PMHS
AP PSYCH
Name__________________
MOTIVATION, EMOTION REVIEW
1. An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes
significantly underweight. __________________________
_________________________
2. The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hungry.
___________________________
3. The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state of tension that
motivates the organism to satisfy the need. _____________________
_________________________ _______________
4. A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
_________________________ _______________________
5. A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
________________________ _________________________
6. The point at which an individual’s "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.
___________ ________________
7. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
________________________________
8. A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas;
for attaining a high standard. __________________________
__________________________
9. An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of highly
caloric food, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
________________________ __________________________
10. Maslow’s pyramid of human needs. _________________________ of
_________________
11. A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is
unlearned. _____________________________
12. The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson.
___________________ _______________________ _______________
_________
13. The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishment. __________________________ ________________________
14. A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
_____________________
15. An enduring sexual attraction to members of a particular sex.
_________________________ ____________________________
16. A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal bodily state.
________________________
Eating Review
Know for the test:
 Theories of motivation (instinct, incentive, arousal, drive-reduction)
 Review Maslow’s hierarchy
 Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
 Conflict in motivation (approach-approach; approach-avoidance)
 Physiology of obesity (effects of glucose, insulin, leptin, CCK, norepinephrine, serotonin,
Neuropeptide Y on hunger; relationship between lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus
and hunger; set point, fat cells, metabolic rate)
 Psychology of hunger (“externals”—people who are sensitive to external food cues)
 Relationship between serotonin and carbohydrates
 Anorexia and bulimia and the effects of changing cultural standards for thinness
 General adaptation syndrome (three stages, hormones related to each stage, sympathetic
nervous system activity, relationship to immune system)
 How weight loss programs are affected by psychology and physiology of hunger (why
we need to include exercise in diet, why it is so hard to lose once we become overweight,
advice to help patients overcome psychological factors)
Study the topics above first, and then check your progress by trying these practice questions:
I. Matching: Match the phrase on the left with the motivation theory that is most closely
associated with that phrase.
___1. fulfilling physiological needs
A. instinct
___2. fixed (inborn) behavior patterns
B. incentive
___3. acting to earn a reward
C. drive-reduction
___4. homeostasis
D. optimum-arousal
___5. boredom avoidance
___6. operant conditioning
___7. birds flying south
___8. drinking when fluids get low
___9. wanting to increase sympathetic nervous system activity
___10. participating in extreme sports
II. Maslow felt that the bottom four levels of his hierarchy were “deficient needs”. This means
that they only motivate us when they are deficient. For example, I only act in ways that help me
obtain food when I don’t have enough (when I’m hungry). He felt that the need for selfactualization, on the other hand, was always present, and not something that could be completely
fulfilled. Based on this explanation, motivation to fulfill the first four levels could best be
explained by the _________________________________ theory of motivation, while
motivation to become self-actualized would be better explained by the
_____________________________ theory of motiviation.
III. Place the following in order according to Maslow’s hierarchy (with #1 at the bottom).
___ belongingness
___ physiological needs
___ self-actualization ___ esteem
___ safety
IV. Mark plays on his high school basketball team because it is fun. Joseph plays because he
wants to earn a college scholarship. Mark’s behavior exhibits _______________ motivation and
Joseph’s exhibits ________________ motivation.
V. Do you remember the overjustification effect? What happens if someone who is intrinsically
motivated to perform a behavior (say, play basketball) is repeated given external rewards for
doing so?
VI. For each of the following, indicate if hunger would increase (I), decrease (D), or stay the
same (S):
___1. Injection of leptin.
___7. lack of insulin
___2. Destruction of VMH
___8. Release of orexin
___3. increased glucose
___9. stimulation of LH
___4. increased serotonin
___10. Injection of Neuropeptide Y
___5. decreased CCK
___11. Artificially extending stomach
___6. drinking a large glass of water.
with inflated balloon
VII. According to set point theory, which of the following is likely to occur if you begin eating
significantly fewer calories than you need to reduce your weight. Mark all that apply:
___1. you will lose weight
___9. you will secrete less insulin than
___2. your metabolic rate will increase
normal
___3. your fat cells will secrete more
___10. you will gain weight
leptin
___11. Neuropeptide Y levels will
___4. you will be hungry
increase in the blood
___5. your metabolic rate will decrease
___12. your LH will be stimulated to
___6. your fat cells will shrink
secrete more orexin
___7. you will lose fat cells
___13. your VMH will be stimulated
___8. you will secrete more insulin than
more
normal
___14. your set point will lower
VIII. Distinguish between anorexia and bulimia. Describe methods a cognitive-behavior
therapist might use to treat an anorectic.
IX. For each of the following stages of the GAS, describe what is happening in the body.
Include hormones that are released.
Alarm reaction:
Resistance:
Exhaustion
Answers:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D
drive-reduction; optimum arousal
3,1,5,4,2
intrinsic, extrinsic
We “forget” about the intrinsic motivation and become extrinsically
motivated. When the reward is taken away, we no longer have the intrinsic
motivation to perform the behavior.
1. D 2. I 3. D 4. D 5. I 6. D 7. D 8. I 9. I 10. I 11. D
1,4,5,6,9,11,12 (Note: you will lose weight, but it will occur more slowly than
you expect. Also, your set point may adjust if you stay on the diet for a long
time.
Anorexia – excessive diet (or exercise); patient weighs 20% or more below
normal body weight
Bulimia – cycle of overeating and purging (through vomiting, laxatives,
exercise, etc)
A cognitive-behavior therapist would focus on both changing the way the
patient thinks about food and her body, AND changing her behaviors. For
example, the therapist might offer the patient rewards (books, TV, time with
friends or family) for eating (token economy) to help her increase her body
weight. At the same time, the therapist would meet with the patient to discuss
the role that cultural pressures have played in her perception of the ideal body.
Alarm reaction – initial response to stress; activation of the sympathetic
nervous causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal
medulla. These cause an initial fight-or-flight response (increase heart rate
and respiration, redirection of blood away from digestive tract and to muscles,
pupils dilate, sweating…)
Resistance – continued response to stress; supported by the secretion of
cortisol from the adrenal cortex; continuation of increased temperature, heart
rate and respiration
Exhaustion – response to prolonged stress; depletion of bodily reserves leave
body ill-prepared to handle biological pressures such as pathogens
ALSO KNOW: PAUL ECKMAN and his contributions to the study of emotions