The phrase "throw off" is closest in meaning to
A) eject
C) convert
B) burn up
D) let in
10. The word "there" in the last line refers to
A) our own planet
B) the outer surface of the Sun
C) the core of a black dwarf
D) the planet Mercury
36
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. _______ , Earth is more temperate than its closer cousins.
A) The third planet is from the Sun
B) The third planet from the Sun
C) Third from Sun
D) Of the third planet from the Sun
2. The portion of a mointain ____ trees cannot grow is called the tree line.
A) there
B) that
C) where
D) so
3. _____ the fifth largest among the nine planets that make up our solar system.
A) The Earth being
C) That the Earth is
B) The Earth is
D) Being the Earth
4. Warmth, moisture and oxygen are three necessary requirements _____ most
seedlings.
A) for cultivate
C) as cultivating
B) for cultivating
D) can cultivate
5. The human ear cannot hear a sound that vibrates less than 16 times ____ second.
A) the
C) a
B) as
D) an
6. Alexander Calder, who was originally interested in mechanical engineering, later
became a _____.
A) sculpture
C) sculptor
B) sculpt
D) sculptric
7. Dust storms occur _____ wind erosion is strong and loose material is exposed.
A) whose
C) when
B) however
D) which
8. Children’s ears are able to detect a _____ variety of pitches than adults’.
A) wide
C) width
37
B) wider
D) widely
9. Morse code was an important way to send messages before the telephone
and radio _____ invented.
A) were
C) was
B) are
D) be
10. By measuring the color of a star, astronomers can tell how hot _____ .
A) is it
C) it is
B) they are
D) are it
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. The developing of submarine was hindered by the lack of
A
B
a power source that could propel an underwater vessel.
C
D
2. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines
A
B
because it converts more of the useful energy stored up in the fuel.
C
D
3. The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism’s living cells are
A
B
C
called its metabolism.
D
4. The techniques of science and magic are quite different but their basic
A
B
aims to understand and control nature they are very similar.
C
D
5. A dark nebula consists of a cloud of interstellar dust enough dense
A
B
to obscure the stars beyond it.
C
D
6. Carbohydrates and fats are two essential sources of energy for animal
A
B
C
38
grow.
D
7. The more the robot can programmed regarding its domain of
A
activity, the best it can be perform that activity without frequent
B
C
human intervention or reprogramming.
D
8. In mathematic, a variable is a symbol that represents some element of
A
B
C
D
a set.
9. Whales, the largest of all life things, require an enormous amount of
A B
C
D
food.
10. As a safety measure, the detonator for a nuclear device may be made
A
of two equipments each of which is controlled by a different
B
C
D
employee.
UNIT 6
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
A rapid progress in microcircuit technology enabled the fabrication
of LSI (Large-scale Integrated) circuits of a high packing density, but at a
sacrifice in their versatility. It is the quest for versatility that has led to the
development of a microprocessor (MP).
By the term microprocessor one understands a central part of the
computing system, which consists of one or a few LSI circuits performing
the functions of an operational arithmetic-logic unit and a control unit, both
fabricated on one chip or a few chips. A microprocessor sequentially
39
executes instructions (microinstructions) specified by the program for
realizing a definite algorithm.
In the general case, an MP can perform the following: receive
coded instructions; collect, process, store, and issue coded information;
receive and issue signals controlling the operation of microprocessor and
other circuits or specifying their state. The microprocessor, thus, performs
the same functions as the processor of a digital computer, but executes
fewer commands, from 50 to 100, and deals with shorter words, commonly
comprising 8 or 16 bits.
Microprocessors find use in controllers, microcomputers, and
microprocessor systems.
The controller is a digital automatic device which realizes a fixed
or an adaptive algorithm. This control unit commonly controls peripherals
or non-interacting devices according to a specified algorithm.
The microcomputer is a self-contained unit built around a
microprocessor set and complete with a soft wave package and inputoutput channels.
The microprocessor system is a system based on microprocessor
sets intended to perform computing, monitoring, and other functions.
At present microprocessors make the building blocks of airborne
and ground computers. They service telemetering stations, control
manufacturing operations and telephone sets, act as coordinate converters
in the peripheral equipment of computing systems, execute standard
programs and subroutines, and also find uses in optical recorders, medical
equipment, commercial systems, etc.
Notes
sacrifice – ½áѳµ»ñ»É
execute – ϳï³ñ»É, Çñ³·áñÍ»É
versatility – µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇáõÃÛáõÝ,÷á÷á˳ϳÝáõÃÛáõÝ
quest –n) áñáÝáõÙ, v) áñáÝ»É, ÷Ýïñ»É
sequentially – ѳçáñ¹³Ï³Ý
issue – v) ÃáÕ³ñÏ»É, ÉáõÛë ÁÝͳۻÉ, Ññ³ï³ñ³Ïí»É, n) íÇ×»ÉÇ Ñ³ñó
adaptive - ÷á÷áË»ÉÇ
40
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
receive, comprise, rapid, state, execute, quest, sacrifice, few, control,
command, adaptive.
2. Give antonyms to:
complete, high, definite, same,
microinstruction, receive, peripheral.
non-interacting,
input,
find,
3. Match the words with their definitions.
versatility
consist
sequential
execute
instruct
device
comprise
be made up of.
changeability.
carry out.
give orders or directions.
following in order, time or place.
be composed of.
gadget, project, scheme.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences
of your own.
a) describe – described – description – descriptive
b) nation – national – nationality – nationalist
c) devote – devoted – devotedly – devotion – devotee
d) scarce – scarcely – scarcity
f) instruct – instructed – instruction – instructor – instructress
41
5. Form nouns by using suffixes.
perform, begin, execute, construct, invent, depend, write, free, type, active,
move, kind.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
deal with,
to realize sth
find use in
lead to sth
a quest for
in case
based on
intend to do sth
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
Lead poisoning in children is a major health concern. Both low and
high doses of paint can have serious effects. Children exposed to high
doses of lead often suffer permanent nerve damage, mental retardation,
blindness and even death. Low doses of lead can lead to mild mental
retardation, short attention spans, poor academic performance and
behavioral problems.
This is not a new concern. In 1904, lead poisoning in children was
linked to lead-based paint. Microscopic lead particles from paint are
absorbed into the bloodstream when children ingest flakes of chipped
paint, plaster, or paint dust. lead can also enter the body through
household dust, nail-biting, thumb sucking or chewing on toys and other
objects painted with lead-based paint.
Although American paint
companies today must comply with strict regulations regarding the
amount of lead used in their paint, this source of lead poisoning is still the
most common and most dangerous, and children living in older, broken
down houses are at risk.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
42
a)
b)
c)
d)
problems with household paints
major health concerns for children
lead poisoning in children
lead paint in older homes
2. Which of the following does the passage infer?
a) Paint companies can no longer use lead in their paint
b) Paint companies must limit the amount of lead used in their
paint
c) Paint companies aren’t required to limit the amount of lead
used in their paint
d) Paint companies have always followed restrictions.
3. The word “absorbed” could best be replaced by
a) assimilated
c) soaked
b) fixed
d) accepted
4. According to the passage, what is the most common source of lead
poisoning in children?
a) household dust
c) old houses
b) painted toys
d) lead-based paint
5. The word “suffer” means
a) experience
b) reveal
c) feel pain from
d) grieve with
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. Valuable pearls come from some species of oysters and _____
mollusks that live in tropical seas.
A) another
C) others
B) other’s
D) other
43
2. The core of the moon is much smaller, in relation to its size _____ of the
planets.
A) those
C) one
B) than those
D) than are
3. It is essential that the temperature _____ elevated to a point where the
substance formed may become unstable and decompose into its
constituent elements.
A) is not
C) didn’t be
B) be not
D) not be
4. Silver is sometimes mixed with copper _____ an alloy that is harder and
stronger than pure silver.
A) to form
C) it forms
B) forms
D) the forming of
5. As soon as _____ with an acid, salt, and sometimes water, is formed.
A) a base reacts
C) a base is reacting
B) a base will react
D) the reaction of the base
6. Electric energy may be divided ______ two components specified as
positive and negative.
A) into
C) with
B) in
D) within
7. Alexander Graham Bell worked with deaf students before ____ the
first telephone in 1876.
A) designed
C) to design
B) was designed
D) designing
8. The president refuses to accept _____ the four new proposals made by
the contractors.
A) any of
C) either of
B) neither
D) some
9 .Not only _____ in the field of psychology but animal behavior is
examined as well.
A) human behavior is studied
44
B) is human behavior studied
C) is studied human behavior
D) human behavior
10. Architect must consider whether their designs ____ very wet in sudden
downpours.
A) like to be
C) likes to be
B) are like to be
D) are likely to be
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. Sleepiness is one symptom of hypothermia, the extreme lost of body
A
B
C
D
heat.
2. Liquids take the shape of any container in which it are placed.
A
B C
D
3. Aristotle systematically set out the various forms of the syllogism
A
B
that will have remained an important reference for logic.
C
D
4. Aneroid barometers are smaller than mercury barometers and are
A
B
more easy to carry.
C
D
5. Each of the chemical elements have its own standard symbol.
A
B
C
D
6. A balloon rises because of the hot air or gas inside the balloon is
A
B
lighter than the air outside.
C
D
7. The government requires that a census be taken every 10 years so
A
B
C
accurate statistics may be complied.
D
8. Mathematics have taken centuries to develop the methods that we now
A
B
C
45
use in arithmetic.
D
9. Machines that use hydraulic pressure including elevators, dentist
A
B
chairs, and automobile brakes.
C
D
10. Metals can be beaten into thin sheets, melted and poured into molds,
A
B
C
or drawing into fine wire.
D
UNIT 7
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Two basic trends are predominant today in the field of
microelectronics: one is toward further microminiaturization using
improved techniques for the fabrication of each element of the integrated
circuit on the chip as a discrete element; the other is toward employing the
physical effects in the volume of semiconductors and harnessing these
effects to perform the desired functions. The latter trend received the name
functional microelectronics.
At present the packing density of LSI circuits comes to nearly 10 8
elements per chip. A further increase in the scale of integration is likely to
continue since the potentialities of electron beam photolithography, plasma
etching, and ion implantation will not be exhausted soon. It is the physical
factors that impose limits on the scale of integration. Of these, the factor
responsible for complications of heat removal is the most serious one. As
the size of microcircuits decreases and the scale of integration grows, the
problem of heat removal becomes more difficult. In an effort to reduce the
heat dissipation in the chip, the design engineer can decrease the power
consumption, but only to a certain lower limit at which the circuit must
operate properly. The result is a lower packing density. What complicates
the problem of heat removal is the fact that with a decrease in the size of a
microcircuit, the resistance of conductors grows, so the circuit dissipates
more power.
46
The phenomenon of ion migration in film conductors at high
current densities also places a limitation on the packing density and
reduces the reliability of circuits.
Besides, radio equipment using many LSI circuits requires multiple
redundancy to ensure its high reliability. This leads to a high increase in the
number of circuit elements in the device. Integrated electronics today in
essence faces the same problems as those which spurred its development at
the beginning: the problems of dispensing with the “dominance” of
components, simplifying interconnection patterns, and improving the
reliability.
The only way to solve the problems is to abandon the classical
concept of component-based circuitry design and evolve the devices that
would use the properties of solids to perform the functions of, say, a
generator, amplifier, etc. in the system. Some devices of this type, called
functional units, are already known in practice. A distinguishing feature of
these devices is that they have no discernible circuit elements equivalent to
the elements in a conventional circuit. The swing to the new trend still
proceeds slowly. But there is reason to believe that further progress in
microelectronics can be made precisely through the use of functional units.
A search for the ways of evolving functional systems based on the
direct utilization of physical phenomena has led to the appearance of new
branches of radioelectronics. These are optoelectronics, acoustoelectronics,
cryoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, molectronics, and thermoelectronics.
Notes
predominant – ·»ñ³ÏßéáÕ
harness – ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ù»ç ¹Ý»É,ëå³é³½ÇÝí»É, n) Éͳë³ñù
exhaust – ëå³é»É
redundancy – ß³ïáõÃÛáõÝ, ³í»Éáñ¹áõÃÛáõÝ
spur – ¹ñ¹»É, ÙÕ»É, ËóݻÉ
dispense – µ³ßË»É, µ³Å³Ý»É
evolve - ½³ñ·³Ý³É
discerrnible – ÝßÙ³ñ»ÉÇ, Ýϳï»ÉÇ
precisely – ×ß·ñÇï
etch – ϻﳷͻÉ
47
impose – ѳñϳ¹ñ»É
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
nearly, beam, exhaust, removal, operate, abandon, design, feature,
discernible, proceed, believe, precisely, effect, ensure.
2. Give antonyms to:
the latter, receive, continue, reduce, beginning, simplify, direct,
appearance, certain, complicate, decrease.
3. Match the words with their definitions.
predominant
exhaust
impose
redundancy
discern
migration
abandon
use up completely.
lay or place on.
having more power or influence than others.
moving from one place to another.
unneeded or surplus.
see clearly.
go away not intending to return.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) oblige – obligatory – obligation – obligate – obliging
b) person – personal – personality – personification – personnel
c) threat – threaten – threatening – threatful
d) sequence – sequent – sequential – sequentially
e) relate – related – relation – relative - relativity – relatively 48
relationship
5. Form as many related words as you can.
examine, educate, minor, develop, definite, operate, process, compare,
divide, compute, suspect, consider, reflect, represent, change, combine.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
would rather
only after
even if
what if
except for
not until
had better
but for
used to
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
A recent investigation by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey shows
that strange animal behavior might help predict earthquakes. Investigators
found such occurrences w i t h i n a tcii-kilomeler radius of the epicenter of a
fairly recent quake. Some birds screeched and flew about wildly; dogs
yelped and ran around uncontrollably.
Scientists believe that animals can perceive environmental changes
several hours or even days before the mishap. Animals were noted as being
restless for several weeks before a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, earthquake. An
hour before the disaster, domestic animals refused to go indoors, and dogs
howied and barked furiously. In 1960, an earthquake struck Agadir in
Morocco. Survivors recall that stray animals, including dogs, were seen
streaming out of town before the earthquake. In a safari zoo near San
Francisco, llamas would not cat the evening before a 1979 quake, and they
ran around wildly all night.
Unusual animal behavior preceding earthquakes has been noted for
centuries. British Admiral Robert Pidzroy reported huge Hocks of
screaming seabirds over Concepcion, Chile, in 1835. An hour and a half
later, dogs were
seen fleeing, nnd ten minutes later the town was destroyed. Sim iln r stories of
chickens running around in apparent states of panic, horses trembling, and
dogs barking incessantly were recorded throughout the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries by survivors of earthquake destruction in India,
Yugoslavia, Peru, Mexico, and the United Slates.
49
In 1976, after monitoring bizarre animal behavior, the Chinese predicted
a devastating earthquake. Although hundreds of thousands of people were
killed, the government was able to evacuate millions of other people and
thus keep the death loll at a lower level.
1. What predictions may be made by observing animal behavior?
A) An impending earthquake
B) The number of people who will die
C) The ten-kilometer radius from the epicenter
D) The fact that an earthquake has occurred
2. The author implies that animals are aware of an impending
earthquake because
A) of their superior intelligence
B) they have certain instinctive abilities to perceive that humans
do not possess
C) they are generally closer to the epicenter than the human
observers
D) they read to other animal behavior
3. The word "evacuate" is closest in meaning to
A) remove
C) destroy
B) exile
D) emaciate
4. All of the following statements arc true EXCEPT
A) some animals may be able to sense an approaching earthquake
B) by observing animal behavior scientists perhaps can predict
earthquakes
C) the Chinese have successfully predicted an earthquake and saved
many lives
D) only dogs and horses seem to possess the special perception that
allows them to predict earthquakes.
5. The word "epicenter" is nearest in meaning to
A) stratosphere
C) periphery
B) contour
D) core
6. The passage implies that if scientists can accurately predict
earthquakes, there will be
A) fewer animals going crazy C) fewer people evacuated
B) a lower death rate
D) fewer environmental changes
50
7. The word "devastating " means most nearly the same as
A) destructive
C) intense
B) voracious
D) forthcoming
8. The main idea of this passage is that
A) observing animal behavior can help people prepare for earthquakes
B) scientists can interpret animal behavior
C) earthquakes can be prevented by observing animal behavior
D) people need to prepare animals for earthquakes
9. The phenomena of animals' reacting to earthquakes has been reported
A) for hundreds of years
C) for millions of years
B) for a century
D) ten minutes after the earthquake
10. The word "perceive" is nearest in meaning to
A) bark
C) flec
B) feel
D) refuse
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. Water pressure ____ cracks open small rocks but also breaks great slabs
of stone from the faces of cliffs.
A) not only
C) and so
B) either
D) moreover
2. Both longitude and latitude ___ in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
A) measuring
C) are measured
B)measured
D) being measured
3. Most comets have two kinds of tails, one made up of dust, _____ made up of
electrically charged particles called plasma.
A) one another
C) other ones
B) the other
D) each other
4. Copperplate, a highly ornate form of handwriting, is ____ longer in common
use.
A) not
C) none
B) no
D) never
5. Lenses may have either concave ____ convex shape.
51
A) or
B) and
C) as
D) or else
6. Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants _____ soil.
A) not having
C) a lack of
B) without
D) do not have
7. Candles ____ from beeswax burn with a very clean flame.
A) are made
C) made
B) making
D) which make
8. Bacteria may be round, _____ or spiral.
A) rod-shaped
C) rod-like
B) like a rod
D) rod-shapes
9. ______ get older, the games they play become increasingly complex.
A) Children
C) For children
B) Children when
D) As children
1. Adobe bricks tend to crumble if _____ to excessive moisture or cold.
A) they expose
C) are exposed
B) exposed
D) to be exposed
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. Fertilizers are used primarily to enrich the soil and increasing yield.
A
B
C
D
2. The production of computers and their sale overseas has increased
A
B
dramatically over the past twenty years.
C
D
3. If the concentration of chlorine in water is carefully controlled. and it will
A
B
C
D
not harm human beings.
4. Factoring is the process of finding two or more expressions whose product
A
B
is equal the given expression.
C D
52
5. According to ancient myths and legends, vampires must remain inside their
A
B
C
coffins while the sun out.
D
6. Scientists feel that it is not healthy to live for people in a state in which they
A
B
chronically react to excessive stress.
C
D
7. Researches in economics, psychology, and marketing can help businesses.
A
B
C
D
8. A catalytic agent such as platinum may be used so the chemical reaction
A
B
advances more rapidly.
C
D
9. Food can pick up microbes during processing, to package, transportation,
A
B
C
storage, or preparation.
D
10. In the early days of jet development, jet engines used great numbers of
A
B
C
fuel.
D
UNIT 8
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Reliability is the probability that a circuit will perform its intended
function for a specified interval of time under stated conditions. This
quantity is thus a function of time and conditions of operation. A common
approach to evaluate the reliability of circuits is to test a batch of fabricated
devices for service life and performance under specified operating
conditions. If failures have occurred in the batch of devices after a definite
53
length of time, we can determine the failure probability per unit time,
which is known as the mean failure density, or failure rate.
In the initial period of testing, failures occur rather often because
the batch contains a certain number of unreliable pieces due to material
contamination, errors in assembling, and other causes. As poor circuits
gradually fail to operate, the failure rate for the remaining circuits
decreases and finally reaches a constant value. In this second period of
constant failure rate, failures result from random, uncontrollable causes. In
the third period of testing, the failure rate again rises because of inevitable
wear and aging.
It is thus obvious that for a system to be reliable, it must contain
the circuits that have passed the trial run. The use of ICs has appreciably
raised the reliability of equipment due to a sharp decrease in the number of
passive components and various connections. However, the reliability of
very complex ICs is in principle lower than that of simple components. A
large body of the now available statistical information can be used to
compare the reliability of various types of ICs designed to operate in most
diverse conditions. The failure rate of modern ICs varied from 10-6 to 10-9
and approaches the value typical of highly reliable discrete elements. As a
matter of fact, it is impossible to adjust the load on each IC element
separately. A decrease in the supply voltage may have no strong effect on
the life of, say, a capacitor, but will disturb the operation of the circuit as a
whole. The power consumption of digital circuits also depends on the fanin and fan-out.
The failure rate of MOS (Metal-oxide semiconductor) and bipolar
ICs of the identical complexity is approximately the same, provided the
test, environmental, and operating conditions, along with the quality
control requirements, are similar.
In comparison with monolithic circuits, hybrids fail faster. The
failure rate varies with the particular design and the technology employed.
The thing is that some operations in the hybrid manufacturing cycle are not
yet amenable to automation and must be done manually.
Multichip circuits are less reliable than monolithic circuits because
of a large number of chip-to-chip connections whose damage can be
responsible for failure of the entire circuit. In an effort to improve the
reliability of these circuits, development engineers strive to raise the
complexity of a circuit on the single chip, reduce the number of chips, and
use thin-film connections.
54
Notes
reliability – Ñáõë³ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝ
evaluate – ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É
batch – ËáõÙµ, áñáß ù³Ý³Ï
contamination – ³ÕïáïáõÙ
random – å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý
inevitable – ³ÝËáõë³÷»ÉÇ
diverse – ½³Ý³½³Ý, ï³ñµ»ñ
amenable – å³ï³ë˳ݳïáõ, »Ýóϳ
manual – Ó»éùÇ (³ß˳ï³Ýù)
mean – ÙÇçÇÝ
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
entire, damage, approximately, quantity, error, remain, constant, obvious,
diverse, contamination, batch.
2. Give antonyms to:
failure, reduce, impossible, sharp, modern, after, manual, these,
controllable, connection, diverse.
3. Match the words with their definitions.
disturb
interval
obvious
adjust
particular
failure
inevitable
time between two events.
interrupt, annoy, upset, confuse.
that can’t be avoided.
regulate, make suitable for use.
lack of success.
easily seen or understood, clear.
special, outstanding.
55
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) science – scientist – scientific – scientifically
b) character – characteristic – characteristics – characterize
c) interpret – interpreter – interpretation – interpretative
d) possible – possibility – possibly – impossible
e) sense – senseless – sensible – sensibility – sensitive – sensitivity
5. Form nouns from the following words.
perform, intend, evaluate, rely, operate, long, strong, fail, equip, vary,
possible, consume, provide, improve, determine, responsible, reduce, short.
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
as a matter of fact,
as a whole
because of
in spite of
under condition
in comparison with
in an effort to
in addition to
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
Diamond value is based on four characteristics: carat, colour, clarity
and cut. A diamond’s size is measured by carat weight. There are 100
points in a carat and 142 carats in an ounce. Each point above 1 carat is
more valuable than each point below 1 carat. Thus a stone that weighs
more than 1 carat is more valuable per point than a stone that is smaller
than 1 carat.
The scale used for rating a diamond’s colour begins with “D” which
means the stone is absolutely colourless and therefore most valuable. “E”
and “F” are almost colourless. All three are good for investments. A stone
rated between “G” and “J” is good for jewellery. After that the stones take
on a slightly yellowish colour, which gets deeper as the grade declines.
56
The clarity of a stone is determined by its lack of carbon spots, inner
flaws and surface blemishes. While most of these are invisible to the
unaided eye, they do affect the diamond’s brilliance. For jewellery, a
diamond rated VVS1 (very, very slight imperfections) is as close to
flawless as one will find. After that the scale goes to VVS2, VS1, VS2,
VS11, VS12, and so on.
The final characteristic is cut. When shaped (round, oval, emerald,
marquise, pear or heart), the diamond should be faceted so that light is
directed into the depths of the prism and then reflected outward again. A
well-cut diamond will separate the light with different colours when the
light is reflected. Only stones of similar shape should have their reflective
qualities compared, as some shapes are more reflective than others. For
example, the round shape is the most reflective.
1. The passage is mainly about
A) the cost of diamonds
B) how to judge an expensive diamond
C) buying diamonds for jewellery
D) qualities affecting diamond value
2. What can be said about a 1 carat diamond?
A) It weighs an ounce
B) It costs twice as much as a smaller one
C) It has one hundred points
D) It has the same quality as a half-carat diamond.
3. The word “absolutely” is closest in meaning to
A) completely
C) greatly
B) actually
D) positively
4. It can be inferred from the passage that a stone rated “H” is:
A) good for jewellery
C) very colourful
B) good for investment
D) deep yellow
5. The clarity of a stone:
A) is invisible to the unaided eye C) has spots, flaws and blemishes
B) is determined by imperfections D) affects the diamond’s
brilliance
57
6. All of the following ratings refer to the clarity of a stone EXCEPT
A) slight imperfections
C) perfection
B) very slight imperfection D) imperfection
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a diamond which is perfect is
A) not used for jewellery C) very large
B) rated VVS1
D) invisible to the unaided eye
8. Diamonds reflect
A) the prism
B) the depths
C) facets
D) light
9. The word “faceted” is closest in meaning to
A) split
C) cut
B) tuned
D) set
10. Two diamonds of the same shape
A) can be compared for reflective quality
B) have the same value
C) are usually the same weight
D) are equally brilliant
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. If the oxygen supply in the atmosphere ____ not replenished by plants it
would soon be exhausted.
A) was
C) had been
B) were
D) has been
2. Everest being the highest, K2 is ____ mountain peak in the world.
A) the second of the
C) the second highest of the level
B) of the second highest
D) the second highest
3. On Mercator’s maps the far northern and southern polar regions
are____.
a) greatly exaggerated in area c) greatly exaggerate in area
58
b) exaggerating greatly in area d) great exaggeration in area
4. Factoring is the process of finding two or more expressions whose
product is ___ the given expression.
A) equal as
C) to equal
B) equal
D) equal to
5. Small amounts of some minerals are just ____ important to the human
system as vitamins are.
A) as
C) such
B) so
D) such as
6. Many people hate to eat in restaurants by ____ .
A) theirselves
C) themselves
B) himself
D) them
7. The story of Christ and Tale of Genji are ____ very much alike.
A) surprisingly
C) surprise
B) surprising
D) surprised
8. It is believed that by the year 2010, a space station ____ between the
earth and the moon.
A) will been constructed
C) will be constructed
B) will have been constructed
D) will construct
9. A computer is usually chosen because of its simplicity of operation and
ease of maintenance ____ its capacity to store information.
A) the same as
C) as well as
B) the same
D) as well
10. Rubber is a good insulator of electricity, and ____.
A)so does glass
C) so is glass
B)as glass
D) so glass is
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. Because the solar tiles were very secure fastened, only a few became
A
B
59
detached when the Space Shuttle reentered the earth’s atmosphere.
C
D
2. Industrial lasers are most often used for cutting, welding, drilling, and
A
B
C
measure.
D
3. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapour serves
A
B C
D
to conduct the current across the gap.
4. Although we are concerned about the problem of energy sources, we
A
must not fail recognizing the need for environmental protection.
B
C
D
5. Of many people believe that diamonds are the costliest gems, but
emeralds are actually more valuable.
D
6. Computers have made access to information instantly available just
A
B
C
by push a few buttons.
D
7. Civil engineers had better planning to use steel supports in concrete
A
B
C
structures built on unstable geophysical sites.
D
8. Natural gas often occurs both together with petroleum in the minute
A
B
C
pores of rocks such as sandstone and limestone.
D
9. The human ear cannot hear a sound that vibrates less than 16 times
A
B
C
the second.
D
10. A galaxy, where may include billions of stars, is held together by
A
B
C
D
gravitational attraction.
60
UNIT 9
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Using an ultra-fast method of measuring how a transistor switches from the
"off" to the "on" state, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) recently reported that they had uncovered an unusual
phenomenon that may impact how manufacturers estimate the lifetime of
future nanoscale electronics.
The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern
electronics, and the life expectancy or reliability of a transistor is often
projected based on the response to an accelerated stress condition. Changes
in the transistor's threshold voltage (the point at which it switches on) are
typically monitored during these lifetime projections. The threshold
voltage of certain types of transistors (p-type) is known to shift during
accelerated stresses involving negative voltages and elevated temperatures,
a characteristic known as "negative bias temperature instability" (NBTI).
This threshold voltage shift recovers to varying degrees once the stress has
ended. This "recovery" makes the task of measuring the threshold voltage
shift very challenging and greatly complicates the prediction of a
transistor's lifetime.
As semiconductor devices reach nanoscale (billionth of a meter)
dimensions, measuring the reliability of this device accurately becomes
more important because of new materials, new structures, higher operating
temperatures and quantum mechanical effects. Many NBTI studies show
that the accuracy of the measured threshold voltage shift (and consequent
accuracy of the lifetime prediction) depends strongly on how quickly the
threshold voltage can be measured after the stress is finished. So, NIST
engineers began making threshold voltage measurements at very fast
speeds, leaving as little as two microsceconds (millionths of a second)
between measurements instead of the traditional half-second interval. What
they observed was surprising.
61
"We found that NBTI recovery not only returned the threshold
voltage to its pre-stressed state but briefly passed this mark and temporarily
allowed the transistor to behave better than the pre-stressed state," says
Jason Campbell, a member of the NIST team (that includes Kin Cheung
and John Suehle) who presented this finding at the recent Symposium on
VLSI Technology in Hawaii. The NBTI effect generally is believed to
result from the buildup of positive charges, he explained, but the new
observations at NIST indicate the presence of negative charge as well.
NIST's ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive measurements revealed that during
recovery, the positive charges dissipated faster than the electrons, giving
the system a momentary negative charge and heightened conductivity.
To date, Campbell says, transistor manufacturers only consider the
accumulation of positive charges to predict the longevity of their
microelectronics devices. "But as these systems get smaller and smaller,
the electron trapping phenomenon we observed will need to be considered
as well to ensure that transistor lifetime predictions stay accurate," he says.
"Our research will now focus on developing and refining the ability to
measure that impact." -National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST).
Notes
estimate - ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É
phenomenon - »ñ¨áõÛÃ
accelerated – ³ñ³·³óí³Í
threshold – ߻ٳÛÇÝ
elevate - µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É
prediction – ϳÝ˳ï»ëáõÙ
accurate - ×ß·ñÇï
observation - ¹Çï³ñÏáõÙ
dissipate – óñí»É
longevity - »ñϳñ³Ï»óáõÃÛáõÝ
reliability – Ñáõë³ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝ
62
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to the following words.
lately
evaluate
forecast
velocity
introduce
regard
correct
change
fast
study
harden
2. Give antonyms to the following words.
positive
incorrect
worse
ability
reliable
stability
complicated
prohibit
3. Match the words with their definitions.
uncover
impact
expectancy
response
challenge
consequent
reveal
refine
following; resulting.
an invitation or call to play a game, fight, etc.
make known, cause to be seen.
make or become pure.
a strong impression or effect.
an answer.
that which is expected, especially on a statistical
basis.
disclose; make known.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) nation – national – nationality – nationalize
b) expect – expectation – expectancy
c) rely – reliability – reliable – unreliable
63
d) accelerate – accelerated – acceleration
e) complicate – complicated – complication
5. Form abstract nouns from the adjectives below.
accurate
surprising
explicable
reliable
conductive
traditional
complicated
present
elevated
able
6. Make up sentences with these expressions.
switch on / off
based on
be known as
focus on
because of
depend on
instead of
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very
rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late.
Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in
1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for
awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to
humanity. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry,
medicine, and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years
after the first awards ceremony.
Nobel's original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the
interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30,000 to
$125,000.
Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the
awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the
winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges'
decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively
few literature prizes.
64
No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of
World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others
have shared their prizes.
1. The word "foresaw” is nearest in meaning to
A) predicted
C) prevented
B) postponed
D) prevailed
2. The Nobel Prize was established in order to
A) resolve political differences
B) recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity
C) honor the inventor of dynamite
D) spend money
3. In which area have Americans received the most awards?
A) Science
B) Peace
C) Economics
D) Literature
4. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
A) awards vary in monetary value
B) a few individuals have won two awards
C) politics plays an important role in selecting the winners
D) ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel's
invention
5. In how many fields are prizes bestowed?
A)
B)
2
5
C) 10
D) 6
6. It is implied that Nobel's profession was in
A) economics
C) literature
B) science
D) medicine
7. The word "worthwhile" is closest in meaning to
A) valuable
C) trivial
B) prestigious
D) economic
65
8. How much money did Nobel leave for the prizes?
A) $9,000,000
B) $125,000
C) $155,000
D) $30,000
9. What is the main idea of this passage?
A) Alfred Nobel made a lasting contribution to humanity.
B) Alfred Nobel created awards in six categories for contributions to
humanity.
C) Alfred Nobel left all of his money to science.
D) Alfred Nobel became very rich when he invented dynamite.
10. The word "legacy" means most nearly the same as
A) legend
C) prize
B) bequest
D) debt
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. A medical emergency is a sudden or unexpected condition ____
immediate care to prevent death or serious harm.
A) it requires
C) that requires
B) to require
D) a requirement of
2. If a magnet is ____, the two pieces form two complete magnets, each
with a North and a South Poles.
A) broke
C) broken
B) break
D) breaking
3. Because aluminum is lighter and cheaper ____, it is frequently used for
high tension power transmission.
A) as copper
C) the copper
B) than copper
D) more copper
4. Platinum is a rare and ____ metal, white in colour, and easy to work.
A) so valuable
C) valuable
66
B) such valuable
D) more valuable
5. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in a
technical sense, “speed” is not always ____ “velocity”.
A) alike
C) the same as
B) the same
D) as
6. The scientific method consists of forming hypotheses, ____, and testing
results.
A) collect data
C) on collecting data
B) collecting data
D) to collect data
7. A major concern among archeologists today is the preservation of
archeological sites ____ are threatened by development.
A) of which many
C) many of them
B) many of which
D) many
8. Piedmont glaciers are formed ____ several valley glaciers join and
spread out over a plain.
A) by
C) from
B) when
D) that
9. Energy can be defined as the ability ____.
A) do working
C) to do work
B) doing work
D) work to be done
10. By the twenty-first century, the computer ____ a necessity in every
home.
A) became
C) becoming
B) will have become
D) has become
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1.Not everyone realizes that the most largest organ of the human body
A
B
C
D
is the skin.
67
2. Many heavy work that was once done by hand can now be done
A
B
C
more easily with the help of compressed air.
D
3. The new model costs twice more than last year’ s model.
A
B
C
D
4. By passing sunlight through a prism, the light is separate into a
A
B
C
D
spectrum of colors.
5. Several computer models have been able to succeed predicting
A
B
global climatic changes well in advance.
C
D
6. Fertilizers are used primarily to enrich the soil and increasing
A
B
C
D
yield.
7. The top layer of the ocean stores as much heat as does gases in
A
B
C
D
atmosphere.
8.If the personal computer had not been invented, will the
A
B
information age have arrived by other means?
C
D
9. No other state receives as few rainfall as the state of Nevada.
A B
C
D
10. Factoring is the process of finding two or more expressions whose
A
B
product is equal the given expression.
C D
68
UNIT 10
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) have set the stage for building the “evolutionary link” between the
microelectronics of today built from semiconductor compounds and future
generations of devices made largely from complex organic molecules.
In an upcoming paper in the Journal of the American Chemical
Society, a NIST team demonstrates that a single layer of organic molecules
can be assembled on the same sort of substrate used in conventional
microchips. The ability to use a silicon crystal substrate that is compatible
with the industry-standard CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) manufacturing technology paves the way for hybrid
CMOS-molecular device circuitry—the necessary precursor to a “beyond
CMOS” totally molecular technology—to be fabricated in the near future.
Scientists classify crystal structures by the particular plane or
“face” cutting through the crystal that is exposed. Most research to date on
silicon substrates for molecular electronic devices has been done with a
crystal orientation that is convenient for organic molecules but
incompatible with CMOS technologies. For their electronic device, the
NIST team first demonstrated that a good quality monolayer of organic
molecules could be assembled on the silicon orientation common to
industrial CMOS fabrication, verifying this with extensive spectroscopic
analysis.
They then went on to build a simple but working molecular
electronic device—a resistor—using the same techniques. A single layer of
simple chains of carbon atoms tethered on their ends with sulfur atoms
were deposited in tiny 100-nanometer deep wells on the silicon substrate
and capped with a layer of silver to form the top electrical contact. The use
of silver is a departure from other molecular electronic studies where gold
69
or aluminum has been used. Unlike the latter two elements, silver does not
displace the monolayer or impede its ability to function.
The NIST team fabricated two molecular electronic devices, each
with a different length of carbon chain populating the monolayer. Both
devices successfully resisted electrical flow with the one possessing longer
chains having the greater resistance as expected. A control device lacking
the monolayer showed less resistance, proving that the other two units did
function as nonlinear resistors.
The next step, the team reports, is to fabricate a CMOS-molecular
hybrid circuit to show that molecular electronic components can work in
harmony with current microelectronics technologies.-National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)
Notes
link – ϳå
compound – ÙdzóáõÃÛáõÝ
layer - ß»ñï
substrate – »Ýó߻ñï
compatible – ѳٳï»Õ»ÉÇ
precursor – ݳ˳ϳñ³å»ï
tether – ϳå»É, ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï»É
impede – ˳ݷ³ñ»É, ËáãÁݹáï»É
successful – ѳçáÕ
current – ÁÝóóÇÏ
extensive – Ù»Í, Áݹ³ñÓ³Ï
Exercises
1. Match the synonyms in two columns.
investigation
link
complicated
equipment
scientist
apply
70
device
scholar
show
use
operate
extensive
material
function
wide
substance
research
connection
complex
demonstrate
2. Find in the text antonyms to the words below.
simple, uncomfortable, shallow, past, unusual, former, linear, inorganic,
destroy, many.
3. Match the words with their definitions.
stage
device
assemble
pave
compatible
deposit (v)
displace
chain
gather together; collect; fit or put together.
make conditions easy or ready for sth.
number of connected things.
put or store for safe-keeping.
put out of the right or usual position.
sth invented or adapted for a special purpose.
a step in development.
able to exist together.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) able – ability – disability
b) manufacture – manufacturer – manufacturing
c) necessary – necessity – unnecessary
d) convenient – conveniently – convenience – inconvenient
e) possess – possessive – possessor – possession
71
5. Form adjectives from the following nouns.
necessity
analysis
complication
exposure
likeness
organ
technology
use
conductor
decision
6. Make up sentences with the expressions given below.
set the stage
compatible with
pave the way
work in harmony
common to
go on
function as
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of
various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts
and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language
barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which
motions stand for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute
have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of
whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used
internationally; spelling, however, cannot.
Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either
intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of flirting or
indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while
shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.
Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a
system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code,
and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn, and
instruct people.
While verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems
and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.
72
1. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?
A) Everybody uses only one form of communication.
B) When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of
communication.
C) Nonlinguistic language is invaluable to foreigners.
D) Although other forms of communication exist, verbalization
the fastest.
2. The word "these" in the line 6 refers to
A) tourists
B) the deaf and the mute
C) sign language motions
D) thoughts and feelings
3. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
A) there are many forms of communication in existence today
B) verbalization is the most common form of communication
C) ideas and thoughts can be transmitted by body language
D) the deaf and mute use an oral form of communication
4. Which form other than oral speech would be most commonly used
among blind people?
A) Picture signs
B) Braille
C) Body language
D) Signal flags
5. How many different forms of communication are mentioned here?
A) 9
B) 7
C) 5
D) 11
6. The word "wink" means most nearly the same as
A) bob the head up and down
B) close two eyes briefly
C) close one eye briefly
D) shake the head from side to side
73
is
7. Sign language is said to be very picturesque and exact and can be used
internationally EXCEPT for
A) whole words
C) spelling
B) ideas
D) expressions
8. People need to communicate in order to
A) create language barriers
B) express thoughts and feelings
C) be picturesque and exact
D) keep from reading with their fingertips
9. What is the best title for the passage?
A) The Importance of Sign Language
B) Picturesque Symbols of Communication
C) Ways of Expressing Feelings
D) The Many Forms of Communication
10. Who would be MOST likely to use Morse code?
A) A scientist
B) A spy
C) An airline pilot
D) telegraphers
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. ____ indoor pollution we must focus on the sources of pollution rather
than on ventilation.
A) We must control
C) To control
B) Controlling
D) For control
2. Erosion ____, but it constantly changes the features on the surface of the
earth.
A which is a slow process
C) being a slow process
B) although a slow process
D) is a slow process
74
3. Centuries of erosion have exposed ____ rock surfaces in the Painted
Desert of northern Arisona.
A) colored like a rainbow
B) rainbow-colored
C) in rainbow
D) in rainbow’s
4. The student asked her professor if he would have gone on the space ship
____ earlier.
A) if knew
C) he had known
B) if he knows
D) had he known
5. In 1989, President George Bush appointed Carla A. Hills ____ a
special trade representative.
A) to
C) like
B) as
D) be
6. Good pencil erasers are soft enough not ____ paper.
A) by damaging
B) to damage
C) so as to damage
D) damaging
7. The first nuclear power reactor was designed ____ in 1942.
A) by Fermi
C) with Fermi
B) through Fermi
D) to Fermi
8. Greenland is the main source of cryolite, ____ soft mineral used in the
production of aluminum.
A)that is a
C) it is a
B)which is a
D) who is a
9. ____ of liquids through pipes.
A) The flow controlled by valves C) For valves to control
B) Valves control the flow
D) Control led by valves
10. ____ called melanin protects the underlying layers of skin from sun
rays..
A) A color pigment
C) The pigment
B) A colorful pigment
D) A pigment
75
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1.While in some parts of the world it is jewelry that indicates high
A
economic status, in the other, it is fur coats.
B
C
D
2. Many roads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial cities
A
B
C
needed a network to link them with sources of supply.
D
3. To check for acidity one had better used litmus paper.
A
B
C
D
4. Geothermal energy, for example the heat from activate volcanoes and
A
B
C
geysers, can be turned into electricity.
D
5. When radium decays, it will produce a gas called radon.
A
B
C
D
6. If water is found on Mar’s moon, its components, hydrogen and
A
B
C
oxygen, can be used as a source of fuel.
D
7. Radar technology has made great advances, so as it is now possible for
A
B
C
astronomers to discover hitherto unknown facts about the universe.
D
8. It is believed earthquakes which occur after rock strata break and
A
B
before they settle into a new position.
C
D
9. Despite all of the research, it is still not certain that we will never have
A
B
C
D
an AIDS vaccine
76
10. Unlike modern clocks, most old-fashioned clocks need to wind
A
B
C
manually in order to show time.
D
UNIT 11
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Researchers at the University of Illinois have discovered a way to generate
light and reduce damage in a leading candidate for next-generation
microelectronics lithography. The technique could help pack more power
into smaller computer chips.
In the quest for creating computer chips with ever-smaller feature
sizes, chip manufacturers are exploring extreme ultraviolet lithography as
the next chip-printing technology. For a light source at the necessary
wavelength, scientists have turned to a hot, ionized gas called a plasma,
generated within a Z-pinch device. But, energetic ions produced in the
plasma can damage the mirror responsible for collecting the light.
“By adding a lighter gas to the plasma, we can significantly reduce
the damage and extend the lifetime of the collector optics,” said David
Ruzic, a professor of nuclear, plasma and radiological engineering and lead
author of a paper that describes the technique in the June issue of the
journal IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.
In a Z-pinch device, xenon is fed into a chamber where it collides
with a stream of electrons, producing a low-temperature and low-density
plasma. This plasma then flows between two cylindrical electrodes, one
positioned inside the other. (The “Z” in Z-pinch refers to the direction of
current flow along the cylindrical electrodes.)
Next, a large current pulse heats the plasma, while a magnetic field
generated by the pulse compresses and confines the plasma. The plasma
77
becomes hotter and denser until it “pinches,” creating the flash of light
needed by the chip industry. As the pulse passes, internal plasma pressure
overcomes magnetic confinement, and the hot, dense plasma flies apart.
The resulting fast and energetic ions can damage the delicate collector
optics.
However, adding a small amount of a lighter gas, such as
hydrogen, “significantly reduces both the number and the energy of xenon
ions reaching the collector surface, thereby extending the collector’s
lifetime while having a negligible effect on the extreme ultraviolet light
production,” Ruzic said. The reduction in xenon energy occurs because the
hydrogen ions shield the xenon ions from the high electric field created by
the plasma.
“When the plasma flies apart, the less-massive electrons move
faster than the hydrogen and xenon ions,” Ruzic said. “The electric field
induced by the moving electrons then pulls on the ions and accelerates
them. Being much lighter than xenon ions, the hydrogen ions accelerate
faster, and shield the xenon ions from some of the electric field.”
By absorbing some of the plasma’s energy, the hydrogen ions
prevent the xenon ions from accelerating to the point where they damage
the collector surface, thus prolonging the collector’s lifetime.
Xenon is actually the second-best radiator for light at the desired
wavelength, Ruzic said. “We can get three times as much light from tin,
but tin is a condensable metal and makes quite a mess on the mirrors. We
are now looking at ways to clean the mirrors during chip production.” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes
quest – áñáÝáõÙ
explore – ѻﳽáï»É
damage – íݳë»É
responsible – å³ï³ë˳ݳëáõ
78
collide – µ³Ëí»É
density – ËïáõÃÛáõÝ
compress – ë»ÕÙ»É, ×½Ù»É
confine – ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï»É
pinch – Ïñ׳ïí»É
delicate – Ýáõñµ
negligible – ãÝãÇÝ
condensable – Ëï³ó(í)áÕ
Exercises
1. Find in the text synonyms to the following words.
harm
find out
assist
cause
method
placed
nevertheless
origin
gather
widen
manufacture
flow
needed
considerably
2. Match the antonyms in two columns.
external
create
damage
add
significant
rough
pull
prolong
slow down
weak
negligible
delicate
push
shorten
accelerate
powerful
subtract
destroy
internal
protect
79
3. Match the words with their definitions.
collide
extend
overcome
extreme
reduce
occur
induce
prevent
mess
highest degree.
make less or smaller.
take place; happen.
stop or hinder.
lead or cause; bring about.
state of disorder, confusion, dirt.
meet and strike.
make longer; enlarge.
get the better of; be too strong for.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) describe – description - descriptive
b) electric – electrical – electricity – electrician
c) collect – collector – collection
d) produce – producer – production – productive – productivity
e) move – moving – movable - movement
5. Form as many nouns as possible with the suffixes given
below.
~ ment
~ ation
~ ity ~
~ ship
~ tion
~ ist
~ izm
~y
6. Make up sentences with the expressions given below.
turn to
responsible for
feed into
have an effect on
shield from
prevent from
80
refer to
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
The ancient Egyptians firmly believed in the afterlife and spent
their time on earth preparing for it. Elaborate burial rituals included
preparing the burial site, providing for all of the deceased's material needs
(food, clothing, jewels, and tools of their trade), and preserving the corpse
so that it would not decay. This preservation was accomplished through a
process of mummification. The ancients left no written accounts as to the
execution of this process, so scientists have had to examine mummies and
establish their own theories. The embalming process might have taken up
to seventy days for the pharaohs and nobility and only a few days for the
poor.
The embalmers spread a variety of compounds of salt, spices, and
resins in and over the corpse to preserve it. They followed this with a
prescribed wrapping, a procedure in which they wound strips of fine linen
around, over, and under the body while placing various amulets within the
wrappings to protect the deceased from harm on the long journey to the
afterlife. They also painted resins over the wrapped linen. Finally, a
pharaoh or noble would have been encased in a wooden box before being
placed in a sarcophagus.
1. How have we been able to learn about the mummification process?
A) Accurate records have been handed down to us.
B) After studying mummies, scientists have developed their own
theories
C) Interviews with embalmers who still use the process have revealed
the secret.
D) Chemical analysis of the compounds has led us to an explanation of
the method used.
2. The word "they" in the line 11 refers to
A) embalmers
C) pharaohs
B) spices
D) the poor
3. The embalming process can best be described as
A) strict and unfaltering
81
B) short and simple
C) lengthy and complicated
D) wild and terrifying
4. The word "decay" is closest in meaning to
A) die
C) embalm
B) rejuvenate
D) deteriorate
5. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
A) bodies were preserved as a matter of religious belief
B) all mummification took seventy days to complete
C) special compounds were used to embalm the bodies
D) it has been difficult to determine the process used
6. Why did the ancient Egyptians mummify the deceased?
A) To preserve the body from destruction
B) To scare tomb robbers
C) To encase the body in a sarcophagus
D) To protect the body from harm on the journey to the afterlife
7. It can be inferred that the Egyptians buried food, clothing, jewels, and
tools with the deceased because
A) the family did not want anyone else to share them
B) that was the wish of the deceased
C) the deceased would need them while enroute to the afterlife
D) they were afraid
8. The word "amulets" is closest in meaning to
A) charms
C) weapons
B) coins
D) curses
9. The word "accomplished" is closest in meaning to
A) dwindled
C) reproduced
B) forsaken
D) performed
10. The distinction between mummification of bodies from different
classes is explained in lines
82
A) 2-6
C) 13-14
B) 7-9
D) 15-17
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. The higher the temperature of a molecule, _____.
A) than it has more energy
B) it has more energy
C) more energy has it
D) the more energy it has
2. Newton pointed out ____ man-made objects could be made to orbit the
earth.
A) the possibility
C) that
B) that it is possible
D) the fact
3. If a trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at launch it ____ worse as the
flight progresses.
A) is getting
C) has got
B) would get
D) will get
4. The scientific study of the motion of bodies and the action of forces that
change or cause motion _____ dynamics.
A) is called
C) call
B) are called
D) is calling
5. It is usually ____ lava but gas that kills people during volcanic eruption
A) not only
C) neither
B) not
D) no
6. ____ being the outer protective covering of the body, the skin performs
many other necessary functions.
A) Beside
C) Just as
B) Besides
D) Similar
83
7. As coal mines became deeper, the problem of draining water, bringing in
fresh air and ____ to the surface increased.
A) to transport ore
C) how ore is transported
B) transporting ore
D) ore is transporting
8. Most of the older civilizations which flourished during the fifth century
B.C._____.
A) they have died out
C) have died out
B) has died out
D) they had died out
9. Power tools require careful handling ____ injuries.
A) by avoiding
C) avoiding
B) they avoid
D) to avoid
10. _____ is the science of making artificial replacements for parts of the
human body.
A) Prosthetics
C) A Prosthetic
B) Prosthetic
D) The Prosthetics
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F, it would boil and escape.
A
B
C
D
2. Dreams are commonly made up of either visual and verbal images.
A
B
C
D
3. It is imperative that all processed food be approving by the Food
A
B
C
and Drug Administration for hygienic standards.
D
4. In ancient times and throughout the Middle Ages, many people
A
believed that the earth is motionless.
B
C
D
5. The plants make their own food through a process called
A
B
C
D
84
photosynthesis.
6. An organ is a group of tissues capable to perform some special
A
B
C
function, as for example, the heart, the liver or the lungs.
D
7. Citrine, which is a light yellow quarts, looks alike topaz but is softer
A
B
C
D
than true topaz.
8. A major source of indoor pollution is the combustion of fuel as
A
B C
kerosene, natural gas, and wood.
D
9. It is their nearly perfect crystal structure that gives diamonds their
A
B
hardness, brilliance and transparent.
C
D
10. An engineer tries to exploit natural resources to a maximum to serve
A
B
a particular end, so also an ecologist tries to preserve the ecosystem.
C
D
UNIT 12
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Sun Microsystems, Inc., announced the world's fastest commodity
microprocessor, the UltraSPARC T2, as the cornerstone of its merchant
portfolio of microelectronics. Available for sale separate from Sun's own
systems, this new processor is the industry's first volume processor with
eight cores and eight threads per core.
85
Formerly known as the "Niagara 2" project, the UltraSPARC T2's worldrecord performance raises the bar on commodity processors while boasting
tshe industry's highest energy efficiency per thread. With each thread
capable of running its own operating system, the chip delivers a whopping
64-way system on a single chip. Sun will provide the UltraSPARC T2
processor design to the free and open source community via the GPL
license. "The market for commodity silicon and the devices they power is
well into the tens of billions of dollars," said David Yen, executive vice
president of Microelectronics for Sun. "The UltraSPARC T2 processor also
makes possible a new breed of compact, power-efficient, highly integrated
devices-going beyond servers to routers, switches, network devices,
medical imaging, industrial printing and more. With UltraSPARC T2
technology, we can bring the speed and scalability of chip multithreading
into much wider use-and provide welcome alternatives to companies that
want commodity economics without commodity performance."
"We're at a historic point in computing, moving away from sequential
processing to multicore designs," said Professor Dave Patterson, Pardee
Chair of Computer Science for the University of California at Berkeley.
"Hence, we need to invent new ways to evaluate these new parallel
systems. Our initial experiments suggest that Niagara 2 has the highest
performance, is the most power efficient and is the most 'software friendly'
of the processors we've tested." The UltraSPARC T2 is the industry's first
processor to bring together the key functions of multiple systemsvirtualization, processing, networking, security, floating point units and
accelerated memory access. Integrating these elements on a single piece of
silicon reduces cost and increases performance, reliability and energy
efficiency-making it the superior choice for a diversity of workloads, from
networking equipment to high-performance computing or storage devices.
As a general-purpose processor, the UltraSPARC T2 also provides support
assively threaded, open source Solaris operating system, and other realtime operating systems, as well as future versions of Ubuntu Linux,
bringing a massive community of developers and productivity to the
growing market.
86
Notes
commodity - ³åñ³Ýù
announce – ѳÛï³ñ³ñ»É
available – Ù³ïã»ÉÇ
boast – å³ñͻݳÉ, Ñå³ñï³Ý³É
whopping – ß³ï Ù»Í
sequential – ѳçáñ¹³Ï³Ý
evaluate - ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É
superior - ·»ñ³½³Ýó, ·»ñ³ÏßÇé
reliable - Ñáõë³ÉÇ
diversity - µ³½Ù³½³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ
router – ѳñÃÇã
Exercises
1. Find in the text synonyms to the words below.
estimate
goods
carry out
work out
aim
variant
project
effective
trustworthy
broad
calculate
divide
2. Find in the text antonyms to the words below.
combine
low
tiny
destroy
decrease
final
narrow
unable
danger
87
3. Match the words with their definitions.
community
thread
access
accelerate
source
cornerstone
volume
right, opportunity or means of reaching, using.
foundation
original documents, etc. serving as material for a
study.
the people living in one place, considered as a
whole.
large mass, amount or quantity.
increase the speed of.
sth very thin, suggesting a thread.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of your
own.
a) possible-possibly-possibility-impossible
b) process-processor-processing
c) serve- server-service-servant
d) industry-industrial-industrialize
e) compute-computerized-computational
5. Make up abstract nouns from the words below
deep high choose
dense broad anxious
wide low
dead
weigh
able
secret
6, Make up sentences with the following expressions.
capable of
make possible
a new breed
be at a point
bring together
as well as
88
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
We believe the Earth is about 4,6 billion years old. At present we are
forced to look to other bodies in the solar system for hints as to what the
early history of the Earth was like. Studies of our moon, Mercury, Mars
and other large satellites of Jupiter and Saturn have provided ample
evidence that all these large celestial bodies were bombarded by small
objects in a wide variety of sizes shortly after the larger bodies had formed.
This same bombardment must have affected Earth as well. The lunar
record indicates that the rate of impacts decreased to its present low level
about 4 billion years ago. On Earth, subsequent erosion and crustal motions
have obliterated the craters that must have formed during this epoch.
Scientists estimate the Earth’s age by measuring the ratios of various
radioactive elements in rocks. The oldest Earth rocks tested thus far are
about 3,3 billion years old. But no one knows whether these are the oldest
rocks on Earth. Tests on rocks from the moon and on meteorites show that
these are about 4,6 billion years old. Scientists believe that this is the true
age of the solar system and probably the true age of the Earth.
1. In line 9, the word “obliterated” means
A) created
C) changed
B) destroyed
D) eroded
2. According to this passage, how do scientists estimate the age of the
Earth?
A) By measuring the ratios of radioactive elements in rocks
B) By examining fossils
C) By studying sunspots
D) By examining volcanic activity.
3. Scientists estimate the age of the Earth as
A) 3,3 billion years old
C) 4,6 billion years old
B) 4 billion years old
D) 6 billion years old
4. Which of the following processes led to the obliteration of the craters
formed by the bombardment of the earth by celestial bodies?
A) Volcanic activity
C) Gravity
89
B) Solar radiation
D) Crustal motions
5. According to the passage, why are scientists forced to look to other
bodies in the solar system to determine the early history of the Earth?
A) Human alteration of the Earth
C) Solar flares
B) Erosion and crustal motions
D)Deforestation
6. What is the BEST title for this passage?
A) “Determining the Age of the Earth”
B) “Determining the Age of the Solar System”
C) Erosion and Crustal Motion of Earth”
D) “Radioactive Elements in Rocks”
7. Which of the following bodies was NOT studied to give evidence that
the Earth was bombarded in the early history?
A) Mars
C) Jupiter
B) Mercury
D) Earth’s moon
8. Bombardment of the Earth at one time by various sized bodies is
A) inferred from what happened on other planetary bodies
B) documented fact
C) proven by the lunar record
D) indicated by erosion
9. The level of impacts of the bombardments of Earth have
A) decreased to below normal
B) increased to a current high
C) increased after a periodic low
D) decreased to a current low
10. In line 6, the word “bombardment” means
A) an avoidance
C) an effect
B) an assault
D) a cause
90
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. ____ photosynthesis were to stop, life would disappear from Earth.
A) If
B) For
C) From
D) As
2. ____ is your own business.
A) Who you work for
B) Whose you work for
C) Who for you work
D) You work for whom
3. ____ steel, iron must be alloyed with a small amount of carbon.
A) Forming
B) It forms
C) To be formed
D) To form
4. Anarchists believe that political institutions are not necessary ____
people.
A) to govern
B) to have governing
C) that govern
D) governing
5. The spacecraft, ____ by the high surface temperature of Venus, stopped
transmitting radio signals.
A) to be melted
B) having been melted
C) having melted
D) to melt
6. Fuel-efficient cars ____ less gasoline than “gas-guzzling” cars.
A) need
B) needs
C) will be needs
D) needing
7.Gelatin is a protein ____ the skin, tendons, and bones of animals.
91
A) obtained by
B) obtained from
C) obtained in
D) obtained of
8. The factors in vocal control beyond conscious control ____ the act of
respiration.
A) includes
B) including
C) was included
D) include
9. There will never be two snowflakes that are exactly ____ .
A) like
C) unlike
B) alike
D) liking
10. By the end of last year, the speed limit in many states ____ 55 miles
per hour.
A) was reducing
B) had been reduced to
C) had reduced to
D) was being
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. Most animals feed is made from a mixture of corn and wheat
A
B
chaff rather than chemicals.
C
D
2. Over the past several decades, there have been a steady and recurrent
A
B
cycle in the predominant economic forecast for first world countries.
C
D
3. Rocks can be broken apart by water that seeps into the cracks
A
B
and freeze in low temperatures.
C
D
4. The prime meridian which passes through Greenwich, in
A
B
92
England is the same the Greenwich meridian.
C
D
5. The Loch Ness monster came into recorded history around A. D. 565,
A
B
when Saint Columba is said to have seen itself rise from the lake.
C
D
6. In his naturally occurring pure forms, carbon appears as either
A
B
C
D
diamond, graphite, or amorphous carbon
7. Each element produces differently colored flames when they are
A
B
C
exposed to fire.
D
8. When a space station has been established, then it becomes
A
B
possible to go very far out into space.
C
D
9. It is nowhere the continental crust older than 200 million years.
A
B C
D
10. The central core of the earth is made of both very hot or dense
A
B
C
materials.
D
UNIT 13
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
"We are excited about exploring the capabilities of the Ultra
SPARC T2 processor," said Mark Murphy, global alliances manager at
93
Canonical, the commercial sponsor of Ubuntu. "We certify Ubuntu on the
SPARC architecture as we believe it is at the forefront of what's possible in
processing and for many Ubuntu users this is of critical importance.
UltraSPARC T2 shows Sun continues to push the boundaries and we are
proud to be alongside pushing with them."
This next generation of the UltraSPARC family of processors also
extends its lead in eco performance, bringing Sun's revolutionary
CoolThreads chip multithreading (CMT) technology to the UltraSPARC
T2 processor, powered by fewer than two watts per thread. At one-tenth to
one-thirtieth the power consumption of competitive offerings, the
UltraSPARC T2 processor sets the gold standard for green computing and
efficiency, combining the industry’s lowest power consumption with
double the cores, 16 times the threads, 4 times the throughput, with on-chip
network and security functionality. Bottom line: The UltraSPARC T2
processor has the potential to save systems builders and their end users
millions of dollars on skyrocketing power, cooling and space expense.
A breakthrough in architectural design, the UltraSPARC T2
processor delivers an unprecedented level of integrated system functions
on a single chip: High-throughput processing - Eight cores and eight
threads per core accelerate throughput as shown by two world-record,
single-chip SPEC CPU scores, based on tests that delivered 78.3 est.
SPECint_rate2006 and a 62.3 est. SPECfp_rate2006. The UltraSPARC T2
processor has twice the thread count of Sun's UltraSPARC T1 processor,
which recently set a world record on ten Sun Blade T6300 Server Modules
delivering 8253.21 SPECjAppServer2004 JOPS@Standard*.
Networking - Dual, virtualizable, multithreaded 10 Gigabit-persecond Ethernet ports with built-in packet classification ensure fast access
to networks and server-to-server communications
Security - Eight cryptographic acceleration units and a total of 10
independent functions address ever-heightening security needs, including
NSA-approved algorithms, without a performance penalty
Computation - Eight floating point units extend the benefits of
CMT to high-performance computing workloads for scientific applications;
world record single-chip SPECfp_rate2006 and world-record single-chip
94
SPECompM2001scores.
Input/Output - Eight lanes of industry-standard PCI Express I/O
speed applications like streaming media, database read/write and data
back-up.
Memory access. Quad memory controllers deliver more than 50
Gigabytes-per-second of memory access Software support - The massively
threaded Solaris OS takes excellent advantage of the highly threaded
processors and enables open and cost-effective virtualization. In production
now, Sun's new Ultra SPARC T2 processor offers more consolidation and
virtualization flexibility than any processor in its class. With up to 64
logical domains per processor, customers can achieve unprecedented levels
of efficiency by consolidating many physically separate systems onto a
single UltraSPARC T2 processor-based platform. -Sun Microsystems.
Notes
capability – ÁݹáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ, ϳñáÕáõÃÛáõÝ
alliance - ϳå, ³éÝãáõÃÛáõÝ
forefront – ³éç¨Ç ·ÇÍ
boundary – ë³ÑÙ³Ý
consumption – ëå³éáõÙ
competitive – Ùñó³Ïó³ÛÇÝ
breakthrough – Ëáßáñ Ýí³×áõÙ
penalty – ë˳É
flexibility - ×ÏáõÝáõÃÛáõÝ
Exercises
1. Match the synonyms in two column.
unite
use
lately
recently
support
customer
95
extend
provision
client
significance
excellent
approval
memory
importance
unprecedented
consent
storage
consumption
expand
combine
2. Find in the text antonyms to the words below.
joined
disadvantage
heating
multiple
slow
partial
hardness
separate
3. Match the words with their definitions.
certify
offering
deliver
ensure
accessible
enable
achieve
process (v)
able to be used, reached.
gain or reach by effort.
give authority or means.
put some information through the system in order to obtain
the required information.
declare that sth is true, correct or in order.
do what is wanted.
guarantee.
sth offered or presented.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) virtue – virtual - virtualize
b) science – scientist – scientific – scientifically
c) function – functional – functionality
d) compete – competition – competitor – competitive
e) critic – critical – critically – criticize
96
f) express – expression – expressive – expressionless
g) apply – applicant – application – applicable
5. Write the plural of the words given below.
index
datum
axis
phenomenon
medium
criterion
analysis
matrix
radius
basis
6. Make up sentences with the expressions given below.
set a record
at the forefront
powered by
take advantage of
reach a level
set a standard
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
The earliest vertical windmills were used in Persia more than 2 000
years ago for the grinding of grain. Windmills were adopted for pumping
water in North America by the middle of the nineteenth century. Their use
declined drastically in the 1930s when inexpensive electricity followed the
energy crisis of the 1970s. A program of the United States Department of
Energy encouraged the development of new machines, the construction of
wind farms, and an evaluation of the economic effect of a large-scale use
of wind power.
Public acceptance of wind energy conversion systems is an important
consideration in planning for the widespread application of wind energy.
Studies have shown that the environmental impact of such systems is
relatively small compared to conventional electric power systems. Windpowered systems do not require the flooding of large land areas or the
97
alteration of the natural ecology, as do hydroelectric systems. Furthermore,
they produce no waste products or thermal or chemical effluents.
1.Which of the following events led to renewed interest in the use of
wind power?
A) World War II
C) The Three Mile island crisis
B) The energy crisis of 1970s
D) The advent of electricity
2. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of wind energy?
A) Wind energy does not require the flooding of large land areas
B) Wind energy produces no waste products
C) The availability of wind energy is not dependent on the weather
D) Wind energy does not produce thermal or chemical effluents.
3. According to the passage, which of the following was wind energy first
used for?
A) Pumping water
C) Propelling ships
B) Electricity
D) Grinding grain
4. In line 12, what is the closest meaning of “alteration”?
A) Conversion
C) Elimination
B) Changing
D) Enhancing
5. The United States Department of Energy has advocated all of the
following EXCEPT
A) the elimination of windmills as a means of pumping water.
B) the development of new wind energy machines.
C) an evaluation of the economic effects of a large-scale use of windpower.
D) the construction of wind farms
6. Which of the following most led to a decreased use of windmills in the
U.S.?
A) The advent of nuclear energy.
B) Increased environmental awareness.
C) The availability of inexpensive electricity in rural areas.
98
D) A long-term shift in wind currents.
7. According to the passage
A) wind energy is more efficient than electric power.
B) wind energy is less expensive than electric power.
C) wind energy does not have as much environmental impact as
electric power.
D) wind energy is more expensive than electric power.
8. From the passage it can be assumed that wind energy is better because
A) it is cheaper than electric power.
B) it does not alter the environment as much as other types of power.
C) it lasts longer than the electric power.
D) it is more efficient than the electric power.
9. In the passage, “environmental impact” means
A) importance of nature.
B) effect on man.
C) importance of environment.
D) effect on nature.
10. The BEST title for this passage is
A) “The Public’s Response to Wind Energy.”
B “The Benefits of Wind Energy.”
C) “How Wind Energy Works.”
D) “Wind Energy vs. Other Types of Power.”
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. Some of the rainwater from clouds evaporates before ____ .
A) reaching the ground
B) to reach the ground
C) reach the ground
D) the ground reaches
2. Even if the unemployment rate ____ sharply, the drop may still be
temporary.
99
A) to drop
B) dropping
C) drops
D) have dropped
3. Cellulose, which ____ for making paper, can be found in all plants.
A) uses
B) is used
C) are used
D) is using
4. ____ human beings have relatively constant body temperature.
A) Alike all mammal
B) Alike all mammals
C) Like all mammal
D) Like all mammals
5. Rocks can be broken apart by water that seeps into the cracks and____
in low temperatures.
A) freezes
B) freeze
C) froze
D) freezing
6. Alexander Graham Bell was once a teacher who ____ a school for the
deaf in Massachusetts.
A) Run
B) ran
C) runs
D) running
7. The Earth depends ____ the sun for its heating.
A) on
B) in
C) for
D) of
8. Never in his life ____ feel unsure of himself and his purpose.
A) do Thomas Edison
C) was Thomas Edison
B) did Thomas Edison
D) does Thomas Edison
9. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger ____
.
100
A) as do trains
B) than trains do
C) trains do
D) like trains
10. The skin receives nearly ____ third of the blood pumped out by the
heart.
A) a
C) an
B) the
D) as
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1A proficient lecture is one who can both stimulate and maintain an
A
B
C
audience’s attention.
D
2. Hunger is not an unavoidable phenomena as are death and taxes.
A
B
C
D
3. Salt, otherwise known as sodium chloride, consist of sodium and other
A
B
C
elements.
D
4. Neither the mathematics department nor the biology department
A
at State University require that the students must write a thesis
B
in order to graduate with a master’s degree.
C
D
5. Most of us think of sharks as danger, due to a lack of
A
B
C
information rather than fear.
D
6. The sulfur compounds produced when an onion is sliced are too
A
B
C
strong that they cause burning and watering of the eyes.
D
7. Science has transformed the planet but literature has not paid
A
B
101
enough amount of attention to how scientists have lived and worked.
C
D
8. Which they are often stolen or abused by employees, office
A
B
supplies are the first budget cut made by management trying to
C
D
cut costs.
9. This year beside figuring standard income tax, taxpayers might
A
B
also have to compute alternative minimum tax.
C
D
10. Many new facts about the origin of man came to light through
A
B
the investigations of Mr. Louise and her wife, Mary.
C
D
UNIT 14
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
To develop selective measurement techniques for diagnostics, drug
research, and the detection of poisons, researchers would like to combine
the high specificity of biochemical reactors with universal
microelectronics. Now, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for
Biochemistry in Martinsried/Munich have shown that such bioelectronic
hybrid systems are no longer just a utopian vision. In the journal
Angewandte Chemie, they describe the coupling of a receptor to a silicon
chip by means of a cell–transistor interface.
Many receptors are coupled to ion channels within cell membranes.
When the corresponding ligand binds to its receptor, the channel is opened,
102
allowing ions to stream into the cell. With a few tiny electrodes (the patchclamp technique), this stream of ions can be measured; however, this
technique destroys the cell. A team headed by Peter Fromherz has now
proven that things can be different. Their novel, noninvasive sensor
involves coupling of the ion stream directly to a microelectronic device by
means of a direct cell–chip contact.
Their test subject was the serotonin receptor, a protein that resides
in the membrane and plays an important role in the nervous system.
Blockers specific to this receptor are used clinically to reduce the nausea
that results from chemotherapy and for the treatment of irritable bowl
syndrome. The scientists allowed cells with many serotonin receptors in
their membranes to grow onto a silicon chip with a linear arrangement of
many transistor switches. For measurement, a cell that covers the tiny gap
(gate) of one of the transistors must be selected. The voltage in this cell is
controlled with a special electrode. If serotonin is then applied, the ion
channels open; a stream of ions flows along a narrow gap between the cell
and the chip into the cell. The resulting signal in the transistor voltage is
proportional to the current across the membrane.
By using a variety of serotonin concentrations, a dosage–effect
relationship can be determined. The application of new potential receptor
blockers allows their effectiveness to be quickly and easily evaluated by
means of their effect on the transistor signal. “With this coupling of a
ligand-steered ion channel to a transistor at the level of an individual cell,”
Fromherz says, “we have laid the foundation for receptor-cell–transistor
biosensor technology.”-John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Notes
specificity – ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝ
detection – ï³ñáñáßáõÙ
vision – ϳÝ˳ï»ëáõÙ
corresponding –ѳٳå³ï³ë˳Ý
ligand – ϳåáÕ, Ïááñ¹ÇݳóÝáÕ
invasive – Ýí³×áÕ, ½³íÃáÕ
103
nausea – ëñï˳éÝáõù
evaluate - ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É
Exercises
1. Match the synonyms in two columns.
choose
particular
various
destroy
method
estimate
researcher
significant
scientist
eliminate
evaluate
technique
investigator
important
scholar
different
special
select
2. Find in the text antonyms to the following words.
sameness
huge
common
separate
increase
wide
irrelevant
exclude
deteriorate
create
3. Match the words with their definitions.
receptor
foundation
bind (v)
stream (v)
involve
protein
reside
decide; fix precisely.
live; be present in.
be caught or mixed up ( in trouble, etc).
that on which an idea, belief, etc rests.
corresponding in degree or amount.
fasten together.
flow.
104
irritable
proportional
determine
a receiver.
body- building substance essential to good health.
easily annoyed or made angry.
4. Study the following related words and use them in sentences of
your own.
a) special – specify – specific – specifically – specificity – specially
b) system – systematic – systematically – systemize
c) receive – receiver – receptor – receipt – recipient
d) direct – directly – director – direction – indirect – directive
e) result – resultant – resulting
f) relation – relate – relative – relationship
5. Find homonyms to the following words.
found
call
iron
higher
there
four
way
threw
strait
story
whole
pour
steal
sent
would
6. Make up sentences with the expressions given below.
no longer
by means of
play a role
lay the foundation
at the level
headed by
7. Read the text and choose the one best answer to each question.
With the United States spacecraft Viking I’s landing on Mars in 1976,
the man-made canal theory was proven to be only a myth.
Viking I, after landing on the soil of Mars, performed many scientific
experiments and took numerous pictures. The pictures showed that the red
color of the planet is due to the reddish, rocky Martian soil. No biological
105
life was found, though it had been speculated by many scientists. The
Viking also monitored many weather changes including violent dust
storms. Some water vapor, polar ice, and permafrost (frost below the
surface) were found, indicating that one time Of the six outer planets,
Mars, commonly called the Red Planet, is the closest to Earth. Mars, 4,200
miles in diameter and 55 percent of the size of Earth, is 34,600,000 miles
from Earth, and 141,000,000 miles from the Sun. It takes this planet, along
with its two moons, Phobos and Deimos, 1,88 years to circle the Sun,
compared to 365 days for the Earth.
For many years, Mars had been thought of as the planet with the manmade canals, supposedly discovered by an Italian astronomer, Schiaparelli,
in 1877. there were significant quantities of water on this distant planet.
Evidence collected by the spacecraft shows some present volcanic action,
though the volcanoes are believed to be dormant, if not extinct.
1. All of the following are true EXCEPT
A) Mars has two moons
B) Martian soil is rocky
C) it takes longer for Mars to circle the sun than it takes Earth.
D) Mars is larger than Earth.
2. Man-made canals were supposedly discovered by
A) Schiaparelli
C) Phobos
B) Viking I
D) Martian
3. The word “supposedly” is closest in meaning to
A) actually
C) formerly
B) presumably
D) unquestionably
4. Mars has been nicknamed
A) the Red Planet C) Deimos
B) Viking I
D) Martian
5. The word “myth” is closest in meaning to
106
A)
B)
fact
event
C) enigma
D) legend
6. The Viking I exploration accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
A) performing scientific experiments
B) collecting information showing volcanic action
C) discovering large quantities of polar ice and permafrost
D) monitoring weather conditions
7. What is the main idea of this passage?
A) Very little of the Martian landscape has changed over the years.
B) Fairly recent studies of this planet reveal data that contradict
previously held theories.
C) Scientists are only speculating about the Red Planet.
D) Scientists are no longer interested in the planet because there is
no
life on it.
8. The word “monitored” is nearest in meaning to
A) programmed
C) observed
B) televised
D) censored
9. The word “dormant” is nearest in meaning to
A) inactive
C) erupting
B) dangerous
D) significant
10. The word “vapor” is closest in meaning to
A) steam
C) state
B) star
D) steel
8. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1.____ are hot is a common misconception.
A) All deserts
C) Of all deserts
B) All deserts which D) That all deserts
107
2. Gravity not only causes bodies to fall ____ increases their speed.
A) and too
C) and also
B) but also
D) and so
3. If a trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at launch it ____ worse as the
flight progresses.
A )is getting
C) will get
B)would get
D) has got
4. Cosmic distance is measured ____ light years.
A) on
C) as
B) with
D) by
5. A prism is used to refract white light ____ it spreads out in a continuous
spectrum of colors.
A) so
C) as
B) so that
D) as to
6. The two main ____ are permanent magnets and electromagnets.
A) kind of magnets
C) kinds of magnets
B) kind magnets
D) kinds magnets
7. As soon as ____ with an acid, salt, and sometimes water, is formed.
A) a base reacts
C) a base is reacting
B) a base will react
D) the reaction of the base
8. Indoor heating systems have made ____ for people to live and work
comfortably in temperate climates.
A) it is possible
C) it possible
B) possible
D) possibly
9. When the body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels ____ .
A) very rapidly
C) fastly
B) in a rapid manner
D) with great speed
108
10. Calcium is necessary ____ the development of strong bones and teeth.
A) to
C) at
B) for
D) on
9. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
1. In most American cities, computers are now far more prevalent than
A
they are only a few years ago.
B C
D
2. Although most people believe that diamonds are the costliest gems,
A
B
emeralds are actually the valueblest.
C
D
3. According to some experts, grammar books have originally been
A
B
complied in the 16th century in an effort to protect the English
C
language from change.
D
4. For many years Americans with southern accents were considered
A
B
to be less sophisticated other Americans.
C
D
5. All atomic particles are in motion but not move at the same speed or
A
B
C
D
distance.
6. With the advent of Microsoft Windows, many other software makers
A
B
were forced upgrade their own products.
C
D
7. When we are infants, we must depend our parents for everything.
A
B
C
D
109
8.Before the invention of railroads, the only mean of transportation was
A
B
C
the horse.
D
9. Philosophers have traditionally dealt with such issue as the meaning of
A
B
C
D
life and man’s innate nature.
10. It is a well-known fact that most people resists changes.
A
B
C
D
Letter writing
1. Write your resume.
2. Write a letter to a friend.
3. Write a business letter.
4. Write a love letter.
5. Compose a contract.
6. Write a letter applying for a job.
7. Write a letter requesting a service.
8. Write a letter requesting information.
9. Write invitations and congratulations.
10. Fax and telegrams.
Speak on the topics
1. East or west home is best.
2. Air pollution.
3. Higher education today.
4. Space travel teaches us a lot.
5. Do your best and change your life for better.
110
6. Technology has made life easier.
7. Emancipation and feminization.
8. Television is a great source of information but ...
9. What would you do if you had 1 mln. pounds?
10. Welfare and charity.
11. Characterize a good businesswoman.
12. What do I appreciate in a man?
13. Two blacks don't make a white.
14. Actions speak louder than words.
References
1. A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current
English, Oxford, 1980.
2. Чернуõин А. Е., Англо-русский политеõнический словарь, М.,
1976.
3. ²ëٳݷáõÉÛ³Ý Ð. ²., Ø. Æ. ÐáíѳÝÝÇëÛ³Ý, ²Ý·É»ñ»Ý-ѳۻñ»Ý
µ³é³ñ³Ý, º, 1984:
4. èáõë-ѳۻñ»Ý åáÉÇï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý µ³é³ñ³Ý, ºñ¨³Ý 1988:
5. TOEFL and Internet tests.
111