ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOOD INDUSTRIES: GOOD PRACTICES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FAZILAH BINTI ABD MANAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS 
JUDUL:
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOOD INDUSTRIES: GOOD PRACTICES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SESI PENGAJIAN:
Saya
2005/2006
FAZILAH BINTI ABD MANAN
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
**Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
/
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
_______________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
NO. 79, KAMPUNG TANJUNG ADANG,
81560 GELANG PATAH,
JOHOR.
Tarikh: 3 MEI 2006
___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PEYELIA)
P.M. ZAINUDIN MOHAMED SHAMSUDIN
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: 3 MEI 2006
CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu
dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau
Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
“I hereby declare that I have read this project report
and in my opinion this project report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality
for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil-Environmental Management).”
Signature
:
Name of Supervisor
: ASSOC. PROF. ZAINUDIN MOHAMED
SHAMSUDIN
Date
: 3rd May 2006
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOOD INDUSTRIES:
GOOD PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FAZILAH BINTI ABD MANAN
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil-Environmental Management)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY, 2006
ii
I declare that this project report entitled “Achieving Sustainable Food Industries: Good
Practices in Environmental Management” is the result of my own research except as
cited in the references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is
not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:_______________________________
Name
: FAZILAH BINTI ABD MANAN
Date
: 3rd May 2006
iii
Specially dedicated to
Mak, Ayah,
Ijal, Arin, Irah, Mak Nah and Atok…
Thanks for all your love and support…..
For cyt.. friendship forever..
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillah. I give thank to Merciful ALLAH for giving me the strengths to
complete this study.
First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Assoc. Prof
Zainudin Mohamed Shamsudin for giving a lot of guidance to help me throughout this
project.
Also a big thanks to the staffs of Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM,
Johor) for providing useful information to enable me carry out this study. To all the
respondents from various food manufacturing industries in Johor, thanks for your cooperation.
Furthermore, a big and special thanks dedicated to my family members who
always encouraging and supporting me during my difficult times. For all the lecturers of
the Environmental Engineering Department UTM and my course mates, thank you for
your advices in these two semesters.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those who had been involved either
directly or indirectly in making this project a success.
v
ABSTRACT
Historically, development strategies ignored the effect of economic activity on the
environment. Few decades ago also have been marked by intensification of pollution.
Then only people start to be aware on the importance of environmental preservation.
Economic activities related to food manufacturing industries are one of the sources that
contribute to unhealthy environment if the management within the industries is not
carried out properly. This study is aimed to evaluate the level of environmental
management system (EMS) within the food manufacturers in Johor. Their roles towards
achieving sustainable environmental management are evaluated by questionnaire
surveying method. The data were processed to obtain statistical results using SPSS 11.0
for Windows. A total of 200 sets of survey component were sent to the food
manufacturers and the replies were 25 (12.5%). The results are mainly on awareness
level, environmental management system applied and problems encountered towards
achieving sustainable development. The awareness towards environmental criteria is in a
fair condition. In terms of environmental practices, the relative index (RI) obtained for
waste segregation; reduce, recycle and reuse activity; and landfill disposal of solid waste
is 0.78. This indicates that the three approaches often being applied by them. Other
waste management approaches including storage of waste on and off-site; direct
discharge of waste into watercourse, drains or sewers; open land discharge; and
incineration on or off-site is rarely applied, as the RI is only 0.26. The RI for wastewater
management and air pollution control is 0.38 and 0.47 respectively. In conclusion, the
awareness among them towards sustainable development is still below the satisfied
level. However, the effort towards this objective is clearly shown through management
practices applied, together with the earnest in complying to the rules and regulations.
Although there are some difficulties traced, those can be overcome by full commitment
between all parties involved.
vi
ABSTRAK
Strategi pembangunan suatu masa dahulu seringkali mengabaikan kesan aktiviti
ekonomi terhadap kualiti alam sekitar. Beberapa dekad lalu turut menyaksikan
peningkatan pencemaran yang kerap kali berlaku. Hanya selepas masalah timbul,
barulah manusia menyedari akan kepentingan penjagaan alam sekitar. Aktiviti ekonomi
berkaitan dengan industri pengeluaran makanan adalah salah satu punca yang boleh
menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti alam sekitar, terutamanya jika ia tidak diurus dengan
baik. Kajian ini menilai sejauh mana tahap sistem pengurusan alam sekitar (EMS)
diaplikasikan di kalangan pengusaha produk makanan di negeri Johor. Peranan mereka
ke arah mencapai pengurusan mapan dinilai melalui kaedah soal selidik serta
pemerhatian. Data yang diperoleh diproses menggunakan perisian “SPSS 11.0 for
Windows” untuk mendapatkan keputusan statistik. Sebanyak 200 komponen soal selidik
telah dihantar kepada pengusaha makanan di negeri Johor, dan sebanyak 25 (12.5%)
maklumbalas telah diterima. Keputusan kajian adalah berkenaan dengan tahap
kesedaran, sistem pengurusan alam sekitar yang dipraktikkan serta masalah yang
dihadapi dalam usaha mencapai pengurusan mapan. Kesedaran terhadap beberapa
kriteria berkaitan alam sekitar adalah di tahap sederhana. Dari segi praktikal, Relatif
Indeks (RI) yang diperoleh bagi aktiviti pengasingan sisa; pengurangan, kitar semula
dan guna semula; serta pelupusan sisa di tapak pelupusan adalah 0.78. Ini menunjukkan
bahawa pendekatan ini selalu dipraktikkan di kalangan pengusaha. Pendekatan lain
seperti penanaman sisa, pembuangan terus sisa ke dalam air atau longkang, pembuangan
terbuka serta pembakaran adalah jarang dilakukan berdasarkan nilai RI iaitu 0.26. Bagi
pengurusan air sisa dan pengawalan pencemaran udara, masing-masing mencatat nilai
RI sebannyak 0.38 dan 0.47. Secara kesimpulannya, kesedaran di kalangan pengusaha
terhadap alam sekitar adalah masih belum mencapai tahap yang memuaskan. Walau
bagaimanapun, mereka menunjukkan usaha ke arah mencapai pengurusan mapan
dengan mempraktikkan sistem pengurusan yang baik, serta menepati segala peraturan
dan undand-undang yang telah ditetapkan. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai masalah dalam
mencapai objektif tersebut (pengurusan mapan), namun ia diyakini dapat diatasi dengan
komitmen padu daripada semua pihak yang terlibat.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Human and Development
1
1.2
Food Manufacturing Industries
3
1.3
Background of the Problem
4
1.4
Statement of Needs
5
1.5
Aim and Objectives of the Study
6
1.6
Scope of the Study
7
1.7
Importance of the Study
8
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT
10
2.1
10
The Dilemma between Development and
Environment
2.2
Sustainable Development
11
viii
2.3
Sustainable Management for Corporate
13
Asset Preservation
2.3.1
The Information System
14
2.3.2
The Communication System
14
2.3.3
The Impact Identification and
14
Mitigation System
2.4
3
2.3.4
The Compliance System
15
2.3.5
The Crisis Respond System
15
Barriers towards Sustainable Development
16
2.4.1
Lack of Top Management Commitment
16
2.4.2
Lack of Resource and Infrastructure
17
2.5
National Environmental Policy
18
2.6
Environmental Quality Act 1974
19
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
21
3.1
EMS History
21
3.2
Necessity of EMS
24
3.3
ISO 14000
25
3.4
ISO 14000 in Malaysia
26
3.5
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
28
(HACCP)
4
EMS WITHIN FOOD INDUSTRIES
30
4.1
Environmental Problems and Food Industries
30
4.2
Cleaner Production
31
4.3
Environmental Programme for Food Manufacturing 32
Industries
4.3.1
Types of Environmental Programme
32
4.3.2
Food Industries Waste and Control
37
ix
5
6
METHODOLOGY
41
5.1
Questionnaire Study
41
5.2
Sampling
43
5.3
Development of Survey Components
44
5.4
Data Collection
47
5.5
Data Processing
47
5.6
Data Interpretation
48
5.7
Reporting the Results
50
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
51
6.1
Background of the Project
51
6.2
Background of the Respondents
52
6.3
Background of Environmental Management
54
Implementation
7
6.4
Environmental Management in Food Industries
55
6.5
Company’s Environmental Management System
57
6.6
Industrial Waste Management System
60
6.7
Sustainable Management
65
6.8
Problems in Implementing Sustainable Management 67
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
68
7.1
Conclusions of Findings
68
7.2
Recommendation: Best Practice Environmental
71
Management (BPEM)
7.3
Recommendation: Cleaner Production
75
7.4
Proposed Future Study
78
REFERENCES
80
Appendices A – Q
84-114
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
List of ISO 14001 Certified Scopes (As on 30th June 2004)
27
4.1
Pollution Prevention Through Good Operating Practices
33
4.2
Unit Operation, Processes and Wastewater Treatment
37
4.3
Unit Operations and Process in Wastewater Reclamation
38
4.4
Odour Control Method
39
5.1
Distribution of Survey Components
44
5.2
Topic in the Questionnaire
46
5.3
The Scales Components Breakdown
50
6.1
Response Rate of Questionnaire Distribution
52
6.2
Mean Score for Companies Environmental Management
58
System
6.3
Cross Tabulation Result of Implementation of Environmental
60
Programme and Spending
6.4
Cross Tabulation of Understanding and Achievement of
66
Sustainable Management
6.5
Mean Score for Criteria in Achieving Sustainable
Management
66
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
New Millennium’s Sustainable Management System
13
3.1
Overview of the Environmental Management System
23
5.1
Flow of the Study
42
5.2
Sampling Plan for the Study
43
6.1
Number of Employee
53
6.2
Market Scale
54
6.3
Certification
55
6.4
Environmental Management in Company
56
6.5
Interest in Obtaining ISO 14001 Certification
57
6.6
Reason for Obtaining Certificate
57
6.7
Implementation of Environmental Programme
59
6.8
Category of Waste Generator
61
6.9
Relative Index for Waste Segregation, 3R and Landfill
61
Disposal
6.10
Relative Index for Waste Management
62
6.11
Relative Index for Wastewater Management
63
6.12
Relative Index for Air Pollution Control
64
6.13
Relative Index of Compliance Towards Regulations
65
6.14
Relative Index for Problems Encountered by
67
Manufacturers
7.1
Key Elements of an EMS
75
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BCSD
-
Business Council for Sustainable Development
BPEM
-
Best Practices Environmental Management
DOE
-
Department of Environment
DSM
-
Department of Standard Malaysia
EA
-
Environmental Auditing
EAPS
-
Environmental Aspects in Products Standards
EMS
-
Environmental Management System
EPE
-
Environmental Performance Evaluation
EQA
-
Environmental Quality Act
FMM
-
Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
GMP
-
Good Manufacturing Practice
HACCP
-
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
IS
-
Information System
ISO
-
International Organisation for Standardisation
ISO 14000
-
ISO 14000 Series on Environmental Management Standards
ISO 14001
-
ISO 14001 Environmental Management System-Specification with
Guidance for Use
LCA
-
Life Cycle Assessment
MOH
-
Ministry of Health
RI
-
R elative Index
SPSS
-
Statistical Package for Social Science
TC
-
Technical Committee
TRI
-
Toxic Release Inventory
xiii
USEPA
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
VOC
-
Volatile Organic Compound
WCED
-
World Commission on Environment and Development
WICEM
-
World Industry Conference on Environmental Management
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Overview of Food Production System
84
B
Letter of Application for Master’s Project Information
85
C
Questionnaire Cover Letter
86
D
Questionnaire
87
E
SPSS Output for Company Background
94
F
SPSS Output for Background of Environmental
95
Management System Implementation
G
SPSS Output for Company’s Environmental
97
Management System
H
SPSS Output for Industrial Waste Management System
100
I
SPSS Output for Compliance Action’s Level Towards
104
Regulations
J
SPSS Output for Sustainable Management
105
K
SPSS Output on Problems Encounter in Implementing
107
Sustainable Management
L
Relative Index Analysis For Waste Segregation, 3R
109
and Landfill Disposal
M
Relative Index Analysis For Other Waste
110
Management Practices
N
Relative Index Analysis For Wastewater Management
111
xv
O
Relative Index Analysis for Particulate Matter Control
112
P
Relative Index Analysis for Compliance Actions Level
113
Towards Regulations
Q
Relative Index Analysis for Problems in Implementing
Sustainable Management
114
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Historically, development strategies ignored the effect of economic activity on
the environment. Few decades ago also have been marked by intensification spreading
of pollution. Evidence of environmental changes worldwide indicates that humankind
cannot continue its development path at the expense of nature. Realising that there are so
many negative impacts of unstable environment, people are starting to be aware on the
importance of preserving it. They are now demanding for better quality of living. Thus,
the implementation of sustainable development is very important to meet such
requirement.
1.1
Human and Development
Human needs development. The lack of development is pathology, but it is
increasingly apparent that development along some paths is also pathological because of
its effects on the environment and on the quality of life. According to R.Daniel (1992), if
2
growth, which implies an increase in size is a quantitative phenomenon, development,
which implies a realisation and enhancement of potentialities, is a qualitative
phenomenon.
According to Ackhoff (1988), there is no development except self-development,
which implies the following:
1) Socio-economic development is, in essence, human development;
2) Development can be stimulated, favoured and accelerated from outside; yet it
cannot be imposed, granted or transferred;
3) Development for any society or community requires that the group first
realise that the main responsibility includes both designing the goals and path
of development and investing the effort necessary to achieve those goals;
4) A variety of development styles are conceivable since each society has its
own cultural traits.
The importance of development cannot be denied anymore. Via development,
the enhancement of people’s welfare can be achieved as it provides more job
opportunities and also supplying people with the products required. Therefore, the
economic aspect of a country can be improved. Economic stability is one of the most
important parts to be stressed in order to be a developed nation.
Rapid competition among people during this globalisation era also has forced
countries all around the world moving towards development. Again, development is a
key point to bring us standing together with other developed country and not easily left
far behind them.
Industrialisation is one of the most important factors, which contribute a lot
towards development. It had started from Industrial Revolution that begins in Britain in
early 1700s. In the early 19-th century, this revolution had spread rapidly throughout
much of Europe and North America (Bishop, 2000).
3
As for Malaysia, the industries had been developed from agricultural-based to
manufacturing–based. If at the time of independence in 1957, Malaysian manufacturing
and industrial based was rudimentary and most manufactured goods were imported, but
since 1960’s, it’s diversified manufacturing sector was developed aiming at the import
substitution. This rapid and consistent growth has brought a lot of benefits in economic
growth of the country (Lim et al, 1997).
1.2
Food Manufacturing Industries
Food constitutes an important and indispensable group of consumer items. In
general, food manufacturing involved with the total environment from the farm to the
customer. It is actually a manufacturing industry that processes raw or prepared animal,
marine, and vegetable material into intermediate foods or edible products.
Food manufacturing is one of the most important industries in Malaysia. In 2005,
there are 493 industries registered under Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)
involved in food, beverages and tobacco production. This is the third largest sector after
electrical and electronics, and chemical industries.
Due to rapid development in this sector, Malaysia has gained a lot of benefit in
socio-economic aspects. Data from the Malaysian Economic Report has shown that RM
4,987 million from the country’s income in January to July 2004 was from the exports of
food, beverages and tobacco products.
Besides that, the ability to fulfill human basic needs and even their demands have
been improved due to the growth of this industry. There are varieties of food products in
the market to be chosen, applicable with the improvement of public buying power.
4
1.3
Background of the Problem
The aim of development is to increase the well-being of the people, measured not
only by an increased supply of goods and services, but also by health, social and cultural
indices. Over time, new uses or new technologies can increase or deplete the available
stock of resources.
Recently,
rapid
industrialisation,
urbanisation
and
other
technological
developments have exploited the available resources to a larger extent. This has caused
serious scarcity of important natural resources. For example, industrialisation has
contaminated air, water and soil quality, and therefore has interfered with the basic
needs of society.
It is also equally true that this development satisfies some of the basic needs of
society such as employment, comfort and usable products. However, the damage is felt
on a larger scale, while the benefits remain local. This situation had happen in Taiwan
whereby in 1970s and 1980s, the country achieved an impressive development.
However, it had been painfully paid back with the extent of environmental degradation
which taken the entire national reserve to be clean up (Koh, 1997).
One more example that can be discussed here is China. Being the largest
developing country, China has undergone rapid changes since adoption of the reform
and opening policy in 1978, and is now one of the 10 largest economies. Meanwhile,
China has paid a great cost for its rapid development: severe environmental deterioration
including overexploitation of ground water, generation of solid and industrial wastes,
destruction of the ecosystem, and other problems related to land, water, and air; and
become one of the most endangered urban and rural environments in the world (Wang,
1999).
5
From these two situations, we could learn not to take things for granted. Food
manufacturing usually being ignored by the people who assuming that this industry does
not contribute too much to environmental degradation as compared to other heavier
industries. This perception will make the environmental problem become worse as the
food industries grow rapidly day to day. If one industry contributes small amount of
pollutant, the load and accumulation will be higher when there are many industries
involved; thus serious environmental degradation will occur.
Due to less expectation of their probability in polluting the environment, food
manufacturers might pay less attention towards environmental management. In fact,
there are many examples of environmental violence that occurred in Malaysia. One of
the situations is a case involving a food manufacturing industry, which happens in June
2005. Ramly Food Processing Sdn. Bhd had been fined RM70, 000 for discharging
untreated effluent into Sungai Batu, Batu Caves, Selangor. This is a serious problem and
actions should be taken to assure that it would not happen again.
From this scenario, it is essential to incorporate the Environmental Management
System (EMS) using ISO 14001 as the model within food industries. By using this
approach, “sustainable development” is no more a dream.
1.4
Statement of Needs
One of the nine challenges in achieving Vision 2020 is the challenge of
establishing a prosperous society, with an economy that is fully competitive, dynamic,
robust and resilient. However, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad has claimed that Malaysia
should not be developed only in the economic sense. It must be a nation that is fully
developed along all the dimensions: economics; politic; social; spiritual; psychological;
6
and cultural. We must be fully developed in terms of national unity and social cohesion;
economy; social justice; political stability; system of government; quality of life; social
and spiritual values; national pride; and confidence.
The above statement clearly shows that sustainable development is very
important to bring us achieving the vision. The commitment from the nation’s leader
embarking sustainable development can be seen through the development of the
National Policy on the environment.
However, the efforts to promote environmental consciousness could not be oneway, which is equivalent to dictatorship, for the dictatorship would not be long lasting or
correct. As oppose to that, a democratic process involving many organisations would be
the right move (Koh, 1997).
Thus, this study looks into the potential of manufacturers in achieving
sustainable development by adopting Environmental Management System (EMS) to
enable them managing the environment systematically.
1.5
Aim and Objectives of the Study
Sustainable development is the final goal, which is targeted to be achieved at the
end of the day. In order to make it a reality, EMS emerges as a very useful tool to be
implement by the manufacturers.
The aim of this research is to study the overall concept of EMS within food
industries in achieving sustainable development. To achieve this aim, there are a few
objectives have been identified as follows:
7
1. To identify the level of awareness towards achieving sustainable
development among local food manufacturers;
2. To evaluate the environmental management applied by local food
manufacturers especially in management practice and legal compliance;
3. To find out the problems encountered by local food manufacturers in
achieving sustainable environmental management.
Survey in the form of questionnaire is done to identify the level of awareness
among the food manufacturers towards achieving sustainable development. The
questions based on some important criteria related to environmental management will be
asked to the manufacturers. From their respond, the assessment of understanding
towards EMS and sustainable development can be done.
For the second objective, questions on management practices and legal
compliance are stated in the questionnaire. This is to evaluate the level of EMS being
incorporated by the manufacturers through industrial practices and compliance action
level towards regulations.
For the third goal, the manufacturers will be asked on problems encountered in
achieving sustainable development. From the feedbacks of the respondents, some
recommendations to improve the current practices can be proposed.
1.6
Scope of the Study
A survey to the food manufacturing industries was conducted, focusing on the
following scopes:
1. The respondents will be among the food manufacturers in the State of Johor;
8
2. Surveys will be conducted in the form of questionnaires and observations;
3. The contents of the questionnaire will cover:
a) The background of the company;
b) The background of environmental management system;
c) The company’s environmental management system;
d) The industrial waste management;
e) The industrial compliance action’s level towards regulations;
f) Industrial roles in achieving sustainable environmental management;
g) Problems in achieving sustainable management.
4. The population taken is 200 food industries. Ten percent out of the figure is
targeted as the sample.
1.7
Importance of the Study
According to Tilman et al., (2002), food production requires the input of natural
capital, such as land and water, also the energy provided by the natural capital. A
doubling of global food demand is expected in the next 50 years. This poses huge
challenges for the sustainability of food production.
Malaysia will also have to face the challenge and it is even tougher. The 9th
Malaysia Plan, which had been presented by Datuk Seri Abdullah Bin Hj. Ahmad
Badawi on 31st March 2006 has also stressed on the aim to bring Malaysia as one of the
biggest country that involve in export of food products during 2010. Although food
manufacturing is not the biggest industries in Malaysia nowadays, there will be a huge
expansion from time to time. If there is no systematic management applied, more
environmental problems will occur.
9
Considering that ‘prevention is better than cure’, this study was conducted. It is
very important to look into the real situation that happen within the food industries. The
findings from this study will be used to evaluate the level of EMS incorporated among
the manufacturers besides providing guidelines to recommend some improvement of the
current practices.
CHAPTER 2
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT
2.1
The Dilemma between Development and Environment
Malaysia is moving towards achieving Vision 2020. As a developing country,
Malaysia
gives
top
priority
to
socio-economic
development.
Unfortunately,
environmental preservation is still considered as hindrance for faster and greater
development.
Manufacturing industry is one of the most important assets in Malaysia.
According to WCED (1987), manufacturing industry is in a unique position because it
often cited as the cause of many environmental and social problems, but also the main
mechanism for change through economic growth.
Rapid developments in industrial sector have led to the production of enormous
quantities of dangerous pollutants into the environment. The heterogeneous criteria of
industrial waste stream usually contain a lot of harmful components, which might affect
not only human health, but also threaten the environmental condition.
11
The effects of those pollutants become more critical as the population increase
from day to day. The world population at the beginning of the last century was just
under 2 billion and had tripled to 6 billion by the year 2000. Estimates predict that the
population will increase by half as much again to 9 billion by the year 2040 or 2050
(OECD, 2000), and thus environmental problems will become more serious.
Fortunately, growing concern about the links of human, environment and
development has made this issue attentively examined. People are now realise that
prosperity itself is not enough. Today, they are demanding for better quality of life.
Therefore, the implementation of sustainable development is very important.
Sustainability can be easily achieved if all parties play their roles effectively. The
integration and cooperation between manufacturers, government, non-government
organisation and public participation is needed towards achieving this objective.
2.2
Sustainable Development
The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) defined
sustainable development as “development that meets the needs for the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.”
The concept of Sustainable Development was first introduced in 1987 by WCED
through Bruntland Report which also known as “Our Common Future”. This report
emphasised on the importance of environmental protection in the pursuit of
development. This concept has implies a new evaluation of the relationship between
people and nature.
12
Related to the business world, Business Council for Sustainable Development
(BCSD) had been formed in 1990. In 1991, the International Chamber of Commerce
developed the Business Charter for Sustainable Development, which contain 16
principles for sound environmental management. It was launched at the second World
Industry Conference on Environmental Management (WICEM).
The principles
are corporate policy;
integrated management;
process
improvement; employee education; prior assessment; products and services; customer
advice; facilities and operations; research; precautionary approach; contractors and
suppliers; emergency preparedness; transfer of technology; contributing to the common
effort; openness to concerns; and compliance and reporting.
Efforts towards achieving sustainable development are continued in 1992 where
a conference on environment and development, Earth Summit was held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. During this conference, Agenda 21 had been published. This is a
program of action for the implementation of the principles and obligations agreed to in
the Rio Declaration, including clearly articulated objectives, goals and targets, allocation
of resources and institutional structures. Agenda 21 provides a blueprint for all areas
related to sustainable development on Earth, from that time to the twenty-first century.
From this conference, 179 countries including Malaysia had agreed to the global
partnership as it stresses the need for the worldwide development and dissemination of
environmentally sound technologies through collaborative long term arrangements
between the suppliers and recipients of technologies.
Overall, in the disclosures, sustainable development is constructed as a win-win
concept, which allows society to enjoy economic growth, environmental protection and
social improvements with no trade-offs or radical restructurings in the social order.
Working towards sustainable development will not only help to solve social and
environmental problems, but will also bring further financial benefits (Elkington,
1999; Porter & Van der Linde, 1995).
13
2.3
Sustainable Management for Corporate Asset Preservation
The role of business actors in contributing to sustainable development is seen as
important. Nowadays, the laws and regulations have increased in complexity and
intrusiveness to the point that most companies need to develop comprehensive
compliance systems and “compliance cultures” to consistently meet the “letter of the
law.”
Beyond that, companies are finding that simple compliance with the law is often
not sufficient to protect their assets and the tremendous investments that they have made
in creating favorable images and brand identification. Actions in compliance with law
may still result in environmental incidents, damage and findings of lack of due care resulting in lawsuits and punitive liabilities (Arbuckle, 1999).
Thus, forward-thinking companies can apply the new Sustainable Management
System, which consists of five integrated elements. The sub-systems are presented in
Figure 2.1 below.
Sustainable Management for Corporate Asset
Preservation
Information
Communication
Integration
(Impact
Identification and
Mitigation)
Crisis respond
Compliance
Figure 2.1: New Millennium’s Sustainable Management System
14
2.3.1
The Information System
Information System (IS) is an important component in any companies’
management. IS work closely with the integrator whereby it tells the integrator what it
needs to know in order to identify risks, rank them, prevent or mitigate them and
respond to incidents after being informed by the integrator the documents needed.
2.3.2
The Communication System
Communication, both internal and externally are very important in exchanging
information between the companies and all stakeholders. The Communication System is
increasingly important in today’s world of media-driven opinion and quickly-shaped
perceptions about corporate behavior and commitment. The best way to accomplish
communication with other sub-systems is through an effective environmental
management system based on appropriate goals and an honest and well-motivated
corporate culture.
2.3.3
The Impact Identification and Mitigation System
The Impact Identification and Mitigation System is the integrator that reflects the
core premises of the ISO 14000 approach which are:
15
1. Any workable environmental management system must be based on an
enunciated environmental policy;
2. The work must proceed from a judgment-based identification of significant
environmental impacts that may result from “aspects” of the company’s
operations, through a common-sense ranking and prioritisation process and
toward a scheduled determination and implementation of appropriate
prevention or mitigation measures; and
3. The effort must be documented by objective evidence of, at least, a
commitment to conform and efforts that demonstrate that commitment.
(Arbuckle,1999).
2.3.4
The Compliance System
This is the basic requirement needed in achieving sustainable management. All
the activities done by the industries should comply with the law and regulations. For
truly achieving sustainability, the compliance level should be improved to get better
performance in both companies and environmental benefits.
2.3.5
The Crisis Respond System
Business world is full with uncertainties and crisis might be happen any time
unexpectedly. Therefore, preparation towards facing this problem should be done. The
right spokespersons and defenders together with the right information, right fixes for the
16
problems and right records for responsibility should be there for the crisis respond
system.
2.4
Barriers towards Sustainable Development
A lot of hard work and cooperation from various agencies is required in order to
achieve sustainable development. However, we cannot deny the barriers that come
across during the process. There are many problems encountered by the manufacturers
in achieving their goals. However, all the barriers should be handle properly in order to
be a successful company.
2.4.1
Lack of Top Management Commitment
Top management role is very important in a company. However, the lack of their
commitment might happen due to the perceive intricacy of the ISO 14001 Standard,
confusion about the compatibility of ISO 9000 and ISO 14001, and the impression that
implementation of the standard is associated with too much paper work.
Besides that, lack of government incentives, insufficient information, and lack
of awareness are some of possible reasons for insufficient commitment by the firm’s
management in implementing EMS. The primary cause of lacking in commitment is due
to no immediate financial return perceive (USEPA, 1992).
17
2.4.2
Lack of Resource and Infrastructure
There are a lot of environmental programs being postponed due to insufficient
resource. Time, money and personnel are some examples of the important resources.
Shortage in any one of them will prevent the program run smoothly.
i)
Financial Problems
Small company in particular may find the high costs involved in
complying with ISO 14001 prohibitive. Capital investment is usually required in
environmental program implementation where it could be the toughest barrier to
most of the companies.
ii)
Lack of Technology
As a developing country, Malaysia still has the problem lacking of
technology. Most of the technologies have to be imported which is very costly.
The information and affordability to use clean and clean up technology is still
very low among most of our manufacturers, thus the effective environmental
programme cannot be implemented.
iii)
Lack of Training Facilities
Since there are many new comers in environmental field, they need to be
trained to ensure that a good quality of work would be produced. Training is very
important to make sure they gain better understanding on the operation and
maintenance processes. However, lacking in training facilities and experts to
train them become a barrier to achieve this objective.
18
iv)
Lack of Knowledge and Skills
Certain companies still do not have enough experts to handle the issues related to
environmental management. Engaging the experts from outside of the country might
solve this problem. However, again it will involve a high cost to hire them.
2.5 National Environmental Policy
Malaysian government is very concern about environmental issues.
Kuala
Lumpur Declaration on Environmental and Development is the evidence of the political
will of the international community including Malaysia to embrace the environmental
and developmental agenda.
Towards achieving the title as a developed nation under Vision 2020, Malaysia
also has its own policy on the environment. Realising that the nation’s growth is drawn
from nature and its natural resources, thus it should be utilised and develop in
sustainable manner. This is to prevent over consumption, which will give a lot of
negative impacts not only to environment but also to human being.
While envisioning the development, the land has to remain productive and
fertile, rich in natural diversity, the air is clear and clean and the water unpolluted. These
resources, instead of being absorbed, is viewed as an even more important source for
wealth creation, as essential support systems for the uniquely diverse Malaysian culture,
as manifestation of natural heritage, and as symbols of national pride (Yong, 2004).
The National Policy on the Environment was approved in the cabinet on 2nd
October 2002 and published by Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment on
19
21st October 2002. However, it was then restructured and the administration of
environment is now under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
The ultimate goal of this policy is to attain sustainable development, which
embodies the pillars of economic development, social development and environmental
protection. Since all the pillars are integrated, sustainable development cannot be
achieved if one of the pillars were compromised.
2.6
Environmental Quality Act 1974
In Malaysia, the most pertinent law for environmental protection is the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA) which is under the scope of the key authority
Department of Environment (DOE). Manufacturers should comply with this legislation,
as failures to do so will bring them to be punished. Under this act, the major regulations
that govern the environmental quality are:
i)
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978 for air emission
covers burning of wastes, emission of dark smoke and air impurities from fuel
burning equipment which include boilers, incinerators and generator sets. The
emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is not directly covered by
the regulations. Air impurities however include offensive odours given off by the
operation of any equipment, plant or process.
20
ii)
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations
1979
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations
1979 govern all effluents discharged from the industrial sector. These regulations
are based on the achievement of specified limits depending on the location of the
discharge outlet. A discharge outlet that is above water intake points must
comply with Standard A while discharge below water intake points is required to
meet the less stringent Standard B.
iii)
Environmental Quality (Schedule Waste) Regulations 1989
Environmental Quality (Schedule Waste) Regulations 1989 govern the
requirements for notifying the Department of Environment upon generation,
disposition, treatment and storage of schedule wastes.
iv)
Provision for Environmental Noise under the Environmental Quality Act
1974
The regulations for the control of noise from activities other than motor
vehicle specification are being made under Environmental Quality Act 1974.
Acceptable noise is currently based on the levels recommended by the WHO and
these relate to levels at the receptor.
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
Sustainable Development can be achieved when there are efforts contributed
towards it. However, the plan and implementation should be done in a systematic
manner to ensure its efficiency. Environmental Management System (EMS) is one of the
systems that should be incorporated to achieve Sustainable Development.
3.1
EMS History
Environmental management was first introduced in the Netherlands in the early
1980’s. Its aim at implementation of environmental management of a corporation by
setting environmental policy and identifying significant environmental aspects of a
corporation by taking into account suppliers and consumers, preparing the
environmental and operational programs, measuring and monitoring the environmental
performance, auditing the environmental performance and reviewing the overall
environmental management.
22
The environmental management practice has evolved into a system called
environmental management system (EMS) and it has quickly spread among various
organisation in developed countries such as the UK, the Netherlands, the Nordic
countries, France and Japan. EMS is a formal set of procedures and policies that define
how an organisation will manage its potential impacts on the natural world and on the
health and welfare of the people that depend on it. EMS also can be defined as the part
of the overall management system that includes organisational structure, planning
activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing,
implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy.
The prime objective of implementing an EMS is to improve the organisation’s
environmental performance continuously. There are a lot of benefits will be gained from
successful EMS implementation which include reduced cost in pollution prevention
activities, compliance with regulatory requirements and better organisational image
among others.
However, a diverse form of EMS, which has been implemented between various
countries, has the potential of becoming technical barriers to international trade. Due to
this issue, The Business Council for Sustainable Development had made a request for
the standardisation of the environmental management practices to the United Nations
Committee on Environment and Development, which in turn passed the request to the
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in April 1991.
A proper environmental management must provide continuous formulation and
reformulation of social, economic and environmental actions as in a feedback process. A
general overview of the EMS is depicted in Figure 3.1. At any given point (considering
any development activity and its adverse impact) there is a wide range of physical and
technological options for maintaining and improving environmental quality. These
options include not only a range of production processes from traditional technology, but
also considerable changes in raw materials used, changes in locations and timing of
activities, and in the production of by-products (Trivedi, 1985).
23
Available Resources:
-Natural resources
-Raw materials
-Landuse
-Water
-Air
-Energy
-etc
Assessment of
Impacts:
-Air
-Water
-Soil
-Noise
-Greenery
-Health
-Aesthetic, etc
Manufacturing process
involving various process
steps:
-Depletion of resources
-Generation of wastes
-Production of valuable
products
Control Measures
 Change
process
 Modify
process
 Change raw
material
 Install more
control, etc
Evaluation
Impacts -Standards
Generation of
environmental
loads:
-Air
-Water
-Soil
-Health
-Aesthetic, etc
Review:
Environmental Audit
Figure 3.1: Overview of the Environmental Management System
24
3.2
Necessity of EMS
There are only two approaches in handling environmental issues, which always
being practiced nowadays. It is either “No Action”, or “Reactive Action”. The
environmental opportunities or threats are not recognised until it is too late if there is
“No Action” taken. “Reactive Action” or known by
“Add-on Approach” is a
management without a system. This management approach waits for events and issues
before taking steps to deal with them. The actions only taken when asked to do so
according to approval conditions or compliance management. There is one more
approach that should be adopted which is “Pro-active Action”, whereby the
environmental concern is part of daily activities. Using this approach, the responses are
formulated before a situation becomes critical.
From this scenario, the incorporation of EMS into an organisation is a necessity.
This is due to the increasing volume of policies, laws and regulations on environmental
management. The enforcement also has been improved from time to time to prevent
environmental violations.
Increasing pressure of the third parties such as financial institutions, insurance
companies, shareholders, employees, consumers and the general public also make the
incorporation of EMS in a company become very important. This is because many
people think that an enterprise with poor environmental performance cannot possibly
produce high quality of products. Therefore, manufacturers should try to improve their
performance from time to time.
Other than that, the growing awareness in business community concerning the
environment, together with the earnest to improve the corporate image and reputation
has made the adoption of EMS as a necessity. It will then lead to healthy competition
among manufacturers, as there are trying to be the best in term of products quality and
also the other aspects.
25
Financial aspect is another reason for EMS adoption. Manufacturers are now
trying to practice cleaner production to save remediation cost that might come from the
impacts caused by accidents and failures in environmental management controls.
3.3
ISO 14000
The first ISO 14000 series standards were published on 1st September 1996. With
ISO 14001 as the document number, this standard is specific for EMS. At the same time,
a guide document for ISO 14001 usages had been published with its document number,
ISO 14004. ISO standards are voluntary in nature; thus, there is no legal obligation to
comply with them. However, once these ISO Standards are adopted as regulations in a
nation or become requirement in trade, they become mandatory requirements.
The development of standard is the responsibility of Technical Committee TC
207 as assigned by ISO. Participating countries in the TC 207 meetings will represent
their viewpoint in the ISO 14000 series. Malaysia is one of the members of TC 207,
which represented by Department of Standard Malaysia (DSM).
All the standards in the ISO 14000 series can be classified into two main
categories based on the application target. One is for system and another is for the
product. The ISO 14001, 14010 and 14030 series belong to the system standard, while
the ISO 14020 and 14040 series belong to the product standard.
The family of standards covers a broad range of environmental disciplines
including ISO 14001 Specification, Environmental Auditing (EA), Environmental
Performance Evaluation (EPE), Environmental Labeling, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),
26
Terms and Definition, and Environmental Aspects in Products Standards (EAPS)
(Woodside et al., 1998).
The goal of ISO 14000 is to prevent pollution at the source and to achieve
continual improvement of the environmental performance of organisation and built on
the “Plan, Do, Check, Act” model. If an EMS based on ISO 14001 is implemented to its
full extent possible by most organisations in the world, then the environmental quality
over what we have today would be improve significantly (Muhamad et al, 1999).
3.4
ISO 14000 in Malaysia
There are 39 scopes of works in Malaysia which monitored by Department of
Standard Malaysia (DSM) either they have certification on EMS or not. The detail
breakdown of the scope of work and number of organisation are shown in Table 3.1.
The total number of ISO 14000 certified organisations are 310. Unfortunately,
only 12.9% or 40 out of the total number are from food, beverages and tobacco
productions. Thus, it is very important to carry out the study within this industry.
27
Table 3.1: List of ISO 14001 Certified Scopes (As on 30th June 2004)
No
Description
No. of
Scope
No
Description
No. of
Scope
Aerospace
Other transport
equipment
Manufacturing not
elsewhere classified
Recycling
Electricity supply
Gas supply
Water supply
Construction
Wholesale & retail trade;
repair of motor vehicles,
motorcycles & personal
& household goods
Hotel & restaurants
5
1.
2.
Agriculture, fishing
Mining & quarrying
6
21.
22.
3.
Food products, beverages and
tobacco
Textiles & textile products
Leather & leather products
Wood & wood products
Pulp, paper & paper products
Publishing companies
Printing companies
40
23.
1
12
1
-
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
10. Manufacture of coke &
refined petroleum products
11. Nuclear fuel
2
30.
-
31.
12. Chemical, chemical products
& fibres
13. Pharmaceuticals
14. Rubber& plastic products
15. Non-metallic mineral products
16. Concrete, cement, lime,
plaster, etc.
17. Basic metals & fabricated
metal products
18. Machinery & equipment
19. Electrical & optical equipment
20. Shipbuilding
15
32.
1
31
1
8
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
8
12
1
7
2
6
6
33.
34.
35.
36.
Transport, storage&
communication
Financial intermediation;
real estate, renting
Information technology
Engineering services
Other services
Public administration
20
37.
Education
-
8
103
-
38.
39.
Health & social work
Other social services
Total
1
5
6
1
310
28
3.5
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Focusing on food manufacturing industries, there is another certification named
HACCP or Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point. It is a methodology to
systematically identify, evaluate, qualify and control risk elements (hazards) resulting
from the services or products that the organisation provides, affecting consumable
market or consumers.
HACCP implementation by food companies in Malaysia is voluntary. The
Ministry of Health (MOH) has been (informally) verifying the HACCP system in the
food industry since 1995. As of mid-1997, the MOH established a third party auditing
procedure, based on the (ISO) system used by the Malaysian Standard Department.
For the purpose of HACCP certification, one of the requirements is the
availability of HACCP document. It should contain the following information:
1.
Company profile;
2.
Management commitment to safety -policy and objectives, endorsement;
3.
HACCP team members-qualification and job specification;
4.
Scope of HACCP certification;
5.
Product description and intended use;
6.
Plant layout indicating process flow;
7.
Flow diagram including on-site verification;
8.
Hazard analysis worksheet;
9.
HACCP plan;
10.
Management review;
11.
Pre-requisite programmes -GMP, hygiene and sanitation, environment
control;
12.
Training policy.
29
The eleventh HACCP documentation is related to the environment. Thus,
environmental aspect is one of the important parts that should be considered in obtaining
the certificate.
CHAPTER 4
EMS WITHIN FOOD INDUSTRIES
Other than the Quality Management System (QSM), the Environmental
Management System (EMS) should be incorporated within the manufacturing industries.
Nowadays, the cleaner production approach is an aspect of environmentally acceptable
technologies and it should be adopted by the food manufacturing industries.
4.1
Environmental Problems and Food Industries
The direct effects that food wastes can have on the local environment have
always been recognised as potentially damaging. The New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation Pollution Prevention Unit has reported that The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) system
indicates that the chemicals released from the food processing industry that may have an
environmental impact including ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, chlorine,
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, copper compounds, and zinc compounds.
31
The air issues deal mainly with volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions
from fryers, commercial bakeries, machine lubricating oils, and refrigeration systems
that use ammonia and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Water pollution has been the most obvious cause of concern as rivers and lakes
have become eutrophic and threaten the aquatic life. The food industries are implicated
in water pollution through the direct discharge of dilute wastes into waterways and also
by run-off from the surface or from subsurface drainage after land-spreading. Even if
this direct source of pollution is avoided, however, there is concern about substances
being leached from the soil to the aquifer below (Legg, 1990).
4.2
Cleaner Production
Installing the cleaner production inside firms will give advantages from two
visible aspects, which are internal and external. Internal including the aspect of
economic usefulness and the external is the environmental protection and preservation.
In its essence, the cleaner production can be presented as follows:
1. Reduction of produced waste quantity or avoidment of self-production;
2. Efficiency of energy and resources usement;
3. Production of environmentally accepted products and services;
4. To achieve the less quantity of waste production, lower prices and higher
profits.
32
4.3
Environmental Programme for Food Manufacturing Industries
Food production requires the input of natural capital, such as land and water, also
the energy provided by the natural capital. Since a doubling of global food demand is
expected in the next 50 years, this will poses huge challenges for the sustainability of
food production.
Therefore, the ISO standard requires that a program (s) be established and
maintained in order to achieve the identified objectives and target. An environmental
programme is a set of specific objectives and measures for improving the environmental
performance of a company. It must define the means, schedule and responsibility at each
relevant function and level to achieve the objectives and targets.
4.3.1
Types of Environmental Programme
In general, wastes from the food processing industry have some common
characteristics as follows:
1. Large amounts of organic materials such as proteins, carbohydrates, and
lipids,
2. Large amounts of suspended solids depending on the source,
3. High biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand
(COD),
4. High nitrogen concentration,
5. High suspended oil or grease contents, and
6. High variations in pH.
33
Therefore, there are few types of environmental programmes that can be
implemented including cleaner production and by minimisation. The basic options to
achieve waste minimisation can be summarised as below:
i)
Good Operating Practices
Good operating practices are procedural, administrative, or institutional changes
that an organisation can use to minimise wastes. The good operating practices and their
program ingredients are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Pollution Prevention Through Good Operating Practices
Good Operating Practice
Waste Segregation
Programme Ingredients
Prevent mixing of hazardous wastes with non-hazardous
wastes; store materials in compatible groups; segregate
different solvents; and isolate liquid wastes from solid
wastes.
Preventive Maintenance
Maintain equipment history cards on equipment
Programs
location; characteristics, and maintenance; maintain a
master preventive maintenance (PM) schedule; keep
vendor maintenance manuals handy; and maintain a
manual or computerised repair history file.
Training/ Awareness
Provide training for operation of the equipment to
Building Programs
minimise energy use and material waste; proper
materials handling to reduce waste and spills; emphasise
importance of pollution prevention by explaining the
economic and environmental ramifications of hazardous
waste generation and disposal; detecting and minimising
material loss to air, land, or water; and emergency
procedures procedures to minimise lost materials during
accident.
34
Effective Supervision
Closer supervision may improve production efficiency
and reduce inadvertent waste generation; centralise
waste management; appoint a safety/ waste management
officer for each department; educate staff on the benefits
of pollution prevention; establish pollution prevention
goals; and perform pollution prevention assessments.
Employee Participation
“Quality circles” (free forums between employees and
supervisors); can identify ways to reduce waste; and
solicit and reward employee suggestions for waste
reduction ideas.
Production Scheduling/
Maximise batch size to reduce clean out waste; dedicate
Planning
equipment to a single product; and alter batch
sequencing to minimise cleaning frequency.
Cost Accounting/ Allocation
Charge direct and indirect costs of all air, land, and
water discharges to specific processes or products;
allocate waste treatment and disposal costs to the
operations that generate the waste; and allocate utility
costs to specific processes or products.
(Adapted from Facility Pollution Prevention Guide, US.EPA, 1992)
ii)
Reduction at source
The most effective way to prevent a material from entering the environment is to
stop using or making it. Source reduction is defined as "any changes in the design,
manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to reduce
their amount or toxicity before they become municipal solid waste.
35
iii)
Product Changes
A process should only be operated if the products can be made in a cleaner way.
Suitable alternative materials that may perform the same function with less
environmental consequences can be used for the purpose of the process.
iv)
Process Changes
A process should be designed or changed in such a way that potentially polluting
materials are not made or isolated, minimising the possibility of a release.
v)
Recycle
Recycling is the activity that requires some form of significant physical,
chemical or biological processing. It is the processing of waste to reclaim materials for
the original or some other purposes. By recycling activity, we can cut the pollution and
conserve the natural resources where it allows hazardous and non-hazardous materials to
be put in beneficial use. Besides that, a long-term economic advantage can be gained by
the manufacturers due to lower cost of raw materials. Recycle include use, reuse or
reclaim materials that can be perform on and off-site.
a) Reuse
Reuse of material is an alternative way of preventing release to the
environment. Reuse involves using a product more than once, either for the same
purpose or for a different purpose.
36
b) On-site Recycling
Using a by-product of one process as a raw material for another or
disposes of it without an environmental impact.
c) Off-site Recycling
Sending a by-product of a process to be used elsewhere, which is similar
to on-site recycling, but the pollution and cost of transport and handling make
this approach less desirable.
Through source reduction and reuse activities, we may conserve the
natural resources, reduced amount of waste, decreased air pollution and the
production of greenhouse gases, reduced toxicity of waste, and reduced costs.
vi) Treatment and Disposal
One of the alternatives to handle the wastes is by treating the waste by
chemical, physical and biological methods to render the waste harmless. It is
then disposed of to the air, water or land in compliance with the law. However,
this is the least favoured option as it is an end-of-pipe treatment and does not
contribute to waste reduction.
37
4.3.2
Food Industries Waste and Control
Waste from food manufacturing industries will pollute the air, water and land.
Therefore, a few pollution controls techniques can be applied to prevent continuous
environmental degradation.
i) Wastewater Management
a)
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater from food industries should be treated and it will be
reclaimed. The wastewater quality is very important to reduce wastewater loads
and ensure no pollutants discharge to surface and groundwater. Unit operations
and processes for wastewater treatment (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991) are shown in
Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Unit Operation, Processes and Wastewater Treatment
Contaminant
Suspended solids
Unit operation, unit process or treatment system
Screening and comminution; grit removal;
sedimentation; filtration; chemical polymer addition;
coagulation and natural treatment.
Biodegradable organics
Activated sludge variations; fixed film reactor; trickling
filter; fixed film reactor; rotating biological contactors;
lagoon variations; intermittent sand filtration; physicalchemical systems and natural systems.
Volatile organics
Air stripping; off gas treatment and carbon adsorption.
Pathogens
Chlorination; hypochlorination; bromine chloride;
ozonation; UV radiation and natural systems.
Nitrogen
Suspended growth nitrification and denitrification
38
variations; fixed-film nitrification and denitrification
variations; ammonia stripping; ion exchange; breakpoint
chlorination and natural systems.
Phosphorus
Metal-salt addition; lime coagulation/ sedimentation;
biological phosphorus removal; biological-chemical
phosphorus removal and natural systems.
Refractory organics
Carbon adsorption; tertiary ozonation and natural
systems.
Heavy metals
Chemical precipitation; ion exchange and natural
systems.
Dissolve organic solids
b)
Ion exchange; reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.
Wastewater Reclamation
Manufacturers can recycle their wastewater to be reuse for other
purposes. Wastewater reclamation will help them to conserve water and avoid
stringent regulatory standards for effluent discharges. Unit operations and
process used in wastewater reclamation (USEPA,1992) is shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Unit Operations and Process in Wastewater Reclamation
Industrial uses for reclaimed water
Cooling water
Usage

Once through cooling systems
In this system, water is used to cool the
process equipment and then discharge the
heated water after a single use.

Recirculated cooling systems
In this system, water is used to absorb the
process heat, transfer the heat from the
water by evaporation and recirculation the
water for additional cooling cycles.
Boiler feed water
Boilers are needed to generate steam for
39
machines operation. Higher quality of
water is required for higher pressure at
which the boiler operated. Generally,
reclaimed water used for boiler water
make-up must be treated to reduce
hardness of the boiler feed make-up water
to close to zero.
Industrial process water
The suitability of reclaimed water for use
in industrial process depends upon the
particular use.
ii)
Air Quality
The wastes produced by food industries may also contaminate the air. This is
through odour and particulate matter emission. The air quality in industrial area is
usually worse as compared to other areas. Pasir Gudang is one of the most polluted areas
in Johor Bahru. However, there are some control measures that can be implemented to
reduce air pollution.
a)
Odour Control
The methods to control odour emission from the industries (Keily, 1997)
are shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Odour Control Method
Methods
Process
Source control
Replace or modify operating systems
Absorption
Capture by water or other fluids
Adsorption
Capture by activated carbon
Biological
Oxidation by microorganisms
40
Chemical
Oxidation for odour components
Condensation
Cooling of odorous steam
Containment
Hold or retain for treatment
Counteraction
Diminished in presence of another odour
Dilution
Dispersion below threshold levels
Incineration
Combustion of odour agent
Masking
Superimpose a fragrance
b)
Particulate Emission Controls
If the process and system control is more effective in preventing the
formation and discharge of air pollutants, it is unnecessary for us to rely upon gas
cleaning devices to reduce emission or use tall stacks to disperse and dilute
offensive substances.
For example, acid mist and dust emitted from thermal process, rock
acidulating and grinding in acid manufacturing industries can be control by using
electrostatic precipitators or mesh mist eliminators. Besides that, generation of
carbon dioxide from fermentation process in distillery industries is also the main
contribution to air pollution. This gas can be control by using wet trap technique.
iii)
Solid waste
Plastics, papers, glass, and packaging wastes are considered as solid wastes
generated from the industries. These types of wastes can be first handle by segregation
process. Useful materials, which could be recycled, can be processed instead of dumping
them in the landfill area.
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
This study is conducted using questionnaire-surveying method. The Survey
Research Handbook, 3rd Edition written by Pamela L. Alreck and Robert B. Settle
(2004) is the reference book used for overall design of the study.
5.1
Questionnaire Study
The questionnaire study is one of the ways to get the information needed. It
surveys the experiences of the food manufacturers in managing their company towards
achieving sustainable development. From the survey, the understanding or prediction of
human behavior or conditions related to this issue can be made. This type of survey
consists of several stages to be implemented before getting the yield.
The flow of the study is illustrated in Figure 5.1.
42
Sampling
Population and sample identification
Building Questionnaire
 Survey Introduction
 Questionnaire Organisation
Data Collecting
 Distributing Questionnaire
 Collecting Questionnaire
Data Processing
 SPSS
Reporting the Results
 Describing data distributions
 Measure item interaction
 Reporting the info.
Figure 5.1:Flow of the Study
43
5.2
Sampling
Nearly every survey uses some form of sampling. Sampling means taking part of
some population to represent the whole population. The actual specification of a
sampling design begins with identification of the population to be surveyed.
There are many food manufacturing industries in the State of Johor. However,
the populations that will be considered in this study are the companies, which have been
listed in Federation of Malaysian Manufactures (FMM). Therefore, the population taken
is 200 industries and among the population, sample to obtain adequate confidence must
be more than 10% or more than 20 numbers of respondents. Figure 5.2 below shows the
sampling plan for the study.
Food
manufacturers in
Johor = 200
Sample to obtain
adequate
confidence =
More than 10%
or more than 20
respondents
No of
questionnaires
sent out to
respondents
= 200
Targeted
Respondents:
>20
Figure 5.2: Sampling Plan for the Study
The questionnaires are sent to all the companies in the population for the fact that
the number of replies is uncertain. The distribution of the questionnaires regarding
different districts is shown in Table 5.1.
44
Table 5.1: Distribution of Survey Components
District
Johor Bahru
Number of Survey Components Sent
129
Kulai
4
Segamat
2
Muar
12
Batu Pahat
27
Pontian
10
Kluang
11
Mersing
5
5.3
Development of Survey Components
The voluntary cooperation of respondents is the most important consideration in
survey research. Consequently, the introduction has to be composed and delivered
effectively.
i.
Cover Letter
A cover letter to introduce the questionnaire and greet the respondents has to be
prepared in a well flow prior to addressing the questionnaire. This is a very important
part where it stated the explanation of the project, together with the expected finding and
finally attracts the respondents to give their cooperation. The cover letter is shown in
Appendix C.
45
ii.
Survey Question
There are two basic formats for survey questions which are structured and
unstructured. The unstructured questions also called “open-end” questions because only
the question is expressed and no alternative answers are listed for the respondent.
Structured question is selected as the survey question format for this study. Via
structured question, the question expressed together with alternatives answers the
respondent might choose.
The structured question is more feasible whereby it addresses precisely what
information is sought from the respondents. This will avoid them from being in a
different frame of mind and respond along a different dimension, which is not required
by the researcher.
The body of the questionnaire consists of several sections, which have been
sequenced with smooth transition from one to another subtopic. This is to avoid sudden
breaks or dramatic changes in the respondent’s frames.
There are seven sections (Section A to Section G) in this questionnaire. Section
A and B are structured more towards introduction and general information about the
company while section C to G will address the questions related to the survey topic.
Details of the sections and their topic are shown in Table 5.2.
46
Table 5.2: Topic in the Questionnaire
Section
Topic
A
Company’s Background
B
Background of Environmental Management System (EMS) Implementation
C
Company’s Environmental Management System (EMS)
D
Industrial Waste Management System
E
Compliance Action’s Level Towards Regulations
F
Sustainable Management
G
Problem(s) in Implementing Sustainable Management
Section A questions is more to introduction about the company’s profiles.
The questions in this section are very simple, quick and easy to be answered. Moving to
section B, the background information on the environmental management approach of
the company will be asked. Again, this section does not contain any hard questions to be
responded.
The next section (section C) requires respondent to answer questions related to
EMS. But this time, it is more towards awareness and cost management in the company.
Section D addresses the issues about waste generated and approaches to control it, while
section E consists of the questions related to legal compliance issues. Both section D and
E contains quite sensitive questions. However, the questions have been structured in a
calm tone to guide respondents to answer it.
Furthermore, section F will focus on the manufacturer’s awareness towards
achieving sustainable environmental management. Section G finally covers more on
problems encountered by the manufacturers in order to achieve sustainable development
together with the ability to solve them.
47
5.4
Data Collection
The questionnaire distributed to the respondents (manufacturers) by mail,
electronic mail and also door-to-door modes. The survey components sent out to the
respondents consists of a letter from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) as in
Appendix B, a cover letter and the questionnaire itself. The surveys via mail also
provided with return envelope completed with return address and stamp.
Since this survey is related to company’s performance, thus, the name of
manufacturers is not required to be written. This is to let the respondents feel free from
any restriction for revealing their own identity. However, in order to trace the identity of
the manufacturer by the researcher herself, the questionnaire sent to the company will be
provided with ID number, so that targeted respondents can be indirectly monitored.
The respondents do not have to worry as all the information given is kept as a
private and confidential data. The information collected is just for the sake of research
and would not be given to the third parties.
Distribution via mail and electronic mail will be follow up with phone calls to
promote response approximately a week after it has been sent to the respondents.
5.5
Data Processing
Data processing is the most critical part in survey research. All the data received
from the respondents should be kept properly and the date of received must be recorded.
48
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 11.0 for Windows is used as the
software, which enables data from surveys to be flexibly analysed. It has facilities for
the extensive manipulation and transformation of data, and includes a wide range of
procedures for both simple and highly complex statistical analysis.
5.6
Data Interpretation
The results interpretations and report include three main processes, which are
describing data distributions, measuring item interaction and reporting the info.
i)
Describing data distributions
According to Alreck and Settle (2004), the survey questionnaire items or
variables form ‘distributions’. The most common form of data description is frequency
and percentage distribution. It can be shown in the frequency table. Other than that, the
percentage distributions may also be used as they are often more easily interpreted.
Graphic data description is another category of data description.
By using the SPSS Programming, the descriptive procedure displays univariate
summary statistics for several variables in a single table and calculates standardised
values. Other than that, the cross-tabulation analysis is also used. It is by far the most
common measure of association between survey variables. This type of analysis is very
effective and flexible.
49
ii)
Measuring item interaction
Relative Index is one of the methods measuring the questions. The survey
respondents were asked to rate against the five-point scale to elicit the extent of
contribution of factors for a few questions. The responses to the questionnaire is based
on Likert’s Scale of five ordinal measures which is from one (1) to five (5) according to
the level of contributing factors attributed to each questions.
The data are ordinal values because both the extremes as well as the intermediate
scale points are labeled. The Likert’s Scale of measurement represents the rating as
follows:
5:
Highly contributing
4:
High contributing
3:
Medium contributing
2:
Low contributing
1:
Least contributing
Likert’s Scale is very popular because of the power and simplicity of the format
and the summated value are also easily obtained. The analysis of the questions is
done by using ‘Relative Index’ (RI) technique with the following formula:
RI
=
Sum (5n5 + 4n4 + 3n3 +2n2 + 1n1)
___________________________
5(n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n1)
Where;
RI
=
n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n1 =
Relative Index
Number of responding indices
50
The value of relative index ranging from 0.2 to 1, which represent the lowest and
highest strength respectively (Fairus, 2005). The simplified breakdown is shown in the
Table 5.3.
Table 5.3: The Scale Components Breakdown
Ordinal Scale
5.7
Comment
Relative index
>0.8
Comment
5
Extremely aware
4
Good
0.6-0.8
Good
3
Fair
0.4-0.6
Fair
2
Poor
0.2-0.4
Poor
1
Very poor
<0.2
Extremely aware
Very poor
Reporting the Results
The last phase is reporting the results obtained from the analysis of the
questionnaire. The information is displayed in a simple narrative way with suitable
charts, graphs and diagrams to make it more easily understood.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter details out the findings pertaining to sustainable food industries
among respondents. The results are then deduced out of the data collected from the
questionnaire. The original results derived from Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) analysis are appended in the Appendices, where the numberings are mentioned
subsequently after the description of results.
6.1
Background of the Project
A total of 200 surveys components were sent out to food manufacturers in the
State of Johor from 19th December 2005 to 13th February 2006. There are 25 replies
were received, mainly from the respondents in Johor Bahru. All the replies were
maintained in hardcopy. The total response rate was 12.5%. The details of the
questionnaire response rate distribution are shown in Table 6.1.
52
Table 6.1: Response Rate of Questionnaire Distribution
NO
DISTRICT
1.
Johor Bahru
2.
NUMBER OF SURVEY COMPONENT
RECEIVED
SENT
RESPONSE
RATE (%)
129
20
15.5
Kulai
4
1
25
3.
Segamat
2
0
0
4.
Muar
12
1
8.3
5.
Batu Pahat
27
1
3.7
6.
Pontian
10
1
10
7.
Kluang
11
0
0
8.
Mersing
5
1
20
TOTAL
200
25
12.5
6.2
Background of the Respondents
Most of the companies that respond to the questionnaire had been established
since 2002 or earlier. Various types of food have been manufactured, including bakery
products, junk food, cooking ingredients, beverages and many more.
According to FMM, company with number of employees not exceeding 150 is
considered as a small-scale manufacturing industry (FMM SMI HANDBOOK 1998/99).
From this study, most of the respondents are from this type of industry. 13 companies
(52%) have 10 to 49 employees given the highest percentage among the others. Details
numbers of employees are shown in Figure 6.1.
53
200 and above
1-9
3.00 / 12.0%
3.00 / 12.0%
100-199
2.00 / 8.0%
50-99
4.00 / 16.0%
10-49
13.00 / 52.0%
Figure 6.1: Number of Employee
As for the market scale, 12 industries (48%), involved in both domestic and
international trade. They export their products to other countries especially Singapore.
From this high percentage, people might expect that the companies should be committed
not only to the quality of products, but also give excellent performance in every aspect
to make sure they can compete in global market. There are 10 industries (40%) involved
in domestic business only while the rest 3 industries (12%) are based on export business.
Figure 6.2 shows the detail percentage of market where the companies involved.
Data on the profile of respondents can be referred to Appendix E.
54
Domestic and export
12.00 / 48.0%
Domestic
10.00 / 40.0%
Export
3.00 / 12.0%
Figure 6.2: Market Scale
6.3
Background of Environmental Management Implementation
Figure 6.3 illustrates the types of certificate that the companies obtained.
Unfortunately, none of the respondent has the ISO 14001 certificate, which is mainly
related to environment. 15 companies (60%) do not have any certificate while only 6
companies (24%) have the ISO 9000, which is certification for management quality. The
rest 4 companies (16%) have the other certificate such as HACCP (Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control Point), which is associated with food processing industries.
55
ISO 9000 certified
6.00 / 24.0%
No certification
Other certification
15.00 / 60.0%
4.00 / 16.0%
Figure 6.3: Certification
6.4
Environmental Management in Food Industries
From the study, 24% or only 6 out of 25 industries have environmental staff or
officer in their companies while the rest 19 companies (76%) do not have any. However,
in term of consultation, the positive value is slightly higher whereby 13 companies
(52%) take the opportunity to get advices from environmental consultants, and 12
companies (48%) are not. There are only 2 companies (8%) who do not take any action
for environmental management, while 23 more companies (92%) do take action on
environmental preservation. It reflects that there are still an afford to care for the nature
among the manufacturers. Figure 6.4 shows the detail condition of environmental
management in food industries.
56
Environmental Management in Company
25
Number
20
15
10
5
0
Environmental staff
Environmental
consultant
No action towards
environment
Condition of Environmental Management
Yes
No
Figure 6.4: Environmental Management in Company
Although most of the companies still do not have the ISO 14001 certification, 18
respondents (72%) are very eager to obtain it. Unfortunately, they claimed that going
towards certification is quite hard as it involve higher cost and many other requirements.
The interest to have this certificate is due to several factors such as customer
requirement or market driven; corporate culture; suitable mean to improve public image;
and also voluntary for the sake of environment. Figure 6.5 and 6.6 represent the
percentage of respondents who are interested to obtain ISO 14001 certification and the
reasons respectively. It can be seen from the results that improving public image is the
priority for manufacturers with 47.4% (9 respondents), 26.3% (5 respondents) want to
fulfill the customer requirement and 5.1% (1 respondent) due to corporate culture
reason. Only 21.1% (4 respondents) volunteer to have this certificate for the sake of the
environment. From this result, it can be said that the manufacturers give higher priority
to other aspects, which related to their economic strength, rather than really want to
preserve the environment.
Data on background of environmental management implementation can be
referred in Appendix F.
57
100
80
60
40
Percent
20
0
Yes
No
Inter es t in Obtaining ISO 14001 Certif ic ation
Figure 6.5: Interest in Obtaining ISO 14001 Certification
50
40
30
20
Percent
10
0
Voluntary
Customer requirement
Corporate culture
Public imag e
Reas on f or obtaining c ertif ic ate
Figure 6.6: Reason for Obtaining Certificate
6.5
Company’s Environmental Management System
This section is for identifying the level of awareness among food manufacturers
towards environmental issues. There are six ranges used to evaluate their awareness
58
level starting with no awareness, very poor, poor, fair, good and excellent. The
descriptive results are summarise in Table 6.2 below, while the SPSS analysis result is in
Appendix G.
Table 6.2: Mean Score for Companies Environmental Management System.
Criteria
Mean
Knowledge on the importance of environmental management
3.52
Knowledge on the requirement of Environmental Quality Act
3.20
Systematic identification of environmental aspects
3.04
Compliance with the Environmental Quality Act
3.52
Activities in preventing environmental pollution
3.40
Strategies in achieving continual improvement
3.56
Documentation of the requirements of Environmental Quality Act
3.28
Documentation of the environmental pollution control activities
3.20
From the result obtained, the level of awareness among food manufacturers can
be concluded fair. They realise the importance of healthy environment and try to fulfill
the requirement. However, in term of inculcation, it is still considered poor.
Knowledge on the requirement of Environmental Quality Act, systematic
identification of environmental aspects, documentation of the requirements of
Environmental Quality Act and documentation of the environmental pollution control
activities are among the lowest as compared to knowledge on the importance of
environmental management, compliance with the Environmental Quality Act, activities
in preventing environmental pollution and strategies in achieving continual
improvement.
Other than that, the question on implementation of environmental programme
also incorporated in the questionnaire. 18 companies (72%) have implemented the
environmental programme, while 7 more companies (28%) have not. The result is
illustrated in Figure 6.7.
59
No
7.00 / 28.0%
Yes
18.00 / 72.0%
Figure 6.7: Implementation of Environmental Programme
In term of spending, 5 out of 11 companies (20%) allocate less than RM 5000
per year for implementing environmental programme. 4 companies (16%) spend from
RM 5000 to RM 10,000 yearly while the other 2 companies (8%) spend between RM
10,001 to RM 20,000 per year for this purpose. 14 respondents (56%) do not have any
answer for this question. This is because they usually do not allocate the exact amount
for each programme implemented.
From here, it can be concluded that most of the manufacturers are not willing to
spend more for environmental programme. Most of them also do not really plan the
programme properly. This kind of programme will only being implement when there is a
need to do it. There are some reasons or problems that lead to this issue, which will be
discussed later. The cross tabulation results related to allocation are shown in Table 6.3.
60
Table 6.3: Cross Tabulation Result of Implementation of Environmental Programme and
Spending
Count
Spending on environmental
programme yearly
RM5000- RM10001<RM5000 RM10000
RM20000
Implementation
of environmental
programme
Total
6.6
Total
Yes
5
4
2
11
5
4
2
11
Industrial Waste Management System
This section focuses on waste management of the industries. Although food
industries always being overlooked due to their “less contribution” to environmental
pollution as compared to heavier industries, proper management of waste is very
important to prevent the environmental problems.
In term of waste generator, 9 companies (36%) claimed that they are
conditionally exempt small quantity generator, which produce less than or 100 kg wastes
per month. 16 companies (64%) are the small quantity generator that produce waste
more than 100 kg but less than 1000 kg per month. None of them are in large quantity
generator, which produce more than 1000 kg waste per month. Figure 6.8 shows the
summary of the results.
61
CESQG
9.00 / 36.0%
SQG
16.00 / 64.0%
Figure 6.8: Category of Waste Generator
For waste management activities of the company, the SPSS analysis results are
shown Appendix H. 60% of the respondents always segregate the waste before being
dump. 24% often do that, 12% rarely and 4% of them never segregate the waste. For 3R
(reduce, recycle, reuse) activities, 48% of respondent always apply it, 28% often, 8%
sometimes and 16% never implement this approach. For disposal of waste, 48% of
respondents always dump at the landfill, both 20% often and never do that respectively,
8% sometimes and 4% rarely dispose the waste at the landfill site.
For better analysis, the results are presented in relative index (RI) for those cases.
The Likert’s scale of five ordinal measures used to represent rating of the study.
The average of 0.78 is obtained as in Figure 6.9. This indicates that these three
activities (waste segregation, 3R and landfill disposal) are often applied by the
RI
food manufacturers.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Waste segregation
Relative index
Average
3R
Landfill disposal
Figure 6.9: Relative Index for Waste Segregation, 3R and Landfill Disposal
62
Other than that, there are several activities also have been done to handle the
waste produced from the industrial operation processes including storage of waste on
and off-site; direct discharge of waste to watercourse, drains or sewers; open land
discharge; and incineration on or off-site. Detail percentage of these approaches also can
be referred in Appendix H.
From the relative index analysis, the average value for those activities is 0.26 as
in Figure 6.10. Thus, it falls under activities which are rarely implemented by the
respondents. From general observations, it can be concluded that most of food industries
in Johor have proper solid waste management. This is because there is a private
company (Southern Waste Management Sdn.Bhd.), which is responsible for proper
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Incineration
off-site
Incineration
on-site
Discharge to
open land
Direct
discharge of
waste to
drain or
sewer
Direct
discharge of
waste to
watercourse
Store off-site
Relative
index
Average
Store on-site
RI
waste management in this state.
Figure 6.10: Relative Index for Waste Management
For wastewater management in the food industries, the relative index obtained
for both wastewater treatment and reclamation is 0.38. This is shown in Figure 6.11.
Therefore, both approaches are rarely applied by the industries. They prefer to use the
water which had been supplied without further treatment and the wastewater will just
being discharge without treatment. According to most of the manufacturers, they do not
have to treat the effluent. It is because; it was “believed” that effluent that comes from
63
food processing activities would not harm the environment. The graph below shows the
relative index and wastewater management approaches used.
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
RI
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Relative index
0.05
0
Wastewater treatment
Average
Wastewater reclamation
Figure 6.11: Relative Index for Wastewater Management
Odour and particulate matter control are among the important criteria for air
pollution prevention. Air pollution is always considered less significant for food
industries. Respond from a few manufacturers have shown that they believe that food
industries activities do not produce hazardous smoke and unbearable odour. Thus, these
two approaches are only being applied when needed (sometimes) with the average
relative index equal to 0.47, as shown in Figure 6.12.
All the frequency analysis for these management practices are shown in
Appendix H. The relative index calculations are shown in Appendix L, M, N and O
respectively.
64
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
RI
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Relative index
0.05
0
Odour control
Average
Particulate matter control
Figure 6.12: Relative Index for Air Pollution Control
Furthermore, for the compliance of industrial activities towards rules and
regulation, the RI obtain is 0.83 which achieving the level of 81% to 100% compliance
towards Environmental Quality (Sewage & Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979,
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978, Environmental Quality
(Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989 and Provision for Environmental Noise under the
Environmental Quality Act 1974. The result is illustrated in the Figure 6.13. The
frequency analysis is in Appendix I, while the RI calculation is in Appendix P.
The manufacturers think that they have highly comply with all the law and
regulations. This is because they believe that as long as there is no direct discharge of
waste to the watercourse, open dumping, and open burning, they have played in a safe
side. Most of them do not realise the “hidden” offences from untreated effluent and
polluted emission from their chimneys. In such situation, corrective actions should be
taken to educate them on proper waste management system.
65
0.845
0.84
0.835
RI
0.83
0.825
0.82
0.815
0.81
0-20%
Relative index
Average
21-40%
41-60%
61-80%
81-100%
Figure 6.13: Relative Index of Compliance Towards Regulations
6.7
Sustainable Management
Sustainable management is the objectives that should be achieved by the
manufacturers. From the study, 14 respondents (56%) claimed that they understand the
sustainable management term, while 11 respondents (44%) are not sure. The results
show that there is still not enough information obtained by the manufacturers towards
this issue.
The cross tabulation result in Table 6.4 shows that 9 companies, which claimed
that they understand of sustainable management term, have achieved that level, while 3
more companies are not. Again, there are still many manufacturers are not sure whether
they have achieve sustainable management or not.
66
Table 6.4: Cross Tabulation of Understanding and Achievement of Sustainable
Management
Count
Unders tanding of
Sustainable Management
Yes
Not sure
Total
Achievement of Sustainable
Management
Yes
No
Not sure
9
3
2
1
1
9
10
4
11
Total
14
11
25
As mentioned in the earlier chapter, moving towards sustainable management is
not an easy process. There is six important aspects should be taken into account
including the information system in the company, communication system, integration
between impact identification and mitigation, compliance level and crisis respond. The
details of descriptive analysis are shown in Appendix J. Table 6.5 summarise the mean
score for each criteria.
The mean value for every criteria is quite high. Thus, it can be concluded that the
manufacturers have good to excellent level of awareness in related issues. All the criteria
are the assets needed to be a sustainable company. However, awareness without
effective implementation is not enough to achieve the target. There might be some
barriers that should be overcome first before successfully manage the company.
Table 6.5: Mean Score for Criteria in Achieving Sustainable Management
Criteria
Mean
Company information system
4.04
Company communication system
4.04
Integration of impact identification and mitigation
3.68
Compliance level
3.80
Crisis respond
3.80
67
6.8
Problems in Implementing Sustainable Management
Being in the business world meaning that we have to face with a lot of
challenges. Thus, sustainable management is hard to be achieved before solving the
constraints. Complete package is required to achieve the sustainable management. Some
problems encountered by the manufacturers in running their business have been found
from this study. The results are summarised in the graph (Figure 6.14) below using
relative index values.
0.6
0.5
RI
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Relative index
Average
Insufficient
resource
Employees
attitude
problem
Lack of time
Lack of
experts
Lack of
knowledge
and skill
Lack of
training
facilities
Lack of
technology
Lack of
financial
resource
Lack of
management
commitment
0
Figure 6.14: Relative Index for Problems Encountered by Manufacturers
The average relative index for the problems is 0.46. Thus, it can be concluded
that the problems are moderately significant to food manufacturing industries in Johor.
The biggest problem is lack of experts to handle the issues related to environment with
RI equal to 0.53. In order to solve the problems, systematic actions should be taken to
prevent them from become worse. Detail frequency analysis is in Appendix K and the RI
calculation is in Appendix Q.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter summarised the findings derived from the survey as well as
literatures with the objectives of the study. Subsequent to the conclusions,
recommendations and proposed future studies are made where appropriate.
7.1
Conclusion of Findings
From the analysis presented in Chapter 6 using the data collected from 25 food
manufacturers in the State of Johor, some conclusions can be drawn to establish the
issued investigated for the research, which includes:
1. To identify the level of awareness towards achieving sustainable
development among local food manufacturers;
2. To evaluate the environmental management applied by local food
manufacturers especially in management practice and legal compliance;
69
3. To find out the problems encountered by local food manufacturers in
achieving sustainable environmental management.
The conclusions drawn from the above objectives are summarised as follows:
1)
TO IDENTIFY THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AMONG LOCAL FOOD
MANUFACTURERS
From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the level of awareness among
food manufacturers in this state is in a fair condition. There are still a lot of spaces need
to be improved to help them being more aware on the importance of environmental
management.
It can also be concluded that the manufacturers readily have at least a little bit
knowledge and awareness on environmental issues as what had been discussed in
Chapter 6, however, the real concept of sustainable management is still not fully
understood.
Since there is awareness together with realisation that complete package is really
needed for a company to run a business, manufacturers are trying to fulfill the entire
requirement especially obeying the law and regulation, which had been addressed.
However, the level of inculcation among them is very poor as they follow the
requirement just for the purpose to be in the safe side, not really for the sake of the
environment.
70
2)
TO EVALUATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPLIED
BY LOCAL FOOD MANUFACTURERS ESPECIALLY IN
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE AND LEGAL COMPLIANCE
In term of approach to prevent environmental pollution, manufacturers mainly
focused on solid waste management as compared to wastewater and air pollution
control. The high value of relative index obtained indicate that the manufacturers always
practice the waste segregation activities, implement the 3R concept and dump the waste
at legal landfill site.
Other approaches such as storage or burial on and off-site, direct discharge of
waste into watercourses, drains or sewer, also incineration on and off-site are rarely
done.
The wastewater reclamation and treatment also rarely applied by the
manufacturers. This is due to the thinking that effluent from food industries will not
bring hazardous effect to the environment. Other than that, treatment of wastewater will
involve high spending in term of cost and it is not worth to invest on it.
Air pollution control is only practiced when needed as manufacturers claimed
that their activities would not involve the emission of hazardous gases.
From these results, again there should be proper education introduced to the
manufacturers. This is because sometimes they are not realise that the waste produced
from food manufacturing factories contain high level of organic compound which will
lead to eutrophication problem and also potentially pollute the environment.
71
3)
TO FIND OUT THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY LOCAL FOOD
MANUFACTURERS IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The whole aspects should be in a perfect condition in order to achieve
sustainable management. Moving towards this objective is not an easy process. There
are still a lot of problems have to be faced by the manufacturers.
The biggest problem encountered by manufacturers in achieving sustainable
environmental management is lack of experts in this field. It is hard to find out
employees who have various skills needed. Usually the experts will demand for higher
salary, which is hardly afford by the non-well established company. Besides that, there
are still other problems encountered such as unstable companies management system,
financial problems and problems related to the employees.
However, most of the respondents believe that all the problems can be overcome
if there are full commitment and integration between the companies’ staff. Either big or
small companies, problems can be solved when there are effective strategies and
cooperation between them.
7.2
Recommendation: Best Practice Environmental Management (BPEM)
In order to ensure continual improvement in environmental performance, it is
important for food manufacturing industries to implement a sound environmental
management system. The management system is much recommended on the lines of
Environmental Management System of ISO 14000 series be incorporated into the Best
Practice Environmental Management (BPEM) programme.
72
BPEM is the management of an organisation or activity to achieve a high level of
environmental performance, which is sustainable, continuously improves and consistent
with business or economic objectives. A comprehensive EMS is an integral part of
BPEM.
The establishment of an EMS within a company enables the integration of
cleaner production and waste minimisation programmes into the company policy and
business operations (SIRIM, 2001).
There are some elements that should be included in the EMS which are:
1. Adoption of environmental policies;
2. Identification of environmental aspects and impacts of the business activities
in a systematic manner;
3. Setting of environmental performance targets;
4. Formulation of environmental programmes and plans;
5. Training of personnel in environmental awareness and competency;
6. Establishment of operating control procedures;
7. Regular monitoring and review of environmental performance.
From the discussion before, the most significant problem encounter by the food
manufacturers is lack of experts in their companies. One of the key features of EMS is
involving the personnel at all level of the company to achieve the environmental policy,
objectives and targets. Thus, training of personnel is a major component in
implementing EMS.
EMS also shares all the common elements of management systems, which is
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle to attain continual improvement. Thus, it should be
integrated with other management structures such as those for production, planning,
quality management, and occupational health and safety to make sure maximum benefit
can be achieved.
73
There are some key elements required for implementation of EMS in food
industries.
1.
Commitment of top management
The initiator towards achieving sustainable development is the top management
itself. They should be fully committed to implement EMS programmes and provide
sustained impetus to win the support from the staff of the company. The commitment
from all levels of staff is very critical to make sure EMS can be successfully implement.
This is because, most of the functions performed such as good housekeeping are carried
out at the operational level.
2.
Initial environmental review and identification of environmental aspects and
impacts
An Initial Environmental Review is good to be performed by companies, which
have not conducted any environmental audit previously. By this review, the following
information can be provided:
i.
Legislative and regulatory requirements;
ii.
Significant environmental impacts;
iii.
Evaluation of performance compared with relevant internal; criteria, external
standards, regulations, code of practice and sets of principles and guidelines;
iv.
Examination of all existing environmental management practices and
procedures;
v.
Assessment of feedback from investigation of previous accidents and noncompliance;
vi.
Views of interested parties.
From the information, the company can proceed to compile a list of
environmental regulations for compliance and a register of significant environmental
impacts for consideration in setting environmental policy, objectives and targets.
74
3.
Environmental policy, objectives, targets and programmes
The environmental policy will provide the direction for the company in
managing the environmental issues. It should be based on the significant environmental
impacts and what the company intends to achieve.
The environmental objectives and targets should embrace the acronym SMART,
which means that the objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and
has the time frame.
Other than that, specific environmental management programmes shall then be
prepared to meet the objectives and targets. The elements involving the WH-Questions
(Who, When, Where, What and How) must be included to ensure smooth
implementation. The strategies of cleaner production and waste minimisation should be
used.
4.
Implementation and operation
As for implementation and operation, a company should have an organisational
structure to spells out the responsibilities. Besides that, training, awareness and
competence are also very critical. The personnel should be trained to handle
environmental issues to make the work more efficient.
Documented procedures to control and reduce significant impacts, prevent
occurrence of environmental accidents and minimise damage to the environment in case
of environmental emergencies is also needed for EMS.
5.
Monitoring, corrective action and audit
Continuous monitoring of the operation and activities associated with significant
impacts are essential. This is to ensure that the performance of the EMS meets the
75
objectives and targets besides complying the regulatory requirements. In order to
prevent recurrence of environmental non-conformance, the corrective actions should be
taken. The other thing to be implemented is the environmental audits, which have to be
conducted periodically to ensure that the EMS is well implemented and does not
deviated from the documented procedures.
6.
Management review
Review of EMS implementation should be done periodically by the top
management to ensure that the environmental performance is optimised. Besides that,
any changes in regulatory requirements, markets and business environments will be
considered and achievement of objectives and targets will be evaluated. Thus, adequate
and effective EMS can be achieved.
Figure 7.1 illustrates the key elements of an EMS.
Continual improvement
Management review
Environmental policy
EMS
Monitoring and
corrective action
Planning
Implementation and
operation
Figure 7.1: Key Elements of an EMS
76
7.3
Recommendation: Cleaner Production
For cleaner production purpose within food industries, some suggestions that can
be proposed to make sure that food manufacturers will successfully achieve sustainable
management are as below:
1. Advanced legislation and industrial waste strategies.
Recent rules and regulations should be improved in order to achieve better
environmental quality. The regulations on management of solid waste, wastewater and
other emission from the industries should be stricter to make sure no environmental
pollution happen. However, lack of enforcement from the government is always an
issue. This might be due to task duplication problem within different agencies until the
enforcement of the law become weakly implemented. Thus, advanced legislation,
together with good enforcement is very important to achieve cleaner production in food
industries.
2. Information and advisory services
Due to lack of knowledge according to cleaner food production, the
manufacturers should be given enough information related, together with advisory
services. For this purpose, environmental consultation agencies should play their role to
help the manufacturers. Besides that, government and non-government agencies should
also integrate in this programme. Short courses, campaigns, talk and seminar can be
conducted to channel the information.
77
3. Demonstration project
Other than that, practical approach can also be implemented such as doing the
demonstration program to make sure the information given are fully understood and
better picture of the situation can be achieved.
4. Partnership with industries to improve cleaner production awareness and
implementation
Besides that, manufacturers can also adopt the partnership approach to
environmental management rather than the traditional confrontational approach. They
might adopt a pro-active and self-regulatory approach with some basic principles
including understanding the constraints, appreciation of environmental requirements,
pro-active implementation of pollution control measures, consistent utilisation of
pollution control measures, monitoring and performance evaluation and rapid response
to inadequacies.
5. Direct loans and grants for innovative technology, environmental management
systems and placement of experience managers
Financial problem is one of the problems encountered by the manufacturers in
order to achieve sustainable development. Thus, government agencies can help by
implement subsidising programme besides giving direct loan and grants for companies.
With this, innovative technology, EMS and placement of experience managers can be
done.
6.
High profile annual awards
The other way to encourage cleaner production within food industries is by
adopting annual award as a motivator for the company to work harder. The award will
indirectly improve the image of the company, so that their business will be more success
78
than before. This is also considered as a healthy competition among the manufacturers
whereby they will strive to be the best.
7.4
Proposed Future Studies
Food industries have a big potential to become the most important economic
source for our country. Some proposed studies that can be conducted in the future are:
1.
Detail research can be conducted on environmental management system (EMS)
applied in the food processing industries which already have the ISO 14001
certificate such as Dumex (Malaysia) Sdn.Bhd and Central Sugars Refinery
Sdn.Bhd. Their experiences in EMS implementation is very useful to be a model
for other food manufacturing industries especially the beginner companies.
2.
Since the food processing industries begin from the crops and livestock
production, study can also be conducted on the environmental management
system incorporated within the agricultural sector. Agricultural activities are
often being interconnected with non-point source pollution. Thus, study related
this issue would help the people involved in agricultural sector in adopting better
management practices.
3.
The adoption of EMS within foodservice industry is also important as this
industry keep expanding from time to time. The foodservice industry consists of
all operations that sell prepared foods, snacks, and beverages for on-premise or
immediate off-premise consumption (Marion, 1986). Foodservice facilities are
generally classified into two market segments: commercial and noncommercial.
Commercial foodservice facilities include separate eating and drinking places
79
whose main activity is to provide food and beverages (e.g., fast food outlets).
Noncommercial foodservice facilities, in contrast, are operations that are run
primarily as subsidiaries or complements to other business and service activities
(e.g., cafeterias in correctional facilities) (Kroll, 1992). A feasibility study on the
incorporation of EMS in this industry ought to be carried out.
80
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84
APPENDIX A
Overview of Food Production System
Adapted from: Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Moll, H.C., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M.(2002).
Design and Development of a Measuring Method for Environmental Sustainability in
Food Production Systems. Ecological Economics 46 (2003) 231-248.
85
APPENDIX B
Letter of Application for Master’s Project Information
86
APPENDIX C
Questionnaire Cover Letter
For researcher:
ID No.
District:
Date Sent:
Date Received:
QUESTIONNAIRES
Achieving Sustainable Food Industries: Good Practices in Environmental Management
Dear valued respondent:
Thank you for giving your attention to this questionnaire. Your company had
been selected for this study as you are involved in food production. Since this industry is
very important in fulfilling the basic needs of the people, it is important to learn your
experience in managing your company. Here, the emphasised part is the environmental
management. As such, the respondent is expected to be the management representative
who speaks on behalf of the company.
This questionnaire had been design in a simple manner, so that you can easily
answer in shorter length of time.
All the information given is strictly confidential and the identity of the company
would not be disclosed to any circumstances. Your answers would be used together with
other selected food and beverages companies for statistical analysis in this study only.
To enable the researcher to meet the deadline of the study, please kindly
complete this questionnaire using the envelope provided before 25th January 2005.
Your co-operation is really appreciated. Thank you.
Sincerely from the researcher,
Name: Fazilah Binti Abd.Manan
831014-01-5084
MA051070
Date: 19th December 2005
Department of Environmental Engineering,
Civil Engineering Faculty, UTM.
For further information, please contact:
Tel: 019-7834032
E-mail: fazilah_manan@yahoo.com
87
APPENDIX D
Questionnaire
SECTION A: COMPANY BACKGROUND / LATAR BELAKANG SYARIKAT
Please tick ( / ) or circle the appropriate boxes / Sila tanda ( / ) atau bulatkan petak yang sesuai.
*You could tick more than one boxes (only if appropriate)/ Anda boleh menanda lebih dari satu petak jika
sesuai.
A1)
A2)
Year of company being established/ Tahun penubuhan syarikat
2002 or earlier/ sebelum atau pada 2002
2003
2004
2005
*Type of product (s) manufactured/ Jenis produk yang dihasilkan
Bakery products/ Biskut,kek,roti
Junk food/ Makanan ringan
Cooking ingredients/ Bahan masakan
Beverages/ Minuman
Please specify type/Sila nyatakan jenis:_________________________________
(Alcoholic drink/ Minuman beralkohol, Mineral water/ Air mineral,etc/Lain-lain)
Others (Please specify) /
Lain-lain (Silanyatakan):___________________________________________
A3)
A4)
Number of employees/ Bilangan pekerja
1–9
10 – 49
50 – 99
100 – 199
200 and above/ 200 ke atas
*Location of the industry/ Kawasan kedudukan industri
Johor Bahru
Muar
Kluang
Kota Tinggi
Batu Pahat
Segamat
Pontian
Mersing
Others (Please specify)/ Lain-lain (Sila nyatakan) :______________________________________
A5)
*Market of the company/ Pasaran syarikat
Domestic market/ Pasaran dalaman
Export to other country / Eksport ke negara luar
1
88
SECTION B: BACKGROUND OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
IMPLEMENTATION / LATAR BELAKANG PELAKSANAAN SISTEM
PENGURUSAN ALAM SEKITAR (EMS)
B1)
What type of ISO Certification does your company have?/ Apakah jenis pengiktirafan ISO yang
diperoleh syarikat anda?
ISO 9000 Certification/ Pengiktirafan ISO 9000
ISO 14000 Certification/ Pengiktirafan ISO 14000
Do not have any certification/ Tiada sebarang pengiktirafan
B2)
If there is any ISO Certification, please tick the year certified/ Jika ada pengiktirafan ISO, sila
tandakan tahun pengiktirafan
2002 or earlier/ sebelum atau pada 2002
2003
2004
2005
Please tick or circle the appropriate boxes / Sila tanda (/) atau bulatkan petak yang sesuai
B3)
Environmental management/ Pengurusan alam sekitar
B3.1) Do you have environmental staff/ officer in your company?
Adakah anda mempunyai pekerja/ pegawai alam sekitar di syarikat?
B3.2) Do you engaged any Environmental Management Consultant (s) for consultation?
Adakah anda merujuk kepada perunding alam sekitar untuk perkara berkaitan?
B3.3) No action on environmental management/
Tiada tindakan untuk pengurusan alam sekitar
B3.4) If your company still don’t have any ISO Certification, are you interested in
obtaining one? Jika syarikat anda belum mempunyai pengiktirafan ISO, adakah anda
berminat untuk memilikinya?
B3.4.1) If yes, why? (Please select one answer only) / Jika ya, mengapa? (Sila pilih satu
jawapan sahaja)
Yes
/ Ya
No/
Tida
k
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Customer requirement or market driven/ Permintaan pengguna atau pasaran
Corporate culture/ Budaya korporat
Improve public image/ Peningkatan imej syarikat
Voluntary, i.e. for the interest of the environment/ Sukarela untuk kebaikan alam
sekitar
Others (please specify)/ Lain-lain (sila
nyatakan):____________________________________
2
89
SECTION C: COMPANY’S ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)/
SISTEM PENGURUSAN ALAM SEKITAR (EMS) DI DALAM SYARIKAT
C1) Please pick a number from the scale to show the environmental management of the company/
Sila pilih nombor dari skala yang diberi untuk menunjukkan pengurusan alam sekitar oleh syarikat.
Key
Kunci
C 1.1
C 1.2
C 1.3
C 1.4
C 1.5
C 1.6
C 1.7
C 1.8
0
No awareness
Tiada kesedaran
1
2
Very poor
Poor
Sangat lemah Lemah
3
Fair
Sederhana
4
Good
Baik
Knowledge on the importance of environmental management/
Pengetahuan tentang kepentingan pengurusan alam sekitar
Knowledge on the requirement of Environmental Quality Act/
Pengetahuan tentang keperluan Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar
Systematic identification of environmental aspects/
Pengesanan sistematik tentang aspek alam sekitar
Compliance with the Environmental Quality Act/
Kepatuhan terhadap Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar
Activities in preventing environmental pollution/
Aktiviti untuk mengelakkan pencemaran alam sekitar
Strategies in achieving continual improvement/
Strategi mencapai peningkatan berterusan
Documentation of the requirements of Environmental Quality
Act/ Dokumentasi keperluan Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar
Documentation of the environmental pollution control activities/
Dokumentasi aktiviti pengawalan pencemaran alam sekitar
5
Excellent
Sangat baik
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
C2) Does your company has implement any environmental protection programme (s)?/
Adakah syarikat anda mengadakan program penjagaan alam sekitar?
Yes/ Ya
No/ Tidak
C3) If yes, how much have your company spent on environmental program (s) yearly?/
Jika ya, berapakah perbelanjaan untuk menjalankan program penjagaan alam sekitarsetiap tahun?
Below RM 5000/ Kurang RM 5000
RM 5000 - RM 10,000
RM 10,001- RM 20,000
More than RM 20,000/ Lebih dari RM 20,000
3
90
SECTION D: INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM/
SISTEM PENGURUSAN SISA INDUSTRI
D1) Under which category is your company fall as the waste generator?/
Yang manakah antara berikut menunjukkan tahap pengeluaran sisa syarikat anda?
Conditionally exempt small quantity generator (<100 kg hazardous waste per month)
Pengeluar kecil dengan pengecualian bersyarat(100 kg sisa berbahaya sebulan)
Small quantity generator (>100 kg and <1000 kg)
Pengeluar kecil (>100 kg and <1000 kg)
Large quantity generator (1000kg)
Pengeluar besar (1000kg)
D2) Please select the number best representing your action in waste management using the scale provided/
Sila pilih nombor yang menunjukkan kekerapan tindakan anda dalam pengurusan sisa mengikut
skala yang diberi.
Key/
1
2
3
4
5
Kunci Never/Tidak pernah Rarely/Jarang Sometimes/ Kadangkala Often/Kerap Always/Selalu
Waste
Management/
Pengurusan
Sisa
 Waste segregation/
Pemisahan sisa
1
2
3
4
5
 Storage and/ or burial on-site/
Simpan atau tanam
1
2
3
4
5
 Storage and/ or burial off-site/
Simpan atau tanam di tempat lain
1
2
3
4
5
 Reduce, reuse, recycle/
Pengurangan, guna semula, kitar semula
1
2
3
4
5
 Direct discharges of waste to watercourses/
Pembuangan terus sisa ke dalam air
1
2
3
4
5
 Direct discharges of waste to drains or sewers /
Pembuangan terus sisa ke dalam longkang
1
2
3
4
5
 Discharge to open land/
Pembuangan ke kawasan terbuka
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
 Incineration on-site/
Pembakaran sisa di kawasan kilang
1
2
3
4
5
 Incineration off-site/
Pembakaran sisa di luar kawasan kilang
1
2
3
4
5
 Disposal with domestic waste in a solid waste dump site or
landfill/ Pelupusan bersama sisa domestik di tapak pembuangan
sisa pepejal atau ‘landfill’
4
91
Wastewater
Management/
Rawatan
AirSisa
Air Pollution
Control/
Kawalan
Pencemaran
Udara
 Wastewater reclamation/
Tebus guna air sisa
1
2
3
4
5
 Wastewater treatment/
Rawatan air sisa
1
2
3
4
5
 Odour control/
Kawalan bau
1
2
3
4
5
 Particulate emission controls/
Kawalan partikel terbebas
1
2
3
4
5
SECTION E: COMPLIANCE ACTION’S LEVEL TOWARDS REGULATIONS/
TAHAP KEPATUHAN TERHADAP PERATURAN
E1) Please select the number best representing the compliance with the following Environmental Quality
Act/ Sila pilih nombor yang dapat menunjukkan tahap kepatuhan terhadap Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar
0-20%
21-40% 41-60% 61-80%
81-100%
Environmental Quality (Sewage & Industrial
Effluents) Regulations 1979; or other effluent
standards/
1
2
3
4
5
Kualiti Alam Sekitar (Kumbahan dan Sisa
Industri) Peraturan 1979; atau piawaian sisa
yang lain
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations
1978/ Kualiti Alam Sekitar(Udara
1
2
3
4
5
Bersih)Peraturan 1978
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
Regulations 1989/ Kualiti Alam Sekitar(Sisa
1
2
3
4
5
Terjadual)Peraturan 1989
Provision for Environmental Noise under the
Environmental Quality Act 1974/ Peruntukan
1
2
3
4
5
untuk Bunyi Bising di bawah Kualiti Alam
Sekitar1974.
SECTION F: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT/ PENGURUSAN MAPAN
F1) Are you understand with the term “Sustainable Management”/ Adakah anda benar- benar faham
dengan terma “Pengurusan Mapan”?
Yes/ Ya
No/ Tidak
Not sure/ Tidak pasti
F2) Do you think that your recent management system is enough for sustainable industrial management/
Adakah sistem pengurusan anda sekarang telah mencapai tahap pengurusan industri yang mapan?
Yes/ Ya
No/ Tidak
Not sure/ Tidak pasti
5
92
F3) Which is more important for your company? / Yang mana lebih penting bagi syarikat anda?
Profit only/ Keuntungan sahaja
Healthy environment only/ Alam sekitar yang sihat sahaja
Both profit and healthy environment/ Kedua-duanya
F4) Please answer the questions in this section using the scale provided below (scope related to
environmental management)/ Sila jawab soalan di bahagian ini berdasarkan skala yang diberi di bawah
(skop berkaitan pengurusan alam sekitar)
Key
Kunci
0
No awareness
Tiada kesedaran
1
2
Very poor
Poor
Sangat lemah Lemah
3
Fair
Sederhana
4
Good
Baik
5
Excellent
Sangat baik
F 4.1
Information system in company/ Sistem informasi syarikat
0
1
2
3
4
5
F 4.2
Communication system/ Sistem komunikasi
0
1
2
3
4
5
F 4.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
F 4.4
Integration between impact identification and mitigation/
Integrasi di antara kesan dan cara mengurangkan masalah
Compliance level/ Tahap kepatuhan
0
1
2
3
4
5
F 4.5
Crisis respond/ Tindakbalas terhadap krisis
0
1
2
3
4
5
SECTION G) PROBLEM(S) IN IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AND
WAYS TO IMPROVE/ MASALAH DALAM PELAKSANAAN PENGURUSAN MAPAN SERTA
CARA MEMPERBAIKINYA
G1) Does your company encounter any problems in implementing environmental program? /
Adakah syarikat anda menghadapi sebarang masalah dalam melaksanakan program
pengurusan alam sekitar?
Yes/ Ya
No/ Tidak
6
93
G2) How serious are the problems for your company and what is the level of ability to improve each of
them? (Please use the scale provided for significance level)/ Bagaimanakah tahap keketaraan masalah ini
terhadap syarikat anda? (Sila gunakan skala yang diberi untuk tahap keketaraan)
Key/
1
2
3
4
5
Kunci No problem at all Not significant Moderately significant Significant
Very Significant
Tiada masalah
Tidak ketara
Sederhana ketara
Ketara
Sangat ketara
Significance level/
Tahap keketaraan
Problems/ Masalah
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Lack of management
commitment/ Kekurangan
komitmen pengurusan
Lack of financial resource/
Kekurangan sumber
kewangan
Lack of technology/
Kekurangan teknologi
Lack of training facilities/
Kekurangan kemudahan
latihan
Lack of knowledge and
skill/ Kekurangan
pengetahuan dan kemahiran
Lack of experts in the
company/ Kekurangan
pakar alam sekitar di
syarikat
Lack of time/Kekurangan
masa
Employees attitude
problems/
Masalah sikap pekerja
Insufficient resource/
Kekurangan sumber
Ability to improve (circle selected number)/
Kebolehan memperbaiki (bulatkan nombor yang
dipilih)
Very
difficult/
Sangat
susah
Difficult /
Susah
Fair/
Sederhana
Easy/
Mudah
Very
easy/
Sangat
mudah
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Other (s); please specify/
Lain-lain; sila nyatakan
********************************************************** *******************
END OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Thank you very much for answering my questionnaire. I am indeed very grateful for your help.
Kindly fold and put into the stamped-self addressed envelope provided and post it back to me as
soon as possible. Your early reply is very much appreciated.
7
94
APPENDIX E
SPSS Output for Company Background
A1)
Year Established
Year Establishment
Valid
A2)
2002 or before
2003
2004
2005
Total
Frequency
20
1
3
1
25
Percent
80.0
4.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
80.0
4.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
80.0
84.0
96.0
100.0
Type of Product
Type of Product
Valid
A3)
Frequency
3
2
6
4
10
25
Bakery product
Junk food
Cooking Ingredients
Beverages
Others
Total
Percent
12.0
8.0
24.0
16.0
40.0
100.0
Valid Percent
12.0
8.0
24.0
16.0
40.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
12.0
20.0
44.0
60.0
100.0
Number of Employee
Number of Employee
Valid
1-9
10-49
50-99
100-199
200 and above
Total
Frequency
3
13
4
2
3
25
Percent
12.0
52.0
16.0
8.0
12.0
100.0
Valid Percent
12.0
52.0
16.0
8.0
12.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
12.0
64.0
80.0
88.0
100.0
95
A5) Market Scale
Ma rke t Scale
Valid
Frequency
Domes tic
10
Ex port
3
both domestic and export
12
Total
25
Percent
40.0
12.0
48.0
100.0
Valid Perc ent
40.0
12.0
48.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.0
52.0
100.0
APPENDIX F
SPSS Output for Background of Environmental Management System
Implementation
B1)
Certification
Certification
Frequency
Valid
Have ISO 9000
certification
Other certification
No certification
Total
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
6
24.0
24.0
24.0
4
15
25
16.0
60.0
100.0
16.0
60.0
100.0
40.0
100.0
B3.1) Engagement of Environmental Staff
Engagement of Environmental Staff
Valid
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
6
19
25
Percent
24.0
76.0
100.0
Valid Percent
24.0
76.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
100.0
96
B3.2)
Consultation with Environmental Officer
Consultation with Environmental Officer
Valid
B3.3)
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
13
12
25
Percent
52.0
48.0
100.0
Valid Percent
52.0
48.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
52.0
100.0
No Action towards Environment
No Action Towards Environment
Valid
B3.4)
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
2
23
25
Percent
8.0
92.0
100.0
Valid Percent
8.0
92.0
100.0
Cumul ative
Percent
8.0
100.0
Interest in Obtaining ISO 14001 Certification
Interest in obtaining ISO certification
Valid
B3.4.1)
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
18
7
25
Percent
72.0
28.0
100.0
Valid Percent
72.0
28.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
72.0
100.0
Reasons for Obtaining Certificate
Reason for Obtaining Certificate
Valid
Missing
Total
Customer requirement
Corporate culture
Public image
Voluntary
Total
System
Frequency
5
1
9
4
19
6
25
Percent
20.0
4.0
36.0
16.0
76.0
24.0
100.0
Valid Percent
26.3
5.3
47.4
21.1
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
26.3
31.6
78.9
100.0
97
APPENDIX G
SPSS Output for Company’s Environmental Management System
C1)
Descriptive Statistic for Awareness on Environmental Management in the
Company
Descriptive Statistics
N
Knowledge on the
importance of
environmental
management
Knowledge on the
requirements of EQA
Systematic identification
of environmental as pect
Compliance with EQA
Activities in preventing
environmental pollution
Strategies in achieving
continual improvement
Documentation of the
requirements of EQA
Documentation of the
environmental pollution
control activities
Valid N (listwise)
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
25
2
4
3.52
.586
.343
25
2
4
3.20
.764
.583
25
0
4
3.04
.889
.790
25
2
5
3.52
.823
.677
25
2
5
3.40
.645
.417
25
2
5
3.56
.768
.590
25
2
5
3.28
.936
.877
25
2
5
3.20
.913
.833
25
C1.1) Knowledge on the Importance of Environmental Management
Knowl edge on the Im portance of Environmental Manage ment
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Total
Frequency
1
10
14
25
Percent
4.0
40.0
56.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
4.0
40.0
56.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
44.0
100.0
Variance
98
C1.2) Knowledge on the Requirement of Environmental Quality Act
Knowl edge on the Re quireme nt of EQA
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Total
Frequency
5
10
10
25
Percent
20.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
20.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
60.0
100.0
C1.3) Systematic Identification of Environmental Aspect
Systematic Identification of Environmental Aspect
Valid
No awareness
Poor
Fair
Good
Total
Frequency
1
3
14
7
25
Percent
4.0
12.0
56.0
28.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
12.0
56.0
28.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
16.0
72.0
100.0
C1.4) Compliance with Environmental Quality Act
Compliance with EQA
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
3
8
12
2
25
Percent
12.0
32.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
12.0
32.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
12.0
44.0
92.0
100.0
C1.5) Activities in Preventing Environmental Pollution
Activities in Preventing Environmental Pollution
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
1
14
9
1
25
Percent
4.0
56.0
36.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
56.0
36.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
60.0
96.0
100.0
99
C1.6)
Strategies in Achieving Continual Improvement
Strategies in Achieving Continual Improvement
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
C1.7)
Frequency
2
9
12
2
25
Percent
8.0
36.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
8.0
36.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
8.0
44.0
92.0
100.0
Documentation of the Requirement of EQA
Documentation of the Requirement of EQA
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
6
8
9
2
25
Percent
24.0
32.0
36.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
24.0
32.0
36.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
56.0
92.0
100.0
C1.8) Documentation of Environmental Pollution Control Activities
Documentation of the Environmental Pollution Control Activities
Valid
C2)
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
6
10
7
2
25
Percent
24.0
40.0
28.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
24.0
40.0
28.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
64.0
92.0
100.0
Implementation of Environmental Programme
Implementation of Environmental Programme
Valid
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
18
7
25
Percent
72.0
28.0
100.0
Valid Percent
72.0
28.0
100.0
Cumul ative
Percent
72.0
100.0
100
C3)
Spending on Environmental Program (Yearly)
Spending on Environmental Programme (Yearly)
Valid
<RM5000
RM5000-RM10000
RM10001-RM20000
No ans wer
Total
Frequency
5
4
2
14
25
Percent
20.0
16.0
8.0
56.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
36.0
44.0
100.0
Valid Percent
20.0
16.0
8.0
56.0
100.0
APPENDIX H
SPSS Output for Industrial Waste Management System
D1)
Category as Waste Generator
Category as Waste Generator
Valid
D2)
CESQG
SQG
Total
Frequency
9
16
25
Percent
36.0
64.0
100.0
Valid Percent
36.0
64.0
100.0
Cumul ative
Percent
36.0
100.0
Waste Management in the Company
Waste segregation activity
Valid
Never
Rarely
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
1
3
6
15
25
Percent
4.0
12.0
24.0
60.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
12.0
24.0
60.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
16.0
40.0
100.0
101
Storage of Waste On-Site
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
18
2
1
2
2
25
Percent
72.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
72.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
72.0
80.0
84.0
92.0
100.0
Storage of Wa ste Off-Site
Valid
Never
Somet imes
Always
Total
Frequency
22
1
2
25
Percent
88.0
4.0
8.0
100.0
Valid P erc ent
88.0
4.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
88.0
92.0
100.0
Reduce, Recycle, Reuse Activities
Valid
Never
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
4
2
7
12
25
Percent
16.0
8.0
28.0
48.0
100.0
Valid Percent
16.0
8.0
28.0
48.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
16.0
24.0
52.0
100.0
Di rect Discharge of W aste to Wa tercourse
Valid
Never
Rarely
Somet imes
Total
Frequency
21
3
1
25
Percent
84.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Valid P erc ent
84.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
84.0
96.0
100.0
Di rect Discharge of W aste to Dra in or Se we r
Valid
Never
Rarely
Somet imes
Total
Frequency
18
6
1
25
Percent
72.0
24.0
4.0
100.0
Valid P erc ent
72.0
24.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
72.0
96.0
100.0
102
Open Land Di scharge
Valid
Never
Rarely
Somet imes
Total
Frequency
21
3
1
25
Percent
84.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Valid P erc ent
84.0
12.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
84.0
96.0
100.0
Landfill Disposal
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
5
1
2
5
12
25
Percent
20.0
4.0
8.0
20.0
48.0
100.0
Valid Percent
20.0
4.0
8.0
20.0
48.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
24.0
32.0
52.0
100.0
Incineration of Waste On-Site
Valid
Frequency
21
2
1
1
25
Never
Rarely
Often
Always
Total
Percent
84.0
8.0
4.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
84.0
8.0
4.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
84.0
92.0
96.0
100.0
Incineration of Waste Off-Site
Valid
Never
Rarely
Total
Frequency
24
1
25
Percent
96.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
96.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
96.0
100.0
Wastewater Treatment
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
13
1
4
4
3
25
Percent
52.0
4.0
16.0
16.0
12.0
100.0
Valid Percent
52.0
4.0
16.0
16.0
12.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
52.0
56.0
72.0
88.0
100.0
103
Wastewater Reclamation
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
20
1
1
2
1
25
Percent
80.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
80.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
80.0
84.0
88.0
96.0
100.0
Odour Control
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
8
6
6
3
2
25
Percent
32.0
24.0
24.0
12.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
32.0
24.0
24.0
12.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
32.0
56.0
80.0
92.0
100.0
Particulate Matter Control
Valid
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Total
Frequency
10
6
4
3
2
25
Percent
40.0
24.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
40.0
24.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.0
64.0
80.0
92.0
100.0
104
APPENDIX I
SPSS Output for Compliance Action’s Level Towards Regulations
E1)
Level of Compliance Towards Regulations
Compliance with Sewage & Industrial Effluents
Valid
0%-20%
41%-60%
61%-80%
81%-100%
Total
Frequency
1
4
8
12
25
Percent
4.0
16.0
32.0
48.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
16.0
32.0
48.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
20.0
52.0
100.0
Compliance with Clean Air
Valid
0%-20%
41%-60%
61%-80%
81%-100%
Total
Frequency
1
5
8
11
25
Percent
4.0
20.0
32.0
44.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
20.0
32.0
44.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
24.0
56.0
100.0
Compliance with Scheduled waste
Valid
0%-20%
41%-60%
61%-80%
81%-100%
Total
Frequency
1
4
10
10
25
Percent
4.0
16.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
16.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
20.0
60.0
100.0
Compliance with Provision of environmental noise
Valid
0%-20%
41%-60%
61%-80%
81%-100%
Total
Frequency
1
4
10
10
25
Percent
4.0
16.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
16.0
40.0
40.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
20.0
60.0
100.0
105
APPENDIX J
SPSS Output for Sustainable Management
F1)
Understanding of Sustainable Management
Understanding of Sustainable management
Valid
F2)
Yes
Not sure
Total
Frequency
14
11
25
Percent
56.0
44.0
100.0
Valid Percent
56.0
44.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
56.0
100.0
Achievement of Sustainable Management
Achievem ent of S usta ina ble Manage ment
Valid
F3)
Yes
No
Not sure
Total
Frequency
10
4
11
25
Percent
40.0
16.0
44.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
40.0
16.0
44.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
40.0
56.0
100.0
Importance of Profit and Healthy Environment
Importance of Profit and Healthy Environment
Valid
F4)
Both
Frequency
25
Percent
100.0
Valid Percent
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
100.0
Awareness on Criteria to Achieve Sustainable Development
Descriptive Statistics
N
Company information
system
Company
communication system
Integration of impact
identification and
mitigation
Compliance level
Crisis respond
Valid N (listwise)
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
25
2
5
4.04
.841
25
3
5
4.04
.676
25
3
5
3.68
.557
25
25
25
2
3
5
5
3.80
3.80
.645
.500
106
F4.1) Awareness on Information System in the Company
Awareness on Information System in the Company
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
2
2
14
7
25
Percent
8.0
8.0
56.0
28.0
100.0
Valid Percent
8.0
8.0
56.0
28.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
8.0
16.0
72.0
100.0
F4.2) Awareness on Communication System in the Company
Aw are ness on Comm unication Syste m in the Compa ny
Valid
Fair
Good
Ex cellent
Total
Frequency
5
14
6
25
Percent
20.0
56.0
24.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
20.0
56.0
24.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
76.0
100.0
F4.3) Awareness on Integration of Impact Identification and Mitigation
Aw are ness on Inte gra tion of Impa ct I dentification and Mitiga tion
Valid
Fair
Good
Ex cellent
Total
Frequency
9
15
1
25
Percent
36.0
60.0
4.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
36.0
60.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
36.0
96.0
100.0
F4.4) Awareness on Compliance Level Towards Regulations
Awareness on Compliance Level Towards Regulations
Valid
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Total
Frequency
1
5
17
2
25
Percent
4.0
20.0
68.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
20.0
68.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
24.0
92.0
100.0
107
F4.5) Awareness on Crisis Respond
Aw are ness on Cri sis Respond
Valid
Fair
Good
Ex cellent
Total
Frequency
6
18
1
25
Percent
24.0
72.0
4.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
24.0
72.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
96.0
100.0
APPENDIX K
SPSS Output on Problems Encounter in Implementing Sustainable Management
G1)
Problems Encountered in Environmental Program Implementation
Does Any Problem Encounter in I mple me ntation of Environm enta l
Progra m
Valid
G2)
Yes
No
Total
Frequency
5
20
25
Percent
20.0
80.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
20.0
80.0
100.0
Cumul ative
Percent
20.0
100.0
Specific Problems Encounter in Implementing Sustainable Management
La ck of m ana gem ent com mi tme nt
Valid
Frequency
No problem
6
Not signific ant
15
Moderately significant
4
Total
25
Percent
24.0
60.0
16.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
24.0
60.0
16.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
84.0
100.0
La ck of financial resource
Valid
Frequency
No problem
6
Not signific ant
10
Moderately significant
9
Total
25
Percent
24.0
40.0
36.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
24.0
40.0
36.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
24.0
64.0
100.0
108
La ck of te chnology
Valid
Frequency
No problem
1
Not signific ant
11
Moderately significant
13
Total
25
Percent
4.0
44.0
52.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
4.0
44.0
52.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
48.0
100.0
Lack of training facilities
Valid
No problem
Not significant
Moderately significant
Significant
Total
Frequency
4
11
8
2
25
Percent
16.0
44.0
32.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
16.0
44.0
32.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
16.0
60.0
92.0
100.0
Lack of knowledge
Valid
No problem
Not significant
Moderately significant
Significant
Total
Frequency
1
14
8
2
25
Percent
4.0
56.0
32.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
56.0
32.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
60.0
92.0
100.0
La ck of ex perts
Valid
Frequency
Not signific ant
11
Moderately significant
12
Signific ant
2
Total
25
Percent
44.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Valid P ercent
44.0
48.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
44.0
92.0
100.0
Lack of time
Valid
No problem
Not significant
Moderately significant
Significant
Total
Frequency
5
12
6
2
25
Percent
20.0
48.0
24.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
20.0
48.0
24.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
20.0
68.0
92.0
100.0
109
Employee attitude
Valid
No problem
Not significant
Moderately significant
Significant
Very significant
Total
Frequency
1
10
11
2
1
25
Percent
4.0
40.0
44.0
8.0
4.0
100.0
Valid Percent
4.0
40.0
44.0
8.0
4.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.0
44.0
88.0
96.0
100.0
Insufficient resource
Valid
No problem
Not significant
Moderately significant
Significant
Total
Frequency
4
13
6
2
25
Percent
16.0
52.0
24.0
8.0
100.0
Valid Percent
16.0
52.0
24.0
8.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
16.0
68.0
92.0
100.0
APPENDIX L
Relative Index Analysis For Waste Segregation, 3R and Landfill Disposal
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
Never
Rarely
Sometime
Often
Always
a
b
RI
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
1
1
4
3
12
0
0
6
24
15
60
106
125
0.85
4
4
16
0
0
2
8
7
28
12
48
98
125
0.78
8
5
20
1
4
2
8
5
20
11
44
88
125
0.70
D2
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
Always
0.6-0.8
Often
0.4-0.6
Sometimes
0.2-0.4
Rarely
<0.2
Never
110
APPENDIX M
Relative Index Analysis For Other Waste Management Practices
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
Never
Rarely
Sometime
Often
Always
a
b
RI
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
2
18
72
2
8
1
4
2
8
2
8
43
125
0.34
3
22
88
0
0
1
4
0
0
2
8
35
125
0.28
5
21
84
3
12
1
4
0
0
0
0
30
125
0.24
6
18
72
6
24
1
4
0
0
0
0
33
125
0.26
7
21
84
3
12
1
4
0
0
0
0
30
125
0.24
9
21
84
2
8
0
0
1
4
1
4
34
125
0.27
10
24
96
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
125
0.21
D2
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
Always
0.6-0.8
Often
0.4-0.6
Sometimes
0.2-0.4
Rarely
<0.2
Never
111
APPENDIX N
Relative Index Analysis For Wastewater Management
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
Never
Rarely
Sometime
Often
Always
a
b
RI
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
11
13
52
1
4
4
16
4
16
3
12
58
125
0.46
12
20
80
1
4
1
4
2
8
1
4
38
125
0.30
D2
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
Always
0.6-0.8
Often
0.4-0.6
Sometimes
0.2-0.4
Rarely
<0.2
Never
112
APPENDIX O
Relative Index Analysis for Particulate Matter Control
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
Never
Rarely
Sometime
Often
Always
a
b
RI
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
13
8
32
6
24
6
24
3
12
2
8
60
125
0.48
14
10
40
6
24
4
16
3
12
2
8
56
125
0.45
D2
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
Always
0.6-0.8
Often
0.4-0.6
Sometimes
0.2-0.4
Rarely
<0.2
Never
113
APPENDIX P
Relative Index Analysis for Compliance Actions Level Towards Regulations
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
0-20%
21-40%
41-60%
61-80%
81-100%
a
b
RI
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
1
1
4
0
0
4
16
8
32
12
48
105
125
0.84
2
1
4
0
0
5
20
8
32
11
44
103
125
0.82
3
1
4
0
0
4
16
10
40
10
40
103
125
0.82
4
1
4
0
0
4
16
10
40
10
40
103
125
0.82
E1
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
81-100%
0.6-0.8
61-80%
0.4-0.6
41-60%
0.2-0.4
21-40%
<0.2
0-20%
114
APPENDIX Q
Relative Index Analysis for Problems in Implementing Sustainable Management
No
Frequency analysis (FA)
No problem
Not
Moderately
at all
significant
significant
Significant
Very
a
b
RI
significant
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
FA
%
1
6
24
15
60
4
16
0
0
0
0
48
125
0.38
2
6
24
10
40
9
36
0
0
0
0
53
125
0.42
3
1
4
11
44
13
52
0
0
0
0
62
125
0.50
4
4
16
11
44
8
32
2
8
0
0
58
125
0.46
5
1
4
14
56
8
32
2
8
0
0
61
125
0.49
6
0
0
11
44
12
48
2
8
0
0
66
125
0.53
7
5
20
12
48
6
24
2
8
0
0
55
125
0.44
8
4
16
13
52
6
24
2
8
0
0
56
125
0.45
9
4
16
13
52
6
24
2
8
0
0
56
125
0.45
G2
Relative index
Comment
>0.8
Very significant
0.6-0.8
Significant
0.4-0.6
Moderately significant
0.2-0.4
Not significant
<0.2
No problem at all