Temp 02 Rev1
CEPT Report XY
Report B from CEPT to the European Commission in
response to the Mandate “On technical conditions
regarding spectrum harmonisation options for wireless
radio microphones and cordless video-cameras
(PMSE equipment)”
Technical conditions for ensuring the sustainable
operation of cordless video-cameras in the EU
Report approved on DD Month YYYY by the ECC
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 2
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This CEPT Report is the second part of the response to the Mandate issued by the European Commission
on technical conditions regarding spectrum harmonisation options for wireless radio microphones and
cordless video-cameras (PMSE equipment).
It deals with the technical conditions for ensuring the sustainable operation of cordless video-cameras in the
EU.
[To be further developed]
1.1
Background
PMSE use is a “contribution quality” system to enable editing and conversion into a distribution quality
system. Spectrum use and its location and timing is totally dependant on “events”, which include but are not
exclusive to: political,sporting, entrainment, news
Contribution audio:
PMSE contribution audio requires extremely low latency, below 5 ms, an interference free spectrum and high
quality reproduction (which is increasing with the use of HD and HD+/UltraHD) whilst a number of companies
have attempted to develop equipment using modulation schemes such as LTE. Unfortunately the time delays
and lack of bandwidth have proved insurmountable.
Contribution video:
Video broadcast transmission now require much higher quality than analogue television, One area in which
quality has expanded is that of sports were the higher definition allows the viewer to see every muscle
movement, unfortunately the loss of a single frame(40 mSec) is visible to the viewer therefore as with
contribution audio, interference is not acceptable for broadcast quality transmission.
Different broadcast systems
A major consideration when using PMSE equipment adjacent to the human body or the audience is that
there are RF power restrictions in place within Europe and world wide which limit human exposure to high
levels of radio frequency energy. Thus it is not possible to increase power for some applications in order to
increase range or overcome interferance.
Currently for major events a national administration will borrow spectrum form other users. Prime example of
this are the Olympics Tour de France, Forumla 1 and Eurovision song contest. As the use of wireless
broadband and similar systems expands throughout Europe it will not be possible for administrations to have
the same spectrum borrowing facility that is currently in use.
.
[provide
figures
from
greek
and
London
Olympics
to
show
growth
of
industrie
or other major event (i.e. Tour de France increasing around 10%(mobile video links / wireless cameras) each
year Arnaud)]
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 3
It should be born in mind that the use in adjacent bands to PMSE of aggressive modulations schemes or
high power will reduce the spectrum that can successfully be used for some PMSE applications.
1.2
Recommendations
One possible mitigation of this situation would be to have an electronic PMSE geo-location database and
booking system for time limited spectrum use on a European basis to clearly identify spectrum available at
the required location . As part of the database spectrum which could be borrowed with the clearance of the
administration could also be identified
Spectrum in the unpaired bands is allocated, including airborne use with PMSE as a primary user
Additional spectrum in the XX and YY bands are clearly identified and PMSE as a primary user
Explore use of;

2.7-2.9 GHz, especially the lower part where radars can’t be used

7110-7250 MHz
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 3
2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 7
3 PMSE – DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................... 8
3.1 Description of PMSE applications considered in this Report ............................................................ 9
3.2 Current usage of CORDLESS CAMERA AND VIDEO LINKS in CEPT COUNTRIES ................... 11
3.3 Technical characteristics of CORDLESS CAMERAS AND VIDEO LINKS ..................................... 12
4 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................. 13
4.1 Spectrum requirements ................................................................................................................... 13
5 BAND BY BAND ASSESSMENT ON THE SUSTAINABLE OPERATION OF CORDLESS CAMERAS
[AND VIDEO LINKS] ....................................................................................................................................... 15
6 SPECTRUM USE ......................................................................................................................................... 16
6.1 2 – 3 GHZ ........................................................................................................................................ 16
6.2 3-4 Ghz ............................................................................................................................................ 17
6.3 4-5GHz ............................................................................................................................................ 17
6.4 possible new spectrum .................................................................................................................... 18
6.4.1 Unpaired 2 GHz (1900 - 1920 MHZ and 2010 – 2025 MHz) ................................................. 18
6.4.2 Other spectrum ...................................................................................................................... 18
7 RESTRICTIONS ON USE OFF WIRELESS CAMERAS ............................................................................. 19
7.1 EMF ................................................................................................................................................. 19
7.2 Propagation ..................................................................................................................................... 19
7.3 Physical ........................................................................................................................................... 19
7.4 Picture quality versus bandwidth ..................................................................................................... 19
8 FUTURE STANDARDS................................................................................................................................ 20
8.1 Technological developments ........................................................................................................... 20
9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 22
ANNEX 1: MANDATE TO CEPT ON TECHNICAL CONDITIONS REGARDING SPECTRUM
HARMONISATION OPTIONS FOR WIRELESS RADIO MICROPHONES AND CORDLESS VIDEOCAMERAS (PMSE EQUIPMENT) .................................................................................................................. 24
1.
PURPOSE.................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.
JUSTIFICATION ...................................................................................................................................... 25
3.
MAIN EU POLICY OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 26
4.
TASK ORDER AND SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................. 26
ANNEX 2: LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 28
ANNEX 3: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................ 29
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 5
ANNEX 4: DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS OF CORDLESS CAMERAS AND VIDEO LINKS ........................ 31
9.1.1 Live Newsgathering ............................................................................................................... 35
9.1.2 Sports Coverage .................................................................................................................... 35
9.1.3 Major Events .......................................................................................................................... 35
9.1.4 Considerations on PMSE deployment scenarios and planning practice: .............................. 36
ANNEX 5: A SNAPSHOT OF PMSE USE IN UK ON 20/8/12 ....................................................................... 38
ANNEX 6: Germany:12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics, 15–23 August 2009 ............... 39
ANNEX 9: LONDON OLYMPICS ................................................................................................................... 45
ANNEX 10: TOUR DE FRANCE 2011 ............................................................................................................ 46
ANNEX 11: ICE SKATING .............................................................................................................................. 48
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation
APWPT
Explanation
BS
CEPT
ECC
e.i.r.p.
ECN
ENG
FDD
Base Station
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
Electronic Communications Committee
equivalent isotropically radiated power
Electronic Communication Network
Electronic News Gathering
Frequency Division Duplex
LTE
MCL
MFCN
OB
PMSE
SAB
Long Term Evolution
Minimum Coupling Loss
Mobile and Fixed Communication Networks
Outside broadcasting
Programme making and special events
Services Ancillary to Broadcasting
SAP
SRDs
TDD
TS
WRC
Services Ancillary to Programme making
Short Range Devices
Time Division Duplex
Terminal Station
World Radio Conference
The Association of Professional Wireless Production Technologies
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 7
2 INTRODUCTION
This CEPT Report is the second part of the response to the Mandate issued by the European Commission
on technical conditions regarding spectrum harmonisation options for wireless radio microphones and
cordless video-cameras (PMSE equipment).
It deals with the technical conditions for ensuring the sustainable operation of cordless video-cameras in the
EU.
This Report focuses primarily to the following task set up in the Mandate (see ANNEX 1: for the full text of
the EC Mandate):
(3)
To identify the technical conditions and the necessary frequency bands for ensuring the sustainable
operation of cordless video-cameras in the EU, including spectrum sharing opportunities possible through
technological developments.
Through the work related to the task (3) above, this Report also deals with the task (4) of the EC Mandate by
addressing the technical conditions which can contribute to facilitate the use of cordless video-cameraequipment for EU-wide operations, including specific aspects to improve the frequency management and the
overall spectrum efficiency of equipment.
It addresses cordless cameras and associated video links such as those identified in Table 1.
The EC mandate to CEPT on PMSE also contains other tasks dealing with wireless microphones which were
addressed in the CEPT Report 50 [1].
Further information on the range of PMSE devices and spectrum use will be found in the revision of report
002.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 8
3 PMSE – DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL OVERVIEW
The term Programme Making1 and Special Events2 applications (PMSE) describes radio applications used
for SAP/SAB, ENG/OB and applications used in meetings, conferences, cultural and education activities,
trade fairs, local entertainment, sport, religious and other public or private events for perceived real-time
presentation of audiovisual information.
The definitions of SAP/SAB and ENG/OB are set out3 as follows:
SAP:
Services Ancillary to Programme making (SAP) support the activities carried out in the making of
“programmes”, such as film making, advertisements, corporate videos, concerts, theatre and similar
activities not initially meant for broadcasting to general public.
SAB:
Services Ancillary to Broadcasting (SAB) support the activities of broadcasting industry carried out in
the production of their programme material.
The definitions of SAP and SAB are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Therefore they are often used
together as “SAP/SAB” to refer generally to the whole variety of services to transmit sound and video
material over the radio links.
ENG:
Electronic News Gathering (ENG) is the collection of video and/or sound material by means of small,
often hand-held wireless cameras and/or microphones with radio links to the news room and/or to
the portable tape or other recorders.
OB:
Outside broadcasting (OB) is the temporary provision of programme making facilities at the location
of on-going news, sport or other events, lasting from a few hours to several weeks. Mobile and/or
portable radio links are required for wireless cameras or microphones at the OB location.
Additionally, radio links may be required for temporary point to point connections between the OB
vehicle, additional locations around it, and the studio.
The definitions of ENG and OB are not mutually exclusive and certain operations could equally well reside in
either or both categories. Therefore, it has been a long practice within the CEPT to consider all types of such
operations under the combined term “ENG/OB”. It is also understood that ENG/OB refers to terrestrial
radiocommunication services, as opposed to SNG/OB term, which refers to similar applications but over the
satellite radiocommunication channels.
The SAP/SAB applications include both ENG/OB and SNG/OB applications, but also the communication
links that may be used in the production of programmes, such as talk-back or personal monitoring of soundtrack, telecommand, telecontrol and similar applications.
Quality requirements of PMSE applications can vary depending on the task in hand. The bandwidth of the
signal to be transmitted i.e. audio or video has a direct impact on the spectral bandwidth required.
The perceived quality of the signals is going to be dependent on their potential final use. The uses can vary
from SNG links into a news programme through to a high quality HD TV production.
The reliability of service again can vary according to the task in hand. Typically within the events for large
numbers of people and for broadcast applications there is frequently a need for a high degree of protection
for the signals. This required protection inherently puts constraints on the amount of spectrum required to
guarantee this quality of service.
With regard to this CEPT Report, only PMSE applications dealing with cordless cameras and video links are
considered.
1
Programme Making includes the making of a programme for broadcast, the making of a film, presentation, advertisement or audio or
video recordings, and the staging or performance of an entertainment, sporting or other public event.
2
A Special Event is an occurrence of limited duration, typically between one day and a few weeks, which take place on specifically
defined locations. Examples include large cultural, sport, entertainment, religious and other festivals, conferences and trade fairs.
In the entertainment industry, theatrical productions may run for considerably longer.
3
For further information see the ECC Report 002 [2]
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 9
3.1
Description of PMSE applications considered in this Report
Programme Making Special Events (PMSE) covers a wide range of equipment and applications. This Report
addresses cordless cameras and associated video links. These links will often carry the associated radio
microphone audio, service links and telemetry. This includes every wireless link, that contains video
information, starting at a camera. In some cases all the requirements of video audio and control may be
combined in a single ip link.
Table 1: Definition of video SAB/SAP links
Type of link
Cordless cameras
Portable video link
Mobile airborne video link
Mobile vehicular video link
Temporary
video links
point-to-point
Definitions
Handheld or otherwise mounted camera with clipped on
transmitter, power pack and antenna for carrying
broadcast-quality video together with sound signals over
short-ranges.
Handheld camera with separate body-worn transmitter,
power pack and antenna.
Video transmission system employing radio transmitter
and receivers mounted on helicopters, airships or other
aircraft.(includes repeaters and relays)
Video transmission system employing radio transmitter
mounted in/on motorcycles, pedal cycles, cars, racing
cars or boats. One or both link terminals may be used
while moving.
Temporary link between two points (e.g. part of a link
between an OB site and a studio or network terminating
point), used for carrying broadcast quality video/audio
signals. Link terminals are mounted on tripods, temporary
platforms, purpose built vehicles or hydraulic hoists. Twoway links are often required.
From ERC Report 38: HANDBOOK ON RADIO EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
VIDEO LINKS FOR ENG/OB USE
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 10
“
Figure 1: Actual Example of ENG/OB demand for audio and service link channels cycle race
Replace the picture
note: need to ask SRG (Swiss broadcaster) for permission and English version of the picture
[Further description and explanation perhaps with hypertext links to other parts of the document]
The ERC/REC 25-10 [3] has been last revised in 2003. This document recommends CEPT Administrations
to assign frequencies for audio and video SAP/SAB links on a tuning range basis. The term “tuning range”
for PMSE means a range of frequencies over which radio equipment is envisaged to be capable of
operating; within this tuning range, the use in any one country of radio equipment from another country will
be limited to the range of frequencies identified nationally in that one country for PMSE, and will be operated
in accordance with the related national conditions and requirements. Traditionally PMSE has shared with a
wide range of services however recent reallocations are not able to share with PMSE and therefore these
tuning ranges have become restricted or in some cases none existent. In reality tuning ranges rely on
national allocations which may be a single 8 MHz channel within in that band or in worst case no available
spectrum in this country.
This Recommendation would need to be updated to reflect the latest developments on some of the
concerned frequency bands.
The following table is a subset of the Annex 2 of ERC Rec 25-10 relevant for cordless cameras and video
links
Table 2: Current recommended frequency ranges for use by video SAP/SAB links
(subset of the Annex 2 of ERC Rec 25-10 )
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 11
Type of link
Cordless cameras
Portable video links
Mobile video links
(airborne
and
vehicular)
Temporary pointto-point video links
Recommended frequencies
Tuning ranges
2025-2110/2200-2500 MHz
10.0-10.60 GHz
21.2-24.5 GHz
47.2-50.2 GHz
2025-2110/2200-2500 MHz
2500-2690 MHz (Note 4)
10.0-10.60 GHz
2025-2110/2200-2500 MHz
2500-2690 MHz (Note 4)
3400-3600 MHz (Note 5)
Fixed service bands (Note
6)
10.0-10.68 GHz (Note 3)
21.2-24.5 GHz
Preferred sub-bands
Technical parameters
ERC REP 38
10.3-10.45 GHz
21.2-21.4 GHz, 22.6-23.0
GHz and 24.25-24.5 GHz
ERC REP 38
10.3-10.45 GHz
ERC REP 38
ERC REP 38
10.3-10.45 GHz
21.2-21.4 GHz, 22.6-23.0
GHz and 24.25-24.5 GHz
Note 3: Only occasional temporary point-to-point links should be allowed in the frequency band 10.6-10.68 GHz. Studies have
concluded that even limited deployment of cordless cameras and portable video links in the band 10.6-10.68 GHz will result in
interference to the EESS (passive) services using this band (see ECC/REP17).
Note 4: The band 2500-2690 MHz will not be available for video SAP/SAB links after the introduction of UMTS/IMT-2000 (see
ECC/DEC/(02)06).
Note 5: In countries where the band 3400-3600 MHz is widely used for Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), availability of this band for mobile
video SAP/SAB links may be restricted.
Note 6: Temporary point-to-point video links are often accommodated in the traditional fixed services’ bands, following the same
channel arrangements as the FS links.
3.2
Current usage of CORDLESS CAMERA AND VIDEO LINKS in CEPT COUNTRIES
During the development of this Report, the ECC developed a questionnaire to CEPT administrations on the
regulatory procedures used by administrations in granting access to spectrum for PMSE [4]. It covers many
frequency ranges and many PMSE usages.
Put this text in a table [Bruno]
Band 2025-2110 MHz (Rec 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 19 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications, namely temporary video links
(portable, mobile with some allowance for airborne use) and cordless cameras as referred to in ERC/REC
25-10. This use is under an individual licensing regime. No change is expected for this band in relation to
PMSE.
Band 2200-2500 MHz (Rec 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 29 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications.
The main type (28 countries) is related to temporary video links (portable, mobile with some allowance for
airborne use) and cordless cameras as referred to in ERC/REC 25-10. In most cases, this use is under an
individual licensing regime, although low power wireless cameras can in a few countries operate under a
general license. It is noted that, in addition or as an alternative, 2 countries mention specifically the use of the
2400-2483.5 MHz band for wideband data transmissions or non-specific SRD as per REC 70-03 for PMSE
purpose. 5 countries mentioned that current considerations on the potential introduction of Broadband
Wireless systems in the band 2300-2400 MHz may have an impact on the availability of the band for PMSE.
Band 2500-2690 MHz (Rec 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 5 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE application, namely SAB/SAP, video links.
Amongst those, 3 countries expect that the use of PMSE will cease because of the introduction of terrestrial
Electronic Communications Networks in the 2500-2690 MHz band. On this basis, the relevance of
maintaining this band in the ERC/REC 25-10 may be considered.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 12
Band 3400 – 3600 MHz (Rec. 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 9 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications, which tends to confirm a
decrease of the availability of this band for PMSE. PMSE applications in this band cover temporary video
links (portable, mobile with some allowance for airborne use) and cordless cameras as referred to in
ERC/REC 25-10. This use is under an individual licensing regime. The development of IMT in this band may
have an impact on the spectrum available for PMSE in this band.
Band 4400 – 5000 MHz: From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 7 of them report about
the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications. PMSE applications in this band cover
SAB/SAP links for temporary use deployed in a coordinated way to protect other use (mainly military
applications). This PMSE use is in most cases under an individual licensing regime.
Band 10.0 – 10.68 GHz (Rec. 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 26 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications. The amount of available
spectrum and the frequency bands within the overall tuning range vary significantly depending upon the
country. The main PMSE applications covered in this range are wireless cameras, portable video links and
point-to-point video links for temporary use as referred to in ERC/REC 25-10. This use is in most cases
under an individual licensing regime. No major change is generally expected for this band in relation to
PMSE.
Band 21.20 – 24.50 GHz (Rec. 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 25 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications. The amount of available
spectrum and the frequency bands within the overall tuning range vary significantly depending upon the
country. The main PMSE applications covered in this range are wireless cameras, portable video links and
point-to-point video links for temporary use as referred to in ERC/REC 25-10. This use is in most cases
under an individual licensing regime. A few changes are expected, which may slightly increase the
availability of spectrum for PMSE.
Band 47.20 - 50.20 GHz (Rec. 25-10): From the 32 countries providing a response on this band, 16 of them
report about the availability of the band or parts of it for PMSE applications. The main PMSE applications
covered in this range are wireless cameras and portable video links as referred to in ERC/REC 25-10. This
use is in most cases under an individual licensing regime. No change is expected with regard to PMSE in
this band.
Other bands: the availability of frequency bands within the 6/8 GHz range is mentioned by 8 countries for
fixed and/or mobile ENG/OB.
3.3
Technical characteristics of CORDLESS CAMERAS AND VIDEO LINKS
Indoor deploy.
Indoor: Possible restrictions on license by administrations
Outdoor deploy.
Spec sharing
Booking
4 PICTURES GO INTO ANNEX
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 13
4 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 3: Technical Characteristics for ENG/OB Links
Type of
Link
Range
Max
E.I.R.P.
Min Tx
ant.
gain
Min
Rx
ant.
gain
Channel
raster
Radio Link
Path
Suitable
Frequency
Range
Cordless
Camera
<500m
6dBW
0dBi
6dBi
10 MHz
20 MHz
30 MHz
Usually
clear line of
sight.
Currently <
12GHz
Portable
Link
<2km
16dBW
6dBi
17dBi
10 MHz
20 MHz
30 MHz
Not always
clear line of
sight.
<8GHz
Mobile
Link
<10km
26dBW
3dBi
13dBi
10 MHz
20 MHz
30 MHz
Often
obstructed
and
susceptible
to multipath
impairment.
<8GHz
Temporar
y Point-topoint
Link
<80km
each
hop
for links
at
<10GHz
40dBW
13dBi
17dBi
10 MHz
20 MHz
30 MHz
40 MHz (for
ip links)
Usually
clear line of
sight for
OB, but
often
obstructed
for ENG
use.
<10GHz for
long hops.
4.1
Hop length at
>10GHz
limited by
precipitation
fading.
Spectrum requirements
Revision:[Vaughn]
The use of cordless cameras has seen an increase over the last few years as the production values and
requirements of coverage has increased. This has correspondingly led to an increase in demand for
spectrum especially to support major events. Due to the range of activities that PMSE covers, from single
camera news-gathering to multi-camera international sporting or cultural events, and the temporal and
location specific nature it is difficult to quantify spectrum requirements. It is recognised that high demand
scenarios tend to be accommodated through local solutions whereby temporary access to bands not
normally
allocated
to
PMSE
is
provided.
Due to a number of changes to the allocation of spectrum in the 2-3 GHz range, spectrum availability is
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 14
becoming more limited for use by PMSE. ERC Recommendation 25-10 identifies 575 MHz of spectrum in the
2-3 GHz range for PMSE. However, recent allocations to services with which PMSE cannot share (eg. in the
2.5-2.69 GHz band and potentially within the 2.3-2.4 GHz band depending on future studies within CEPT)
has resulted in a significant reduction of available spectrum for PMSE. To mitigate this loss it is important to
identify and carry out compatibility studies on bands that could potentially accommodate cordless cameras.
The information below show numbers of links used in various major events. The numbers show that for
proper high quality productions the occupied bandwidth sums up from 162 MHz(Berlin state elections) to
680 MHz (Formula 1)These figures are without consideration of guard bands/separation distances between
the applications or intermodulation effects.
Information on day event usage
Event
Number of Total Spectrum
links
MHz (see note 1)
Condition
Annex
UK Formula 1
70
690
Loaned/PMSE
Germany:12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics, 15–23 August 2009
42
619
Loaned/PMSE
6
Celebration of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall 9. November 2009
38
350
Loaned/PMSE
7
Berlin state elections, 18 September 2011, Prussian Landtag building
17
162
Loaned/PMSE
8
UK snapshot of use on 20/8/11
42
420
Loaned/PMSE
5
London Olympics
855
8550
Loaned/PMSE
9
Tour de France 2011
35
350
Loaned/PMSE
10
lower saxony election
13
144
Loaned/PMSE
Natural Ice Skating over 200Km (all airborn use)
13
130
Loaned/PMSE
Note 1 without consideration of guard bands/separation distances between the applications or intermodulation effects
11
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 15
5 BAND BY BAND ASSESSMENT ON THE SUSTAINABLE OPERATION OF CORDLESS CAMERAS
[AND VIDEO LINKS]
Deployment of video links as with other radio services is dependent upon a range of factors which contribute
to the link budget4, a major consideration is the propagation of the spectrum , to date the 2GHz band
provides the best conditions for many application’s especially for airborne and mobile use. The relative
bandwidth and size of 2GHz antenna allow automatic or manual antenna systems of track successfully for
mobile use, the higher the frequency the narrower the bandwidth of the antenna and therefore harder to
successfully track when mobile.
In all cases PMSE spectrum is considered as tuning ranges and therefore it appears that there is a large
amount of spectrum. The term “tuning range” for PMSE means a range of frequencies over which radio
equipment is envisaged to be capable of operating; within this tuning range, the use in any one country of
radio equipment from another country will be limited to the range of frequencies identified nationally in that
one country for PMSE, and will be operated in accordance with the related national conditions and
requirements. Traditionally PMSE has shared with a wide range of services however recent reallocations are
not able to share with PMSE and therefore these tuning ranges has become restricted or in some cases
none existent. In reality tuning ranges rely on national allocations which may be a single 8 MHz channel
within in that band or in worst case no available spectrum in this country.
In the paragraphs below the current allocations from REC 25-10 are identified along with comments on
where they have been impacted by other services.
Frequency ranges below 5GHz are favoured for low power cordless cameras operating over short
unobstructed paths, with the advantage of relatively low diffraction loss. Multiple carrier forms of digital
modulation, particularly COFDM, which are rugged and perform well in the presence of multipath, have
driven greater and increasing use of low power wireless cameras in recent years. Coupled below have
Differentiate between wireless Cams and downlinks /airborn
Wireless camera’s (using MPEG encoding) and mobile (up-)links use the digital DVB-T, ISDB-T or derivative
standards such as LMS-T. Al these standards are made for main distribution terrestrial broadcasting
transmitters and can work by means of reflections and diversity receive technologies. Obstructed RF paths
with enough reflective surfaces can still give un-interrupted video at the receive site. Data rates are limited.
(see list)
The DVB-S2 standard is preliminary made for satellite links, so “line off sight” usage. The advantages are
more bandwidth and higher data rates. (see list) Diversity systems by it’s nature are not available for DVBS2.Downlinks from airplanes and helicopters working “line off sight” can carry muxed DVB-S2 transport
streams up to 90 Mbit.
Develop a figure showing spectrum lost regarding tuning range
Do the mathematics between the European Common Allocation Table from 2004 and the table from 2013?
4
Please see ECC Report 38 for further details
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 16
6 SPECTRUM USE
Sharing spectrum between primary services and PMSE should become more efficient, simple5 and reliable.
Sharing is about trust between the primary and secondary user. The only reason why secondary services
require their own spectrum is that they want to be sure it’s available when it is needed and in a suitable time
scale. These criteria and others could be solved by an electronic booking system which would enable the
military and other primary users to pre book or exclude geographical arrears in peace time operations.
Harmonization, sharing, coordination and enforcement can only be successful if the frame work is clear and
standardized.
We should go for a fixed raster, ETSI specified equipment on spurious, and other technical conditions.
Existing spectrum allocations allow sharing with PMSE, the new services, mainly MFCN are unable to share
with PMSE and in many cases require a guard band either side of the new allocation. This has two results:
1. Existing PMSE services are being forced to do their work in less spectrum
2. Due to the nature of MFCN it is not available for Administrations to loan for “major event” use
Sharing possibilities between primary and secondary users should be better developed and more realistic
proposals formulated
Major events are currently relying on loan spectrum that will not be available to PMSE by later in 2013!!
The uncertainty in instant availability of spectrum in existing PMSE tuning ranges is a major concern for the
industry, this uncertainty is coupled with increasing requirement for in all aspects of content production : a
review of the F1 coverage will endorse this.
Replacement spectrum is urgently required and as a partial replacement of reallocatted 2GHz spectrum
should be able to claim primary user status in the 1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz bands.
Harmonised military bands:
A frequency band which is in general military use in Europe and identified for military utilisation in the
European Common Allocation Table (ECA Table).
Such a frequency bands forms a basis for military use and planning.
The band can be shared between civil and military users according to national requirements and legislation.
6.1
2 – 3 GHZ
propagation / practical issues
5
One possible mitigation of this situation would be to have an electronic PMSE geo-location database and
booking system for time limited spectrum use on a European basis to clearly identify spectrum available at
the required location . As part of the database spectrum which could be borrowed with the clearance of the
administration could also be identified
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 17
Frequencies in this band are mainly used for wireless camera’s, down-linking video signals from aerial relay
platforms such as helicopters, planes or airships.
The usage (except for the wireless camera’s) is Space to earth (air to ground) so complementary to the
space operation in this band.
This part of the spectrum should stay available for non LOS systems using MIMO, Diversity and reflection
techniques to maintain a high throughput to regain their original signal.)
Put LOS and MIMO in definitions and work with hyperlinks!
Due to the altitude and coverage of these platforms a simple frequency coordination system needs to be
harmonized with all CEPT administrations.
Frequencies in this band are mainly used for wireless camera’s and up-linking video signals from
motorcycles, cars, boats and camera helicopters.
The usage (except for the wireless camera’s) is Earth to space (ground to air) so complementary to the
space operation in this band.
This part of the spectrum should stay available for non LOS systems using MIMO, Diversity and reflection
techniques to maintain a high throughput to regain their original signal.)
6.2
3-4 Ghz
propagation / practical issues
6.3
4-5GHz
propagation / practical issues
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 18
6.4
possible new spectrum
6.4.1
Unpaired 2 GHz (1900 - 1920 MHZ and 2010 – 2025 MHz)
This is ideal spectrum, most equipment will tune to it. It has similar propagation to the 2-3 GHz range. And
PMSE can share with range of other services.
6.4.2
Other spectrum
2.7 – 2.9 [Arnaud]
4.4 – 5.0 GHz check the questionnaire
Introduction of some new services in adjacent bands can have an impact on the usable PMSE spectrum.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 19
7 RESTRICTIONS ON USE OFF WIRELESS CAMERAS
7.1
EMF
L Wireless cameras must conform to the EMFlimits imposed by ICNIRP and the EC decisions on EMF.ith the
introduction of the Workers Directive(EMF) by the EC additional restrictions may be required
PMSE equipment must stay under the European EMF radiation limit of 61 V/m, power in these uplinks when
close to cameraman and technicians.
As an example use of a 4 Watt ( +36dBm.)Transmitter in the 2 GHz. band on a bike feeding the RF into a
circular antenna with a gain of 6 dB. It is requiredan to extend antenna pole by 30 cm. to stay under this
limit.
This combination is the maximum RF power allowable in these situation.
(Any longer and the pole would hit the public when the motorbike is rounding corners.)
7.2
Propagation
Nowadays major events are increasingly relying on fixed wing aircraft for relaying audio and video content.
The advantage is longer endurance and less weather dependency than helicopters.
Microwave systems lose some 20 dB. at 2 GHz. with an aircraft flying at 10,000 ft. compared with a relay
helicopter flying at 1000 ft.
Moving the uplinks to higher frequencies will greatly increase the loss for airborne use
.
Another downside of moving the uplinks to higher frequencies is that non LOS operations will become more
difficult if not impossible in many circumstances.However LOS links could be moved to higher frequencies
7.3
Physical
7.4
For all mobile equipment the physical size and weight are critical, battery weight is a major
part of this therefore RF output power is kept to a minimum.Picture quality versus bandwidth
With digital systems there is a trade off between quality, latency, and bandwidth ,Dependant
on spectrum availability, demand by the use, budget, a choice of quality can be made.. If we wish to
harmonize and coordinate these activities in future standerisation of channel bandwidth to 10MHz should be
consideredSingle standard H264 (dvb-t like) links should be able to perform well within a 10 MHz. channel.
Some wireless camera’s uses Jpeg2000 compression and the 802.16 standard using scalable OFDMA to
carry data, supporting channel bandwidths of between 1.25 MHz and 20 MHz, with up to 2048 subcarriers,and two or more adjcent channels would be required for the maximum data rate ..
Special systems such as LMS-T (20 MHz. wide) also require two adjacent channels .Other systems require
three adjacent channels .
Some wireless camera’s systems need a return audio link for synchronization refered to as
genlocking this will improve the latency. Downside is that when something happens with the audio link
(usually in the PMRbands ) the camera will fail. Wireless camera’s also oftern use PMR frequencies for
cueing the cameraman , camera control (iris, paint, black level) and tally.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 20
8 FUTURE STANDARDS
8.1
Technological developments
Traditionally cordless cameras used analogue modulation techniques to carry the video stream from
camera to the reception point and onto the production centre. These analogue techniques typically used
around 30 MHz of spectrum per camera, and provided essentially real-time delivery of the video. More
recently, the use of digital modulation based on widely deployed distribution standards, such as DVB and
ISDB-T, have reduced the bandwidth requirements to typically 10 MHz per camera. Although these digital
standards provide modes which allow greater data compression for distribution links, these are not
available for cordless camera links due to the requirements for high picture quality, low coding delay and
high robustness to transmission errors.
However, there is also a trend in video production embracing widescreen, high definition (HD), 3-D, and,
looking forward, to ultra-high definition (UHD) and to higher frame-rates, the latter especially for sports
coverage to provide smoother motion. All these trends require higher capacity links, since higher
resolution and higher frame-rates both demand additional data to be coded. There are some new
techniques currently in development which aim to provide higher capacity within existing channel
bandwidths.
The BBC's Research and Development department, which has contributed much to the current cordless
camera link technology, has been developing new techniques making use of more recent modulation and
coding standards, as found for instance in DVB-T2 and DVB-NGH, to allow a ‘next generation’ cordless
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 21
camera which would approximately double the spectrum efficiency compared to those based on the DVB-T
standard. A key ingredient is the inclusion of ‘Multiple Input Multiple Output’ (MIMO) technologies in
conjunction with COFDM in order to provide a foundation for the increased throughput sought. This is
supported by an LDPC-based error-correction chain based on those used in DVB-T2 and DVB-NGH. The
current state of development offers 40Mb/s in 10 MHz, but it is envisaged that a variant offering 30Mb/s in
the same bandwidth is feasible, as well as ‘scaled’ systems providing up to 120Mb/s in 20MHz, a bit-rate
intended to support lightly-compressed studio quality video.
As the name implies, MIMO operation requires the use of multiple transmission and receiving antennas.
The BBC technique is based on system dimension of 4x4 (i.e. four receive and four transmit antenna
elements), in order to allow effective operation in environments characterised by a high degree of signal
reflection and scattering (typically indoors) and those where a strong line-of-sight component is dominant
(typically outdoors). Although based on a 4x4 dimension, typically two physical antennas will be used for
transmission and two for reception, permitted by the use of sophisticated signal processing.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 22
9 CONCLUSIONS

Due to the reduction in available spectrum for the 2 to 3 GHz range additional spectrum will be
urgently required to sustain current use for mobile and airborne use.

The use of spectrum is limited by the application i.e. a motorcycle uplink could work at 2 GHz but not
at 50 GHz. (annex with calculations)

Whilst equipment has become more spectrum efficient reducing from 28MHz to 10MHz bandwidth,
new higher definition systems my require simultaneous use of two or more adjacent channels

Traditionally PMSE has shared with various primary services but with the new allocations to services
such as wireless broadband sharing is not practical.

In order to achieve spectrum efficiency and coordination where large numbers of PMSE systems are
deployed consideration of the current ETSI standards for the new and existing services and their
implementation into all equipment should be considered by administrations.
Loss of spectrum (spreadsheet /graph)
High quality, low latency, interference free.

Introduction of some new services in adjacent bands can have an impact on the usable PMSE
spectrum as the out of band energy limits the usable spectrum, and some primary services require
guardbands .
Data links?

Currently a wide range of applications use PMSE as the equivalent of a pen to a writer these range
from sport to advertising and court reporting through to nature recording.. The economic benefit of
these activities are difficult if not impossible to define but with the creative and cultural nature
expressed via PMSE use the general public has had access to pictures, recordings and information
which would be unthinkable even ten years ago. If the economic and cultural benefits of this
creativity are to continue sufficient spectrum needs to be available.

Some administrations have placed a legal requirement on broadcasters to report on a range of
subjects such as emergency communication to the public in the case of natural disasters or specific
forms of accidents and news, in order to carry out these legal required functions sufficient PMSE
spectrum must be available.

1900 - 1920 MHZ and 2010 – 2025 MHz are immediately available and should be allocated as soon
as possible with PMSE as a primary user and include airborne use

2.700 – 2.900 MHz should be urgently investigated for PMSE use, with the minimum technical
restrictions

The majority be PMSE functions can be planed in advance however news and disasters, natural or
man made are time critical and instantaneous in nature. In order to cope with and in many cases
may involve cross border activities an electronic database booking system for CEPT countries
should be considered

4400-5000 MHz should also be urgently investigated for PMSE use, with the minimum technical
restrictions
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 23

[
.
]
.
Spectrum requirements are always difficult to define as they occur at geographically separated sites
and different times however from the figures provided in 4.1 it would appear that a minimum of 162
MHz is required and if we consider the 10% increase year to year in the Tour de France an increase
of at least 16 MHz per year needs to be added for the foreseeable future. In addition administrations
should be encouraged to identify spectrum witch could be released for big events on a geographical
or time limited basis within the tuning range of existing equipment
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 24
ANNEX 1: MANDATE TO CEPT ON TECHNICAL CONDITIONS REGARDING SPECTRUM
HARMONISATION OPTIONS FOR WIRELESS RADIO MICROPHONES AND CORDLESS VIDEOCAMERAS (PMSE EQUIPMENT)
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Information Society and Media Directorate-General
Electronic Communications Policy
Radio Spectrum Policy
Brussels, 15 December 2011
DG INFSO/B4
FINAL
MANDATE TO CEPT
ON TECHNICAL CONDITIONS REGARDING SPECTRUM HARMONISATION OPTIONS FOR WIRELESS
RADIO MICROPHONES AND CORDLESS VIDEO-CAMERAS (PMSE EQUIPMENT)
1.
PURPOSE
This mandate is a follow-up to the commitment made by the Commission in the Communication on
the digital dividend6 and in the proposal for a Radio Spectrum Policy Programme. 7 The main
objective of this mandate is to identify technical conditions and options to make EU harmonised
spectrum available for wireless radio microphones and cordless video-cameras. The aim is not to
satisfy all the spectrum requirements8 of the relevant users, but rather to create a baseline for
economies of scale and the functioning of the internal market.
Programme Making and Special Events (PMSE) applications fulfil an important role supporting
social and cultural activities, ranging from local to EU-wide events and broadcasts, which also
make a significant economic contribution. Various types of equipment are involved, such as
wireless microphone applications, in-ear systems, cordless video-cameras and remote control
systems, used in both professional and non professional environments.
6
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social
Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Transforming the digital dividend into social benefits and economic
growth /*COM/2009/0586 final*/
7
Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the first radio spectrum policy
programme /*COM/2010/0471 final – COD 2010/0252*/
8
Large events may have much higher spectrum requirements. However, these are very local and may vary over time.
Consequently, they are best addressed through national case by case solutions on the base of appropriate equipment
standards that specify tuning ranges for equipment.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 25
2.
JUSTIFICATION
Pursuant to Article 4 of the Radio Spectrum Decision9 the Commission may issue mandates to the
CEPT for the development of technical implementing measures with a view to ensuring harmonised
conditions for the availability and efficient use of radio spectrum; such mandates shall set the task
to be performed and the timetable therefore.
Without prejudice to the final text to be adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, the
draft Radio Spectrum Policy Programme states that Member States shall examine ways and, where
appropriate, take technical and regulatory measures, to ensure that the freeing of the 800 MHz band
does not adversely affect PMSE users. In addition it states that Member States shall, in cooperation
with the Commission, seek to ensure the necessary frequency bands for PMSE, according to the
Union's objectives to improve the integration of the internal market and access to culture.
CEPT Report 3210 concludes that:

The historic use of PMSE of the 470-862 MHz band will need to be adapted.

PMSE demand for spectrum is expected to continue to rise in the medium term.

Interleaved channels/white spaces in the UHF band are the principal spectrum for wide band
audio applications. Therefore, the 470 MHz to 790 MHz range should be maintained for
PMSE allowing them to operate on a temporary basis in areas where broadcasting is not yet
used.

New frequency bands could be made available to PMSE in addition to 470-790 MHz.
In order to address in particular non-professional applications and a substantial amount of
professional applications, and while recognising that it is not the aim to address all spectrum
requirements, there is considerable justification for harmonising the band 821-832 MHz for wireless
microphones.
Furthermore, the identification of detailed technical conditions for the use of band 1785-1805 MHz
by wireless radio microphones is required before considering a possible harmonisation measure
which includes EU-wide operations (this could include for example indoor and outdoor use and the
variety of professional and non-professional situations).
In addition to the audio applications (wireless microphones) there is another important category of
PMSE equipment, cordless video-cameras, which may face spectrum access issues. Currently,
cordless video-cameras are often operating in the 2.3 GHz band and additional in the 2.6 GHz band.
The fact that the 2.6 GHz band has been harmonised for terrestrial systems providing electronic
communications services under new conditions of use and that some Member States are
contemplating the use of the 2.3 GHz in the same way, makes it necessary to consider an alternative
and sustainable solution for spectrum access for cordless video-cameras. Therefore, options or
alternatives for spectrum use by cordless video-cameras need to be developed. It would be desirable
to investigate new bands for cordless video-cameras use and sharing opportunities.
9
Decision 676/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a regulatory framework for
radio spectrum policy in the European Community, OJL 108 of 24.4.2002.
10
30 October 2009.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 26
Considering the above and taking into account the fact that EU-wide operations (such as touring
shows) as well as ordinary citizens using wireless microphone equipment for non-professional
purposes, could both benefit from harmonisation, the Commission believes that an additional
mandate is justified. The mandate should concentrate on the analysis of the 821-832 MHz and
1785-1805 MHz bands for wireless microphones and on clarifying technical options to address
future needs for cordless video-cameras.
3.
MAIN EU POLICY OBJECTIVES
With this mandate, the Commission issues guidance to the CEPT to continue developing technical
conditions and studies serving policy objectives which contributes to an improvement of efficient
use of spectrum resulting in positive economic, social and cultural benefits in the EU. These main
policy objectives include:
4.

To ensure the availability of core spectrum for some categories of PMSE equipment,
respectively wireless radio microphones and cordless video-cameras, with a view to
supporting the development of media and entertainment industry (PMSE);

To strengthen the Internal Market dimension for potential single market services and PMSE
equipment, that can improve frequency management, in relation to PMSE use as well as to
improve the spectrum efficiency of PMSE equipment.

To exploit the socio-economic and cultural benefit for EU citizens and PMSE users to the
fullest extent by facilitating economies of scale, lower prices and foster cross-border
portability and interoperability.
TASK ORDER AND SCHEDULE
Through this mandate, the CEPT is requested:
(1)
To identify the technical conditions for the use of the band 821-832 MHz for wireless radio
microphones (which optionally include in-ear systems and control systems) in the EU. This should
take into account the technical conditions specified in EC Decision 2010/267/EU on the EU
harmonisation of the 800 MHz band as well as any relevant outcomes of WRC-12.
(2)
To identify the technical conditions resulting in a harmonisation of technical parameters in
the band 1785-1805 MHz for the use of wireless radio microphones (which optionally include inear systems and control systems).
(3)
To identify the technical conditions and the necessary frequency bands for ensuring the
sustainable operation of cordless video-cameras in the EU, including spectrum sharing opportunities
possible through technological developments.
(4)
To identify technical conditions which can contribute to facilitate the use of wireless radio
microphone and cordless video-camera-equipment for EU-wide operations, including specific
aspects to improve the frequency management and the overall spectrum efficiency of equipment,
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 27
The Commission may provide CEPT with further guidance on this mandate.
The deliverable for this mandate will be two reports A and B:
 Report A on the technical conditions for the use of the bands 821-832 MHz and 1785-1805 MHz
for wireless radio microphones in the EU, including the technical conditions which can
contribute to facilitate the PMSE equipment for EU-wide operations;
 Report B on the technical conditions for ensuring the sustainable operation of cordless videocameras in the EU.
The following delivery dates are scheduled:
Delivery date
Deliverable
3/07/12
For RSC#40 Progress report A
4/12/12
For RSC#42 Progress report B
4/12/12
For RSC#42 Draft final report A, subject to
public consultation
11/03/13
Final report A delivery
July 2013
For RSC#44 Draft final report B, subject to
public consultation
November 2013
Final report B delivery
In implementing this mandate, the CEPT shall, where relevant, take the utmost account of
Community law applicable and support the principles of technological neutrality, nondiscrimination and proportionality insofar as technically possible.
The Commission, with the assistance of the Radio Spectrum Committee pursuant to the Radio
Spectrum decision, may consider applying the results of this mandate in the EU, pursuant to Article
4 of the Radio Spectrum Decision.
***
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 28
ANNEX 2: LIST OF REFERENCES
CEPT Report 50
ECC Report 02: SAP/SAB (Incl. ENG/OB) spectrum use and future requirements
ERC Recommendation 25-10 on Frequency ranges for the use of temporary terrestrial audio and video
SAP/SAB links (incl. ENG/OB)
[4] Questionnaire to CEPT administrations on the regulatory procedures used by administrations in granting
access to spectrum for PMSE (http://www.cept.org/ecc/groups/ecc/wg-fm/fm-51/client/meetingdocuments/file-history?fid=7176)
[1]
[2]
[3]
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 29
ANNEX 3: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Traditionally systems were analogue and used 30 MHz. Now they are digital and use better modulations
schemes and high compression codecs using 10 MHz. However the higher definition (HD HD+/UltraHD
higher frame rate(HFR)) will require higher bandwidth.
BBC paper BBC providing a section on new technics
With the use of auto tracking systems which improve signal to noise ratio and quality there is often a
requirement for a feedback channel which can be narrow band or broad band in order to keep the transmitter
and receiver synchronised
In some cases multiple audio channels are supplied inband which enable talkback from the camera operator
to production crew and for the operator to receive instructions.
Equipment has become miniaturized while still enabling high quality transmissions a side effect of this is to
widen the use to such things as cameras and audio are being carried by referees and linesman in sporting
events.
The market for PMSE equipment is small compared to other radio sectors but new technologies are being
developed in parallel with the security surveillance and military sectors.
Mesh technologies improve the reliability of links but there is a tradeoff in complexity of cost of the systems
and their deployment as well as the additional need to ensure low delay in PMSE compared to other
applications.
Airborne links have employed military technologies permitting dynamically steerable antennas at high altitude
compared to the traditional less directional airborne antennas used at lower altitudes from helicopters.
Provision of up-to-date news coverage is under great pressure of time. Therefore reporter backpacks which
are sending a video stream over multiple mobile network connections is a good way for a single reporter to
start streaming video footage while he is waiting for the OB team to arrive. One problems with these systems
is, due to the high buffer size the delay to broadcasting station can be up to 12 seconds, which makes
interviews impossible. You also have to rely on the public IMT networks and you have to share the capacity
of this networks. This requires the use of scalable video codecs, adaptive streaming and buffers. This leads
to the fact that when the available bandwidth drops, a decreased picture quality will be the consequence.
Especially users of reporter backpacks who have to deal with disasters and/or emergencies may find that
public bodies have "taken over" the mobile providers' networks. In this case the mobile data networks will not
be available, or only in a very restricted way.
Some program makers use WiFi on the SRD spectrum for effect cameras(none critical applications) but they
could not replace high quality PMSE links for majority of the programm content.
PMSE is unique in that it requires extremely low latency, below 5ms, an interference free spectrum and high
quality reproduction (which is increasing with the use of HD and HD+/UltraHD) whilst a number of companies
have attempted to develop equipment using modulation schemes such as LTE. Unfortenly the time delays
and lack of bandwidth have proved insurmountable.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 30
In recent years a number of cameras require a return link in order to control or synchronize the functions of
the camera. This can include bandwidth( i.e. the bandwidth will increase with higher quality requirements)
These links are currently in other spectrum
Increase of bandwidth also depends on development of new codex
Technology for PMSE equipment has enabled a reduction from some 30 MHz per channel to 10 MHz by the
use of digital systems. However any further increases in spectrum efficiency would be difficult if not
impossible to achieve with the increasing introduction of higher quality definition in broadcasting chain.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 31
ANNEX 4: DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS OF CORDLESS CAMERAS AND VIDEO LINKS
Figure 1: Cordless Camera
A conventional cordless camera transmitter docks on the back of a traditional camera. Audio is incorporated
with the pictures on the cordless camera link either from an onboard microphone or else there may be a
separate wireless microphone receiver mounted on the camera. Remote control of the camera for colour
balance and exposure can also be by radio telemetry via a separate wireless channel received on the
camera.
Figure 2: Cordless Camera [Sorry, no suitable photo]
Often to bring pictures from close to the action, miniaturised cameras and transmitters are mounted on
participants in cycling and motorsport, utilising low profile antennas, such as patch antennas, to minimise the
impact on performance. These can then be received on the ground via a network of switched receivers
placed along the route, or received via an airborne platform.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 32
Figure 3: Portable Camera Transmitter
To give a reliable link over a greater range a Portable Camera Transmitter is used along with a directional
antenna. In the example below, being moved to a new location, the transmitter, its only portable power
supply, test equipment and the directional antenna are carried on a trolley. Once in place the camera is
connected to it by cable. Typical applications would be motorsport or a golf course where the camera
location is determined by the action. The equipment may also be mounted on a vehicle such as a golf buggy.
Figure 4: Mobile vehicular video link
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 33
Mobile links can be mounted on a variety of vehicles including cars, buggies and motorcycles. In this
example the cameraman sits on the rear of the motorcycle connected by cable to the video link, its
components in the rear panniers and above the rear wheel. A low gain, typically a patch antenna, is mounted
high, for safety and a clear view of the sky.
Figure 5: Airborne video link
The gyroscopically stabilised camera can be seen on the front of the helicopter with receive and transmit
antennas mounted on the landing skids. Other airborne vehicles such as airships and tethered blimps can
also carry airborne video links. As well as relaying pictures directly from the onboard camera the airborne
platform can additionally receive multiple links from the ground, then transpose and transmit them down to
another point on the ground. Below is an example of the onboard equipment required, perhaps for coverage
of a marathon or cycle race.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 34
Figure 6: Airborne video link equipment
Figure 6: Temporary point-to-point video links
Point-to-point video links are used to relay pictures, sound and data from remote locations to a central
production location. Programme makers need their own high quality, low delay links to be able to seamlessly
combine the elements of a production. These may be relatively short distances for an individual camera at a
horse racing meeting or many kilometres from a remote outside broadcast part way along a cycle race, to the
finish line.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 35
9.1.1
Live Newsgathering
It is commonplace to pair a cordless camera with a vehicle equipped with a satellite uplink or alternatively a
terrestrial video link. There is the safety benefit and flexibility of not having to run cables between the camera
and the vehicle as well as permitting optimum placement of the camera and vehicle link terminal.
Figure 6: Cordless Camera for Newsgathering
9.1.2
Sports Coverage
The rugged nature and reliability of digital cordless camera links has led to much greater use in coverage of
sporting events. Cordless cameras are routinely deployed close to the action and can be handheld or
mounted on moving vehicles.
Figure 7: Cordless Camera for Sports Coverage
9.1.3
Major Events
Live coverage of major state occasions, major cultural events and natural history programme making are
greatly enhanced through the use of Cordless Camera and Video Links. Audiences have come to expect the
wide range of shots from different standpoints along with close-ups that show the detail of the action. These
are only possible when cameras can be located in a variety of locations, without the need to be cabled.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 36
Figure 8: Cordless Camera for Major Event Coverage where cabling is not an option
Portable Video links are employed where path lengths are greater, for example to provide reliable and
rugged coverage over wide areas, perhaps an entire golf course. Lower power Cordless Cameras with
shorter paths to a greater number of receive points are an alternative but practical and cost implications will
determine the operational decisions. Multiple hops can permit a lower power Cordless Camera to be relayed
on via a higher power video link perhaps rigged in a vehicle such as a motorbike or golf buggy.
The use of video links has grown exponentially as the artistic freedom they create has resonated with
producers and directors in all forms of media. Their deployment spans all forms of program making with
variations in each sector for example the film industry uses “video assist” to allow the director to see the set
from the remote cameras and the attachment of cordless cameras to formula 1 and rally cars or even whales
and insects. Figures below provide an indication of their popularity:
9.1.4
Considerations on PMSE deployment scenarios and planning practice:
The temporary nature of PMSE deployment can lead to less than optimum installation practices. Production
vehicles and equipment are often corralled closely together creating radio frequency hotspots. Isolation
between radio systems may therefore have to be compromised and it is not always possible to efficiently use
spectrum in the way it would be possible with a permanent installation. The need to co-ordinate multiple
PMSE users occupying the same ranges of spectrum can also limit the possibilities to promote the optimum
use of spectrum in an operational environment where requirements are continually changing.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 37
Figure 9: A temporary and less than optimum installation for Major Event coverage
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 38
ANNEX 5: A SNAPSHOT OF PMSE USE IN UK ON 20/8/12
A UK wide query in 2011 (as 2012 may skew the figures slightly due to the games) of Short-Term Business
As Usual (BAU) allocations that appeared on a weekend. It has emerged that the sample on 20/08/11
would seem a good choice as there is quite a few events plus the spread of use across the UK (see map
below).
The following results for the ad-hoc short term use on 20/08/11 across the UK can be seen below:




UHF 1 & 2 – 173 Assignments
Band IV/V – 306 Assignments
2-4 GHz – 37 Assignments
7 GHz – 2 Assignments
12 GHz – 3 Assignments
The allocations above spread across 53 different stakeholder/licensees
Please note that the figures above for short term access amounts to 521. This amount does not account for
the significantly large number of annual allocations approximately at 13,000, which represents theatres
with annual microphone, monitors & talkback allocations, local radio, area & regional assignments, hospital
radio, Point to Point Audio Links and National News. We can say that the subtraction of the Short term
from Annual (521 from 13,000) will exist over any weekend period. The frequency range/spread for annual
allocations also runs from 48MHz through to 12GHz.
The Map below shows the allocations geographically
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 39
Just to re-iterate the data in the interests of this study only represents short-term allocations that took
place on an ad-hoc basis.
ANNEX 6: Germany:12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics, 15–23 August 2009
sorted by frequency
Frequ.
MHz
2025,0
2050,0
2075,0
2103,5
2190,0
Power Band- Picture Height
Watt width
Res.
m
MHz
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
1,0
8
8
8
8
8
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
3
300
300
3
300
Broadcasting
Station/
Production
Company
PC 1
PC 1
PC 1
PC 2
PC 1
Location
Device
Berlin City
Berlin City
Berlin City
stadium+City
Berlin City
video link
video link
video link
camera
video link
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 40
2205,0
2215,0
2240,0
2250,0
2265,0
2290,0
2312,0
2337,0
2391,5
2394,0
2440,0
2490,0
2515,0
2530,0
2540,0
2545,0
2590,0
2620,0
2665,0
3174,0
3222,0
3246,0
3270,0
3294,0
3318,0
3342,0
3366,0
3390,0
3414,0
3438,0
3462,0
3486,0
3525,0
7008,0
7080,0
10386,0
10615,0
1,0
5,0
5,0
1,0
5,0
5,0
0,5
0,1
1,0
0,1
0,1
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
1,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,1
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
8
17
17
17
17
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
SD
HD
HD
HD
HD
300
300
300
2
300
300
2
2
3
2
2
300
2
300
2
3
2
300
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
80
80
80
80
PPDR
PC 1
PC 1
BS 1
PC 1
PC 1
BS 2
BS 3
PC 3
BS 3
BS 4
PC 1
PC 1
PC 3/BS 1
PC 1
PC 3
PC 1
PC 1
PC 1
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
PC 4
BS 1
PC 2
PC 2
PC 2
PC 2
all
Berlin City
Berlin City
stadium
Berlin City
Berlin City
Brandenburg Gate
Berlin City
stadium
Berlin City
Brandenburg Gate
Berlin City
Berlin City
Berlin City
Berlin City
stadium
Berlin City
Berlin City
Berlin City
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
stadium
Berlin City
stadium+City
stadium+City
stadium+City
stadium+City
camera
video link
video link
camera
video link
video link
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
video link
video link
video link
video link
camera
video link
video link
video link
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
video link
video link
video link
video link
In total there were 42 links and the total occupied bandwidth sums up to 619 MHz (without
consideration of guard bands/separation distances between the applications or intermodulation
effects)
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 41
ANNEX 7: Celebration
of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall 9. November
2009
sorted by frequency
Frequ.
MHz
1985,0
1995,0
2065,0
2105,0
2175,0
2190,0
2215,0
2250,0
2270,0
2285,0
2295,0
2305,0
2316,0
2328,5
2342,5
2356,0
2368,0
2391,5
2392,5
2455,0
2469,0
2504,0
2510,0
2530,0
2545,0
2585,0
2605,0
2615,0
2660,0
3300,0
3320,0
3340,0
Power Band- Picture Height
Watt width
Res.
m
MHz
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,0
5,0
0,1
0,1
5,0
5,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,1
8
8
8
9
8
9
8
18
18
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
HD
HD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
10
5
5
10
10
5
2
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
10
10
Broadcasting
Station/
Production
Company
PC 1
PC 1
BS 1
BS 2
PC 2
BS 3
BS 1
PC 3
PC 8
PC 3
PC 3
BS 4
PPDR
BS 5
BS 5
PPDR
PPDR
BS 5
PC 1
BS 5
BS 2
BS 6
BS 7
PC 4
PC 4
PC 5
PC 6
PC 6
PC 6
PC 7
PC 7
PC 7
Location
Device
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 42
3380,0
3400,0
3420,0
3440,0
3460,0
3480,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
10
10
10
10
10
10
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
HD
10
10
10
10
10
10
PC 7
PC 7
PC 7
PC 7
PC 7
PC 7
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
In total there were 38 links and the total occupied band with sums up to 350 MHz (without
consideration of guard bands/separation distances between the applications or intermodulation
effects)
ANNEX 8:
Berlin state elections, 18 September 2011, Prussian Landtag building
sorted by frequency
Frequ.
MHz
2185,0
2212,0
2225,0
2237,0
2273,0
2294,0
2325,0
2337,0
2356,0
2391,5
2394,0
2510,0
2590,0
3410,0
3440,0
3470,0
5863,0
Power Band- Picture Height
Watt width
Res.
m
MHz
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,1
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
8
8
8
8
18
18
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
8
SD
SD
SD
SD
HD
HD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
HD
HD
HD
SD
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Broadcasting
Station/
Production
Company
PC 1
BS 1
BS 1
BS 1
BS 1
BS 1
BS 2
BS 2
BS 1
PC 2
BS 2
BS 3
PC 2
PC 3
PC 3
PC 3
BS 3
Location
Device
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
Prussian Landtag
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
camera
In total there were 17 links and the occupied band width sums up to 162 MHz (without consideration
of guard bands/separation distances between the applications or intermodulation effects)
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 43
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 44
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 45
ANNEX 9: LONDON OLYMPICS
Product
Licences
Assignments
Wireless Camera
452
631
Microwave Mobile Link
116
134
76
90
Fixed Link
Total
855
Full information available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/london2012/reportolympic-paralympic-2012/report.pdf
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 46
ANNEX 10: TOUR DE FRANCE 2011
During the Tour de France 2011 (see figure below), 794 frequencies were planned for walkie-talkies, HF
cameras, talk back, etc.., 467 for wireless microphones which part has been assigned on site during the
early stages, in the frequency band 470-862 MHz.
Note that the demand for frequencies amount of spectrum allocation for the authorised frequency band for
wireless microphones (470 MHz- 830 MHz band) is constantly increasing: 365 in 2007, 398 in 2008, 430 in
2009, 456 in 2010 and 463 in 2011.
The number of frequencies for other uses has increased slightly compared to 2010: 287 in 2009, 319 in 2010
and 327 in 2011.
1389 radio equipment (walkie-talkies, microphones and cameras HF, talk back, special equipment for
runners and the caravan of the Tour etc..) have been checked by the technical services of the ANFR. In
order to help the professionals, 41 frequencies have been authorized for temporary use during this event.
Also, 12 interferences appeared and were solved.
27 frequencies have been authorized in Band III, 392 frequencies in the band 470 MHz – 790 MHz and 75
frequencies between 790 MHz and 862 MHz for radio microphones.
The following graph gives the statistic of the number of frequency authorizations per channel in the 470-862
MHz
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 47
Nb of authorisations
Channel41
35 frequencies have been authorized for video links between 1467 MHz and 3779 MHz operated by 14
companies.
For SNG 104 radio stations have been installed.
Draft CEPT REPORT 50 Page 48
ANNEX 11: ICE SKATING