CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
Iowa State University
JAR TEST: Chemical Coagulation and Disinfection
BACKGROUND
Coagulation and flocculation are important unit processes in water and wastewater treatment plants. The
purpose of coagulation/flocculation is to remove suspended matter, turbidity, color, microorganisms and odor
producing substances. Coagulation involves the addition of chemicals to destabilize the suspended particles, colloidal
materials, and macromolecules. Some common coagulants used are aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferric sulfate.
Flocculation is usually defined as the aggregation of destabilized particles into larger flocs under slow mixing
conditions. The flocs formed are subsequently removed by sedimentation and/or filtration (see pages 229-235, Davis
and Cornwell, 4th edition)
A useful laboratory experiment for the evaluation of coagulation/flocculation of untreated water is the jar test.
This test provides information on the effects of the concentrations of the coagulants, mixing of the raw water, and the
water quality parameters such as pH and alkalinity on the coagulation process. The jar test is often used for the design
of treatment facilities and in the routine operation of treatment plants.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the jar test experiment are to estimate the optimum concentration of aluminum sulfate for the
removal of suspended matter and to investigate the change in alkalinity as a result of aluminum sulfate addition.
MATERIALS
Phipps Bird Six-Place Stirrer
Aluminum sulfate solution (1000 mg/L as Al3+)
Pipettes/syringes
Erlenmeyer Flasks
Water sample (from Lake Laverne)
Methyl orange (MO) indicator
Chlorine Producing Unit (CPU)
Salt
1 or 2-liter beakers
Turbidimeter
Burettes
0.02 N H2SO4
Volumetric cylinder
50-ml syringes
12 volt battery
500 mL beaker
PROCEDURE
Coagulation Experiment
1.
Determine the turbidity, pH, and alkalinity of the raw water sample.
2.
Add 2 liters of raw water into each of the six beakers of the laboratory stirrer. Immerse blades and stir the raw
water samples at about 100 rpm.
3.
In small beakers, prepare different volume of alum solution and calculate final alum concentration in each
beaker.
Volume (ml) of Alum
solution to be added to
each beaker
5
10
20
4.
5.
6.
7.
Conc. (mg/L as Al3+) in
Water Sample (Dosage)
Volume (ml) of Alum as
Al3+ to be added to each
beaker
30
40
50
Conc. (mg/L as Al3+) in
Water Sample (Dosage)
At approx. the same moment, add Alum solution into each beaker and stir at approx. 100 rpm for 1 minute.
Decrease the speed to approx. 30 rpm and allow the sample to mix for a period of 10 minutes. Observe any
changes in the suspended matter in the sample.
At the end of the mixing period, turn off the stirrer and let the flocs settle for about 20 minutes. With syringe,
carefully remove the supernatant (clear liquid) from each beaker and determine the turbidity and pH of each of
the samples.
For the sample with the lowest turbidity, measure the alkalinity of the supernatant.
Alkalinity Measurement
1.
Add 50 mL of water sample (Vs) to an erlenmeyer flask
2.
Add 4 to 5 drops of methyl orange indicator
3.
Read the starting volume of standard 0.02 N H2SO4 on the burette. Titrate water sample with standard 0.02 N
H2SO4 until color changes from yellow-orange to red.
4.
Read the final volume of the acid in the burette. Record volume used (Va).
5.
Compute alkalinity as follows:
Alkalinity (in mg/L CaCO3) = [mL acid (Va) x Normality of acid x 50,000] / [mL sample (Vs)]
RESULTS
Beaker #
Dosage mg/L
of Alum as Al3+
RAW
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
Turbidity NTU
of all samples
pH
of all samples
Alkalinity
mg/L as CaCO3
of RAW and one of
beakers with lowest
turbidity
Third World Chlorinator (see www.swimforhim.net for more information)
1.
Mix salt & water solution (approx. ¼ cup salt to 16 oz water)
2.
Connect wires to 12 volt source (negative, or black, to negative; positive, or red, to positive)
3.
Pour the saltwater solution through the CPU into another bottle (observe the bubbling process)
4.
Carefully repeat the pour-through process 5 times.
5.
Unhook the battery wires.
6.
Rinse the CPU by pouring clean water through it.
7.
Add 10 drops of the solution for each gallon of water (adjust accordingly to sample volume) to disinfect (use
Lake Lavern (LL) water sample as a test).
8.
After 15 and 30 minutes of disinfecting time, run a coliform test on the following 4 samples (see procedure
from last week): Lake Lavern as sampled, LL after flocculation w/o disinfection, LL as sampled after 15 min
disinfection time , and LL as sampled after 30 minutes disinfection time.
REPORT FORMAT
Introduction. Describe the purpose of jar testing and summarize the theoretical background. You need to expand on
the information that is already presented in this handout (please read the textbook).
Procedure: Describe the experimental procedure (summarize the procedure in the lab).
Results
Report all results in a Table format.
Plot turbidity and pH as a function of coagulant dosage (x-axis = dosage; y-axis = turbidity or pH).
Discussion
What is the best coagulant dosage and why? Why did the pH and alkalinity change with dosage? (What made them
change?) Compare the measured alkalinity change with that of the theoretical alkalinity change? Are they matched?
(See textbook page 233-234, it will be a bit different since in the lab we use Alum as Al3+, not Alum as
Al2(SO4)314H2O)
(HINT: mg/L of Alum as Al3+ x 594 g/mole-Alum = mg/L of Alum as Al2(SO4)314H2O)
2 x 27 g/mole-Al3+
Conclusions: Summarize your findings.