APES: Study Objectives
Chapter 13: Food Resources
Objectives:
1. Be familiar with all previous material from earlier chapters.
2. List the three systems of food production that have been used by humans historically.
3. Briefly describe the Green Revolution and list what factors made it possible.
4. Name the “big three” grains and the “big five” domesticated animals and explain why these
organisms provide most of the world’s calories.
5. Name two ways modern agriculture is different than how nature grows food.
6. Describe the fundamentally differences between industrialized and traditional agricultural
systems.
7. Briefly describe what has happened to grain production and per capita grain production
from 1950- 1985 and from 1985- 2000.
8. Explain the differences between malnutrition, undernutrition, and overnutrition. Who
suffers from each?
9. Be able to draw the poverty cycle and explain why people get caught in it (Fig. 13-11; page 286).
10. Explain what prevents everybody from receiving a sufficient diet.
11. List, and briefly describe, the negative environmental impacts associated with agriculture.
12. Be able to define the terms, advantages, disadvantages, and environmental impacts of
genetic engineering, irrigation and increased cultivation, producing more meat, and
increased use of fisheries.
13. Briefly describe some of the negative environmental effects associated with meat
production.
14- Briefly describe the major types and environmental impacts of each of the major techniques used by commercial fishing fleets
to capture fish.
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with aquaculture?
16. Explain why governments tend to subsidize agriculture. What advantages and disadvantages are associated with this practice?
HIPPOCAMPUS/
Hippocampus http://www.hippocampus.org/HippoCampus/Earth%20Science
You should watch and take notes on each of the following Hippocampus lessons.
BIOLOGICAL
- Interplanting
- Fish Harvesting
- Overfishing
LEGISLATION
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act
(FSMA), the most sweeping reform of our food safety laws in more than 70 years, was signed
into law on January 4, 2011. It aims to ensure the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus
from responding to contamination to preventing it.
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VOCABULARY LIST
Chapter 13
Name: ____________________________________________
Be able to define each of the following:
1. annuals
2. monocultures
3. Industrial agriculture
4. Traditional Agriculture
5. Green Revolution
6. Interplanting
7. Polyculture
8. malnutrition
9. undernutrition
10. Macronutrients
11. Micronutrients
12. genetic engineering (gene splicing)
13. GMO’s
14. Microlivestock
15. metabolic reserve
16. deferred grazing
17. sustainable yield
18. commercial extinction.
19. aquaculture
20. organic foods
21. bycatch
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APES: Chapter 13
Food Resources
13-1: How is Food Produced
What three systems have historically provided humans with most of their food (include percentages):
1.
2.
3.
Since the 1950’s there has been a staggering increase in global food production (Green Revolution)
mostly due to
1. _______________________
2. _________________________
3. _______________________
4. _________________________
5. _______________________
Some suggest we will not be able to continue to increase food production due to environmental
degradation. What reasons have been given to support this opinion?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Humans depend on only a very small number of animals (______ species) and plants (_______ species)
to supply the vast majority of our calories. What three grains provide half of the calories consumed by
humans.
1.
2.
3.
These are all ____________________which must be replanted each year.
Why is that a problem?
All forms of crop production involve replacing species-____________ late successional communities
(grasslands, forests) with early successional communities consisting of a single crop (___________________)
or a small mixture of crops (polycultures).
What are the two major agricultural systems: ______________________and_________________.
Compare and Contrast the two:
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13-2 The Green Revolution
Since the 1950’s most of the increase in global food production has been due to an increase in the
_________________per unit of ______________used (Green Revolution).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6Ids_RK6XM
This was achieved through
1- ______________________________________________________________
Reading on GMO's
2- ______________________________________________________________
3- ________________________
Although Industrialized agriculture is highly productive (________% of world’s farm labor force
produces ______________% of the world’s grain) it requires large amounts of non-renewable energy. About
10 units of non-renewable energy are used to produce and distribute 1 unit of food. In traditional systems
1 unit of labor produces from 1 to 10 units of food energy.
How does this relate to the issue of sustainability?
Many traditional systems use interplanting to protect against losing an entire crop.
Hippocampus: Biological- Interplanting
Mini HW #1: Review Questions page 309: #’s 2, 5, 9. –Due Tuesday
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13-3 Food Production, Nutrition, and Environmental Effects
Grain production and per capita grain production increased until about 1985 while the average
price of food fell to one third its 1957 level (Inflation adjusted).
Since then global grain production has leveled off and per capita production has fallen. Several
reasons have been proposed for this:
1- ________________________________________
2- ________________________________________
3- ________________________________________
4- Limits on the amounts of____________, ________________, and ____________that can be used.
5- __________________________due to erosion and salinization.
To maintain good health, people require large amounts of ______________________(proteins,
carbohydrates, fats) and smaller amounts of _________________________(vitamins and minerals).
Define undernutrition :
These individuals are most susceptible to mental retardation, stunted growth, and infectious
disease.
Define Malnutrition:
Often people chronically undernourished or malnourished are locked in a poverty cycle (See Fig.
13-11; page 286).
Define Overnutrition:
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People who are overweight have a lower life expectancy and are more susceptible to disease and illness.
Interpret the following graph.
About __________% of Americans are overweight and about ______________die prematurely due to
excess weight each year. The $36 billion dollars Americans spend each year trying to lose weight is
almost twice the $19 billion needed to eliminate undernutrition and malnutrition on the planet.
Enough food is produced to feed everyone on a meatless diet. What factors prevent this from
occurring?
Agriculture has significant harmful effects on the environment and future increases in
production may be limited by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It is estimated that somewhere between 10-40% of the world’s croplands are already seriously
degraded.
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13-4 Solutions/Concerns
What two methods are expected to contribute most to increased agricultural yields ij the near
future?
1.
2.
Hybridization is ______________and suffers from ___________barriers. Many _____________ and
public _______________________problems must be overcome before GMO's are widely used.
Increasing the variety of human diets is an area that may need to be explored. Microlivestock
(__________________) are important potential sources of many macronutrients.
It is probably unlikely we can irrigate and/or cultivate enough land to keep up with the growing human
population (see Figs. 13-18 and 13-20) without destroying wildlife habitats.
Rangelands are also being utilized to their maximum. Overgrazing, when the metabolic reserve
is consumed, lowers overall__________________, increases_________________, and favors
__________________organisms, and destroys ________________(stream) ecosystems (see Fig. 13-27).
Global fisheries are dominated by industrial fleets that use_________________, ___________,
______________ ____________, and __________________ships to harvest enormous amount of fish (55% of the
commercial catch). Aquaculture (_____________________________________________) supplies most of the
rest.
TRAWLING
Disadvantages: ______________________________________________________
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PURSE SEINE
Disadvantages: ___________________________________________
LONGLINING
Disadvantages: _________________________________
DRIFT NET
Disdvantages: __________________________________
Many species (75% of commercial species) are now at the point where it is no longer profitable to
hunt them (_____________________extinction). In addition to the destruction of ecosystems many nontarget species (bycatch) are also being impacted in a negative way.
Hippocampus: Biological- Fish Harvesting
Biological- Overfishing
Mini HW #2: Review Questions page 309: #’s 12, 13, 15. –Due Wednesday with Vocab
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APES: Homework Assignments
Chapter 13: Food Resources
Name: __________________________________
Due ______________
A- Read the Entire Chapter!! –Due Thursday-READ and take notes on the current event
Chapter Introduction (page 277)
1. What is the goal of the nonprofit Land Institute?
a. Briefly describe the advantages associated with one of the perennial plants the institute suggests could be used to achieve its
goals. Be sure to provide the name of the plant you are describing.
2. What are the two most important things that must be done to provide food for the 9.3 billion people that are projected to be alive in
2050?
a.
b.
3. Make a list of 5 factors that might prevent us from achieving the goals identified in question #2 (above).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. Briefly describe each of the following:
a. industrial agriculture:
b. plantation agriculture:
c. traditional subsistence agriculture:
5. Describe the three major steps taken to achieve the Green Revolution?
1.
2.
3.
4. Figure 13.8 (page 283: briefly describe (in general terms) the difference between land use in the western and eastern parts of the
United States.
5. Distinguish between each of the following types of interplanting:
a. polyvarietal cultivation:
b. intercropping:
c. agroforestry (alley cropping):
d. polyculture
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6. Compare the two graphs in Figure 13-10 (page 284). What is the most important lesson that can be learned from these graphs (in your
opinion)?
7. Briefly describe the important steps of the poverty cycle diagramed on page 286.
8. Distinguish between macronutrient disorders and micronutrient disorders. PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH!
9. What are three negative health effects associated with overnutrition?
1.
2.
3.
10. Name three ways nutrition analysts suggest we implement to discourage the consumption of unhealthy foods.
11. List three advantages and three disadvantages associated with aquaculture.
Advantages
Disadvantages
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