M.Sc Zoology – Scheme, Course Structure & Mark Distribution Annexure I
Semester
Paper
code
Zo211
Title of the Paper
Distributi
on hrs
Per
Semester
Instruc
tional
hrs Per
Week
L P
5 -
Dura Maximum Marks
tion
ESA
hrs
CA
ESA Total
3hrs 25
75
100
Systematic &
100
Evolutionary Biology
Zo212
Biochemistry
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
I
Zo213
Biophysics,
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Instrumentation &
Computer Application
Zo214
Practical
120
10 4hrs 25
75
100
Total for S 1
450*
15 10 100 300 400
Zo221
Functional Anatomy
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Zo222
Genetics & Quantitative 100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
II
Analysis
Zo223
Cell & Molecular
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Biology
Zo224
Practical
120
10 4hrs 25
75
100
Total for S II
450*
15 10 100 300 400
Zo231
Advanced Physiology
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Zo232
Ecology, Ethology &
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Biodiversity
III
Conservation
Zo233
Experimental
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
embryology &
Immunology
Zo234
Practical
120
1- 4hrs 25
75
100
Total for S III
450*
15 10 100 300 400
Zo241
Microbiology &
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Biotechnology
IV
Zo242
Special Paper I
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Zo243
Special Paper II
100
5 3hrs 25
75
100
Zo244
Practical
120
10 4hrs 25
75
100
Total for S IV
450*
15 10 100 300 400
Zo201
Dissertation
100 100
Zo202
Comprehensive viva
100 100
voce
Grand total
400 1400 1800
L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical, CA: Continuous Assessment, ESA: End Semester Examination
* Tutorial 30 hours Per Semester
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
Semester System-2001 onwards
Semester I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Systematics and Evolutionary Biology
Biochemistry
Biophysics, Instrumentation and Computer Application
Practical (A, B, C)
Semester II
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Functional Anatomy
Genetics and Quantitative Analysis
Cell and Molecular Biology
Practical (A, B, C)
Semester III
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Advanced Physiology
Ecology, Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation
Experimental Embryology and Immunology
Practical (A, B, C)
Semester IV
4.1 Microbiology and Biotechnology
Special Paper : Endocrinology / Fish Biology and Fisheries Science / Environmental Biology / Insect
Science
Endocrinology
4.2Physiology of Reproduction (Special Reference to Mammals)
4.3 Vertebrate Endocrinology
4.4 Practical
Fish Biology and Fisheries Science
4.2 Ichthyology
4.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture
4.4 Practical
Environmental Biology
4.2 Pollution Biology and Environmental Physiology
4.3 Environmental Management
4.4 Practical
Insect Science
4.2 General Entomology
4.3 Applied Insect Science
4.4 Practical
4.5 Dissertation
4.6 Comprehensive viva voce
Mark Distribution
Theory Exam .................................. 75
Internal Assessment .........................25
Practical Exam..................................75
Internal Assessment..........................100
Viva voce..........................................100
Total : 1800
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
SYLLABUS
Semester I : Paper I – Systematics and Evolutionary Biology
SYSTEMATICS
UNIT : 1. Microtaxonomy
Total hours: 100
(5 hrs)
The history of taxonomy – Phenon – Taxon – Category – Species and classification – Species concepts
– Intraspecific categories and terms – The superspecies – The origin of new species taxa.
UNIT : 2. Macrotaxonomy
18
Theories of biological classification and their history – Basic principles of classification –
Identification – Criteria of zoological classification – Classification and phytogeny – The function of
classification – The steps in the taxonomic procedure – Difficulties encountered in Macrotaxonomy.
UNIT :3. Taxonomic Characters and Evolutionary Classification
18
Characters and signifiers – Kinds of characters – Characters and categorical rank – Differences
between cladistic and evolutionary classification – The Linnaean hierarchy – The traditional concept of
a common ancestor – Various concepts of monophyli – Polyphyli – Advantages of evolutionary
classification.
UNIT :4. Methodological Issues
9
Taxonomic collections and the process of identification : Systematic collections, curating collections,
identification – Form and style of the taxonomic article – The rules of zoological nomenclature : The
most important properties of Taxa names, The interventional code.
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
UNIT :5. Cosmic evolution and the origin of life
9
Cosmic evolution – Physical basis of life – Theories of origin of life – Origin of life through
biochemical evolution – Experimental evidences for origin of life – The origin of natural selection –
The nature of protocells – Extraterrestrial life.
UNIT :6. The Ladder of Biological Evolution
26
Evolution of the eukaryotic cell from the prokaryotic cell : Symbiosis, Margulis theory of the symbiotic
origin – Evolution of the Metarzoa – Evolution of chordata and the evolution of the major vertebrate
classes – Origin of man : Fossil history – Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecine, fossils,
Homoerectus fossils – Current status – Place and time of origin – Cultural evolution of man – Future
prospects.
UNIT :7. Tempo of Evolution
(5 hrs)
Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium – Gould’s motion of the roles of heterochromy and
developmental constraints in cladogenic evolution.
UNIT :8. Biochemical and Genomic Evolution
(10 hrs)
The evolutionary history of proteins and the concept of molecular clock : Cytochrome C, globin chains,
histones – Outline of organization of prokaryotic and enkaryotic genomes – The “C-Value paradox” –
Evolutionary history of neural integration – Evolution of the endocrine system – Hormones and
Evolution.
REFERENCES
SYSTEMATICS
1. Clark, A.B. and Panchen, A.L. (1974). Synopsis of animal classification. John Wiley and Sons
Inc., New York.
2. Earrist Mayr, Peter, D. Ashlock (1991). Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill
Internatinal Edition. ISBN 0-07-112701-1 Singapore.
3. Earnst Mayr. Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. Bombay.
4. George Gaylord Simpson (1969). Principles of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH
Publishing (o. Bombay).
5. Goodman, M. (Ed.) (1982). Macromolecular sequences in Systematic and Evolutionary
Biology. Plenum Press, New York.
6. Azhicode, G. (1990). Taxidermi. State Institute of Languages, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
1. Ayala, F.J. (Ed.) (1976). Molecular Evolution : Simanv Associates, Sunderiand, Mass, USA.
2. caalier, Smith, T. (Ed.) (1985). The evolution of genome size. John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester, U.K.
3. Dover, G.A., Flavell, R.B. (Eds.) (1982). Genome Evolution. Academic Press, New York.
4. Edwin, H. Colbert (1984). Evolution of vertebrates, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
5. Fergusom, A. (1980). Biochemical systematics and evolution. Blackie and Sons, Glasgow
(U.K.).
6. Goodman, M. (Ed.) (1982). Macromolecular sequences in systematic and evolutionary biology,
Plenum Press, New Delhi.
7. Gould, S.J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Bellnap Press, Harward University, Mass, USA.
8. Gould, S.J. (1979). Ever since Darwin. W.W.Nortion, New York.
9. Jmush, J.(1966). Origins of Man : Physical Anthropology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
10. Theodosius Dobahznsky, Francisco J. Ayala, Ledyard Stebbins, G., James Co. Valentine
(1973). Evolution. Surjut Publication, New Delhi.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester I : Paper II – Biochemistry
Total Hours : 100
UNIT :1.
25
1. The molecular logic of Living Organism
2. Water- properties, Electrolytic dissociation into cations and anions – Henderson – Hasselbalch
equation.
3. Proteins – General structural design. Aminoacids and peptides – covalent structure, three –
dimensional structure and subunit structure. Fibrous proteins and Globular proteins. Structure
and function of Haemoglobin and Myoglobin.
4. Carbohydrates – structure and biological function.
5. Enzymes – classification of enzymes. Specificity of enzyme action. Allosteric enzymes,
enzyme inhibition and regulation of enzyme activity. Enzyme kinetics. Factors affecting
enzyme activity. Vitamins as Coeznymes. Isoenzymes (LDH).
6. Lipids – Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids.
Sterols – prostaglandins.
UNIT :2. Cellular Metabolism
(15 hrs)
1. Thermodynamics of cellular reactions. Redox potential
2. Energy rich compounds and their biological significance.
3. Biological oxidation, Mitochondrial Electron transport, Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP
synthesis.
4. Chemiosmotic theory
UNIT :3. Metabolic Cycles and Energy Production
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(18 hrs)
Glycolysis – A central pathway of glucose catabolism
TCA cycle and its significance
Hexosc – Mono-phosphate shunt
Fatty acid oxidation, ketone bodies, ketosis and metabolism of ketone bodies
Glycogenolysis
Glycerol metabolism
UNIT :4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(12 hrs)
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Biosynthesis of fatty acids
Interrlationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Cholesterol synthesis and degradation
UNIT :5. Protein Metabolism
(5 hrs)
1. Deamination, transmination, decarhoxylation
2. Urea cycle
UNIT :6.
(15 hrs)
1. General characteristics of hormones
2. Chemistry and function of hormones, hormone receptors and hormone action
3. Hormonal control of cellular metabolism.
UNIT :7. Nucleic acids structure and function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purine and pyramidine derivatives
Nucleosides, nucleotides and internucleotide linkages
Chemical nature of DNA and RNA
Biological functions of nucleic acids
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Biochemistry
Principles of Biochemistry
Concepts in Biochemistry
Principles of Biochemistry
Vol. I & II (7th Edn.)
5. Harper’s Biochemistry
-
L.Stryer
A.L.Lehninger
Conn & Stumpf
E.L.Smith, R.L.Hill et al
-
Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K.,
Mayes, P.A. & Rodwell, V.W.
(10 hrs)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester I : Paper III
Biophysics, Instrumentation & Computer application
Total Hours : 1000
BIOPHYSICS
(25 hrs)
UNIT :1. Concept of energy and laws of thermodynamics – introduction, matter and energy – life as an
energy system – order disorder entropy – life as an autocatalytic system.
(5 hrs)
UNIT :2. Electromagnetic spectrum. Cosmic radiation – Gamma radiation, X-rays, UV radiation,
Visible spectrum, infrared rays, micro waves and radio waves
(10 hrs)
UNIT :3. Radiation – ionizing radiation, radioactivity, isotopes and their application in biology,
induced mutations, fluorescence.
(10 hrs)
INSTRUMENTATION
(60 hrs)
UNIT :1. Methodology and working of microscopes
(1) Light microscope
(2) Phase contrast microscope
(3) Fluorescent microscope
(4) Electron microscopy
(5) Transmission electron microscope and scanning
(6) Laser scan confocal microscope – brief description
(7) Environmental scanning electron microscope (brief description)
(20 hrs)
UNIT :2. Centrifugation – Ordinary, high speed centrifuge, ultracentrifuge, density gradient
centrifugation
(10 hrs)
UNIT :3. Electrophoresis – Principle, SDS PAGE, Immunotetraphoresis – Principle and Application,
Southern/Northern/Western blot
(10 hrs)
UNIT :4. Chromatography – Principle, Column chromatography, HPLC, Gas chromatography
(10 hrs)
UNIT :5. Calorimeter, spectrophotometer, fluorescent spectrometer, infrared spectrophotometry, NMR
spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry
(10 hrs)
UNIT :6. Computer Application
(15 hrs)
1. Computers – Introduction, characteristics of its components : input/output devices storage
devices, processor units.
Operating systems : WINDOWS, DOS
2. Computer generations : its classification
3. Computer languages : Programming languages BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, COBOL.
4. Computer Graphics : Generative and Cognitive
5. Computer and Communication : LAN, Network Websites, Medline, Preview and BIOSIS.
PRACTICAL
Semester I
(All 18 practical to be carried out)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A. Systematics and Evolutionary Biology
Collection and identification of the following using standard keys:
A. Insects (5 nos)
B. Prawn and Crab (5 nos.) (3 + 2)
C. Fishes (5 nos.)
Study of preservation media and tools and materials for taxidermi.
Stuffing of a (1) frog, (2) lizard, (3) bird and (4) mammal.
Spreading and pinning of insects (5 nos.)
Skinning of rat/rabbit, and preservation of bones of frog/bird.
Comparative study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by staining and mounting (evolutionary
significance).
B. Biochemistry
1. Titration curve of acetic acid.
Titration of a measured volume of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to
determine the amount of acid in the given solution and pKa of acetic acid.
2. Determination of the isoelectric pH of the given amino acid by titration method.
3. Quantitative estimation of glycogen, glucose and protein using a colorimeter. Prepare
standard curve.
4. Determination of acid value and saponification value of the given fat.
5. Estimation of serum cholesterol using a standard protocol.
6. Determination of the Michaelis constant (Km value) for the digestion of casein by
trypsin.
C. Biophysics, Instrumentation and Computer Application
1.
2.
3.
4.
Micrometry : Measurement of microscopic objects using micrometer.
Separation of haemolymph of serum protein by gel electrophoresis.
Sketching of biological specimens using a camera Lucida.
Quantification estimation of Na, K, Ca of the given sample with the help of flame
photometer/spectrophotometer preparing standard curve.
5. Preparation of tables and bar diagrams using suitable software, from the data provided.
6. Statistical Analysis (Chi-square, t-test, correlation, repression, standard deviation and
standard error) of the given data using a suitable software.
REFERENCE
1. An introduction to practical Biochemistry – Plummer
2. Practical Biochemistry – Jayaraman.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester II : Paper I – Functional anatomy
Total hours : 100
UNIT :1. Locomotion
(18 hrs)
Theories of Amoeboid movement, characteristics of ciliaxy and flogellar movement – Principles of
hydrostatic skeleton – Vertebrate skeleton and muscular in locomotion – Comparative anatomy of
flight muscles in insects, birds and mammals.
UNIT :2. Nutrition
(9 hrs)
Food intake mechanisms – particulate, mucus and filter feeding, ingestion of soluble food – symbiotic
nutrition.
UNIT :3. Body Fluids and Circulation
(18 hrs)
Body fluids and circulation – Open and closed types of blood vascular system. Role of somatic
muscles in circulation of body fluids. Characteristics of vertebrates cardiac muscle – Initiation,
conduction and regulation of heart beat.
UNIT :4. Respiration
(9 hrs)
Respiratory organs of invertebrates and vertebrates. Aquatic respiration and aerial aspirations.
Chemistry and function of respiratory pigments
UNIT :5. Excretions and Osmotic Balance
(18 hrs)
Nephritea in excretion – Role of vertebrate kidney in body water regulation, water regulation in desert
mammals. Types of excretion patterns – Urine formation – Ornithive cycle. Formation of excretory
products. Osmoconformers and osmoregulators – Osmotic conformity in poikifosmotic animals –
Osmotic regulation in hypo-osmotic media, Osmoregulation in terrestrial animals – Salt regulation
somal control of osmo-ionic regulation.
UNIT :6. Co-ordination of body functions
(18 hrs)
Neurohormones – Endocrine organs in invertebrates and vertebrates and hormonal regulation.
Physiology of nerve net systems and giant fibre systems – Functional
anatomy of vertebrate brain. Receptor organs and their function – Mehcanoreceptors, chemoreceptors
and thermoreceptors.
UNIT :7. Reproductions
(10 hrs)
Patterns of reproduction in invertebrates – Urinogenetal system in vertebrates – Organs of reproduction
in vertebrates – reproductive processes.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester II : Paper II – Genetics and Quantitative analysis
Total hours 100
GENETICS
(80 hrs)
UNIT :1. An Introduction to the Science of Genetics
(10 hrs)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Genetics and modern agriculture
Genetics and medicine
Genetics and human behaviour
Misuse of genetics
UNIT :2. Mendelian Genetics and its Applications
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Gene mapping
Recombination frequency
Chromosome banding
Genetics in animal breeding
general effects of inbreeding and out-breeding – hybrid vigour
Expressivity, penetrance
Non-mendelian pattern of inheritance
Modern mendelism
UNIT :3. Population Genetics
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
(13 hrs)
(13 hrs)
Genetic variations
Polymorphism
Gene pool
Gene frequency
Distribution patterns
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Disequilibrium
Factors disrupting gene equilibrium
UNIT :4. Gene Resultation and Gene Activity
4.1 Induction and repression
4.2 Inducible enzymes
4.3 The operon (e.g., Histidine Operon, Tvp Operon)
(13 hrs)
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Sigma factor and its role in prokaryotic transcription
Regulation in eukaryotes
Signals for gene control – Hormones and growth factors
Transcriptional signals – TATA BOX, CAAT BOX, Enhancers
UNIT :5. Human genetics
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Pedigree analysis – Karyotype analysis
X chromosome dosage
Lyon hypothesis and origin of tumors – mosaicism
genetics of ABO system
Rh disease and inheritance
Sickle haemoglobin and inheritance – Thalassemias
Human genome project – Gene therapy
DNA figure printing and foot printing
Genetic disorders – Patau, Edward’s, Chriduchat Syndromes, Philadelphia Chromosome.
UNIT :6. Immunogenetics
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
(15 hrs)
Immunoglobulin gene
Serum protein genetics and antibody diversity
H2, HLA antigens, haptoglobulin – MHC system
Structure and life cycle of HIV – The HIV genome
Auto immunity
Tissue transplantation and tissue rejection
Polygenic environmental disorders
UNIT :7. Microbial Genetics
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
(16 hrs)
(15 hrs)
Reproductive cycle of RNA virus
Retrovirus
Viral genome and multiplication
Chromosome mediated gene transfer
Plasmids – vecter DNA – Insert DNA
Lamda phages, charron phages
Microbes in genetic engineering
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
(20 hrs)
UNIT :1.
1.1 General principles
1.2 Sampling
1.3 Sampling errors
1.4 Skewness and Kurtosis
UNIT :2. Measures of Central Tendency
(2 hrs)
(4 hrs)
Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation and Standard Error
UNIT :3. Distribution
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
(6 hrs)
Probability
Probability rules in genetics – Product and addition rules
Normal and binomial distribution
Poisson distribution – Frequency distribution
UNIT :4. Testing and Significance
(2 hrs)
4.1 Paired T-test
4.2 Unpaired T-test
4.3 Chi-squire test
UNIT :5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
(2 hrs)
F-ratio
One way analysis
Two way analysis
Multiple range test, Dunkens test
UNIT :6. Correlation and Regression
(2 hrs)
1.1 Dose response – LC 50
UNIT :7. Construction of Graphs and Diagrams
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
(2 hrs)
Bar diagram
Pie diagram
Histogram
Frequency curve and O give
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Genetics
Molecular Genetics Part I and II
Principles of Genetics III Edn.
Principles of Genetics
-
Eldon. J.Gardner
J.Herbert Taylor
Eldon.J.Gardner
Sinnot, Dunn, Dobzhansky TMH Edn.
5.
Gene Structure and Expression III Edn -
6.
-
7.
A Text Book of Genetics and
Evolution
Genetics Engineering with PCR
8.
Principles of Gene Manipulation
-
9.
Population genetics and Ecology
-
10.
Heredity
-
11.
The Science of Genetics
-
12.
Molecular Genetics
-
13.
Genetics
-
14.
Immuno Biology
-
15.
An introduction to Modern Genetics
-
16.
Molecular Genetics
-
17.
Immunology
-
-
John D.Hawkins, Cambridge University
Press – Edinberg Buildings – Cambridge
CNZ/ZRU – UK
PKU Nair and K.Prabhakar Achar –
Konark Publishers
Robert M.Horton and Robert C. Tait
Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham
Norfolk NR 18 – OEH – UK
R.Wold and S.B.Prim Rose – Black Well
Scientific Publishers, Melbourne, Paris.
Samuel Karlin Eviatar Nevo, Academic
Press New York.
A.Franklin Shull – IV Edn. Mc Graw
Hill Book Co., London.
George. W.Burns – Mac Millan Co. New
York.
A.Gib De Busk – Mac Millan Co. New
York.
Edgar Altenberg, Oxford and IBH
Publisher, New Delhi.
II Edn. 1996 – Janeway, Travens –
Current Biology Ltd. _ Middle Sex
House – 34-42, Cleveland Street,
London.
Donald l. Patt/Gail. R. Patt Addison –
Wesley Pub. Company, London.
Gunther. S. Stent, Richard Calender
C.M.S. Publsihers 485 Jain Bhawan
Bholanath Nagar, Shahdara, New Delhi.
K.R.Johi, No.O.Osma 2000 Agro Prios
India, Jodhpur
18.
Genes V
-
19.
20.
The Molecular Biology & Genes
Genetics
-
Benjamin Lewin – Oxford University
Press, New York
James Dwatson
Strick Berger
-
Fisher.R.A.
-
Dover Publication, New York
Ostle.B.
Eldon J.Hardner
Quantitative Analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Statistical Methods of Research Work,
10th Edn.
Biometrical Genetics
Statistics in Research
Genetics
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester II : Paper III – Cell and Molecular biology
Total Hours : 100
UNIT :1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
(18 hrs)
Membrane structure and function (self study)
Principles of membrane transport – carrier proteins. Active transport – ion channels
Intracellular compartments and protein sorting
Transport of molecules into and out of nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicular transport in secretory and endocytic pathways. Transport from EPR through Golgi
apparatus to lysosomes from plasma membrane via endosomes.
UNIT :2. Chromatin Structure
(8 hrs)
2.1 Types of chromatin
2.2 Nucleosome structure in detail and higher order structure of chromatin – Scaffold proteins and
Radial loop model of chromosomes.
UNIT :3. Chemistry and Structure of Nucleic Acids
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
(16 hrs)
DNA, Polymorphic DNAs and RNAs
Replication of DNA
Enzymes involved in DNA replication
Unscheduled DNA
UNIT :4. DNA Repair
(13 hrs)
4.1 Restriction, modification and repair of DNA – including the role of Rec. A in repair of DNA and
SOS response.
4.2 Enzymes involved in RNA transcription
4.3 Characteristics features of FNA polymerase of bacteria, phages and eukaryotes
4.4 Transcription and processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA – capping, poly A tailing and splicing,
transcription factors and reverse transcription.
4.5 RNA as a catalyst during splicing
UNIT :5. Molecular Structure of Gene
5.1 Molecular basis of mutation
5.2 Colinearity, split genes
5.3 Mobile genetic elements – transpones
(13 hrs)
5.4 Replicon – Okasaki fragments – Wobbling
5.5 Transpones – replication
UNIT :6. Protein Synthesis (Introduction) (Self-Study)
(10 hrs)
6.1 Translation – Details of translation
6.2 Transcription and its cumpling with translation in bacteria and polysystronic messenger of bacteria
6.3 Hormonal regulation of protein synthesis
UNIT :7. Ribosomes and Proteins
(8 hrs)
1.1 Ribosome specific association of rRNA and rRNA proteins
1.2 Ribosome formation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and its function
1.3 Active centres of ribosome – prokaryotes and eukaryotes
UNIT :8. Molecular Events in Cell Cycle
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
(14 hrs)
Molecular organization and functional role of mitotic spindle
Regulation of cell division in normal cell and malignant cells
Molecular change in DNA associated with cell-cycle
Control of cell-cycle – Control of sequence events, External, internal mitotic inducers.
Cell death
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Essentials of Cell and Mole Biology
Molecular Biology of the Gene – 3rd ed.
Control of Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology
-
De Roberti and De Robertis
Watson
Maclean
Benjamin Lewin
Walker, J.M. and Gingold.E.B.
Stephen L. Wolfe
PRACTICAL
Semester II
(All the following 18 practicals to be carried out)
Functional Anatomy, Genetics and Quantitative Analysis, Cell and Molecular Biology
Section A Functional Anatomy
1. Observations of feeding – Mounting of mouth parts of housefly, honeybee and mosquito in
relation to food and feeding.
2. Observations on ciliary movement in bivalve gills in relation to temperature and pH.
3. Blood histology of cockroach, fish and frog.
4. Enumeration of RBC and WBC of human blood.
5. Comparative anatomy of brain of fish, frog, calotes, pigeon and rat.
6. Anatomy of excretory organs in fish, frog, lizard, bird and rat.
Section B Genetics and Quantitative Analysis
7. Calculation of mean, standard deviation, standard error and student’s t-test.
8. Calculation of correlation coefficient significant test.
9. Preparation of histogram, frequency polygon and pie diagram.
10. Chromosome study – squash preparations of Drosophila/Chironomus larvae.
11. Techniques of etherization and sexing of Drosophila.
12. Study of chromosomal disorders in man (Text Book photographs)
Section C Cell and Molecular Biology
13. Meiosis study – squash preparation of grass hopper testis.
14. Histochemical localization of protein and glycogen in paraffin sections.
15. Histological preparation of muscle, nerve and epithelium of frog/cockroach.
16. Estimation of DNA using tissue extract.
17. (a) Demonstration of mitochondria in the flight muscle of bird.
(b) Demonstrate phagocytosis in cockroach using Indian ink.
18. Demonstrate of effect of ATP on glycerinated muscle fibre.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester III : Paper I – Advanced Physiology
Total Hours : 100
UNIT :1. Cell and Environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(15 hrs)
Water in the cell environment
Salts in the cell environment
resistance of cells to acidity and alkalinity – Buffers
Effects of oxygen availability and variation in ambient pressure on cells
Heat resistance and cold resistance
Cellular and molecular effects of ionising radiation and the mechanism of radio-protection.
Physical nature and chemical basis of bioluminescence
UNIT :2. Gastrointestinal Physiology
(15 hrs)
1. Neuronal and hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility
2. Transport and mixing of food in the alimentary tract
3. Secretary functions : Secretion of saliva, gastric secretion, pancreatic secretion and intestinal
secretion.
4. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Formation of faeces.
5. Physiology of gastrointestinal disorders.
6. Human nutritional requirements
7. Nutrition and health Dietary recommendations
UNIT :3. Membrane Physiology
(18 hrs)
1. Nerve action potential voltage – gated sodium and potassium channels
2. Propagation of action potential and rate of conduction of nerve impulse
3. Mechanism of synaptic transmission, neuro transmitters, pharmacology of autonomic nervous
system.
4. Types of reflex arc
5. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction
6. Molecular regulation and energetics of contraction
7. Excitation – contraction coupling
UNIT :5. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Function of acid-base buffers
Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance
Renal control of hydrogen-ion concentration
Renal regulation of blood volume and extra cellular fluid volume
Abnormalities of acid-base balance
Renal and associated mechanisms for controlling extra cellular fluid osmolality and sodium
concentration
UNIT :5. Circulatory Physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(10 hrs)
Effects of low oxygen pressure on the body
Effects of acceleratory forces on the body in aviation and space physiology
Environmental stress and organismal response
Physiology of deep sea diving
UNIT :7. Sports Physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
(20 hrs)
Physiology of cardiac and smooth muscles
Cardiac cycle
Regulation of heart pumping
Rhythmic excitation of heart
Inter relationships among pressure flow and resistance
Mechanism of smooth muscle stimulation and contraction
Integrated system for pressure control
UNIT :6. Aviation, Space & Deep Sea Diving Physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
(14 hrs)
The muscles and exercise
Respiration and cardiovascular system in exercise
Dop test
Drug abuse
REFERENCE
1.A.G. Giese
Cell Physiology; W.B.Saunders Co.
2.H.T.Yost
Cellular Physiology, Prentice Hall
3.Edwards & Hassall (1980)
Biochemistry & Physiology of Cells; Mc Graw Hill
(8 hrs)
4. Arthur C.Guyton (1996)
Textbook of Medical Physiology, W.B.Saunders Co.
5. C.C.Chatterjee
Human Physiology Vol. 1 & 2; Medical Allied Agency
6. William F.Ganong (1995)
Review of Medical Physiology, Lange Medical Publications
7. William S Hoar (1993)
General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall
8. John B West (1990)
Best and Taylor’s Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, William & Wilkins
9. Eckert and Randall (1987)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester III : Paper II – Ecology, Ethology & Biodiversity conservation
Total hours : 100
Section A : ECOLOGY & ETHOLOGY
UNIT :1. Competition and Ecological niche
(13 hrs)
(1) Mechanism of competition, (2) Lotka – Voltena competition theory, (3) Principles of
competition exclusion, (4) Balance between intra and interspecific competition, (5)
Ecological niche – Hyper volume model – niche – overlap – niche dynamics, (6)
Compression hypothesis.
UNIT :2. Life History Strategies
(5 hrs)
r & k selection, chetch size, sex ration
UNIT :3. Ecology and Energetics
(5 hrs)
Energy transfer, ecological efficiency, strategies of ecological succession.
UNIT :4. Introduction to Animal Behaviour
(2 hrs)
History, development and applications
UNIT :5. Mechanisms of Animal Behaviour
(15 hrs)
Stimulus response, innate release mechanism, motivation – Feeding as a goal oriented behaviour,
rhythmically in animal behaviour – Chronobiology, animal communication- Models of motivation –
Animal communication : Visual, auditory, offactiory, chemical communication in insects, and mammal
– Role of pheromones.
UNIT :6. Hormonal Control of Behaviour
(3 hrs)
Hormones and behaviour – Hormonal influence of reproductive behaviour
UNIT :7. Learning
(7 hrs)
Learning behaviour – Classification of learning, physiological and biochemical mechanisms of
learning, brain and behaviour – Neural mechanisms of learning.
Section B : BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
UNIT :1. Biodiversity
(4 hrs)
Introduction, definition, scope of study, levels of biodiversity, the earth summit, biodiversity
convention
UNIT :2. Biodiversity in Natural and Man-made Habitat
(10 hrs)
Biodiversity in natural habitat – Wild life, biodiversity in man-made habitat – Those maintained and
developed by man, world conservation strategy 1980.
UNIT :3. Estimates of Biodiversity
(7 hrs)
Methods of assessment, diversity indices, global biodiversity, tropical biodiversity, economics of
biodiversity.
UNIT :4. Conservation Biology
(2 hrs)
Introduction – History and development
UNIT :5. Extinction of Species
(4 hrs)
Extinction – Problems and processes IUCN categories of threatened species – Endemism – Red data
books.
UNIT :6. Protected Area Systems
(5 hrs)
Categories and features of protected area, management of natural habitats
UNIT :7. Conventions International Strategies Treaties
(8 hrs)
Brief studies on : Need for international conventions organizations – The International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) – World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) – The
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCRD) – Conventions – The African convention on the conservation of nature and
natural resources (The African Convention, Algeres 1968) Convention on evetlands of international
importance especially as water foul habitat (The Ramsar Convention 1971), The convention
concerning the protection of the world. Cultural and natural heritage (UNESCO 1972), The
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES,
Washington 1972), The convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (The
Bonn Convention (Bonn 1979)).
UNIT :8. Problems and Prospects of Biodiversity Conservation
(15 hrs)
Problems in general, national, regional and local, recent advancements in biodiversity conservation,
role of students and youth in biodiversity conservation programme. Regulation on the use of laboratory
animals. Intellectual Property Right (IPR) GATT.
REFERENCES
Evolutionary Ecology
Mechanisms of Behaviour
Introduction to Animal Behaviour
Mechanism of Behaviour
-
Pianka
Mc Farland
Manning
Marvel and Hamilton
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester III : Paper III – Experimental Embryology and Immunology
Total hours : 100
EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY
(65 hrs)
UNIT :1. Scope of Experimental Embryology
(3 hrs)
1.1 Development among he unicellular eukaryotes
1.2 Colonical eukaryotes. The evolution of differentiation
UNIT :2. Embryonic Induction and Competence
(11 hrs)
2.1 Types of embryonic induction – Neural induction – Morphology – Gene activation. Mechanism –
Chemical basis and occurrence in different vertebrates
2.2 Mesodermal induction – Secondary and tertiary induction of vertebrates
2.3 Competence – Molecular biology reciprocal action – Morphogenetic patterns and fields.
UNIT :3. Teratogenesis
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
(16 hrs)
Genetic teratogenesis in animals and in human beings
Gene – phene relationship, autophone, allophene and pleiotropy
Environmental terratogenesis – Due to drugs – Radiation – Autoimmunization and malnutrition.
Developmental mechanisms of teratogenesis
Effects of foreign nucleus of early development
Problems of arrested gastrulation
UNIT :4. Genetic Control of Development
(10 hrs)
4.1 Genes controlling embryogenesis
4.2 Homeotic genes
4.3 Genes and development – metaplaria. Gene targeting (knock out ) experiments
UNIT :5. Nuclear Equivalence Vs Nuclear Differentiation
5.1 Grey crescent and its implication
5.2 Ligation experiment, delayed nucleation
5.3 Compression experiments
5.4 Multiple potencies in development
5.5 Problems of nuclear differentiation
(15 hrs)
UNIT :6. Techniques in Experimental Embryology
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
(10 hrs)
Medically assisted human reproductive technologies (INV-ET)
Gametic intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Tubal embryo stage transfer (TET)
Embryo culture
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Developmental Biology
Developmental Biology
Development Biology
Development Biology
Patterns, Problems and Principles
5. Vertebrate Embryology
-
Scott F. Gilbert
Walbot Holder
Browder
John W. Saunders. Jr.
-
Mc Even
IMMUNOLOGY
(35 HRS)
UNIT :1. Historical Background
(8 hrs)
1.1 Survey of modern immunology – Origin of T and B cells
1.2 Adaptive and innate immunity cells and organs of immune system
1.3 Lymphoid tissues in vertebrates and invertebrates
1.4 Immunity of microbes, protoza and worms
UNIT :2, Antigens
(3 hrs)
2.1 Basis of specificity
2.2 Essential factors for antigenicity
2.3 Antigen processing and presentation
UNIT :3. Immunoglobulins
3.1 Classes
3.2 General properties
3.3 Structure and function
3.4 Variability and diversity
(4 hrs)
UNIT :4. Antigen-Antibody Interaction
(8 hrs)
4.1 Theories of antibody formation
4.2 Complement systems – Activation of compliment – Compliment receptors – biological effects of
compliments.
4.3 Cell mediated reactions
4.4 Humoral reactions
UNIT :5. Regulation of Immune System
(4 hrs)
5.1 Overview of immune regulation – Immune suppression by drugs and viruses – Immunologic
tolerance – Immunopotentiation
UNIT :6. Transplantation
(5 hrs)
6.1 Classification of grifts
6.2 MHC and HLA in tissue transplantation
6.3 Immunologic basis of graft retention and rejection
UNIT :7.
7.1 Immunological approaches to fertility control
7.2 Immune deficiency syndromes
(3 hrs)
REFERENCE
1. Clark, W.R. (1983). The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
2. Coleman, Lombard and Sicard (1992). Fundamental Immunology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
3. Kuby, J. (1994). Immunology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
4. Tizard, I.R. (1995). Immunology – An Introduction (IVth Ed.) Saunders College Publications,
Philadelphia.
5. Daniel. P.Stites and Abba. l. Terr (1991). Basic and Clinical Immunology. Prentice Hall
International Inc.
PRACTICAL
Semester III
(All 18 practicals to be carried out)
Section A. Ethology, Ecology and Biodiversity
1. Transect method of animal survey, observation/bird counting.
2. Biodiversity indices – (a) population, (b) densitive and relative density, (c) frequency and
relative frequency, (f) abundance and distribution, (g) modified similarity index, (h) ShannonWiener index.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Habituation in Pila, Alarm response in fishes, Maize learning in rats.
Estimation of NPK, Primary productivity using dark and light bottles.
Ecological adaptation (10 numbers)
Quantitative estimation of Marine Plankton
Section B. Advanced Physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transportation of sugar through intestinal wall(exerted sac) of frog/rat.
Measurement of Isoelectric pH of an amino acid.
Kymograph recording of simple twitch and summation.
Effect of temperature on muscle contraction.
Kymograph recording of heart beat of frog and the effect of drugs.
Effect of concentrations of NaCl (0.1 to 2%) on RBC diameter using micrometry.
Section C. Experimental Embryology and Immunology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Induced ovulation and fertilization of frog/sea urchin.
Vital staining of chick embryo (in vitro) (48-72 hrs.)
Window preparation.
Demonstration of experimental set up to illustrate morphogenetic movements.
Preparation of permanent slides of embryos and larvae.
Identification of cross sections of chick embryo, through eye, ear, heart.
Study of different types of placenta in mammals (3 numbers).
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Paper I
Microbiology and Biotechnology
Total hours : 100
MICROBIOLOGY
(50 hrs)
UNIT 1:
(9 hrs)
Scope and history of microbiology – Classification of microorganisms – Salient features of bacteria,
viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae – Detailed structure of bacteria with special reference to bacterial
cell wall and peptidoglycan component in gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
UNIT :2
(13 hrs)
Bacterial growth and nutritional requirements – Growth factors – Oxygen requirements, temperature,
pH and oxidation – pure cultures and culture characteristics control of microorganisms – Antimicrobial
physical agents, chemical agents, antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs – Resistance to drugs.
UNIT :3
(18 hrs)
Industrial microbiology – Basic design of fermentation – Types of fermentation – Fermentation of
ethylalcohol, acetic acid and penicillin
Food microbiology – Microbial flora of fresh food (meat, poultry, eggs, fruits and vegetables, fish,
milk) – Biochemical types of bacteria in milk – Temperature characteristics of bacteria in milk –
Pathogenic types of bacteria in milk – Microbial spoilage of foods (fresh food, milk, canned food) –
Preservation of foods – Aseptic handling, high temperature, low temperature, dehydration, osmotic
pressure, chemicals and radiation.
UNIT :4.
(10 hrs)
Host microbe interactions – The process of infection – Pathogenicity, virulence and infection –
Microbial adherence – Penetration of epithelial cell layers – Events in infection following penetration –
Infection of lymphatic system – Infection of blood Exotoxins – Classification of exotoxins –
Mechanism of action of exotoxins – Diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin, Tetanus toxin and Cholera
toxin.
REFERENCES
1. M.J.Pelczar, Jr., E.C.S.Chan & N.R.Krieg (1997). Microbiology.
2. R.Y.Stainer, J.L. Ingraham, M.L. Wheelis & P.R. Painter (1992). General Microbiology,
Macmillan, London
3. R. Ananthanarayan and C.K.Jeyaram Panicker (1986). Textbook of Microbiology, Orient
Longman, Madras.
4. Creager, J.C., Black, J.G. and Davison, V.E. (1990). Microbiology, Principles and
Applications. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
5. Power, C.B. and Diginawala, H.F. (1982). General Microbiology Vol. I & II, Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay.
6. Purohit,S.S. (1992). Microbiology ; Fundamentals and Applications, Agrobotanical Publishers.
7. Sharma, P.D. (1993). Microbiology. Rastogi and Co. Meerut.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
(50 hrs)
UNIT :1.
(12 hrs)
Definition, History
Major steps in gene cloning – Sources and isolation of gene – Shotgun method – Reverse transcriptase
method – Synthetic gene, genomic and DNA library vectors – Properties of ideal vector – Plasmids _
Isolation and kinds – Cutting and joining of DNA – Restriction endonucleases – Types – Ligation –
Homopolymer tailing, linkers and adapters – Host cells
Gene transfer techniques – Calcium chloride transformation – Calcium phosphate coprecipitation –
DEAE – Dextron – Electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection, lipofection, retrovirus.
UNIT :2.
(13 hrs)
Animal cell culture – Primary culture, cell lines – Media culture systems – Hybridoma technology
Diagnosis of genetic disorders – DNA probes in the detection of thalassemias and sickle cell anaemia
Gene therapy – Types – Site of gene therapy – Protocol – Gene therapy against cancer.
UNIT :3.
(10 hrs)
Biotechnology in aquaculture – Ploidy induction – gynogenesis – androgenesis – transgenic fish.
UNIT :4.
(15 hrs)
Biotechnology in animal husbandry : In vitro fertilization – Gamete selection – Embryonic sex
selection – Embryo manipulation – Demi embryos – Embryo transfer safety in Biotechnology,
bioethics.
REFERENCE
1. Babiuk, L.A., J.P. Phillips and M. Moo-Young (1989). Animal Biotechnology, Pergamon
Press, Oxford.
2. Brown, C.M., Cambell, I and Priest, F.G. (1988). Introduction to Biotechnology, Blackwell
Science.
3. Bulock, J and K. Bjorn (1987) Basic Biotechnology, Academic Press, London.
4. Gor Dard and Lucassen, E. (1993). In vitro culture of animal Cells, Butterworth – Heineman
Publications.
5. Higgms. I.J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J (1988). Biotechnology – Principles and Applications,
Blackwell Science, Oxford.
6. Marx, J.L. (1989). A revolution in Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press.
7. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (1989). Principles of gene manipulation, Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
8. Primrose, S.B. (1989). Modern Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
9. Prentis, S (1985) Biotechnology – New Industrial Revolution, Orbis, London.
10. Smith Jon, E (1988) Biotechnology, Edward Arnold, London.
11. Watson, J.D. Michael Gilman, Jan, Wittowski and Mark Zoller. Recombinant DNA. Scientific
American Books, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS
(All 6 practicals to be carried out)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Enumeration of bacteria in water
Enumeration of bacteria from soil
Gram staining of bacteria
Determination of BOD
5. Determination of COD
6. Determination of quality of milk by methylene blue reductase test
REFERENCE
Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Mushroom cultivation K.R. Aneja –
New Age International 1996.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper Endocrinology
Paper I
Physiology of Reproduction (with special reference to mammals)
Total hours : 100
UNIT :1. Foetal and Embryonic Gonads and Genital ducts
(20 hrs)
1.1 Sex determination : Chromosomal, genetic and environment – Environmental influence on
chromosomal and genetic mechanisms of sex determination.
1.2 Origin of the primordial germ cells – Migration to the genital ridge – Differentiation of the cell
types.
1.3 Differentiation of the testis ; Germinal epithelium, interstitial tissue, foetal androgens and role.
1.4 Differentiation of ovary ; Foetal estrogens and role.
1.5 Origin and differentiation of the genital duct – Wolffian duct, Mullerian duct, mullerian inhibiting
substance.
1.6 Hormonal basis of sex differentiation.
1.7 Histology, cytology and endocrinology of the foetal gonads.
1.8 Disorders of sexual differentiation development – True hermaphroditism, psuedohermaphroditism,
chromosomal errors and sex determination – Penile agenesis, double penis, bifid penis, micro penis
– Arcuate uterus – double uterus.
UNIT :2. Physiology of Female Reproduction – Ovary and Reproductive Cycles (13 hrs)
2.1 Anatomy of female reproductive system – Gross anatomy of ovary – Microanatomy of ovary –
Histology of ovary.
2.2 Follicular and oogenesis and their hormonal control
2.3 Ovulation – Leuteinization, atresia – Structural changes and endocrinology.
2.4 Concept of puberty.
2.5 Reproductive cycles (estrus and menstrual) – Structural changes, endocrine regulation.
UNIT :3. Physiology of Reproduction – Implantation, Pregnancy and Parturition (10 hrs)
3.1 Nidation, Desidualization – Dependence of early embryo on female reproductive tract.
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Placentation – Types of placenta, placental hormones – Regulation
Foeto – Placental unit as an endocrine entity.
Physiology of pregnancy – Endocrine basis
Physiology of parturition and endocrine control.
UNIT :4. Female reproductive Physiology – Mammary gland and Lactation
(10 hrs)
4.1 Infantile mammary gland, pubertal changes in mammary gland; Structure of adult mammary gland.
4.2 Synthesis, composition and secretion of milk – galactopoiesis – Milk let down.
4.3 Multiple hormonal interaction in regulation of mammary gland structure and function.
UNIT :5. Physiology of male reproduction: Testis, reproductive tract and ARGs (15 hrs)
5.1 Histology and cytology of the adult testis; unique testicular temperature mechanism and
significance.
5.2 Spermatogenesis and its hormonal control
5.3 Spermatogenesis as a cyclical process, stages in spermatogenesis, steps in spermiogenesis.
5.4 Sertoli cell – Cytology – Structural changes in relation to cycle of the seminiferous epithelium –
Sertoli cell – Germ cell interaction.
5.5 Endocrine/Paracrine/Autocrine function of Sertoli cell.
5.6 Leydig cells – Distribution – Ultrastructure – Androgenesis – Role of male hormones.
5.7 Rete testis – Ductuli efferentes – Epididymis – Vas deferens – Ampulla – Seminal vesicles –
Prostate gland – Cowper’s gland – Preputial gland – Structure, cytology and functions and their
regulation.
UNIT :6. Male Reproductive Physiology – Spermatology
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
(8 hrs)
Structure of sperm – Comparative morphology of sperm mammals.
Physiological maturation of sperm. (Initiation of motility and capacitation)
Biochemistry of semen.
Sperm motility and energetics.
Fertilization.
UNIT :7. Reproductive Behaviour
7.1 Sexual behavior in infancy, pre-adolescence, adolescence and of adult.
7.2 Senescence – Impact of age on reproduction.
7.3 Menopause.
(7 hrs)
UNIT :8. Fertility Regulation and Reproductive Toxicology
(17 hrs)
8.1 Disorders of female and female reproductive systems – Sexual dysfunction.
8.2 Infertility – Causes and curative measures.
8.3 Population control, birth control devices (Female and male) – Social, physical, surgical, chemical,
hormonal and immunological – Emergency contraception.
8.4 Assisted reproductive technology (ART) – MART – FART social and ethical considerations of
contraception and ART-biotechnological approach in regulation of reproduction.
8.5 Reproductive toxicology of environmental chemicals industrial chemicals, drug and alcohol –
Fertility regulation in farm animals.
REFERENCE
1. Physiology of reproduction – Vol I & II. Edited by E Knobil & J.D. Neill, Raven Press, New
York (1994).
2. Human reproductive biology – R.E. Jones, Academic Press, London (1997).
3. Comparative endocrinology and reproduction – Joy K.P., Krishan A,Haldar L, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi (1999).
4. Male infertility and sexual dysfunction – W.J.G. Hellstrom, Spinger – Verlag, New York
(1997).
5. Reproduction in Mammals. Vol I & II. Edited by C.R. Austine & R.V. Short. Cambridge
University Press, London, (1986).
6. Principles of vertebrate reproductive biology – H.B.D. Sarkar, Himalaya Publishing House,
(1993).
7. Current concepts in fertility regulation. Edited by C.P. Puri and P.F.A. Van Look, Wiley
Eastern Ltd. (1994).
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper: Fish Biology & Fishery Science
Paper I- Ichthyology
100 hrs
UNIT : 1. Classification and Distribution of Fishes
10 hrs
Classification of fishes upto family – distinguishing characters with examples Geographical
distribution of fresh water and marine fishes. Distribution of marine and freshwater fishes in India and
Kerala.
UNIT :2. Adaptations to Special conditions of life
10 hrs
Deep sea fishes
Cave dwelling fishes
Hill stream fishes
UNIT : 3. Functional Morphology of Fishes
10 hrs
Body form,fins,fin rays and scales
Coloration in fishes- Chromatophores,types,significance
Swim bladder evolution-Structure- Function- Composition of gas – Homology
UNIT : 4. Endoskeleton and musculature
10 hrs
General features of endoskeleton- Chondrocranium, Splanchocranium, Osteocranium, Pectoral and
pelvic girdles ,Vertebrae column. Types of jaw suspension
Locomotion in fishes- Types of swimming movements- Non-swimming movements
UNIT : 5. Nutrition and Digestion
15 hrs
Food and feeding habits
Feeding in relation to season, growth, sex and breeding
Digestion in herbivores, carnivores and omnivores, gastrosomatic index
UNIT : 6. Endocrine Glands in Fishes
15 hrs
Pitutary, ultimobranchial gland, caudal neurosecretary cells, urophysis, corpuscles of stannous.
Sense organs- Eye-Structure and function – Visual pigments
Lateral line sense organs, Ampullae of Lorenzini, Webberian ossicles
REFERENCES
1. Endocrinology- Mac.E. Hadley, Printice Hall,International,2000.
2. Williams Text Book of Endocrinology Edited by Jean D. Wilson and Daniel W.Foster,
Saunders Company 8th Edn. 1992.
3. Hormones from Molecular to disease Elby- Elienne-Eruile Bautieu and Paul A Kelly.1990.
4. Horones- Anthony – W.Norman and Gerald Litwark- Academic Press.1997.
5. Endocrinology- Basic and Clinical Principle –P. Michael Corn and Shlomo Mel med. Humana
Press The Totowa 1997.
6. Vertebrate Endocrinology – Daniel O Norris Academic Press. 3rd Edn. 1997.
7. General and Comparative Endocrinolgy, Turner and Bagnara. Saunders Company, 6th Edn.
1976.
Semester IV. PRACTICAL
Special Paper Endoorinolgy
A. Physiology of Reproduction with Special Reference to Mammals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Histology of testes of fish, fogs, calottes, chick and rat (any two animals).
Histology of ovary of fish, frog, calottes, chick and rat (any two animals).
Dissection of male and female reproductive system of frog, calottes, chick and rat.
Vaginel smear of rat.
Sperm smear of any one vertebrate.
Demonstration of induced ovulation in any one vertebrate.
B. Vertebrates Endocrinology
7. Dissection of endocrine glands in fish, frog, calottes, chick and rat (any two vertebrates)
8. Demonstration of glandectomy experiments in any two vertebrates.
9. Simple experiment to study the effect of Thyroxin, insulin and cortisol on blood
glucose/total protein in fish/frog.
10. Preparation of single cell suspension of any one tissue for in vitro study.
11. Histological study of endocrine gland using haematoxylin cosinstain in any two
vertebrates.
12. Disorders of endocrine glands. (5 nos. for short notes)
REFERENCES
1. Endocrinology – Mac. E. Hadley, Printice Hall. International, 2001.
2. Williams Text Book Of Endocrinology Edited By Jean D. Wilson And Daniel. W. Foster,
Saunders Company 8th Edn, 1992.
3. Hormones From Molecular To Disease Elby – Elienne – Eruile Bautiey And Paul A Kelly.
1990.
4. Hormones – Anthony – W. Norman And Gerald Litwark – Academic Press. 1997.
5. Endocrinology – Basic And Clinical Principle – P. Michael Corn And Shlomo Mel Med.
Humana Press The Totowa. 1997
6. Vertebrate Endocrinology – Daniel O Norris Academic Press. 3rd Edn. 1997.
7. General And Comparative Endocrinolgy, Turner And Bagnara. Saunders Company, 6 th Edn.
1976.
Semester IV. PRACTICAL
Special Paper Endoorinolgy
A. Physiology of Reproduction with Special Reference to Mammals
1. Histology of testes of fish, fogs, calottes, chick and rat (any two animals).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Histology of ovary of fish, frog, calottes, chick and rat (any two animals).
Dissection of male and female reproductive system of frog, calottes, chick and rat.
Vaginel smear of rat.
Sperm smear of any one vertebrate.
Demonstration of induced ovulation in any one vertebrate.
B. Vertebrates Endocrinology
7. Dissection of endocrine glands in fish, frog, calottes, chick and rat (any two vertebrates)
8. Demonstration of glandectomy experiments in any two vertebrates.
9. Simple experiment to study the effect of Thyroxin, insulin and cortisol on blood
glucose/total protein in fish/frog.
10. Preparation of single cell suspension of any one tissue for in vitro study.
11. Histological study of endocrine gland using haematoxylin cosinstain in any two
vertebrates.
12. Disorders of endocrine glands. (5 nos. for short notes)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper: Fish Biology & Fishery Science
Paper I- Ichthyology
Total 100 hrs
UNIT : 1. Classification and Distribution of Fishes
10 hrs
Classification of fishes upto family – distinguishing characters with examples Geographical
distribution of fresh water and marine fishes. Distribution of marine and freshwater fishes in India and
Kerala.
UNIT :2. Adaptations to Special conditions of life
10 hrs
Deep sea fishes
Cave dwelling fishes
Hill stream fishes
UNIT : 3. Functional Morphology of Fishes
10 hrs
Body form ,fins, fin rays and scales
Coloration in fishes- Chromatophores, types, significance
Swim bladder evolution-Structure- Function- Composition of gas – Homology
UNIT : 4. Endoskeleton and musculature
10 hrs
General features of endoskeleton- Chondrocranium, Splanchocranium, Osteocranium, Pectoral and
pelvic girdles ,Vertebrae column. Types of jaw suspension
Locomotion in fishes- Types of swimming movements- Non-swimming movements
UNIT : 5. Nutrition and Digestion
15 hrs
Food and feeding habits
Feeding in relation to season, growth, sex and breeding
Digestion in herbivores, carnivores and omnivores, gastrosomatic index
UNIT : 6. Endocrine Glands in Fishes
15 hrs
Pitutary, ultimobranchial gland, caudal neurosecretary cells, urophysis, corpuscles of stannous.
Sense organs- Eye-Structure and function – Visual pigments
Lateral line sense organs, Ampulle of Lorenzini, Webberian ossicles
Unit: 7. Reproduction in Fishes
15 hrs
Organs and modes of reproduction – Breeding habits, courtship and mating, nest building and parental
care.
Unit:
8.
Water
and
Electrolyte
Fishes and Mode of Excretion in Fishes
Regulation
in
Marine
and
Freshwater
15 hrs
Air- breathing fishes
Fish migration
Schooling in fishes
Larvicidal fishes and biological control
Electric organs
Luminiscent organs
Poisonous and venomous fishes
Ornamental fishes.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper: Fish Biology & Fishery Science
Paper II- Fisheries and Aquaculture
100 hrs
Unit : I. Inland and Marine Capture Fisheries
10 hrs
Importance of fishery science – Inland capture fisheries – Riverine –Reservoir – Cold water – estuarine
fisheries
Marine capture fisheries of India – Fishes, Crustaceans and molluses
Unit 2. Methods of Fishing
10 hrs
Fishing crafts and gear
Fish preservation
Unit 3. Fish and Man
15 hrs
Fish on food – Biochemical composition and nutritive value of fish – Fish products and byproducts –
Fish live oil
Poisoning toxicity and allergies from fish as food
Quality control of fish as food.
Fish diseases- Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan – Symptoms and control measures
Unit 4. Pisciculture
20 hrs
Bionomics of important cultivable species of fish (mullet, pearl spot, carps) and penacid prawns
Seed production in fishes
Breeding of fishes with special reference to Indian major carps – Natural and induced Hatcheries,
transport of live fishes – Cryopreservation
Unit 5. Methods of Freshwater and Brackish Water Culture
20 hrs
Monoculture, composite culture, culture of air breathing fishes, culture of ornamental fishes.
Methods for prawn culture
Method for frog culture
Brackish water fish and prawn culture in India.
Traditional brackish water fish and prawn culture in practice prevailing in India, especially in Kerala.
Unit 6. Mariculture
15 hrs
Culture of pearl oyster, mussel
Unit 7. Integrated Fish Culture
10 hrs
Paddy and fish culture
Sewage – fed fish culture
Designing and construction of aqua farms
Fishery education, training and extension
PRACTICAL
Semester IV
Special Paper: Fish Biology & Fishery Science
(All practical to be carried out)
1. Identification and classification of important local fishes and prawns (10 fishes + 5 prawns)
2. Mounting of membraneous labyrinth
3. Mounting of scales – Cycloid and ctenoid
4. Study of effect of Nael on chromatophores
5. Demonstration of enzymes in the alimentary canal of fishes
6. Determination of rate of oxygen consumption at room temperature
7. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of gut content of fishes – Carnivorous and hervorous.
8. Study of principal types of fishing crafts and gear
9. Identification and study of fish byproducts
10. Demonstration of induced breeding – Preparation of pituitary extract and injection
11. Determination of gonado – somatic index.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper: Environmental Biology
Paper I : Pollution Biology & Environmental Physiology
100 hrs
UNIT: 1. Introduction
(10 hrs)
1.1 Environmental pollution – Concepts and definitions
1.2 Environmental pollutants (Brief account of chemical aspects too)
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
Organic pollutants
Heavy metals, industrial effluents
Pesticides
Radioactive pollutants
Oil, food additives and contaminants.
UNIT: 2. Air Pollution
(18 hrs)
2.1 Chief air pollutants – Occurrence, sources and effects
2.2 Interaction of air pollutants in the atmosphere – Photochemical reactions – Formation
and effects of secondary pollutants and smog
2.3 Effects of air pollutants on materials ,building metals ,vegetation and human health
A brief survey of major air pollution episodes
2.4 Air pollution abatement technology- Design and working of bag filters ,electrostatic
Precipitators, scrubbers ,absorption and devices for controlling automobile emissions
2.5 Noise pollution-Sources ,effect of noise pollution on animals and humans
Unit 3. Water Pollution
3.1
Organic Pollution
3.1.1
Origin and sources of organic pollutants- Biodegradable and non biodegradable domestic,
agricultural and industrial sources
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) – Importance and method of estimation
Effects of Organic pollution on aquatic systems
Eutrophication- Sources and effects.
Biocides, fungicides and herbicides- sources and effects
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
Biomagnification: Toxic effects on non-target organisms and hazards to man
3.2
3.2.1
Industrial pollution
Heavy metals – Effects of various metals in the ecosystem and human population (Hg, Pb, Cd,
As, Cr, Cu, Zn, etc)
3.1.6.Biocides,fungicides and herbicides –Sources and effects
3.1.7.Biomagnification: Toxic effects on non-largest organisms and hazards to man.
3.2 Industrial pollution
3.2.1. Heavy meals-Effects of various metals in the ecosystem and human population (Hg,Pb,Cd,
As,Cr, Cu, Zn etc.) Fluride pollution on human life
3.2.2 Thermal pollution- Sources, effects and control devices such as cooling towers
3.2.3 Oil spills-Sources, effects and control
3.3 Pollution aspects of radioactivity
3.3.1. Biological effects of ionising radiations
3.3.2. Nuclear waste disposal
3.4.Water pollution abatement technology
3.4.1. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment systems
3.4.2. Design and operations of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation tanks and oxidation ponds.
3.4.3. Design and operations of biological treatment systems like aerated lagoons, activated sludge
process, tricking filters and sludge digestion.
UNIT: 4 Terrestrial Pollution
(10hrs)
4.1
Solid wastes and disposal ( garbage, ashes, rubbish, debris, street litter, agricultural waste,
mining waste and industrial wastes)
4.2
Strategies for control of solid waste pollution
UNIT:5 Pollution Monitoring and Management
(10hrs)
5.1
Biological indicators and their use in pollution monitoring
5.2
Biotechnology and its applications in the management of environmental pollution
5.3
Pollution control through law
UNIT:6 Environmental Physiology
(27 hrs)
6.1 Temperature adaptations
6.1.1. Morphological and physiological
6.1.2. Adaptive and acclamatory mechanisms- Homeotherms and poikilotherms
6.1.3 Thermal migration
6.2 Pressure adaptation
6.2.1. Structural and rate effects
6.2.2. Enzymatic adaptations to hyperbaric stress with particular reference to deep sea organisms.
6.2.3. Biochemical mechanisms of animals to high altitudes (hypobaria and hypoxia)
6.3 Osmoregulation and ionic regulation
6.3.1. Osmoregulation in fresh water, marine estuarine and terrestrial animals
6.3.2. Sodium pump Na+and K+ ATPase in relation to salinity adaptations
6.4 Eco-physiological adaptations
6.4.1. Mimicry and colouration
6.4.2. Echo-location
6.4.3. Light
6.4.4. Bio-luminescence
6.4.5 Electric organs
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY –SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001onwards)
Semester IV Special Paper Environmental Biology
Paper 2. Environmental Management
Total hours:100
UNIT:1 Resources of Earth
(20hrs)
1.1 Renewable and non-renewable resources
1.1.1. Forests, wildlife, endangered species fisheries
1.1.2. Fossil fuels, minerals-their over exploitation for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes
1.1.3. Water resources-protection of water shed reclamation of sewage and waste water and water
management in India.
1.2 Conservation of natural resources
1.3 Remote sensing for resource management
UNIT :2 Human Population
2.1 Exponential growth-age structure and population momentum
2.2 Current trends in global population with particular reference to developed and developing countries
2.3 Population explosion –its consequences and control
UNIT :3 Human Exploitation of Earth’s Resources
3.1 Human interferences in ecosystems-consequences of over –exploitation
3.2 Brief account of weather modifications, desalination, artificial rain making acid rain, green house
effect and its consequences and destruction of ozone umbrella
3.3 Green revolution- a critical assessment
UNIT :4 Biological Conservation and Management
(22hrs)
4.1. Principles of conservation
4.2. Conservation and economic use of energy and energy audit
4.3. Ecological problems due to intensive aquaculture –importance trawling-Ban
4.4. Conservation of wild life – present status and strategies of conservation
4.5. Deforestation and its consequence – need for scientific management and conservation of forests,
social forestry and tropical rain forests.
4.6. Bio-diversity in India-Bio-diversity conservation-in situ and ex-situ methods.
Bio-diversity registering and patenting of bio-diversity.
UNIT:5 Environmental Policy and Education
(15hrs)
5.1
Environmental policy- social, economic and legal aspects
5.2
Environmental laws and their enforcement
5.3
Environmental awareness- role of Govt., media and voluntary organizations
5.4
Environmental education and tribal welfare.
UNIT:6 Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainable Development (15 hrs)
6.1 Environ impact assessment (ELA)
6.1.1. Definition, aim, principles and concepts of EIA
6.1.2. Elements of environmental impacts
6.1.3 Methods for preparing EIA- check list method, Werner- Prestroit study
6.1.4 EIA process making inventories, sampling and data processing, impact prediction and
stimulation.
6.2 Sustainable development
6.2.1. Concepts and dimensions
6.2.2. Basic needs
6.2.3. Unavoidable impacts and imperatives relating to sustainable development
6.2.4. Alternative strategies.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.SC. ZOOLOGY – SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
PRACTICAL
Semester IV-Special Paper: Environmental Biology
(All practicals to be carried out)
1. Analysis of purity of water- suspended matter, smell, appearance etc.
2. Toxicity analysis of water pollution- determination of chlorine, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen
sulphide, pH.
3. Short term bioassays and determination of LC50 for fish exposed to a given pollutant
(pesticide/effluent)
4. Effect of soil pollution in the population of earthworm.
5. Study of indicator organisms (any three)
6. Effect of pollution on the oxygen consumption of fishes.
7. Study of histopathological changes in selected tissues (blood, gill, liver, kidney intestine, skin- any
5) of fish exposed to given concentration of a pollutant for a specific period – Five slides should be
submitted at the time of examination.
8. Temperature/pH preference in fisher.
9. Influence of temperature /pH in the ciliary activity of lamelli branch gill
10. Determination of porosity/water retaining capacity of soil.
11. Effect of light on skin pigmentation of lizard (exposed to light different wave lengths)
12. Species diversity estimation with reference to afresh water pond/soil.
13. Field work:- Students are expected to make field studies on the problem of environmental pollution
in their area.
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 onwards)
SYLLABUS
Semester IV Special Paper Insect Science
Paper 2. General Entomology
UNIT:1 Introduction
1.1 Origin of insect
1.1.2 History of Entomology in India
1.1.3 Significance of Insect Science
UNIT:2 Structure
2.1. Integument
2.2 Head
2.3 Thorax
2.4 Abdomen
2.5 Wings
2.6 Appendages
UNIT:3 Development
3.1 Egg
3.2 . Embryogenesis
3.3. Post embryonic Development
3.4.1.Metamorphosis
3.4.2. Endocrine mechanisms in metamorphosis
UNIT: 4 Systematics
4.1 ion upto Orders
4.2 Distribution
4.3 Biodiversity
4.4 Habitat selection
4.5 Adaptations
UNIT:5 Functions
5.1
Digestion
5.2
Respiration
5.3
Circulation
5.4
Excretion
5.5
Neuroendocrines
5.6.1 Sense organs
5.6.2 Receptors
5.7
Reproduction
UNIT :6 Insect communication
6.1 Hormones
(25hrs)
Total hours: 100
(15hrs)
(20hrs)
(25hrs)
6.2.1 Pheromones
6.2.2 Kairomones
6.2.3 Allomones
6.3.
Insect immunity
(10 hrs)
References
1. The Insects- Structure and function – R.F Chapman
2. General and Applied Entomology- K.K.Nayar et al.
3. Modern Entomology- D.B. Tembhare
4. The Insects- An Outline of Entomology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
5. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
Vol.1,2 and 3- G.A Kerkut and L.I .Gilbert
6. Insect Hormones- V.J.A . Novak
7. Pheromones- M.C. Birch
8. Biology of Insect Midgut – M.J.Lehane
9. The Science of Entomology- W.S Romoser and J,G. Stoffolano
10. Recent Advances in Insect Physiology and Toxicology- G. T. Gujar
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
M.Sc.ZOOLOGY- SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2001 Onwards)
Semester IV Special paper Insect Science
Paper III Applied Insect Science
Total hours 100
UNIT:1 Introduction
1.1. Insects and Humans
1.2. Beneficial insects in General
1.3. Harmful insects
(5hrs)
Unit:2 Pest Insects
2.1
Pests of major crops-Paddy, Coconut, Vegetables, Pulses, Coffee, Tea sugarcane, Banana,
Tapioca, Cashew, Pepper, Cardamom
2.2
Stored grain pests
2.3
Insect vectors and pest insects of medical importance
2.4
Household pest insects
2.5
Pest insects of veterinary importance
(25 hrs)
UNIT 3. Pest Management Strategies
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
Pesticides
Chemical pesticides
Biopesticides
Biological control
Parasites- Predators
Microbial pesticides
Genetic insect pest control
Cultural – Mechanical control
3.3.6
3.3.7
Hormones and Growth regulators in insect management
Integrated Pest Management Strategy.
UNIT :4
Industrial Entomology
4.1
Silkworm technology-Sericulture
4.2
Honeybee- Apiculture
4.3
Lac Insect- Lac culture
4.4
Insects as human food
4.5
Insects as scavengers
4.6
4.6 Other benefits of insects to human
(25 hrs)
(25hrs)
UNIT:5 Insect Biotechnology
5.1 Drosophila-Experimental model in Biotechnology
5.2.1. Neurohormones- Neuropeptides-Receptors
5.2.2.Endocrine-based insect pest management strategies
5.3Insect tissue culture-Cell lines- applications
5.4 Insect toxins and venom
(20hrs)
References:1.Entomology-Second edition- Cedric Gillott
2. Economic Importance of Insects- D.S.Gill
3. Destructive and useful insects- C.L. Metcalf and V.P. Flit
4. Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India-T.V. Ramakrishna Iyyar
5. Sericulture Manual Part I II and III – S. Krishnaveni
6. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Vol 10
-Kerkut and Gilbert(Ed)
7.Recent Advances in Insect Endocrine Research- D. Muraleedharan and Mariamma Jacob
8.Insect Cell Biotechnology –K.Maranorosch and A.H. Melntosh
9.General and Applied Entomology-K.K.Nayar et al.
11. Techniques in Pheromones and Their Uses in Pestmanagement- Philip House et al.
12. Applied Soil Zoology and Ecology- G.K.Veeresh and D. Rajgopal
13. Invertebrate Tissue culture- Applications in Medicine, Biology and Agriculture-K. Maramporosch
14. Integrated Pest Mangement-David Dent
15. Handbook of Pest Mangement Ed. John R. Ruberon
16. Biological Control- R. Van den Bosch and Massenger
17. Modern Entomology- D.B Tembhare.
PRACTICAL
Semester IV
Special paper : Insect Science
1. Culture a holometabolous and hemimetabolous insect in the laboratory and make Recordings on their
life cycle (a caterpillar/ a bug)
2. Dissections: Digestive system, Neuroendocrine system (Iphita, Dysdercus, Honey bee)
3. Collection, Preservation and display of any 10 common insects (Classification upto Family)
4. Whole mount staining preparation of insect brain to demonstrate neurosecretory cells(Dysdercus, Iphita,
- PAVB technique)
5. Electrophoretic (PAGE/paper) separation of insect hemolymph proteins (Dysdercus/Iphita, Cockroach)
6. Whole mount preparation of developing insect embryo (eggs of Iphita/ Dysdercus)
7. Preparation of paraffin sections of insect digestive tract and staining with Haematoxyoin-eosin to
demonstarate histological details of midgut epithelium (Dysdercus/Iphita, Cockroach)
8. Head ligature experiment ot demonstrate hormonal control of insect moulting (Drosophila larva)
9. Camera lucida sketching of oocytes (Dysdercus/Iphita, Cockroach)
10. Preparation of permanent mount of two different types of insect mouth parts (biting, sucking)
11. Extraction and microscopic identification of any 5 soil arthropod species (extraction by funnel method)
12. Mounting of prothoracic glands (PTG) of cockroach /Achaea
Reference:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Applied Soil Biology and Ecology- G.K. Veeresh and D. Rajagopal
Insect Hormones- V.J.A. Novak
General and Applied Entomology – K.K. Nayar et al.
Entomology second edition- Cedric Gillott
Insect endocrinology – K.K. Nayar