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UNIT-III-PATH TO MODERNIZATION
CONTENTS

Industrial Revolution: Factors responsible

Focus on England:

The First country to be industrialized

Impact of Industrial Revolution on England

Impact of Industrial Revolution on the world
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The unit will enable learners to:

Understand and acknowledge the need to industrialize.

Critically analyse the factors responsible for the emergence of industrial revolution.

Acquaint themselves with the systems of production in Europe.

Investigate the reasons why England became the first country to be industrialized.

Evaluate the impact of industrial revolution on England and on the world.

Draw a link between industrial revolution and modernization.
SCOPE
The transformation of the industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780’s and 1850’s
is called the First Industrial Revolution. This had far reaching effects in Britain. Later
similar changes occurred in the European countries and the USA. This phase of industrial
development in Britain is strongly associated with new machinery and technologies. These
made it possible to produce goods on a massive scale compared to handicrafts and handloom
industries. This chapter outlines the changes in the cotton and Iron industries. Steam, a new
source of power began to be used on a wide scale in British industries. This led to the faster
forms of transportation by ships and railways. It led to greater prosperity for some time in
initial stages. Later it was linked with poor living and working conditions of millions of
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people, including women and children. This sparked off protests, which forced the
government enact laws for regulating conditions of work.

This unit will enable the students to understand and acknowledge England’s
need for industrialization.

It will help the students to critically analyze the factors responsible for the
emergence of the Industrial Revolution.

It will acquaint the learners with the system of production in Europe.
A variety of activities and worksheets have been incorporated in this unit to enhance the
comprehension and analytical skills of the students. The purpose behind these worksheets is
to make learning interesting and interactive. Learning objectives have been suggested. Broad
parameters have also been discussed. Every activity has been linked in continuity with the
chapter.
ORIGIN OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a
significant impact on the conditions of people of that time. The phrase ‘Industrial Revolution’
was coined by French Economist, August Blanqui in 1837 to denote the economic and social
changes arising out of the transition from industries carried in home with simple machines to
industries in factories with power driven machines –such changes occurred especially in
Britain , the first country to be industrialized.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect
of daily life was influenced in some way. In the later part of the 18th century, there began a
transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based
economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the
textile industries, the development of iron making techniques and the increased use of refined
coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and
railways.
First Geographic advantages for transforming technology into industry that England
possessed. The countries which later industrialized also had the geographic advantages to
some extent.
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These advantages are:
1. Abundant supply sources of water and coal power for powering industrial machines.
2. Abundant supply of iron ore – Iron was the building material for machines, ships and
trains.
3. Rivers for transportation of raw material and industrial output within a country.
4. Harbors for International trade of raw materials and industrial output.
FACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

Modern work attitudes were developed as there was urbanization; people started
moving from rural areas to towns and cities in search of new opportunities.

Manchester, a cotton growing area grew rapidly after the invention of Steam engine.
Many mills were built for the workers.

Abundant supply sources of water and coal power for powering industrial machines.
Coal was available near iron ore deposits and had a good market.

Abundant supply of iron ore – Iron was the building material for machines, ships and
trains.

Navigable rivers helped to transport raw materials and industrial output within a
country.

Harbors for International trade of raw materials and industrial output.

Increase in population in the 18th century, meant more food and goods for the people.
So people had to find ways to increase the production.

New inventions and discoveries changed the way of production in farms and factories.
So production increased rapidly.

Feudalism in Europe ended which meant the old privileges of the first class stopped.
The middle classes could earn more money as they could trade openly and freely.

The growing accumulation of capital, as well as the increased store of raw materials
which new era of exploitation had opened up, broadened the opportunities for output on
a large scale.
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PHASES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
In the first phase, the expansion of commerce which resulted from building of colonial
empires overseas created a greater demand for the manufactured goods in exchange for the
commodities produced by the colonies other distant lands. At the same time, the growing
accumulations of capital, as well as the increased store of raw materials which new area of
exploitation had opened up, broadened and opportunities for output on a large scale. This
enlargement of the economic horizon showed shrewd men unlimited opportunities for money
making if production could be increased.
In the second phase, there had been a steady accumulation of scientific knowledge in the last
two centuries.
In the third phase, the coming of industrial revolution was greatly facilitated by the
establishment of a considerable degree of political freedom, and the breakup of the medieval
guild system in industry and of the feudal system of land-tenure. This was accompanied in
Britain by the revolutions of seventeenth century, and in Europe by the French Revolution
and the changes spread abroad by Napoleonic conquests.
Economic and social conditions in that country were particularly favourable for the beginning
of the movement there in the middle of the Eighteenth century. Britain’s natural resources, an
abundance of Coal and Iron ore enabled the country to out –distance her continental rival,
after the introduction of iron smelting by coal instead of Charcoal and widespread use of
steam power. The humid climate of Britain was ideal for cotton spinning.
Then Britain had achieved a higher degree of national unity and political stability than other
European countries she enjoyed security of an island position and naval power, an absence of
internal customs barriers and medieval economic restrictions, and a general readiness to
invest in commerce and industry.
Britain had advanced further than other nations in the organization of capitalism; it had strong
banking system and an abundance of capital seeking profitable investment.
The disorder on the Continent, attending the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars
delayed the acceptance of the Industrial Revolution in France, Germany and other countries.
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The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism,
and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th
century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution. Beginning
with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in
Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second
half of the middle Ages. European nations, through voyages of discovery, were looking for
new trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build
vast, new international trade networks. The Industrial Revolution created another opportunity
for the investment of capital. The investors in the Industrial Revolution were known as
capitalists.
Agriculture and Industrialization
The invention of machine played a big role in agricultural development. The seed drill
invented by Jethro Tull’s in 1701 and iron plough invented by Joseph Foljambe’s Rotherham
in 1730 and threshing machine invented in 1984 by Andrew Meikle led to agricultural
development. Development in science helped to improve the crops production. Crop rotation
fertilizers, irrigation pesticides and other new methods helped in the progress of agriculture,
today, improved, plant and livestock, breeding through genetic engineering promises to
continue the revolution well into the future.
England's agricultural revolution came as a result of increased attention to fertilizers, the
adoption of new crops and farming technologies, and the enclosure movement. In order for
these "high farmers" to make the most efficient use of the land, they had to manage the fields
as they saw fit. This was, of course, impossible under the three field system which had
dominated English and European agriculture for centuries. Since farmers, small and large,
held their property in long strips, they had to follow the same rules of cultivation. The local
parish or village determined what ought to be planted. In the end, the open-field system of
crop rotation was an obstacle to increased agricultural productivity. The solution was to
enclose the land, and this meant enclosing entire villages. Landlords knew that the peasants
would not give up their land voluntarily, so they appealed by petition to Parliament, a
difficult and costly adventure at best. The first enclosure act was passed in 1710 but was not
enforced until the 1750s. In the ten years between 1750 and 1760, more than 150 acts were
passed and between 1800 and 1810, Parliament passed more than 900 acts of enclosure.
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While enclosure ultimately contributed to an increased agricultural surplus, necessary to feed
a population that would double in the 18th century, it also brought disaster to the countryside.
Peasants were dispossessed of their land and were now forced to find work in the factories
which began springing up in towns and cities.
Economic and social conditions in that country were particularly favourable for the beginning
of the movement there in the middle of the Eighteenth century. Britain’s natural resources, an
abundance of Coal and Iron ore enabled the country to out –distance her continental rival,
after the introduction of iron smelting by coal instead of Charcoal and widespread use of
steam power. The humid climate of Britain was ideal for cotton spinning.
Then Britain had achieved a higher degree of national unity and political stability than other
European countries she enjoyed security of an island position and naval power, an absence of
internal customs barriers and medieval economic restrictions, and a general readiness to
invest in commerce and industry.
Britain had advanced further than other nations in the organization of capitalism; it had strong
banking system and an abundance of capital seeking profitable investment.
The disorder on the Continent, attending the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars
delayed the acceptance of the Industrial Revolution in France, Germany and other countries.
Industrial England, Early 19th Century
(Source: http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com)
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INVENTIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
Flying Shuttle-John Kay
.
(Source: tqn.com/d/inventors)
In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to looms that enabled weavers
to weave faster. By using a flying shuttle, a single weaver could produce a wide piece of
cloth. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft (weaving term for the
crossways yarn) yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the warp
(weaving term for the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the other side by
hand. Before the flying shuttle wide looms needed two or more weavers to throw the shuttle.
The automation of making textiles (fabrics, clothing, etc.) marked the beginning of the
industrial revolution.
Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves
(Source: inventors.about.com)
In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved
spinning jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was the first machine to
improve upon the spinning wheel. James Hargreaves decreased the need for labour. The only
drawback was that his machine produced thread that was too coarse to be used for warp
threads.
Water Frame- Richard Arkwright
(Source: sciencemuseum.org)
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In 1764, Richard Arkwright created the “water frame” to the machine was able to produce
strong threat. ‘The water frame’ is the name given to the spinning frame, when water power
is used to drive it. Richard Arkwright is the one who patented the technology in 1769. It was
based on an invention by Thomas Highs and the patent was later overturned.
Spinning Mule – Samuel Crompton
(Source: boltonmuseums.org.)
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of
the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame. The spinning mule gave the spinner
great control over the weaving process; many different types of yarn could be produced. It
was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed
baton in 1813.
Power Loom- Edward Cartwright
Power loom is a mechanized loom
powered by a line shaft. The first power loom
was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright
and first built in 1785. It was refined over the
next 47 years until a design by Kenworthy
and Bullough, made the operation completely
automatic. This was known as the Lancashire
Loom.
(Source: .leclerclooms.com)
By 1850 there were 260,000 power looms in operation in England. Fifty years later came the
Northrop Loom that would replenish the shuttle when it was empty and this replaced the
Lancashire loom.
Cotton mills the creation of the first modern factories in the world in the 1770 and 1780s,
which grew out of the putting system of cottage production.
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TIME LINE PROVIDING AN OVERVIEW OF THE INVENTIONS OF THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1733
1742
Cotton mills were first opened in England
Flying shuttle invented by John Kayan improvement to looms that enabled
weavers to weave faster.
1764
1769
Arkwright patented the water frame
 Spinning jenny invented by James
Hargreaves-the 1st machine to improve
upon the spinning wheel.
 Water frame invented by Richard
Arkwright – the first powered textile
1770
machine.
1770
1773
Hargreaves patented the spinning Jenny
The first all-cotton textiles were
produced in factories.
1785
Cartwright patented the power loom. It
was improved upon by William
Horrocks, known for his invention of the
variable speed batton in 1813.
1779
Crompton invented the spinning mule
that allowed for greater control over
the weaving process.
1787
.
1789
Samuel Slater brought textile machinery
design to the US
1792
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin - a
machine that automated the separation of
cottonseed from the short-staple cotton
fibre.
1813
William Horrocks invented the variable
speed batton (for an improved power
loom).
Cotton goods production had increased
10 fold since 1770.
1790
Arkwright built the first steam powered
textile factory in Nottingham, England
1804
Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the
Jacquard Loom that weaved complex
designs. Jacquard invented a way of
automatically controlling the warp and
weft threads on a silk loom by recording
patterns of holes in a string of cards.
185
1856
William Perkin invented the first
synthetic dye (Bellis).
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COAL, IRON AND STEEL
Steam enginesCoal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution. Coal was the primary source of
energy for industry and transportation. Early in this Eighteenth century Abraham Darby and
his son made experiments in the substitution of coke (made from coal) for charcoal (from
wood) for reduction of Iron ore. In 1760 John Smeaton improved the Darby process by
addition of a water power driven air blast that improved the quality and yield of coke.
The first users of steam engines were the Coal and Iron industries. They were destined to be
the basic industries in the new age of machinery. As early as 1720, many steam engines were
in operation. In coal mines they pumped out the water which usually flooded the deep shafts.
In the Iron industry they pumped water to create the draft in blast furnaces. By the second
half of 20th century coal was replaced in domestic, industrial and transportation usage by oil,
natural gas, nuclear power or renewable energy sources.
The Iron industry benefited also from other early inventions of the 18th century. Iron was
scarce and costly, and production was falling off because England's forests could not supply
enough charcoal for smelting the ore. Ironmasters had long been experimenting with coal as a
fuel for smelting. Finally the Darby family, after three generations of effort, succeeded with
coal that had been transformed into coke. This created a new demand for coal and laid the
foundation for the British coal industry. The next great steps were taken in the 1780s, when
Henry Cart developed the processes of paddling and rolling. Paddling produced nearly pure
malleable iron. Hand in hand with the adoption of the new inventions went the rapid
development of the factory system of manufacture. The industrial revolution could not have
developed without coal and iron.
Abraham Darby made a great achievement using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at
Coalbrookdale in 1709. The coke pig iron he made was used for the production of cast iron
like kettles and pots. By mid 1750s Coke pig iron was not used to produce bar iron.
Coalbrookdale by Night (Source: en.wikipedia.org)
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Steam Power:
Steam engine- JamesWatt
(Source: en.wikipedia.org)
The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure
just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Improving on the
design of the 1712 NewComen engine, the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from
1763 to 1775, was the next great step in the development of the steam engine. Offering a
dramatic increase in fuel efficiency, the new design replaced NewComen engines in areas
where coal was expensive, and then went on to be used in the place of most natural power
sources such as wind and water. James Watt's design became synonymous with steam
engines.
NewComen engine
The NewComen engine was more powerful than the Savery engine. For the first time water
could be raised from a depth of over 150 feet. The first example from 1711 was able to
replace the horses that had been used to pump out the water from the mine.
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Machine Tools:
(Source: Joseph_whitworth.jpg )
(Source: Screw making machine, 1871.png)
Industrial Revolution could have not been developed without the machine tools. The machine
tools helped in the development of manufacturing machines. The mechanical parts of the
early textile machines were called clock work, as they had metal spindles and gears were
incorporated in them. Sir Joseph Whitworth was regarded as the father of rationalized
system of screw threads. The manufacture of textile machines brought craftsmen from these
trades.
Machines with metal frames became more common as Industrial Revolution progressed. The
metal tools were worked manually using basic hand tools of hammers, files scrapers, saws
and chisels before the coming of machine tools. Small metal parts could be easily made by
this means but production was costly for large machine parts.
MODERNISATION
TRANSPORTATION:
The invention of wheel paved way for the development of man-made transportation. The
wheel evolved into cart and chariot. Cart and chariot helped man to carry supplies and
equipment from one place to another. Water-bodies could be crossed by boats. Simple boats
evolved into a sail ship. The ships were modified by Greeks and Romans. The paddle’s wheel
was followed by steam ship. The advent of automation changed the transportation system. In
1912 the first diesel-powered ship, was launched.
Automation also improved travel by land. Locomotives were introduced in 1804. During
Second World War diesel engine was widely used. Today rail transportation uses electricity,
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the easiest and cleanest means of power. The next stride was taken up by Wright brothers.
The aero plane enabled people to cover great distances in less time. The first earth-orbiting
satellite Sputnik I was launched in 1957 by USSR. In 1961 the Russian cosmonaut Yuri
Gagarin orbited the Earth in Vostok 1. Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the
moon in 1969.
(Source: immersionsofdimensions.blogspot.com)
(Source: deq.mt.gov)
(Source: old-picture.com)
Coming of the Railroads
Renowned as being the "Father of Railways", Richard is credited with the first realistic
design of the steam locomotive in 1804. Later, he visited Tyneside and built an engine there
for a mine-owner. Several local men were inspired by this, and designed engines of their
own.
Stephenson designed his first locomotive in 1814, a traveling engine designed for hauling
coal on the Killingworth wagon way. It was constructed in the colliery workshop behind
Stephenson's home, Dial Cottage, in Lime Road.
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(Source: en.wikipedia.org)
(Source: infoduniakita.page4.me)
COMMUNICATION:
In 1840, a penny postal system was introduced in Britain. But the greatest improvement was
the practically instantaneous communication by electricity. In 1837 Samuel F.B Morse
invented the Morse telegraph- signaling by a code in which each letter is represented by a
combination of dashes and dots or their equivalents. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell ,
Scottish –American physicist invented telephone followed by the invention of Wireless
telegraphy twenty years later (1896) by Guglielmo Macroni (1874-1937), Italian scientist.
First Telegraph machine
Wireless telegraph machine
In 1840, a penny postal system was introduced in Britain. But the greatest improvement was
the practically instantaneous communication by electricity. In 1837 Sam, F.B Morse
invented the Morse telegraph- signaling by a code in which each letter is represented by a
combination of dashes and dots or their equivalents. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell ,
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Scottish –American physicist invented telephone followed by the invention of Wireless
telegraphy twenty years later (1896) by Guglielmo Macroni (1874-1937), Italian scientist.
DOMESTIC SYSTEM
In a domestic system the manufacturing was done by family labour working at home. There
were major advantages and disadvantages of Domestic system.
Advantages:
The major advantages of domestic system were;
 Inexpensive and flexible.
 The raw materials were distributed to a mass of waged workers working in their own homes.

The labour was cheap as very little alternative work was available in the populated parts of
the countryside.
 Women and children contributed to be the cheapest workers in the domestic system. Their
important skills which they, learnt were now put to commercial use, such as textiles, clothing,
and hosiery food stuffs etc.
Disadvantages:
 The major disadvantage was that it was difficult to discipline workers and to get them on
harvest time.
 It was difficult for employers to supervise the quality of output and prevent the stealing of
raw materials.
 It was impossible to introduce new technological inventions which could not be e easily
fitted at home.
 A larger use of powered technologies of mask production and eagles eye supervision of
specialized labour was impossible in the era where Domestic system was dominant.
PROTO-INDUSTRIALISATION
The phase of manufacturing dominated by Domestic system is called as Proto
Industrialization. Commercial manufacturing based on households is referred as Proto
industry. A proto industry increased long distance trade and encouraged to build up
commercial and financial institutions such as banks and transport. It helped workers to use
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new ways of working, to mass production, to wage earning and to spending their money on
manufactures. It offered young people the wages and economic freedom.
The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism,
and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th
century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution. Beginning
with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in
Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second
half of the middle Ages. European nations, through voyages of discovery, were looking for
new trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build
vast, new international trade networks. The Industrial Revolution created another opportunity
for the investment of capital. The investors in the Industrial Revolution were known as
capitalists.
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE WORLD
 During the Industrial Revolution, the social structure
of
society
changed
dramatically.
Before
the
Revolution most people lived in small villages,
working either in agriculture or as skilled craftsmen.
(Source: oecotextiles.wordpress.com)
 They lived and often worked as a family, doing everything by hand. In fact, three quarters
of Britain's population lived in the countryside, and farming was the predominant
occupation (Porter). With the advent of industrialization, however, everything changed.
 The new enclosure laws—which required that all grazing grounds be fenced in at the
owner's expense—had left many poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed, and machines
capable of huge outputs made small hand weavers redundant.
 As a result, there were many people who were forced to work at the new factories. This
required them to move to towns and cities so that they could be close to their new jobs.
 Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and
working conditions.
 Working-class men gained the right to vote, giving them political power.
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 Demands for mass-produced goods grew resulting in new factories opening, which
provided jobs.
 The wages of the workers were increased so that their basic needs were met and had a
little extra money.
 Railroad travel cost decreased so that people could visit other towns.
 The people could visit other towns as the rail road travel cost was cheap.
(Source: web-books.com)
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE WORLD
Effect of Industrialization
WORKING CONDITIONS
LIVING CONDITIONS
SIZE OF CITIES
SOCIAL CLASSES
 The quick industrialization across Europe during the 19th century led to a great increase
in goods produced as well as a demand for raw materials.
 This demand, coupled with increased nationalist pride, led nations to seek colonies abroad
in which to produce and trade goods.
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 The main expansion for the European colonial powers occurred in Africa. By 1914, the
entire continent with the exception of Liberia and Abyssinia were controlled by European
nations.
 England also took control of India and Hong Kong during this period of expansion. By
the beginning of WWI, England had an empire which stretched across every continent in
the world. Vast amounts of natural resources were extracted from these colonies, which
aided the British industrial effort but left many of the nations bankrupt.
 Industrialization in Europe had far reaching consequences for the rest of the world.
INDUSTRALISATION AND URBANISATION
Prodigious Expansion of Industry and Wealth: There was a tremendous acceleration and
expansion given to industrial production. It was industry that furnished commerce itself with
an ever increasing supply of saleable commodities. Thus it extended enormously its range
enormously. It led to large-scale production and a parallel improvement in methods of
transportation and commerce.
Shifting of population from small Agricultural Villages to Cities: The rise of factory system
resulted in the shifting of population from country to towns i.e. a process rendered all the
easier in Britain by the decay of peasant proprietorship. Great towns now sprang up- the
direct result of the establishment of factories. In consequence a large urban population grew
up, property less, largely illiterate and entirely dependent upon wage earning for living.
SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Britain
Great Britain enjoyed many advantages that helped it take the
lead in the Industrial Revolution. It had plentiful coal,
manganese, and iron ore. It had colonies that supplied raw
materials. The British government worked for the improvement
of transport and communication.
Source: worldatlas.com
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United States
At the time of the Revolutionary War, the American colonies were importing factory-made goods and
luxury products from Great Britain. In 1790 Samuel Slater built the first practical cotton spinning
machines in the United States.
The manufacture of Iron developed more slowly because of the lack of
soft coal. A process for using anthracite coal, which was plentiful, was
introduced about 1830.As the nation expanded, the almost unlimited
supply of raw materials and the constantly increasing number of
customers brought a rapid growth of industry. The steamboat, which
came into general use about 1817, provided transportation on inland
waterways. A railway system was built up after the introduction of
steam locomotives in the 1830's.
France
By the start of the French Revolution in 1789, France had begun to
adopt some of the new English manufacturing methods. The political
confusion of the next several decades, however, held back industrial
development. Hand labor continued to be dominant until the middle of
the 19th century, when a revival of commerce brought a gradual
changeover to mechanical production. After formation of the Third
Republic, 1870–71, France entered its modern industrial era.
(Source: infoplease.com)
Germany
Mechanization of German industry was delayed by the disunity of the
German states. Until the middle of the 19th century progress was
retarded by internal tariff barriers, inadequate transportation, and lack
of colonial markets and money for investments. Only in Prussia there
was a move towards establishment of heavy industry. After unification
under the Prussians in 1871, Germany launched a program of
industrial and commercial expansion that made it a
(Source: infoplease.com)
world leader by the early 20th century.
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Other Countries
The first Asian nation to become industrialized was
Japan. After restoration of imperial power in 1868,
Emperor Mutsuhito sent Japanese scholars to study
Western industry. Quickly and methodically Japan
became a highly efficient industrial nation.
China and India largely retained their ancient
primitive systems of agriculture and handicraft until
after World War II. The governments of these
countries then began the slow process of teaching
the peasants modern agricultural and industrial methods.
Russia under the czars was also a peasant society. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, the
Communist leaders moved first to gain control of agriculture and production. In 1928 the
First Five Year Plan went into effect. Its aim was to transform the nation from an agricultural
to an industrial one. Under a continuing series of five-year plans, the Soviet Union became
second only to the United States as an industrial power.
PHILOSOPHY AND IDEAS OF INDUSTRIALISATION:
The philosophy of liberalism developed during the enlightenment, came to define the
economic changes of the industrial revolution. It was based on the writings of Adam Smith;
The Wealth of Nations expressed the ideas that self-interested individuals working for their
own goals created a wealthier and prosperous society.
Laissez faire describes an
environment in which transactions between private parties are free from state intervention,
including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies. The phrase laissezfaire is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it
alone."
SOCIALISM
Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are either state owned or
commonly owned and controlled cooperatively; or a political philosophy advocating such a
system. As a form of social organization, socialism is based on co-operative social relations
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and self-management; relatively equal power-relations and the reduction or elimination of
hierarchy in the management of economic and political affairs. Socialist economies are based
upon production for use and the direct allocation of economic inputs to satisfy economic
demands and human needs (use value); accounting is based on physical quantities of
resources, some physical magnitude, or a direct measure of labour-time. Goods and services
for consumption are distributed through markets, and distribution of income is based on the
principle of individual merit/individual contribution.
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WORKSHEET No. – 1
Explain the factors that brought about Industrial Revolution in:
First Phase
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Second Phase
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Third Phase
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WORKSHEET NO. 2
Q1. What is Power loom? Who developed it?
Q2. Is it correct to say that Industrial revolution would not have been possible without coal
and iron?
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Q3. Fill-in the Blanks
1. The spinning jenny was discovered by …………………………………
2. Mechanization of German industry was delayed by the………………
3. France entered its modern industrial era after…………………………
4. ………………………is the world’s standard gauge.
5. By 1850……………had become the workshop of the world.
WORKSHEET No. 3
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Who coined the phrase ‘Industrial Revolution’ in 1837?
a) Augustus Blake
b) Augustus Blanket
c) Augustus Blanqui
2. After the Industrial Revolution the main source of money in Britain was from
a) Mining and Industry
b) Farming and Mining
c) Manufacturing and commerce
3. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in
a) Human History
b) Human Geography
c) Human Psychology
4. Who invented the ‘Flying Shuttle?’
a) John Kay
b) James Hargreaves
c) Edmund Cartwright
5.
Samuel Crompton invented
a) Power Loom
b) Spinning Mule
c) Spinning Jenny
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WORKSHEET No. 4.
Identify the pictures:
(A)
(B)
(c)
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WORKSHEET No. 4. (Contd.)
INVENTOR
INVENTION
YEAR OF
INVENTION
IMPACT
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Worksheet No. 5
1. Arrange the pictures in sequence of the development in Transport. Fill the
appropriate means of transport in the appropriate column of the table.
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
7.
6.
8.
LAND
9.
WATER
AIR
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WORKSHEET No. – 6
Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of Domestic System:
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Worksheet No. 7
Study this picture and list striking features you can see; and pen down what you infer from it.
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Worksheet No. 8
Mark the following statements as either true (T) or false (F):
S. No.
1.
Statements
True/False
England’s agricultural revolution came as a result of
improvement in farming technologies.
2.
The first Asian nation to become industrialized was
Indonesia.
3.
Between 1800 and 1810, more than 900 acts of enclosure
were passed.
4.
The phase of manufacturing dominated by domestic system
is called Proto Industrialization.
5.
Socialism is characterized by state ownership.
6.
Samuel Slatter brought textile machinery design in 1789.
7.
William Perkin invented the first synthetic Dye in 1865.
8.
New Comen Engine work on the vacuum principle.
9.
Railroads help to expand the trade of Great Britain.
10.
Britain became the world’s first industrial country.
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Worksheet No. 9
Using the given clues, complete the given crossword puzzle:
CROSSWORD:
ACROSS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Navigable river of London
Loom designed by Edmund Cartwright
Investors of industrial revolution
Introduced by Wright brother
The first earth-orbiting satellite
DOWN:
1. The trusts to maintain roads
2. “Father of railways”
3. Small carts for carrying light goods
4. “ The process in closing land formerly subject to common rights”
5. Signaling by code.
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¹
²
²
³
⁴
³
⁴
⁵
⁵
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GLOSSARY:
Capitalism: An economic system where competition drives supply and demand in a free
market economy.
Cash nexus: A mode of employment where ties between employers and employees are
created through the payment of wages. Work relationships are depersonalized and become
economic transactions subject to market forces. Each party seeks to further his or her own
financial interests without regard for the other.
1. Socialism: System of government where the state plans and controls the economy and
collectively owns the means of producing and distributing goods.
2. Putting out system: Production system widespread in 17th-century Europe in which
merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural home workers, who then returned
finished products to the employers for payment. The domestic system differed from the
handicraft system of home production in that the workers neither bought materials nor
sold products.
3. Factory System: The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in
England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread
abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a
product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Workers were paid by wage and
machines were brought together in a central factory.
4. Liberalism: A political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of
the human race, and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of
political and civil liberties,specifically, such a philosophy that considers government as a
crucial instrument for amelioration of social inequities (as those involving race, gender, or
class).
REFERENCES AND WEBSITES:
1. http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERT/textbook/textbook.htm
2. http://en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/industrial 32evolution
3. www.historywiz.com
4. http://inventors.about.com
5. www.industrialrevolution.sea.com
6. Ap worldhistory wiki
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7. www.merrian-webster.com
8. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/brummettconcise/chapter98/medi
alib/thumbs/ch24_514.html
9. Studies in world history by Satish Kaushik.
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