Final Review - KEY
Communication Applications
Vocabulary:
Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication – Communication within yourself; thoughts,
dreams, etc.
Interpersonal Communication – Communication between two people
Small Group Communication – 3-12 people
Public Communication – 12+
Mass Media – Communication that reaches many people, in many places,
simultaneously (at the same time)
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Stage Fright – Fear of speaking in public
Egotism – Thinking of one's self (How will I sound? What grade will I get)
Topophobia – Another term for stage fright
Phonophobia – Fear of hearing one's own voice
Adrenaline – Chemical produced by the body to help deal with fearful
situations
Incapacitate – To prevent from functioning in a normal way. Stage fright
can incapacitate you as with the “Deer in the Headlights”
Diminish – To lessen; practicing your speech will cause your stage fright to
diminish
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Self Concept – How you view yourself
Self Confidence – Your belief in your ability to do things and do them well
Self Esteem – The value you place on yourself; your self worth
Perception – How you see “things” as taken in by your five senses.
Name-calling – A form a stereotyping
Stereotyping – A simplified mental picture of an individual or group; May
have negative connotations. Some argue stereotypes by definition, are
inaccurate
Sender – One who is sending or encoding a message
Message – The information being transmitted in a communication situation
Receiver – One who is receiving or decoding the message
Feedback – Response to a message
Interference – A.K.A. noise, communication barrier. Anything that gets in
the way of a message being received. There are three main types of
interference.
Context – The situation in which the communication is happening. The
environment or other circumstances.
Channel – The means by which the message is being transmitted. For
example, e-mail, text message, telephone, sign, television
Verbal – Using words. May be spoken (vocal) or written (non-vocal)
Vocal – Using voice. For example, a sigh, humming, speaking, etc.
Non Verbal – NOT using words. Gestures, eye-contact, how you dress, smile,
hand shake are all means of communicating without words. Tone of
voice/paralanguage or how you say something is a component of non-verbal
communication.
C-O-M – The prefix in communication. The Latin prefix com means with or
together in many English derivatives. This prefix can also mean completely,
intensely, or all together. It is derived from cum, a Latin prefix and
preposition. There must be understanding or a coming together for
successful communication to take place.
Psychological Interference – Mental; Your attitudes, mental outlook,
emotions, stereotypes, and past experiences (point of reference) that may
interfere with communication
Physiological Interference – Related to a bodily function such as: Headache,
hunger, pain, tiredness
Physical Interference – Coughing, whispering, crying, etc.
Non Verbal Communication – Communication without words. Eye contact and
gestures, for example.
Paralanguage – A.K.A tone of voice or how you say something. This accounts
for 38% of the make-up of a message.
Listening – A voluntary act. The process of understanding what was meant,
not simply hearing what was said.
Hearing – An automatic reaction of the senses and nervous system to
incoming stimuli.
Appreciative Listening – Listening for enjoyment
Discriminative Listening – to single out an important sound
Comprehensive Listening – to understand
Therapeutic/empathetic Listening – listening while someone talks through a
problem
Composition of a message:
55% - Non-verbal; body language, eye contact, etc
38% - Tone of voice, how you say something
7% - Actual words
Four Primary Distance Zones
Intimate zone – Under 18 inches. Close friends.
Personal zone – 1 1/2 to 4 feet. Comfortable for friends.
Social zone – 4-12 feet. Ordinary for social and business exchanges.
Public zone – 12+ Where people may barely acknowledge another's
presence; i.e. at a shopping mall or on the street. There may be a nod.
Tone of Voice – Paralanguage; How you say something.
Stereotype – A simplified mental picture of an individual or group; May have
negative connotations. Some argue stereotypes by definition, are inaccurate
Interview – A conversation between two people to determine if one should
be hired
Resume – A summary of your academic and employment background
References – People (not related to you) who can speak to your work ethic,
personal qualities, etc.
Behavioral Questions – Questions to determine how you would behave in a
given situation
Personal Questions – Questions to determine personal qualities of an
applicant
Qualifier Questions – Questions to determine if one is possess the
appropriate qualifications for a position
Packaging – Makes up 45% of the hiring process decision. Includes your
resume, cover letter, references, etc.
Responsiveness – Makes up 35% “ “. Includes how you respond in the
interview.
Experience – 10%, your experience as a factor for employment
Miscellaneous – 10% Uncontrollable factors involved in the
employment/interview process. i.e. Race, age, bias.
Cover Letter – Letter to accompany your resume and application. Business
letter to transmit your documents, sell yourself and obtain an interview.
Paragraphs should include reason for writing, how you found out about the
job (if applicable), your strengths and accomplishments and request for an
interview.
Follow Up Letter – Business letter to the person who interviewed you. Send
as soon as possible after the interview. Thank them, mention a few things
talked about, DON'T bring up new information, emphasize your interest in
the position.
Hamburger Method of Speaking –
Attention Getter – Device used to secure the audiences attention before
moving into the rest of your speech. Examples below:
Startling Statement – A shocking fact or statistic.
Illustration – A story to provide an example to the audience.
Rhetorical Question – A question that does not require a response.
Quote – Famous words.
Action – A physical action to gain attention. Ex: pretending to be looking for
your speech to break the ice. Part of the introduction.
Bridge – A.K.A. Link statement. This connects your attention getter to your
thesis. Part of the introduction.
Thesis Statement – The main idea statement of a speech. Part of the
introduction.
Signpost – Letting your audience know where your going throughout your
speech. A.K.A Roadmap, transitions. First, I am going to...Then we will...Now
let's look at...
Main Points – The main concepts in your speech. Usually three. Part of the
body of the speech.
Support – Details subordinate to your main point(s). Often steps, facts,
statistics. Part of the body of the speech.
Summary – A review of what was covered in the body of the speech. Part
of the conclusion of a speech.
Frame – The final statement of the conclusion. Relates back to the
attention getter and ties up the speech providing a solid closure.
Fillers – Ums, uhs, like – nervous wording filled in when one does not know
what to say.
Questions for Review
1. The prefix c-o-m means: The prefix in communication. The Latin
prefix com means with or together in many English derivatives. This
prefix can also mean completely, intensely, or all together. It is
derived from cum, a Latin prefix and preposition. There must be
understanding or a coming together for successful communication to
take place.
2. What must occur for successful communication to take place?
understanding
3. Dyadic means: a unit made of two parts
4. Communication between 2 people is what level of communication?
Interpersonal
5. At what level of communication can majority and minority opinions
begin to form? small group
6. At what level of communication does the feedback become mostly
non-verbal? small group
7. What percentage of what we communicate is nonverbal? 55%
8. What percentage of what we communicate is tone of voice? 38%
9. What percentage of what we communicate are the actual words? 7%
10. How long does it take to make a first impression? 30 sec. or less.
For interviewing, know the sevens: first 7 steps, 7 words, 7 minutes
11. What does it take to correct a bad first impression? 21 positive
encounters
12. What is small group size? 3-12 Ideal group size? 5-7
13. At what level of communication does self awareness and self concept
occur? Intrapersonal
14. At what level of communication does the feedback become mostly
non verbal? Public
15. The feedback is primarily delayed at what level? Mass
16. Give an example/application of each of the levels of communication:
Intrapersonal – comm. within yourself; dreams
Interpersonal – comm. between two; an interview
Small Group – 3 students working together on a project
Public – the president addressing a labor union
Mass Media – newspapers
17. Explain “Butterflies in the Stomach” – The nervous feeling in the
stomach that you may experience as a symptom of stage fright
18. How is Stage Fright nature’s way of helping you face a challenge?
When adrenaline kicks in as your bodies natural response to a fearful
situation, this helps you to become more animated in your
performance and overcome your fear.
19. Name and define the three theories of how self concept is formed:
Social experiences-our experiences with others, beginning from birth, help
us define our self concept.
Social comparisons-comparing ourselves to others
Reflected appraisals-thinking about what others may be thinking about us.
20. Explain the “Circles of Influence” concept: Our “circle” grows in
stages as we age and thus our self concept is developed by those
people in the circle that we are influenced by
21. List some common stereotypes/molds in our society: nerd, jock
22. Draw a pie graph that represents the percentages in the messages
we send (communication model ppt):
23. List the Seven Deadly Habits of Bad Listening:
1. Tuning out dull topics
2. Faking attention
3. Yielding to distractions
4. Criticizing delivery or personal appearance
5. Jumping to conclusions
6. Overreacting to emotional words
7. Interrupting-being a communication hog
24. Describe the SOLER Listening Technique and how it works:
An easy way to remember how to show attentiveness in conversation.
S - Square up- Your body should be facing the person you are speaking to.
O - Open posture- Uncross your arms and non-verbally show that you are
ready to listen and participate in conversation.
L - Lean in- This shows concentration and interest in the other person.
E - Eye contact- Eye contact=trust and interest in the other person.
R - Relax and Respond- People in general are comfortable in a quality
conversation with a relaxed person. Watch your tone of voice! This
communicates 38% of your first impression.
25. What is the difference between hearing and listening? Hearing is
voluntary; listening takes intent, skill and understanding
26. Be able to draw and Label the Communication Cycle:
27. What are emotional filters and how do they affect listening?
education, biases, attitude, age, experience, emotions, religion, family
physical condition, morals. These filters may prevent us from listening
effectively.
28. Explain the Rate Gap: The gap between the rate at which we speak
and the rate at which we understand. This leaves us with “listening spare
time”.
29. List the different types of listening and be able to define them.
1. Appreciative listening-for enjoyment
2. Discriminative listening-to single out a sound
3. Comprehensive-to understand or comprehend
4. Theraputic/empathetic-listener acts as a sounding board while the
speaker talks through a problem.
30. How many different physical signs can humans produce? 5,000
different hand gestures and 1,000 kinds of posture
31. How many different facial expressions is the face capable of
producing? 250,000
32. How many different gestures have researchers identified? 5,000
33. How many different postures? 1,000
34. Give an example of a situation where someone might be in another’s
personal zone: When a stranger gets too close to you on a bus
35. Give an example of where social distance would be used: speaking to
a friend
36. Give an example of the use of the public zone. When two people
barely acknowledge each other on the street.
37. What is eye contact and why is it so important in our culture? How
much or little we look at someone to whom we are communicating with.
Eye contact can send many messages and is a powerful nonverbal tool.
What messages can eye contact, or the lack of eye contact send?
Looking at someone to show respect or averting eye contact out of
nervousness or frustration.
38. Describe a professional handshake: firm, web to web.
39. What was the original use of a handshake? To show another you
were not carrying a weapon.
40. How should you dress for an interview? professionally
41. How might our self concept play a role in a job interview?
How we see ourselves is projected by our verbal and nonverbal messages
42. What do artifactuals tell people about us: We make assumptions
about people, and their messages, on the basis of the clothing they wear
and the objects they have associated with them.
43. How does paralanguage/tone of voice play a role in how we
communicate in a job interview? The rate and pitch of our voice
communicates 38% of our messages. This can show confidence to help us
or lack of confidence to hinder us in the job interview
44. Write an example for each of the types of interview questions:
Behavioral – How would you handle an upset customer?
Qualifier – Are you certified in CPR?
Personal – How would your best friend describe you?
45. List the “Sevens of Job Interviewing”:
First 7 steps, 7 seconds and 7 words can make up your first impression
to determine if you will be hired.
46. List the elements that should be included in a resume’: contact
information, objective, education, experience, extra-curricular activities,
references available
47. What should a cover letter include? Paragraphs should include
reason for writing, how you found out about the job (if applicable), your
strengths and accomplishments and request for an interview.
48. What should a follow up letter include? Thank them, mention a few
things talked about, DON'T bring up new information, emphasize your
interest in the position.
49. What are some things you should do in planning for a job interview?
Plan possible questions and responses, what you will wear (iron), have
documents ready
50. The interview that you participated in would fall under what level of
communication? Interpersonal
51. How many pages should a high school student’s resume be? 1
52. List 5 non verbal messages that a resume can send: organized,
planned, thoughtful, attention to detail, prepared
53. Is it necessary or not necessary to get permission from your
references before putting them on your resume/application. Yes
54. What are the three parts of a speech? Intro, body, conclusion
55. What should an introduction include? Attention getter, link/bridge,
thesis, preview
56. What are the 5 ways to get an audience’s attention? rhetorical
question, startling statement, quotation, action, illustration
57. What is a signpost? Transitions and letting your audience know
where you are going in your speech.
58. What 2 things should you include in a conclusion? summary, frame
59. Explain framing and its purpose in a speech. The final statement in
your speech. Relates back to the attention getter and provides closure.
60. What are the most common fillers that people use? Um, uh, like
What nonverbal message does the overuse of fillers send to others?
lack of confidence, laziness.
Be able to label the parts of a speech from examples (attention getter,
bridge/link, thesis, frame, preview.
Be able to label parts of a resume, make suggestions for improvement with
regards to eye-appeal, organization, format, etc.