Flashcards for Chapter 2- Explorers
Term
Definition
Cartographers
Term
Mapmakers
Definition
Astrolabe
Term
Tool developed by Arabs to help figure out latitude @ sea
Definition
Encomienda System
Term
Conquistadors were granted land and rights to
demand labor and tributes from Native
Americans
Definition
Mercantilism
Term
Theory that a wealthy country is a powerful
country, therefore the goal is to attain as much
wealth as possible
Definition
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors
Term
Definition
Plantations
Renaissance
Large estates that made a large work force
necessary
Period at the end of the middle ages in Europe where
people sought a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman
thinking
This brought about a desire to educate people, use
science, and explore their world like never before
Shipping Technology Advances
Causes- Three-masted caravel, better rudder systems,
triangular sails, larger ships that could sail in
shallower water and carry more.
Result: People could travel in the open ocean and
carry more goods to more distant places.
Protestant Reformation
1517
Martin Luther
Germany
Protested the Catholic church by posting his 95
Theses (complaints) on the church door. This started
a wave of protests against the church including
Calvinism and Henry VIII of England breaking away
from the church. Began religious rivalries.
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods, people, plants, disease, and ideas
that occurred after 1492 when Columbus made first
contact.
Disease killed over half the Native population in the
Americas; new foods introduced to Europe allowed
population there to boom.
Northwest Passage
Portugal
What many explorers from Europe (France, Dutch,
England) were looking for when they explored North
America. They were trying to find a water passage to
Asia but never found it.
Nation that took the lead with ocean exploration in
the 1400s.
Henry the Navigator- started schools and did
research
Bartholomeu Dias- 1st to Cape of Good Hope-1487
Vasco da Gama- First to India around Africa-1497
Result: Portugal establishes trading posts, trades gold
and slaves, makes money, motivates Spain.
Spain
Wants a piece of the action- Portugal is getting rich.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand fund a trip by
Christopher Columbus in 1492 to sail west to Asia
instead of east.
Discovers America.
Attack Aztec in 1519 and Inca in 1532.
Become rich from American gold and silver, destroy
the Aztec and Inca empires completely.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement made through the pope.
Creates an imaginary line going through the
Americas.
Spain gets everything west of the line, Portugal gets
everything east of the line (Brazil, Africa, etc.)
Magellan
First crew to circumnavigate the world (go around it
completely) in 1520.
He died on the way.
Aztec
Empire in what is today Mexico- 1300s to 1520.
Montezuma was emperor when Spanish invaded.
Cortes led the Spanish to victory.
Cortes became governor of New Spain
Tenochtitlan was the capital.
Inca
Spanish Class System
3 Reasons why Spain won in the Americas
Contact from Spanish 1532.
Pizarro gave Inca disease then left to get funding.
He returned to an empire that was nearly destroyed
in civil war and disease.
Led by Atahualpa at time of conquest.
Pizarro conquers them and becomes governor of
Peru.
Governor.
Peninsulares- born in Spain- upper class
Criollos- born in Americas to Spanish parents
Mestizos- mixed background- Spanish/Native
Native People- almost no rights.
Slaves- imported from Africa- no rights.
Weapons
Disease
Luck
Help from other tribes
French settlements
Posted in Canada
Got along well with native groups
Small presence in area
Catholic missionaries tried to convert natives
Dutch settlements
Founded New Netherland in what is now New York
Had a major naval fleet
Major traders out of Hudson River and New York
Small presence in area- tolerant of others.
Religious Rivalries
Catholics vs. Protestants
Catholics- Portugal, Spain, France
Protestants- English, Dutch
Don’t all get along, but both are Christian
Christopher Columbus
Sailed the ocean blue in 1492. Landed at San
Salvador
Sailed for Spain, but from Italy.
Sailed on the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
Took 4 trips across altogether
Established a base on Hispaniola and enslaved the
locals
How Europe reached Asia and what they wanted Originally over the Silk Road through Asia, then by
boat through Venice, Italy.
Portugal went around Africa to get there.
Spain tried to go west but hit America.
France, The Netherland (Dutch), and England tried
to find a Northwest Passage but couldn’t.
Everybody got rich anyway, invented the steam
engine, conquered the world, and are now super
duper in debt.
Natives want trade goods, metal cooking items and
tools, clothes, axes, and weapons.
North American trade activity
Europeans want resources: timber, fish beaver pelts
(furs), and gold. Not any gold north of Mexico,
though.