Chapter 10, Section 2
Jackson’s Administration
North

Economy based on
trade and
manufacturing

Supported tariffs
because they helped
them compete with
British factories

Opposed federal
government sale of
cheap land because it
encourage potential
laborers to move
from northern
factories to the west
South

Economy based on
agriculture-cotton
and tobacco
plantations
 Opposed tariffs
because it made
imported goods more
expensive for them

Relied on enslaved
Africans for labor
West

Emerging economy

Favored economic
policies that boosted
their farming
economy and
encouraged
settlement

Favored internal
improvements such
as better roads and
water transportation
Three Regions Emerge
 _______________ differences played a major role in Andrew Jackson’s presidency
 The way that Americans viewed Andrew Jackson’s policies were based on where they lived and the
economy of the region
 Sectionalism
Three Regions Emerge
Tariff of Abominations
 The year before Andrew Jackson was elected president, _______________ began demanding tariffs on
imported _______________ goods
 Wanted northern business protected from foreign competition (particularly Great Britain)
 British companies were driving American ones out of business with their inexpensive manufactured
goods
 _______________ did not want the tariffs, because it would hurt their economy
Tariff of Abominations
 Tariff of Abominations
 High tariff placed on imports by Congress
 Signed by John Quincy Adams, though he did not support it
 In doing so, he knew he would not be re-elected
 _______________ were outraged
_______________ Rights Debate
 Upon taking office, Andrew Jackson immediately faced the growing conflict over tariffs
 At the heart of the dispute was the question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law that had been
passed by Congress
Nullification Crisis
 Andrew Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun was a southerner and opposed to the Tariff of
Abominations
 _______________ depression as a result of the tariff had severely damaged the economy of his
home state, South Carolina
 His strong opposition to the tariff is an example of _______________
Nullification Crisis
 In response to the tariff, John C. Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
 Stated that _______________ should not favor one state or region over another
Calhoun used this work to advance the States’ Rights Doctrine
 Argued that because states had formed the national government, _______________ power
should be greater that federal power
 Stated that states had the right to nullify (reject) any federal law they judged to be
_______________
Nullification Crisis
 John C. Calhoun’s theories were very controversial
 Northern point of view
 Supported the tariff because it increased their economy
 Believed that American people, not states, made up the Union
 Southern point of view
 Intense hatred for the tariff because it damaged their economy
 Supported Calhoun’s theories
 Nullification Crisis
 Deepening conflict between supporters and opponents of nullification
Nullification Crisis
 Even though John C. Calhoun did not put his name on _______________ , he _______________ from
the vice presidency
 Elected to the Senate, where he continued arguments in favor of nullification
 Replaced by Martin Van Buren when Jackson was re-elected
The Hayne-Webster Debate
 Issue of states’ rights began early in our nation’s history
 Viewpoints strongly influenced by sectionalism
 For example, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison supported individual state’s power to
disagree with the federal government
 Both Jefferson and Madison were southerners
 John C. Calhoun’s theory went a step further than his _______________
 Believed that individual states had the power to declare laws passed by the federal government
unconstitutional, thus putting the power of the Supreme Court into question
The Hayne-Webster Debate
 The issue of nullification of the Tariff of Abominations was intensely debated in the
_______________ in 1830
 Robert C. Hayne
 Southerner from South Carolina
 Defended states’ rights
 Argued that _______________ gave states a way to lawfully protest federal legislation
 Daniel Webster
 Northerner from Massachusetts
 Argued that the United States was one nation
 Believed that the welfare of the nation should override that of individual states
Jackson Responds
 Andrew Jackson was deeply opposed to _______________ but also concerned about the economy of
the southern states
 Urged Congress to pass another _______________ lowering the previous rate
 South Carolina
 Felt the slight change was inadequate
 Decided to test the doctrine of states’ rights by passing the Nullification Act
 Declared both tariffs null and void
 Threatened secession
 State legislature voted to form their own army
Jackson Responds
 An enraged President Andrew Jackson sternly condemned nullification
 Declared he would enforce the law in South Carolina
 Force Bill
 Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson
 Approving the use of the army if necessary
 No other state chose to support South Carolina
Jackson Responds
 _______________
 Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky
 Gradual lowering of tariffs
 As President Andrew Jackson’s intention to utilize military force against South Carolina became
clear, Congress and South Carolina quickly approved the compromise

 Despite the compromise, neither side changed their mind about states’ rights
 Argument continued for years, ending in what became known as The Civil War
Jackson Attacks the Bank
 President Andrew Jackson did not always support greater _______________ power
 Opposed the _______________ Bank of the United States
 Second Bank of the United States
 Granted a 20 year charter by Congress
 Given exclusive power to act as the federal government’s financial agent
 Held _______________ deposits
 Made transfers of federal funds between states
 Dealt with any payments or receipts involving the federal government
 Issued bank notes (paper money)
 Operations supervised by Congress and the president
Jackson Attacks the Bank
 Southern states opposed to the bank
 Believed the bank only helped wealthy, northern business owners
 Sectionalism at work
 Jackson questioned the legality of the bank
 Believed it was an unconstitutional extension of the power of Congress and that states should have
the power to control the banking system
Jackson Attacks the Bank
 States decided to take action
 Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the Bank’s operations
 James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank’s branch in Maryland) refused to pay the tax
 McCulloch v Maryland
 U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that the national bank was Constitutional
 Nicholas _______________
 Director of the bank
 Pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter
 President Andrew Jackson vowed to kill any bill renewing the Bank’s charter
 True to his word, Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill
Jackson Attacks the Bank
 Congress did not get 2/3 vote to override the President’s veto
 President Andrew Jackson weakened the _______________ power by moving most of its funds to
state banks
 In many cases, state banks used the funds to offer easy credit terms to people buying land
 Helped the expansion of the West, but led to inflation
Jackson Attacks the Bank
 In the summer of 1836, President Andrew Jackson tried to slow inflation by ordering Americans to use
only gold and silver instead of paper money
 This policy was not the success Andrew Jackson hoped for
 Jackson did improve the _______________ economy by lowering the national debt
 Jackson’s economic policies opened the door for approaching economic troubles
Panic of 1837
 President Andrew Jackson chose not to run for re-election in 1836
 Democratic party nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren
 _______________ Party
 Formed in 1834 to oppose Jackson
 Favored the idea of a weak president and a _______________ congress
 Chose 4 candidates to run against Van Buren
 Van Buren won the election of 1836
Panic of 1837
 Panic of 1837
 _______________ economic _______________
 Shortly after President Martin Van Buren took office
 Even though it was Jackson’s fault, the American people blamed President Martin Van Buren
 Election of 1840
 Whig Party united to stand behind one candidate
 William Henry Harrison
 _______________ hero
 Won in a landslide