Methodology
For the analysis of fuel consumption, data from the Energy Information Administration
(http://www.eia.doe.gov) was obtained which provided state energy use information. This
data in combination with state population data allowed for per capita trend analysis. In
order to identify specific trends from many points of view the states were classified by
three sets of criteria. The three categories were population density, sulfur emissions and
geographic location. Figure 1 shows the breakup of the states based on the magnitude of
population density.
Highest
High
Low
Lowest
Figure 1 Population Density Cut
Figure 2 shows the breakup of the states based on the magnitude of sulfur emissions.
Highest
High
Low
Figure 2 Sulfur Emissions Cut
Lowest
Figure 3 shows the country divided by geography.
Figure 3 Geographic Cut
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
 TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
USA energy comsumption
res. and com.
9000000
40.00
8000000
35.00
7000000
30.00
6000000
25.00
5000000
Coal
4000000
Petrol
Gas
3000000
btu/per
btu
USA Energy Comsumption
res. and com.
Coal
20.00
Petrol
15.00
Gas
10.00
2000000
5.00
1000000
-
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R1-11
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Fig.R1-12
This section of the report deals with the overall USA energy use in the commercial and
residential sectors between year 1960 and year 1995.

Trend Analysis
 Natural Gas
Natural gas has been the main energy in use since 1960 (at least). Fig.R1-11
shows a huge increase between 1960 and 1970: 73%. Then the same chart reveals
that the consumption has remained almost constant with a light increase recently.
Nevertheless, fig.R1-12 shows that the Btu/per has decreased by 15% between
1970 and 1995 even if there is also a small increase in consumption per person.
 Petroleum
The petroleum products were the second major energy in 1960 in Btu as well as in
Btu/per (fig.R1-11 and R1-12) not far from the natural gas, the primary fuel.
We can observe an increase in the consumption until 1970 and then a quasi-linear
decrease till 1995. Fig.R1-11 shows a decrease of 52% in the use between 1970
and 1995. The same analysis can be made on fig.R1-12: the Btu/per has decreased
by 65%.
Those declines can be easy be explained by the switch in the energy use starting
in 1970.
1995
 Coal
Both on fig.R1-11 and R1-12, we can observe a decrease in the coal consumption
until its use is practically negligible.

Discussion
After having described those two first diagrams, I can make some assumptions.
It’s really indisputable that we have assisted in a shift in the energy consumption in
the past 40 years. The coal which was still the main energy of the beginning of
century started soon to lose its monopoly for all petroleum products that are a lot
cleaner to handle and release less air pollutants. We can’t really see the change on the
graphs but we see that its uses as commercial and residential energy are now very
seldom.
As far as petroleum products, they were still “famous” along with natural gas till
1970 and the crack: the crude oil became so expensive to import that, even with
regional sources, people had to find another solution. Besides, people became more
aware of the pollution factors and concerned by all the causes.
And this solution is nothing else but natural gas that has really never stopped
increasing. In addition to the crack, natural gas is also cleaner than all petroleum
products, which helps a lot. Besides, we can assume that the techniques became to be
well mastered for transportation as well as for safe use at that time.
 Population Density Cut
4,500,000
Gas based on pop density
(res. and com.)
4,000,000
3,500,000
btu
3,000,000
highest
2,500,000
high
2,000,000
low
1,500,000
lowest
1,000,000
500,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R2-13
50.00
Gas based on pop density
(res. and com.)
45.00
40.00
btu/per
35.00
30.00
highest
25.00
high
20.00
low
lowest
15.00
national
10.00
5.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig R2-23
Petrol based on pop density
(res. and com.)
3,000,000
2,500,000
btu
2,000,000
highest
1,500,000
high
low
1,000,000
lowest
500,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R2-12
50.00
Petrol based on pop density
(res. and com.)
45.00
40.00
btu/per
35.00
highest
30.00
high
25.00
low
20.00
lowest
15.00
national
10.00
5.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R2-22
800,000
Coal based on pop density
(res. and com.)
700,000
600,000
btu
500,000
highest
400,000
high
300,000
low
200,000
lowest
100,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R2-11
9.00
Coal based on pop density
(res. and com.)
8.00
7.00
btu/per
6.00
highest
5.00
high
4.00
low
3.00
lowest
2.00
national
1.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R2-21
This section of the report deals with the energy use in the commercial and residential
sectors according to a population density cut between year 1960 and year 1995.


Trend Analysis
Natural Gas
Fig .R2-13 shows us that we can make 2 groups out of the 4 regions: Low/High and
Lowest/Highest. The High/Low regions have really been the biggest consumers on the period we
are studying: 3 times more than the 2 other regions. The trend evolution was an increase until
1970 and then a quasi stabilization.
Fig.R2-23 shows that the High/Low regions have been close to the national average consumption
and in 1995, all the regions have the same per capita consumption.

Petroleum
Three regions: Highest, High and Low density follow the same trend in their
consumption according to fig.R2-12: a light increase until 1960, followed by a
slow and constant decrease until nowadays. The High has been the biggest
consumer though. The Lowest remained always constant and a very small
consumer.
Fig.R2-22 gives us another kind of information: on a per person basis, the Highest
is a real huge consumer; and even though a large decrease has happened in the
past 35 years (60%), its consumption is still more than twice as large as the 3
other ones.
Once again the shift in energy use appear if we compare graphs for petroleum products and graphs
for natural gas.
 Coal
Once again, the 2 groups of regions appear on fig.R2-11. The first two ones had the largest
consumption in 1960 and have had a fast decrease between 1960 and 1975: 81%!!Since then, their
consumption is small and constant like the 2 other regions.

Discussion
Most of the high-density population States match with the high sulfur emissions States.
What’s more we can’t see on fig.R2-12 and R2-13 that petrol has been replaced by gas
really since 1970. We can see the same trend on the Sulfur emissions plots. Therefore, I
could come to the conclusion that petrol combustion was one of the reasons for sulfur
emissions (we can associate coal to it too because eits sulfur emission coefficient is very
important; as a result the sulfur emission trend looks like its use trend). In regard of
fig.R2-22, in the Highest the Btu/per has decreased very strongly which add more
strength to the previous assumption.
 Sulfur Emissions Cut
4,500,000
Gas based on sulfur emission
(res. and com.)
4,000,000
3,500,000
btu
3,000,000
highest
2,500,000
high
2,000,000
low
1,500,000
lowest
1,000,000
500,000
0
1960 1965
1970 1975
1980 1985
1990 1995
Fig.R3-13
Fig.R3-23
Petrol based on
sulfur emissions
Fig.R3-12
(res. and com.)
3,000,000
2,500,000
btu
2,000,000
highest
1,500,000
high
low
1,000,000
lowest
500,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
50.00
45.00
40.00
btu/per
35.00
50.00
Gas based on sulfur emission
(res. and com.)
Petrol based on sulfur emissions
(res. and com.)
30.00
45.00
highest
25.00
40.00
high
low
20.00
35.00
lowest
btu/per
15.00
highest
national
30.00
10.00
25.00
high
5.00
low
20.00
-
15.00
lowest
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
10.00
5.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
national
FigR3-22
Coal based on sulfur emissions
(res. and com.)
800,000
700,000
600,000
btu
500,000
highest
400,000
high
300,000
low
lowest
200,000
100,000
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Fig.R3-11
FigR3-21
This section of the report deals with the energy use in the commercial and residential
sectors according to a sulfur emissions cut between year 1960 and year 1995.

Trend Analysis

Natural Gas
Regards to fig.R3-13, all the regions have had the same behavior during the last 35 years: a
constant and slow increase by 100%. We can also notice that Highest and Lowest have been the
largest consumers with 50% more than the 2 other regions.
On fig.R3-23, we see the same kind of cutting in the regions: Lowest and Highest had the huge
consumption whereas Low and High had an average consumption. After a decrease for all the
regions since 1970, only High and Highest have been going up since 1990.

Petroleum
As on chart R2-12, 2 groups can be find. The difference is the grouping of the regions:
Highest/High and Low/Lowest. The trend is an increase from 1960 till 1970 followed by a
decrease toward stabilization. Until 1975, the consumption for Highest and High were twice as
important as the 2 others. Now all of them tend to be the same
Fig R3-22 shows us the global decrease in consumption per capita. Since 1970, all the regions
have declined by about 50% in their consumption; but still High/Highest are above the national
average while Lowest and Low are underneath.

Coal
On fig.R3-11, the 2 same groups show up again with the same overall as fig.R2-11. Fig.R3-21
Coal based on sulfur emissions
(res. and com.)
9.00
8.00
7.00
btu/per
6.00
highest
5.00
high
4.00
low
3.00
lowest
national
2.00
1.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
reveals that since 1975, the per capita consumption is very low and constant for all the regions: all
of them are very close to the national average.

Discussion
According to fig R3-12, R3-13 and R3-22, we can easily make the same hypothesis as
I did in the previous discussion. If we take a look at the sulfur emission plots(made by
rob), it helps us to see the decrease in the sulfur emissions as we notice the decrease
in petroleum product consumption. In other words, the decline in sulfur emission can
be credited to the switch in energy. Moreover, there is a similarity in the map (pop
density cut and sulfur emission cut). The high density population States are all located
in the high sulfur emission States except for California.
However comparing the same two maps, we see, in quantity, that the low population
density States are big petrol consumers which may explain the high sulfur emission
level.
 Geographic Regional Cut
Gas based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
4500000
4000000
3500000
btu
3000000
West Coast
2500000
Mountain
2000000
NorthEast
1500000
South East
1000000
500000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R4-13
Fig.R4-23
Petrol based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
3000000
2500000
btu
2000000
West Coast
1500000
Moutain
NorthEast
1000000
South East
500000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
50.00
Gas based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
45.00
40.00
btu/per
35.00
30.00
West Coast
25.00
Mountain
20.00
NorthEast
South East
15.00
National
10.00
5.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R4-12
50.00
Gas based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
45.00
40.00
btu/per
35.00
30.00
West Coast
25.00
Mountain
20.00
NorthEast
South East
15.00
National
10.00
5.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fig.R4-22
Fig.R4-21
Coal based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
800000
700000
600000
9.00
Coal based on Geographic Regions
(res. and com.)
btu
500000
8.00
West Coast
400000
7.00
Mountain
300000
NorthEast
200000
West Coast
btu/per
6.00
SouthEast
5.00
Mountain
100000
4.00
3.00
NorthEast
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
2.00
1.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
SouthEast
National
Fig.R4-11
This section of the report deals with the energy use in the commercial and residential sectors according to a
geographic cut between year 1960 and year 1995.
 Trend Analysis
 Natural Gas
Once again, NorthEast is the big gas consumer according to fig.R4-13. The evolution was a fast
and strong increase from 1960 to 1970, then stabilization until 1990; a new raise started in 1990.
Far behind (4 times less) comes the Mountain Region that is in second place in the amount of
consumed gas; it is twice as much as the other 2 regions though.
Fig.R4-23 gives the impression that the gas consumption per person is almost the same for all the
regions except the South East that is far behind.
 Petroleum
Fig.R4-12 tells us that the NorthEast was and still is a huge petroleum consumer with a pick in
1970. Its use is now 200% more than the other regions. We can observe a decrease though: 53%
between 1970 and 1995. The same evolution is seen on fig.R4-22 where we can notice a slow but
linear decline in petroleum products use in the West, Mountain and South-East on a per person
basis.
 Coal
Fig.R4-11 and R4-21 both show an overall decrease in the coal consumption. We also see that the
NorthEast region has always been above the other regions in its consumption and above the
national average.

Discussion
According to the cut we made, most of the high-level sulfur emission States are included in the
NorthEast region we have established( including the Ohio Valley). That’s a reason why I would
say that this cut seems pretty accurate to me. The NorthEast region is far ahead in petrol
consumption and in sulfur emission even though we have seen a dramatic switch in energy use
starting in 1970. Besides it still consumes 2 times as much coal as the other regions!! And we
know that coal has the biggest sulfur emission coefficient.