CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
1. Matching
A
Star of our solar system
Streamers of gas arching from the Sun
Area across which the planets’ orbits lie
Everything revolves around Earth
“dirty snowballs”
Bodies of rock or gas orbiting the Sun
Planets revolve around the Sun
Vaporizing dust or rock fragments
Rocks orbiting the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
B
Sun
Solar prominences
Solar plane
Geocentric model
Comets
Planets
Heliocentric model
Meteors
Asteroids
2. To explain that all planets revolved around the Sun. Prior beliefs were that the Sun
and all the planets revolved around the Earth.
3. Uranus is an outer planet. It is farther away than Jupiter, which is the first outer
planet.
4. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
5a) Neptune
5b) Saturn
5c) Mars
5d) Pluto crosses Neptune’s orbit
5e) Mercury
5f) Uranus
5g) Jupiter (Europa)
5h) Earth
6. Its gravitational forces are much stronger because it has much more mass.
7. A massive crater would be formed if a meteorite hit land. There would be a large
accumulation of dust in the atmosphere. If the meteorite hit water there would be a large
crater on the ocean floor as well as a large tidal wave. The water would not stop the
meteorite from hitting the ocean floor because it is traveling at about 20 km / s.
8. Comet Halley will return in 2062.
9a) As well as discovering the four moons of Jupiter, Galileo discovered the phases of
Venus, mountains on the Moon, stars in the Milky Way, and the rings of Saturn.
9b) Halley made the prediction that the famous comet will return, after discussing with
his friend Isaac Newton that the comet and planet paths are both ellipses, and looking
back in historical documents for previous visits of the comet.
9c) The next total solar eclipses will be visible in Canada on August 1, 2008, in the
northern Arctic, and on April 8, 2024, in more populated areas. There is usually a total
lunar eclipse visible from Canada every year. Almost an entire hemisphere sees a total
eclipse when the Moon enters Earth’s shadow, but only those lucky few in the much
smaller Moon’s shadow witness a total solar eclipse.
10. By representing Jupiter’s Great Red Spot as a rectangle, the area would be
480,000,000 km2, or 4.8 x 108 km2.
11. The inner planets are all within 1 AU (astronomical unit = Earth’s distance from the
Sun) from their neighbouring planets. There is a large gap between Mars and Jupiter.
The asteroids orbit there. After Jupiter, the spacing almost doubles with each planet. The
outer planets have much larger orbits, and are much farther apart than the inner planets.
12. The distance between the Earth and Mars at that point is 78.4 million km. At a speed
of 10,000 km / h, the trip would take 7,800 h, or 327 days.
13a) 6, 4, 1, 3, 2, 5.
13b) The moons that move the fastest are the ones that are nearest the planet.
14. The Earth needs the 4 extra minutes to “over-rotate” so that the same reference point
is facing the Sun at the same angle since the Earth is still rotating around the Sun.
15. The planets of Mercury and Venus, as well as the Moon. This is because all 3 of
these planets come between the Earth and the Sun.
16. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants. Any solid core is far inside, at crushing depths.
17. We only see the Sun during the day because the Earth blocks our view at night.
Some stars we can only see at night because the Suns’ light masks them.
18. The rings were too thin and distant to be seen by telescopes on Earth because the
sunlight reflected by them back to Earth is too dim.