Final Review - KEY Communication Applications Vocabulary: Levels of Communication Intrapersonal Communication – Communication within yourself; thoughts, dreams, etc. Interpersonal Communication – Communication between two people Small Group Communication – 3-12 people Public Communication – 12+ Mass Media – Communication that reaches many people, in many places, simultaneously (at the same time) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Stage Fright – Fear of speaking in public Egotism – Thinking of one's self (How will I sound? What grade will I get) Topophobia – Another term for stage fright Phonophobia – Fear of hearing one's own voice Adrenaline – Chemical produced by the body to help deal with fearful situations Incapacitate – To prevent from functioning in a normal way. Stage fright can incapacitate you as with the “Deer in the Headlights” Diminish – To lessen; practicing your speech will cause your stage fright to diminish ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Self Concept – How you view yourself Self Confidence – Your belief in your ability to do things and do them well Self Esteem – The value you place on yourself; your self worth Perception – How you see “things” as taken in by your five senses. Name-calling – A form a stereotyping Stereotyping – A simplified mental picture of an individual or group; May have negative connotations. Some argue stereotypes by definition, are inaccurate Sender – One who is sending or encoding a message Message – The information being transmitted in a communication situation Receiver – One who is receiving or decoding the message Feedback – Response to a message Interference – A.K.A. noise, communication barrier. Anything that gets in the way of a message being received. There are three main types of interference. Context – The situation in which the communication is happening. The environment or other circumstances. Channel – The means by which the message is being transmitted. For example, e-mail, text message, telephone, sign, television Verbal – Using words. May be spoken (vocal) or written (non-vocal) Vocal – Using voice. For example, a sigh, humming, speaking, etc. Non Verbal – NOT using words. Gestures, eye-contact, how you dress, smile, hand shake are all means of communicating without words. Tone of voice/paralanguage or how you say something is a component of non-verbal communication. C-O-M – The prefix in communication. The Latin prefix com means with or together in many English derivatives. This prefix can also mean completely, intensely, or all together. It is derived from cum, a Latin prefix and preposition. There must be understanding or a coming together for successful communication to take place. Psychological Interference – Mental; Your attitudes, mental outlook, emotions, stereotypes, and past experiences (point of reference) that may interfere with communication Physiological Interference – Related to a bodily function such as: Headache, hunger, pain, tiredness Physical Interference – Coughing, whispering, crying, etc. Non Verbal Communication – Communication without words. Eye contact and gestures, for example. Paralanguage – A.K.A tone of voice or how you say something. This accounts for 38% of the make-up of a message. Listening – A voluntary act. The process of understanding what was meant, not simply hearing what was said. Hearing – An automatic reaction of the senses and nervous system to incoming stimuli. Appreciative Listening – Listening for enjoyment Discriminative Listening – to single out an important sound Comprehensive Listening – to understand Therapeutic/empathetic Listening – listening while someone talks through a problem Composition of a message: 55% - Non-verbal; body language, eye contact, etc 38% - Tone of voice, how you say something 7% - Actual words Four Primary Distance Zones Intimate zone – Under 18 inches. Close friends. Personal zone – 1 1/2 to 4 feet. Comfortable for friends. Social zone – 4-12 feet. Ordinary for social and business exchanges. Public zone – 12+ Where people may barely acknowledge another's presence; i.e. at a shopping mall or on the street. There may be a nod. Tone of Voice – Paralanguage; How you say something. Stereotype – A simplified mental picture of an individual or group; May have negative connotations. Some argue stereotypes by definition, are inaccurate Interview – A conversation between two people to determine if one should be hired Resume – A summary of your academic and employment background References – People (not related to you) who can speak to your work ethic, personal qualities, etc. Behavioral Questions – Questions to determine how you would behave in a given situation Personal Questions – Questions to determine personal qualities of an applicant Qualifier Questions – Questions to determine if one is possess the appropriate qualifications for a position Packaging – Makes up 45% of the hiring process decision. Includes your resume, cover letter, references, etc. Responsiveness – Makes up 35% “ “. Includes how you respond in the interview. Experience – 10%, your experience as a factor for employment Miscellaneous – 10% Uncontrollable factors involved in the employment/interview process. i.e. Race, age, bias. Cover Letter – Letter to accompany your resume and application. Business letter to transmit your documents, sell yourself and obtain an interview. Paragraphs should include reason for writing, how you found out about the job (if applicable), your strengths and accomplishments and request for an interview. Follow Up Letter – Business letter to the person who interviewed you. Send as soon as possible after the interview. Thank them, mention a few things talked about, DON'T bring up new information, emphasize your interest in the position. Hamburger Method of Speaking – Attention Getter – Device used to secure the audiences attention before moving into the rest of your speech. Examples below: Startling Statement – A shocking fact or statistic. Illustration – A story to provide an example to the audience. Rhetorical Question – A question that does not require a response. Quote – Famous words. Action – A physical action to gain attention. Ex: pretending to be looking for your speech to break the ice. Part of the introduction. Bridge – A.K.A. Link statement. This connects your attention getter to your thesis. Part of the introduction. Thesis Statement – The main idea statement of a speech. Part of the introduction. Signpost – Letting your audience know where your going throughout your speech. A.K.A Roadmap, transitions. First, I am going to...Then we will...Now let's look at... Main Points – The main concepts in your speech. Usually three. Part of the body of the speech. Support – Details subordinate to your main point(s). Often steps, facts, statistics. Part of the body of the speech. Summary – A review of what was covered in the body of the speech. Part of the conclusion of a speech. Frame – The final statement of the conclusion. Relates back to the attention getter and ties up the speech providing a solid closure. Fillers – Ums, uhs, like – nervous wording filled in when one does not know what to say. Questions for Review 1. The prefix c-o-m means: The prefix in communication. The Latin prefix com means with or together in many English derivatives. This prefix can also mean completely, intensely, or all together. It is derived from cum, a Latin prefix and preposition. There must be understanding or a coming together for successful communication to take place. 2. What must occur for successful communication to take place? understanding 3. Dyadic means: a unit made of two parts 4. Communication between 2 people is what level of communication? Interpersonal 5. At what level of communication can majority and minority opinions begin to form? small group 6. At what level of communication does the feedback become mostly non-verbal? small group 7. What percentage of what we communicate is nonverbal? 55% 8. What percentage of what we communicate is tone of voice? 38% 9. What percentage of what we communicate are the actual words? 7% 10. How long does it take to make a first impression? 30 sec. or less. For interviewing, know the sevens: first 7 steps, 7 words, 7 minutes 11. What does it take to correct a bad first impression? 21 positive encounters 12. What is small group size? 3-12 Ideal group size? 5-7 13. At what level of communication does self awareness and self concept occur? Intrapersonal 14. At what level of communication does the feedback become mostly non verbal? Public 15. The feedback is primarily delayed at what level? Mass 16. Give an example/application of each of the levels of communication: Intrapersonal – comm. within yourself; dreams Interpersonal – comm. between two; an interview Small Group – 3 students working together on a project Public – the president addressing a labor union Mass Media – newspapers 17. Explain “Butterflies in the Stomach” – The nervous feeling in the stomach that you may experience as a symptom of stage fright 18. How is Stage Fright nature’s way of helping you face a challenge? When adrenaline kicks in as your bodies natural response to a fearful situation, this helps you to become more animated in your performance and overcome your fear. 19. Name and define the three theories of how self concept is formed: Social experiences-our experiences with others, beginning from birth, help us define our self concept. Social comparisons-comparing ourselves to others Reflected appraisals-thinking about what others may be thinking about us. 20. Explain the “Circles of Influence” concept: Our “circle” grows in stages as we age and thus our self concept is developed by those people in the circle that we are influenced by 21. List some common stereotypes/molds in our society: nerd, jock 22. Draw a pie graph that represents the percentages in the messages we send (communication model ppt): 23. List the Seven Deadly Habits of Bad Listening: 1. Tuning out dull topics 2. Faking attention 3. Yielding to distractions 4. Criticizing delivery or personal appearance 5. Jumping to conclusions 6. Overreacting to emotional words 7. Interrupting-being a communication hog 24. Describe the SOLER Listening Technique and how it works: An easy way to remember how to show attentiveness in conversation. S - Square up- Your body should be facing the person you are speaking to. O - Open posture- Uncross your arms and non-verbally show that you are ready to listen and participate in conversation. L - Lean in- This shows concentration and interest in the other person. E - Eye contact- Eye contact=trust and interest in the other person. R - Relax and Respond- People in general are comfortable in a quality conversation with a relaxed person. Watch your tone of voice! This communicates 38% of your first impression. 25. What is the difference between hearing and listening? Hearing is voluntary; listening takes intent, skill and understanding 26. Be able to draw and Label the Communication Cycle: 27. What are emotional filters and how do they affect listening? education, biases, attitude, age, experience, emotions, religion, family physical condition, morals. These filters may prevent us from listening effectively. 28. Explain the Rate Gap: The gap between the rate at which we speak and the rate at which we understand. This leaves us with “listening spare time”. 29. List the different types of listening and be able to define them. 1. Appreciative listening-for enjoyment 2. Discriminative listening-to single out a sound 3. Comprehensive-to understand or comprehend 4. Theraputic/empathetic-listener acts as a sounding board while the speaker talks through a problem. 30. How many different physical signs can humans produce? 5,000 different hand gestures and 1,000 kinds of posture 31. How many different facial expressions is the face capable of producing? 250,000 32. How many different gestures have researchers identified? 5,000 33. How many different postures? 1,000 34. Give an example of a situation where someone might be in another’s personal zone: When a stranger gets too close to you on a bus 35. Give an example of where social distance would be used: speaking to a friend 36. Give an example of the use of the public zone. When two people barely acknowledge each other on the street. 37. What is eye contact and why is it so important in our culture? How much or little we look at someone to whom we are communicating with. Eye contact can send many messages and is a powerful nonverbal tool. What messages can eye contact, or the lack of eye contact send? Looking at someone to show respect or averting eye contact out of nervousness or frustration. 38. Describe a professional handshake: firm, web to web. 39. What was the original use of a handshake? To show another you were not carrying a weapon. 40. How should you dress for an interview? professionally 41. How might our self concept play a role in a job interview? How we see ourselves is projected by our verbal and nonverbal messages 42. What do artifactuals tell people about us: We make assumptions about people, and their messages, on the basis of the clothing they wear and the objects they have associated with them. 43. How does paralanguage/tone of voice play a role in how we communicate in a job interview? The rate and pitch of our voice communicates 38% of our messages. This can show confidence to help us or lack of confidence to hinder us in the job interview 44. Write an example for each of the types of interview questions: Behavioral – How would you handle an upset customer? Qualifier – Are you certified in CPR? Personal – How would your best friend describe you? 45. List the “Sevens of Job Interviewing”: First 7 steps, 7 seconds and 7 words can make up your first impression to determine if you will be hired. 46. List the elements that should be included in a resume’: contact information, objective, education, experience, extra-curricular activities, references available 47. What should a cover letter include? Paragraphs should include reason for writing, how you found out about the job (if applicable), your strengths and accomplishments and request for an interview. 48. What should a follow up letter include? Thank them, mention a few things talked about, DON'T bring up new information, emphasize your interest in the position. 49. What are some things you should do in planning for a job interview? Plan possible questions and responses, what you will wear (iron), have documents ready 50. The interview that you participated in would fall under what level of communication? Interpersonal 51. How many pages should a high school student’s resume be? 1 52. List 5 non verbal messages that a resume can send: organized, planned, thoughtful, attention to detail, prepared 53. Is it necessary or not necessary to get permission from your references before putting them on your resume/application. Yes 54. What are the three parts of a speech? Intro, body, conclusion 55. What should an introduction include? Attention getter, link/bridge, thesis, preview 56. What are the 5 ways to get an audience’s attention? rhetorical question, startling statement, quotation, action, illustration 57. What is a signpost? Transitions and letting your audience know where you are going in your speech. 58. What 2 things should you include in a conclusion? summary, frame 59. Explain framing and its purpose in a speech. The final statement in your speech. Relates back to the attention getter and provides closure. 60. What are the most common fillers that people use? Um, uh, like What nonverbal message does the overuse of fillers send to others? lack of confidence, laziness. Be able to label the parts of a speech from examples (attention getter, bridge/link, thesis, frame, preview. Be able to label parts of a resume, make suggestions for improvement with regards to eye-appeal, organization, format, etc.