Chapter Guide PT 3
Chapter 7
1. Tip of the tongue phenomena: The temporary inability to remember
something you know, accompanied by a feeling it’s just out of reach.
2. Context Cues: Aid in retrieval
3. Reconstruction: Distorted and may include details that did not actually
occur.
4. Misinformation effects: Biased information reported on a person own
memory.
5. Overwriting: in which the new misinformation destroys and replaces the
original memory of the event.
6. Source monitoring: is the process of making attributions about the origins of
memories.
7. Cryptomnesia: inadvertent plagiarism that occurs when people come up with
an idea that they think is original.
8. Reality Monitoring: refers to the process of deciding whether memories are
based on external sources (ones perceptions of actual events) or internal
sources (one’s thoughts and imaginations).
9. Nonsense syllables: Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not
correspond to words.
10. Forgetting Curve: graphs retention and forgetting over time.
11. Retention: Refers to the proportion of material retained.
12. Recall: Measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on
their own without any cues.
13. Recognition: measure of retention requires subjects to select previously
learned information from an array of options.
14. Relearning: Measure of retention requires a subject to memorize
information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice
trials are saved by having learned it before.
15. Pseudo-Forgetting: Not forgetting something that you never really learned
16. Phonemic encoding: Rehearsing words to your self
17. Semantic encoding: meaning of verbal material
18. Decay theory: proposed that forgetting occurs because memory fades with
time.
19. Interference: Proposed that people forget information because of
competition from other material.
20. Encoding specificity principal: Specifically, the principle states that memory
is improved when information available at encoding is also available at
retrieval.
21. Transfer appropriate processing: is the phenomenon showing that memory
performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where
associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-ofprocessing theory), but by the relationship between how information is in
initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
22. Motivated forgetting: Tendency to forget things one doesn’t want to think
about.
23. Repression: refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings burring in
the unconscious.
CHAPTER GUIDE QUESTIONS #3
1. Context cues are beneficial within the legal system for eyewitness
testimony because through this the eye witness can recollect memory
that was once had a retrieval error and have a testimony that is valid.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
One drawback to context cues is that through this there may be
reconstructive memory or misinformation which can make the claim
invalid.
The accuracy and validity of the reconstructed memory can not be so
accurate at all due to reconstructive memory which is to fill in the gaps
of memory of misinformation which give in valid memory. The Loftus
study showed that that accuracy and validity of an event is lowered due
to the frequency of misinformation.
Source monitoring helps explain errors in memory and retrieval by source
monitoring error. Source monitoring error is when one memory is from
one source but misattributed to another source. The difference in
reality monitoring and source monitoring is that reality monitoring is the
decision of where the memory error occurred or occurs is between the
external source (one’s perception of an actual event) and the internal
source (one’s thoughts and imagination) while source monitoring error is
just misattributing. Some examples of retrieval error would be recalling
something that was only suggested to you be someone else whether be it
a parent, friend, brother etc.
Some issues with accepting Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve as truth are
that the study wasn’t done on relevant information but on nonsense
syllables or more self referent data. The factors that were introduced
variation to his findings were his memorizing of “nonsense” syllables.
Retention and Forgetting are related to each other because both can are
measured by three things those of which are recall, recognition and
relearning. Recall is the method in which a subject is to reproduce
information their own without any cues. If a subject were to view a list if
words to memorize and then told after a period of time to write them
down on a blank sheet of paper, that would be the method of recall. In
recognition, the measure requires a subject to select previously learned
information from an array of options. Multiple-choice, true-false, and
matching questions are all recognition measures. A relearning measure
requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine
how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it
before.
Ineffective encoding is basically appearing to forget which also can be
called pseudo-forgetting, decay the theory proposes that forgetting
occurs because memory traces fade with time, interference This theory
proposes that people forget information because of competition from
other material. No none of the explanation out does the other but rather
are for different information to forget. To me pseudo-forgetting falls
short of acceptable because it is just that there is something wrong
encoding it shouldn’t be forgetting at all.
7. The debate of repressed memory is whether it exists or not at one point
in time. For me repressed memories do exist; some incidence that might
occur to most likely cause a division on the issue of accurate memory and
recall is where the encoding is taking place and what is being encoded.
8. The research that has been done on repressed memory and why it cannot
be take as factual in the absence of independent corroboration is that
repressed memory may not have not happened at all but someone has
influenced to you that it did recollections are false memories created
inadvertently by well intentioned therapist through the power of
suggestion.