Air Law
History
1929
Warsaw Convention
definition of compensation for injured passenger or lost luggage /
cargo
1933/52
Convention of Rome
definition of compensation for damage through aircraft or parts of
an aircraft
1944
Chicago convention
foundation of the ICAO with 54 states
definition of SARP / PAN in 18 Annexes (see later)
definition of the 4 freedoms (2 basic / 2 commercial)
ICAO assembley 190 states (meeting every 3 years)
ICAO council 33 states (decisions)
commissions → recommendation
e.g. air navigation commission
1963
ICAO
Annexe
International civil aviation
organisation
Tokyo convention
definition of the rights of a aircraft commander against unlawful
interference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Personal licensing
Rules of air
Meteorological Service
Aeronautical charts
Units of measurement
Operation of A/C
Aircraft Nationality an Registration mark
Airworthiness
Facilitation
Aeronautical telecomm.
Air traffic service
Search and rescue
Aircraft Accident Investig.
Aerodromes
AIS
Environmental Protection
Security
safe transport of dangerous goods
Contracting states have to establish these Annexes → when
different → deviation have to publish in AIP GEN 1.7
SARPs
Standard Recommended practise → Annexe → compulsory
PANs
Procedures for Air navigation services → documents
ATS
Three parts
annex 11
1. ATC – Air traffic control
Parts

Aerodrome

Approach (including Departure)

Area
2. FIS – Flight information service
3. Alerting service
Basic: FIS + Alerting service
Alerting service Frequencies: 121.5 MHz, 234 MHz and ELT 406MHz
ELT = emergency location transmitter
Action-chain:
Operational FIC / ATCU - collect information → RCC (Rescue
coordination centre) – evaluate information → activate
appropriate action for example SAR
3 Phase of alerting
Uncertain phase (INCERFA) – Evaluation
establish:
no communication within 30 min. or
no arrival with in 30 min. after ETA
Alert phase (ALERFA) – Alert SAR Units
establish:
A/C fails to land within 5 min. after clearance and
no communication
a/c know or believed to be subject of unlawful
interference
can triggered by operational ATCU/FIC and RCC
Distressphase (DETRESFA) – send out SAR
establish:
certainly that a/c and occupants are threatened
by serious
Fuel on board is considered to be exhausted
Separation
Types
Vertical – 1000 ft RVSM up to FL410 (incl), 2000ft above
horizontal - lateral or longitudinal
composite
by ATC
by pilots: only VMC
Lateral sep
VOR: 15° Course divergence
NDB: 30° course divergence
DR fix 45° Track divergence
Longitudinal
Standard:
15 min.
Nav-Aids:
10 min.
2 A/C same nav aid : 5 min. if preceding is 20kt faster
3 min. if preceding is 40kt faster
DME
Standard: 20NM, 10NM if preceding A/C 20kt faster
Crossing: same like standard
Machnumber
Standard: 10 min
Reduction if preceding A/C is faste
Mach difference: 0-0.01 10, +0.01 Mach → minus 1 minute
Crossing Tracks
without nav: 15 min
with nav: 10 min
Climb / descent Without nav: 15 min
with nav aid (VOR): 10 min
Vertical
If no lateral separation – vertical separation at least 10min befor
crossing.
Approach
Medium behind heavy – 2 min
light behind medium / heavy – 3 min
Departure
Light / medium behind heavy or light behind medium
2 minutes
increased to 3 min if departure from Intersection.
Radar
Minima → 5NM
Terminal radar within 40NM of Radar Head → 3NM
ILS Localizer within 10 NM of threshold → 2.5NM
Parallel approach → 2 NM
if continued to threshold – 4NM radar contact lose not more than
5 seconds
First a/c at scene has to charge information and transmit to ATCO
SAR
Annex 12
care packet
RED – medical equipment
BLUE – Food and Water
YELLOW - blankets and clothing
BLACK – other things
special communication symbols (pic )
Investigation objective → prevent same accident in the future
Accident
investigation
annex 13
Accident
definition
1. 1 person is seriously or fatal injured being in a/c, in direct
contact or jet blast
2. sustaining damage or structural failure of a/c
3. A/c missing or completely inaccessible
Serious incident Nearly the same like an accident but without the consequences
Nationality
marks and
regestration
mark
Nationality mark International Telecommunication Agency gives a state an unique
Nationality mark. State hand on this to the aircraft.
Special:
Common mark for aircraft which owned by a company and it is
not possible to determine a registration state.
4YA – 4YZ reserve for such cases
Only example: Arab Air Cargo (iraq/ jordan – 4YB)
annex 7
International Telecommunication Agency → ICA common mark
agency → contracting state → aircraft
Registration
mark
State responsible
Combinations
Roman letter and
General Five letter Nation : Registration → 1:4,2:3,3:2
USA is special
prohibited combinations
5 Letter combination used in international Signal
3 Letter which based on the Q-Code (QNH, QDM....)
Distress and urgency signals (SOS, PAN,...)
Size
Certificate of
Registration
50 cm under wing
30 cm on the fuselage (position left side last part)
50 cm for balloons
Always on board – name the address of the owner
there is no Identification mark in
Aerodromes
annex 14
Aerodrome
Only for design and planning purpose
reference code Letter + Number
Code Aeroplane ref
Code Wing span
no
field length (m) letter (m)
Outer main gear
(m)
1
X < 800
A
x<15m
X<4.5m
2
800<=x<1200
B
15<=x<24
4.5<= x<6
3
1200<=x1800
C
24<=x<36
6<=x<9
4
x>=1800
D
36<=x<52
9<=x<14
Distance for take off with: E
ISA, MTOW, zero wind
F
50<=x< 65
9<=x<14
65<=x<80
14<=x<16
Runway width
Code A
no
B
C
D
E
F
1*
18
18
23
-
-
-
2*
23
23
30
-
-
-
3
30
30
30
45
-
-
4
45
45
45
60
* with precision approach RWY should be in any case 30m
Aerodrome reference point → normal middle of longest rwy
or geometric center of airport
Runway types
Non-precision (visual) runway
instrument runway –
1. precision runway (ILS, MLS...)
2. non-precision rwy (DME app., Localiser appr. ...)
Take-off or landing runway
Declared concepts (pic)
Take off run available (TORA)
runwaylength able to roll
Take off distance available (TODA)
rwylength avail. to reach 35ft(dry) / 15ft(wet)
can increase by clearway
Accelerated stop dist.available (ASDA)
length available to stop – can increase by stopway
Landing distance available (LDA)
same like TORA or shorter never more than TORA
Markings
pic
Markings are painted on the ground
Marking element
Visual rwy non-precision precision
Designator
yes
yes
Centerline
yes
yes
Threshold
yes
yes
yes
Sign
Aiming Point
recommen yes
ded
Touchdown zone
-
-
Side stripes
-
-
Mandatory sign (red back / white letter)
information sign
1. locator sign ( black back / yellow letter)
2. direction sign (yellow back / black letter)
Lights
Aerodrome
Aeronautical / airport beacon
rotating white / green light on a elevated position
Identification beacon
green flashing light / land airport (flashing the letter code - morse)
red flashing (military)
Approach
Non precision rwy
simple approachlight
900m centreline
300m from threshold a crossbar
precision rwy
1 ICAO barrettes system
2 Calvert System (Great Britain)
Barrette system
5 lights = one barrette
900m centre line consist of
barrettes (3 lights!)
one crossbar at 300m from
threshold
Obstacle
Calvert system
900m centreline
 first 300m – 3 lights
 sec. 300M – 2 lights
 last 300m before th. - 1 light
5 crossbars (every 150m)
Taxiway
Centrelight – fixed green
edge lights – fixed blue
PAPI
Precision approach Path indicator (4 lights)
2 white – 2 red → okay
1 white – 3 red → 0.5° to low / 3 white – 1 red → 0.5° to high
APAPI – abbreviated PAPI (2 lights)
REIL
Runway end identification light
white flashing light at the threshold.
Objects
<45 m
Low intensity red
<90 m
Medium intensity red or white
if not clearly visible by day:
high intensity white
<150m
Low intensity red by night
3 intervals á 45m from top
Over 150
Emergency
Fire fight cath.
AIS / AIP / AIRAC AIS
High intensity white by day
1-10 depends on the biggest aeroplan (length and width of
fuselage)
Aeronautical information service
provides a preflight information service
Integrated aeronautical information package ( IAIP)
includes
PIB – preflight information bulletin
last approved flight plan
important NOTAMs
NOTAM
Information about temporary changes in procedures etc.
closed rwy, military exercise, temp. obstacles, Hazards (airshow)
temp. flight restrictions
special Notams
SNOWTAM vaild for 24h
send when runway is contaminated
(25% of rwy with 3mm equivilant water)
uncleared part of runway explained in plain language.
BIRDTAM
ASHTAM – Red (Ash about FL250), orange (Ash under FL250,
yellow (some action), green
AIP
Aeronautical Information puplication
Three parts:
GENeral
ENRout
containing
information of an
administrative and
explanatory nature
(e.g.) meteorological
Service
Updates with:
Amendments AMDT
lasting character
AIRAC AMDTs
contains information
concerning airspace
and its use
(Restricted areas)
AEROdromes
contains information
concerning
aerodromes and
their use
Supplements
temporary character (but more
than 3 month)
AIRAC Supplements
AIRAC – Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control
is an procedure to introduce main changes.
Main changes in Procedures have to announce 28 before.
ATS sends the changes 6 Weeks before to every AIP holder.
AIC
Aeronautical Information circuls
information which do not fit to AIP neither NOTAM
Security
NCASP
National civil aviation security procedures are recommended by
ICAO → states develop such NCASP → operator have to realize
this
Weapons
General weapons on board have to prevent
special authorized persons allowed, but
commander has to inform about the no. and the seats of these
persons
Hijacking
Support of state
minimum this means:
 Navigation aids
 Isolated parking 100m away from nearly everything
 A/c should be grounded unless human life is in danger
 in flight choose a ALT/ FL differs 500ft below and 1000ft
above FL290
ATIS
Automatic Terminal Information service
Can broadcast via VOR, but not via ILS
or on own frequencies
is provided by ATS
contains weather and aerodrome information (rwy in use etc.)
should not exceed 30 seconds.
VOLMET
Summary frequency for the ATIS from main airports.
AIRREP
Format
1 Section
Flight information
Annex 17
Personal
Licensing
2 Section
3 Section
ETA and Endurance weather
JAR FCL
JAR- FCL 1 – Airplanes
JAR-FCL 2 – Helicopter
JAR-FCL 3 – Medical
JAR-FCL 4 – controller
Medical
Validity
Class
Annex 1
Time (month)
1
Two men, commercial Up to 60 - 12
above - 6
1
One men commercial
2
Up to 40 – 12
above - 6
Up to 40 -60
up to 50 (ICAO 60) – 24
above (ICAO 60) - 12
Deferment:
in case of remote from location ONLY ICAO
single periode 6 month – non-commercial aviation
twice 3 month for commercial aviation
24 month for PPL- Holder
Illness
authority has to be informed of any illness longer 21 days
and hospital stay longer than 12h
License
PPL minimum age 17
total flight time
Dualinstruction
solo time
cross country
CPL minimum age 18
Modular course
PIC time
cross country
instrument instruction
night flight
45 h ( max. 5h on FNPT)
25h
10 h min. incl. 5H cross county
150 NM incl. 2 landings
200h (integrated 150h)
100h (integrated 70h)
20h as PIC, 300NM triangle
10h (max. 5h ground instruments)
5h (incl 5 T/Os and landing as PIC
ATPL minimum age 21
Flight time
1500h
simulator time
100h max.
multi pilot
500h
PIC
250h or 100h PIC and 150h as co-pilot
performing as PIC duties under supervision
cross country
200h (100h as PIC or copilot performing as
PIC US)
instruments
75h ( max 30h instrument ground)
Night flight
100h as PIC or Co-Pilot
Credit flight time
PIC or PIC under supervision
Credit full: solo, dual instruction, PIC time
Checks
LPC – Line Proficiency Check – every 12 month
OPC- operator proficiency Check – every 6 month
line check – normal flight – every 12 month
all is possible 90 before license runs out.
Airworthiness
Annex 8
Certification
standards
Certification standards of airworthiness
JAR 23/25 next time EASA CS 23/25
JAR 23
normal, utility, aerobatic and commuter aircraft
MTWO < 5.670kg , seat <= 9
Propeller twin engine, seats <= 19, MTWO <=8.618kg
JAR 25
all other multi engine jets
Certificate of
Airworthiness
Issued an renewed by the law of state of registration
not allowed to fly without a C.o.A.
Has to be always on board. (in commercial display to the pax)
no name printed , but aircraft cathegorie
in case of small damage the state of registration can allow to fly
without fixing
Facilitation
Documents
1. General declaration
operator, registration, insurance, no of pax
2. Passenger manifest
name, place of birth, crew only no.
Cargo manifest
list of no and nature, additonal information, airway bill
3. Simple stores list
things which remain on the aircraft (food, duty free etc.)
Visa
ICAO intention: Passenger should only need a valid passport
Annex 9
Visa not required for connection flights ( transit zone)
OIS
Medical req.
Required a yellow fever protection for trips in danger zones
Possibility of quarantine in case of yellow fever, plague, cholera
Baggage
Oral declaration of content an ownership sufficient
Inspection of baggage just for aviation security
Crew
Crew member certificate CMC
valid by the operator,
content: Name of operator, photography
Inadmissible
persons
Operator responsible
Deportees
Every state can deport or extradite foreign national citizens with
an aircraft.
Operator has to inform → operator informs commander
Obstical
identification
surface
It is a area with a diameter of 15km and insures a MOC for the
runway.
Middle more → boundary less
PDG – procedures design grade (pic)
MDH
Minimum descent hight / altitude
OC + MOC + “Operator height”
Operator height depends on:
a/c equipment, personal skill, approach type
MSA
Minimum safe altitude
1000ft difference to a obstacle in a range of 25NM around a
specific point
can be different heights in one circle
SID
Standard instrument departure
reflect noise abatement
require nav aids (VOR/NDB and DME)
GNSS SiD called RNAV
SID route < 25NM
SID controlled by approach
SID is a track → pilots have to correct for known wind
SID always have a unique identifier
straight departure → centreline +- 15° deviation
0ft MOC at DER , PDG 3.3%
turn departure → centreline more than 15° deviation
turning departure speeds
Aircraft
Vref
Max turn speed
A
<91kt
120
B
91/120
165
C
121/140
265
D
141/165
290
E
166/210
360
Normal approach: 3°
steep approach: 3.5° - 6.5° special qualification
Circling appr.
Final of an instrumentenapproach
conditions
rwy have to be in sight → not normal missed approach proc.
Take off altern.
For low visibility approach → landing requirements are perhaps
higher
Holding
2 engine
1h in still air
3 engine
2h in still air
ETOPS
1h in still air
Alternate has to full
fill the requirements
IFR – Holding normally right turns
VFR – Holding normally left turns
Time
Altitude
speed
1:00 min.
< 14,000 ft
230kt
1:30 min.
14,000 – 20,000 ft
240kt
1:30 min.
20,000-34,000 ft
265kt
01:30 min.
> 34,000ft
0.83 M
Timing starts with abeam fix (pic. 9.)
MHA: minimum holding altitude
EUROCONTROL Flow
management
En-route slots - Brüssel
Airport slots - aerodromes
slot: 15 min → 5min before and 10 min. after CTOT
CTOT: calculated Take-off time
Flight Rules
Changeover
point
If not other specified 60NM or more
VFR
CTR A/D minimas: 1500ft ceiling / 5 km visibility
IFR
Minimum flight level:
No MH given: 1000ft above highest obstacle within 8km(5NM)