KHALLIKOTE UNIVERSITY, BRAHMAPUR M.Sc . BOTANY (Semester System-CBCS)
Total Marks =2000 Total Credits= 80
2015-2016
Sl
Semester/
No. Paper
code.
Title of the paper
FIRST SEMESTER
Total
Marks
TE+IA
No. of
Credits
20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
1
2
CC-101
CC-102
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
80+20
80+20
04
04
3
CC-103
Cyto-Genetics I
80+20
04
4
CC-104
Cyto-Genetics II
80+20
04
5
CC-105-P
100
04
6
7
CC-201
CC-202
8
CC-203
Plant Ecology
80+20
04
9
CC-204
Plant Resource Utilization and Conservation
80+20
04
10
CC-205-P
100
04
80+20
80+20
04
04
80+20
04
100
04
80+20
04
Practical (CC-101 to CC-104)
SECOND SEMESTER 20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-I
80+20
Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-II
80+20
Practical (CC-201 to CC-204)
THIRD SEMESTER
11
12
CC-301
CC-302
13
CE-01
14
CE-02-P
15
AE-01
20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperms and Taxonomy
Development and Reproduction in Angiosperms
Enzymology and Stress Biology
Practical (CC-301 to CC-302 and CE-01)
Research Methodology
FOURTH SEMESTER
16
17
CC-401
CC-402
18
CC-403-P
19
CE-03
04
04
20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
Metabolism
Biostatistics and Instrumentation
Practical (CC-401 to CC- 403 and CE-03)
Biotechnology
80+20
80+20
04
04
100
04
80+20
04
Project related to Biotechnology
CE-04
100
04
PROJECT
In semester 1 and 3: Internal Exams. Will be written exams for 20 marks for 100 marks paper. In
Semester 2 and 4, IA will be Home Assignment and Students Seminar presentation and viva.
20
M.Sc.(Botany) FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER – CC-101
CELL BIOLOGY
(04 credits)
Unit I - The dynamic cell :
Marks: 100 (80+20)
20 Marks
Structural organization of the plant cell; Specialized plant cell types; Chemical foundation;
Biochemical
energetics; Cell wall: Structure and function; Biogenesis; Growth; Plasma membrane: Structure,
latest models and functions; sites of ATPases; Ion carriers; Channels and pumps; Receptors;
Unit II - Chloroplast : 20 Marks
Structure: Genome organization; Gene expression; RNA editing; Nucleochloroplastic interactions;
Mitochondria: Structure; Genome organization; Biogenesis; Endoplasmic Reticulum and Dictyosomes:
Structure and function.
Unit III – Ribosomes:20 marks
Structure and function; Ribosome: Structure; Site of protein synthesis; Structure and role of RNA;
Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation and termination; Protein Sorting: Targeting of proteins
to organelles.
Unit IV- Lysosomes and Micro bodies : 20 Marks
Plant Vacuole: Tonoplast membrane, micro bodies and Lysosomes
Transporters; Vacuole as a storage organelle
Plasmodesmata: Structure; role in movement of molecules; Comparison with gap junctions;
Cytoskeleton: Organization and role of microtubules and microfilaments; Motor movements
PAPER-CC-102 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (04 credits)
100 marks (80+20)
.
Unit I - Nucleus: 20 Marks
Structure; Nuclear pores; Nucleosome organization: DNA: Structures A, B and Z forms; Replication,
damage and repair; Transcription: Promoters and transcription factors; RNA: RNA splicing, mRNA
transport; Nucleolus: Structure and r RNA biosynthesis.
Unit II- Cell cycle :20 Marks
Mitosos and Meiosis: stages and molecular events
Details of cell cycle; Control mechanisms : Role of cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases; Cytokinesis:
General mechanism and cell plate formation
Unit-III Techniques in Cell Biology: 20marks
Microscopy; Electron microscopy, SEM and TEM, FTIR
Immuno techniques; in situ hybridization to locate transcripts in cell type., measurement of cell death,
Comet Assay,
Unit-IV : Molecular Pathogenesis: 20marks
Apoptosis: Mechanism of programmed cell death, Measurement of Cell death
Biology of cancer: A generalized account of biology of cancer, Brief introduction to the life cycle and
molecular biology of important pathogens like AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Filsria
CC 103 CYTO- GENETICS-I
(04 credits)
Marks: 100(80+20)
Unit I -: Chromosomes 20 Marks
Chromosome structure and packaging of DNA: Molecular organization of centromere and telomere;
Euchromatin and heterochromatin: Karyo type analysis; Banding patterns; Karyotype evolution
Polytene, lamp brush, B and sex chromosomes;Structural alterations in chromosomes: Origin,
meiosis and breeding behaviour of deficiency, duplication, inversion and translocation heterozygote;
Unit-II: Chromatin Organization-I : 20 marks
Breeding behaviour and genetics of structural heterozygote; complex translocation heterozygotes;
Translocation tester tests; Robertsonian translocations; B-A translocations; Haploid and euploids:
Characteristics, origin and production of autopolyploids; Chromosome and chromatid segregation in
autopolyploids; Types, genome constitution and analysis of allopolyploids.
Unit III Chromatin organization-II: 20marks
Transfer of individual chromosomes and chromosome segments; Methods of detecting alien chromatin;
Production, characterization and utility of alien addition and substitution lines.Genetic basis of
inbreeding, Exploitation of Hybrid Vigor ,Heterosis
Unit-IV - Aneuploids : 20 Marks
Induction and characterization of trisomics and monosomics; Effect of aneuploidy on phenotype of
plants; Transmission of monosomics and trisomics and their use in chromosome mapping in diploid
and polyploid species; Alien gene transfer through chromosome manipulation: Transfer of whole
genome(Examples from Zea, Arachis and Brassica);
PAPER-CC-104 CYTO-GENEITCS-II (04 credits)
Marks: 100(80+20)
Unit I - Genetics of prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles : 20Marks
Mapping the bacteriophage genome; Geneticrecombination in phage; Genetic transformation,
conjugation and transduction in bacteria; Genetics ofmitochondria and chloroplasts; Cytoplasmic male
sterility: Gene structure and expression: Genetic finestructure; cis-trans test; fine structure analysis of
eukaryotes; introns and their significance; Regulationof gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Unit II - Genetic recombination : 20 Marks
Recombination: Independent assortment and crossing over; Molecular mechanism of recombination;
Role of Rec A.B,C,D enzymes: site specific recombination; Genetic, physical and restriction mapping
:Chromosome mapping; Linkage groups; Physical mapping of genes on chromosomes; Genetic
markers; Construction of molecular maps; Correlation of genetic and physical maps; Somatic cell
genetics , an alternative approach to gene mapping; Restriction mapping: General idea.
Unit III : Mutations : 20 Marks
Spontaneous and induced mutations: Physical and chemical mutagens; Molecular basis of gene
mutations: Transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mutations induced by transposons;
Site-directed mutagenesis; Cancer: Initiation of cancer at\cellular level; protooncogenes and oncogene
Unit-IV MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS:20 marks
Molecular cytogenetics: Nuclear DNA content: C value paradox: Multigene families and their
evolution Chromosome microdissection and micro cloning ,flow cytometry, Application of confocal
microscopy in karyotype analysis
PAPER CC- 105
PRACTICALS
Marks : 100
Practical of Paper CC-101 to-104.
M.Sc.(Botany) SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER CC-201 BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: I Marks: 100 (80+20)
Unit I – Bacteria and Virus : 20 Marks
General account Eubacteria: Ultrastructure; Nutritionand reproduction; Biology and economic
importance;Cyanobacteria: Salient feature and biologicalimportance; Viruses: Characteristics,
ultrastruture,chemical nature, replication and transmission;economic importance; Phytoplasma:
Generalcharacteristics and role in causing plant diseases.
Unit II – Phycology-I : 20 Marks
Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater andmarine); Thallus organization; Cell
ultrastructure;Reproduction (Vegetative, Asexual and Sexual);Criteria for classification of algae;
Pigments; Reservefood; Flagella;
Unit-III Phycology-II 20 marks
Salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta,
Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta ; Algal blooms; Algal biofertilizers; Algae as food, feed and its uses in
industry.
Unit IV– Mycology-I : 20 Marks
General characters of fungi; Substrate relationship infungi; Cell ultrastructure; Unicellular and
multicellularorganisation; Cell wall composition; Nutrition;Reproduction (Vegetative, Asexual and
sexual);Heterothallism; Heterokaryosis: Parasexuality; Recenttrends in classification agents.
PAPER CC-202
(04 Credits)
BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: II
Marks :100 (80+20)
Unit-I : Mycology-II 20 marks
General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina,
Deuteromycotina; Fungi in industry, medicine and as food; Fungal disease in plants and humans;
Mycorryzae; Fungi as bio control agent
Unit II - Bryophyta : 20 Marks
General classification, morphology. structure, reproduction and life history; Distribution and general
account of Marchantiales. Jungermaniales ,Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Funariales and PoIytricales:
Economic and ecological importance.
Unit III - Pteridophyta -I: 20 Marks
General classification: Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; Evolution of stele; Heterospory and
origin of seed habit;
Unit IV- Pteridophyta – II: 20 Marks
General account of fossil pteridophyta; Introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and
Pteropsida .
General Classification ,Morphology ,anatomy and reproduction of genera related to Psilopsida,
Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida .
PAPER
CC- 203
PLANT ECOLOGY (04 credits)
Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Ecosystem organization : 20 Marks
Structure and functions; Primary Production: Methods of measurement. Controlling factors: Energy
dynamics :trophic organization, energy flow pathways. Ecological efficiencies: mechanism of litter
decomposition: Global biogeochemical cycles carbon. Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur:
Unit II - Vegetation organization: 20 Marks
Concepts of community and continuum; Analytical and synthetic characters of a community;
Community coefficients; Inter specific associations; Ordination; Concept of ecological niche
Vegetation development; Cyclic and non-cyclic temporal changes;; floristic composition; Facilitation,
tolerance and inhibition models, Changes in ecosystem properties during succession: Major biomes and
vegetations of the world
Unit III - Pollution: 20 Marks
Kinds, sources and quality parameters of air water and soil pollution; Effects of pollutants on plants and
ecosystems; Climatic changes: Greenhouse gases; Ozone layer and ozone hole; Consequences of
climatic change (CO2 utilization, global warming, sea level rise, UV radiation)
Unit-IV : Conservation of Biodiversity: 20 marks
Biological Diversity : Concept; IUCN categories of threat; Distribution and global patterns; Terrestrial
biodiversity hot spots; Inventory; World centres of primary diversity of domesticated plants: The IndoBurmese Plant Introductions and Secondary centres.
Paper CC-204; PLANT RESOURCEUTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION Marks100 (80+20)
Unit I - Economic Botany : 20 Marks
Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of important food, forage, fodder, fibre, vegetable, fruit.
oil yielding and medicinal plants; Important fire wood and timber yielding plants like bamboos, rattans;
Plants used for paper making, gums, tannins, dyes and resins; Plants used as avenue trees for shade,
pollution control and aesthetics
Unit- II Ecosystem Development : 20marks
Mechanism of ecological succession: Initial and relay
Ecosystem stability: concept: Resistance and resilience: Natural and anthropogenic ecological
perturbations and their impact on ecosystem; Environmental impact assessment; Ecosystem
restoration:
Unit III - Principles of conservation : 20 Marks
Extinctions; Environmental status of plants based on International Union for Conservation of Nature: in
situconservation: Concept; International efforts and Indianinitiative: Protected areas in India:
Sanctuaries.National Parks, Biosphere reserves, wetlands.Mangroves, and Coral reefs for conservation
of wild biodiversity; ex situ conservation: Principles and practices; Botanical gardens;
Unit-IV : Conservation Strategies :20 marks
Field gene banks: Seedbanks; in vitro repositories; Cryobanks; Generalaccount of the activities of
Botanical Survey of India(BSI); National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources(NBPGR): Indian Council
of Agricultural Research(ICAR); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR); Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) for conservation, Non-formal conservation efforts.
PAPER –CC- 205 PRACTICAL
Marks : 100 Practical of Paper 201 to 204
M.Sc.(Botany) THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER 301 BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS and TAXONOMY, (04Credits)
Marks: 100(80+20)
Unit I - Gymnosperms I : 20 Marks
Classification of gymnosperms and their distributionin India; General account of Gymnosperm orders
Pteridospermales (Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae,Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae),
Cycadeoideales, Cordaitales
Unit II - Gymnosperms II :20 Marks
Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales,Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and
Gnetales
Unit III - Taxonomy -I: 20 Marks
The species concept : Taxonomic hierarchy; species, genus, family and other categories; principles used
in assessing relationship; delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank; Salient features of International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature
Unit-IV: Taxonomy-II : 20marks
Taxonomic evidence and tools: Anatomical, palynological, histological,cytological, phytochemical,
molecular and genomic techniques as evidences and tools for solving taxonomic problems; phenetic vs
phylogenetic system of classifications with special emphasis on Taktajan and Cronquist systems of
classification
PAPER-302 DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS (04 credits)
Marks 100(80+20)
Unit I – Development-I: 20 Marks
Shoot development : Organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM); Cytological and molecular
analysis of SAM; Control of cell division and cell to cell communication; Control of tissue
differentiation; Leaf growth and differentiation: Determination; phyllotaxy; control of leaf form;
differentiation of epidermis and mesophyll; Root development: Organization of root apical meristem
(RAM), cell fates and lineages; vascular tissue differentiation; lateral-roots; root hairs; root-microbe
interactions
Unit II – Reproduction: 20 Marks
Floral organ differentiation in Arabidipsis,Microsporegensis, Male gametophyte, Megasporegensis,
Female Gametophyte, Ovule development, Megasporegensis,Embryo Sac, Double Fertilization,
Endosperm and embryo development
Flower development and genetics : Floral organ differentiation in Arabidopsis; Male gametophyte:
Microsporogenesis; pollen development and gene expression; Male sterility; Sperm dimorphism;
Female gametophyte: Ovule development, megasporogenesis, organization of embryo sac; Pollination,
Unit-III Seed Dormancy 20 marks
Dormancy :Importance and types of dormancy; seed dormancy; overcoming seed dormancy; bud
dormancy; Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and mechanism of action of
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassino steroid polyamines, jasmonic acid and
salicylic acid
Unit-IV : Pollen –Pistil Interaction: 20 marks
Pollen-pistil interaction; and Fertilization: Structure of pistil; Pollen-stigma interactions; Cytological,
biochemical and molecular aspects of sporophytic and gametophytic incompatibility; Double
fetrtilization ;Endosperm and embryo development: General features; Ultra-structure, nuclear cytology
and cell lineage during embryo development
PAPER CE-01 Enzymology and Stress Biology (04Credits)
Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Energy Flow and Enzymology 20 Marks
Energy flow : Principles of thermodynamics; free energy and chemical potential; redox reactions;
structure and function of ATP; Enzymology: General aspects; allosteric mechanism; regulatory and
active sites; mechanism of enzyme action ( chymotrypsinas an example); isozymes; kinetics of
enzymatic catalysis; Michaelis -Menten equation and its significance; Lineweaver-Burk equation;
Enzyme inhibition and kinetics;
Unit-II Signal Transduction 20 marks
Signal transduction: Overview; receptors and G proteins; phospholipid signaling; roleof cyclic
nucleotides; calcium-calmodulin cascade; diversity in protein kinases and phosphatases ;specific
signaling mechanisms (two component sensory regulatory system in bacteria and plants; sucrosesensing mechanism) Physiology of stress: Plant response to biotic and abiotic stress mechanism of
biotic and abiotic stress tolerance; HR and SAR; water deficit and drought resistance; salinity stress;
metal toxicity; freezing and heat stress; oxidative stress
Unit III – Water Relation and physiology of Growth: 20 Marks
Mechanism of water absorption; Ascent of sap: Mechanism of water transport through
xylem; Transpiration: Stomatal mechanism Phloem loading and unloading; mechanism of transport of
photosynthate
Seed germination and seedling growth : Metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins and mobilization of
food reserves during germination; hormonal control of seedling growth; gene expression; use of
mutants in understanding seedling development
Unit- IV : Sensory Photobiology- 20 marks
History of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes and their photochemical and biochemical
properties; photo physiology of light-induced responses; molecular mechanism of action of
photomorphogenic receptors, signaling and gene expressionPhotoperiodism and its significance;
endogenousclock and its regulation; floral induction and development -genetic and molecular analysis;
role ofvernalization: Physiology of senescence: Types of senescence; metabolic changes associated
withsenescence and its regulation; influence of hormones and environmental factors on senescence
PAPER CE-2
PRACTICAL Marks : 100
Practical of Paper CC-301 to CC-302 and CE-1
PAPER AE-01 RESEARCH METHODO LOGY (04 CREDITS)
Marks: 100 (80+20)
Unit-I Ecological Methods:20 marks
Bomb Calorimetry, Determination of Energy Content of Plant Materials
General Methods for Physical and chemical Analysis of Soil.
Chlorophyll and Leaf area determination of Plant Communities
Dose Response and determination of threshold Values: EC 50, EC100 and TLC
Unit-II Microbial Methods 20 marks:
Preparation of Solid and Liquid Media for Algae, Fungi and bacteria, Mass Culture Techniques and
application
Data Analysis: ANOVA, Chi-square Test, Simple Correlation and Regression Analysis
Unit-III Biochemical Methods: 20 marks
Purification and identification of biomolecules by Chromatography
Spectrometric analysis of Biomolecules : Plant pigments, Carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic Acids and
Enzymes
Unit-IV Research paper writing and presentation: 20 marks
Structuring and writing a research paper (Review of literature, title, introduction, materials and
methods, results and discussions and Citing References)
Choice of Journals and publishers in plant sciences, Journal Impact factor, Searching Literature
M.Sc.(Botany) FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER CC- 401 METABOLISM
04 credits
Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Photosynthesis : 20 Marks
Photosynthesis : General aspects and historical background; evolution of photosynthetic apparatus;
photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes; photo oxidation of water; mechanism of
electron and proton transport; carbon assimilation; Calvin cycle; photorespiration and its significance;
theC4 cycle; the CAM pathway; biosynthesis of starch and sucrose;
Unit-II Respiration 20 marks
Respiration : Overview of plant respiration; glycolysis; TCA cycle; electron transport, cytochrome
system and ATP synthesis, Redox potential ; pentose phosphate pathway; glyoxalate cycle.
Energy budget of Respiration
Unit III - Lipid, and Sulphur Metabolism : 20 Marks
Lipid metabolism : Structure and function of lipids; fatty acid biosynthesis; synthesis of membrane
lipids ,structural lipids and storage lipids; catabolism of lipids;; Sulphur metabolism: Sulfate uptake,
transport and assimilation.
Unit- IV Nitrogen Metabolism 20 marks
Nitrogen of metabolism: Types of Nitrogen fixation, Biological nitrogen fixation; nodule formation
and nod factors; mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction; ammonium uptake, Nitrogen fixation by
BGA and other plants
Paper CC- 402 Biostatistics and Instrumentation
04 credits
100(80+20 marks)
Unit I - Biostatistics I : 20 Marks
General concepts; Frequency distribution : Bargraphs, histograms, polygons, curves; Central
tendency: Mean, mode and median; Dispersion: Mean deviation, variance; standard deviation, Concept
of probability: Addition and multiplicative theorems of probability; conditional probability; Theoretical
distributions: Normal, Binomial and Poisson distribution
Unit II - Biostatistics II : 20 Marks
Estimation : Types of estimation; confidence interval land level of confidence Hypothesis testing : Test
of significance; standard error of mean; t-Test: t distribution, student t-test and paired t-test; Chi square
test: Chi square distribution and Chi square test for Goodness of fit; F -test: F -statistic and analysis of
variance; Non-parametric test: General idea.
Unit III - Instrumentation : 20 Marks
Centrifugation: Principles of .centrifugation; normal,ultra, refrigerated, differential, density gradient
methods of centrifugation;;
Chromatography: General principles; paper, thin layer,adsorption, ion exchange, affinity, gel filtration
techniques; GLC and HPLC;
Electrophoresis :General principles; paper, starch gel, cellulose
acetate, polyacrylamide, SDS polyacrylamide andagarose electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing;
electroblotting; elctroelution; idea on tube gel, slab gel,gradient gel, 2D and immuno electrophoresis.
Unit-IV Physical techniques :20 marks
Spectrophotometry : Beer-Lambert law; colorimetry; principle and applications,, Microscopy, SEM and
TEM. Mass Spectroscopy, X-Ray Crystallography
PAPER CE-03
BIOTECHNOLOGY 04 credits
Marks : 100 ( 80+20)
Unit I - Basic Biotechnology: 20 Marks
Restriction enzymes : Types and their role in genetic engineering and cloning; Vectors: plasmids,
phages, cosmids, YAC and BAC vectors and their role in gene cloning; Cloning in bacteria and
eukaryotes; Molecular probes: Types and uses; Blotting methods: Southern ,Northern, Western
blotting; Dot and Slot blots; PCR technology: Normal, inverse and anchored PCR techniques; Gene
isolation: Mechanism of isolation of gene; Gene sequencing: Maxim-Gilbert and Sanger's methods of
sequencing
Unit II - Plant Biotechnology : 20 Marks
Tissue culture techniques : Culture room, culture media and aseptic conditions; Cell, tissue and organ
culture: General and individual protocols and applications; Protoplast culture: Isolation and
purification of protoplast; protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization; cybrids; production and
importance of haploids; somaclonal and gametoclonal variations; Transgenic plants: Methods of gene
transfer; use of plasmids with special reference to Ti and Ri plasmids; use of agrobacteria; transgenic
plants
Unit –III Environmental Biotechnology
20 marks
Pollution Control, Treatment schemes for industrial waste, Solid waste management, Bioremediation
and phytoremediation, use of GM microbes and natural microorganisms, Green Energy, Biofules, Bio
sensor and their role in biomonitoring ,Environmental Impact assessment
Unit IV - Medical Biotechnology and Ethics of Biotechnology : 20 Marks
Use of genetically engineered Vaccines, MABs, Diagnosis of diseases using PCR, RFLP and VNTR
principles, Targeted gene modification, skin grafting, Role of Biotechnology in fertility control
Intellectual property rights: Copy rights, trade mark, patents etc; international conventions relating to
patents, patents for microbes, plants and transgenic organisms; patenting of genes and DNA sequences;
Rights of farmers: General idea with examples.
PAPER CC-403
PAPER CE-04
PRACTICAL Marks : 100
PROJECTS 04 credits
Practical of Paper CC-401 to CC-402 and CE-3
100 marks