Course: Geography
Human Environments: Urban
Change
A Case Study of Glasgow
Level: National 4/5
October 2013
This advice and guidance has been produced for teachers and other staff who
provide learning, teaching and support as learners work towards qualifications.
These previously published materials, which teachers have found to be
helpful, have been updated in line with the new qualifications. They are neither
prescriptive nor exhaustive but provide suggestions on approaches to
teaching and learning which will promote development of the necessary
knowledge, understanding and skills. Staff are encouraged to draw on all
published course support materials to develop their own programmes of
learning which are appropriate to the needs of learners within their own
context.
Staff should also refer to the course and unit specifications and support notes
which have been issued by the Scottish Qualifications Authority.
http://www.sqa.org.uk
Acknowledgement
Education Scotland gratefully acknowledges this contribution to the National
Qualifications support programme for Geography.
The following diagrams have been reproduced from National Qualification Exam
Papers with the kind permission of the Scottish Qualifications Authority: Figure 2.2,
Urban Transect; Figure 3.4, Recognising Inner City Areas on OS Maps; Figure 3.5,
Recognising Inter War Areas on OS Maps; Figure 3.6, Recognising Suburbs on OS
Maps; Figure 4.2, Tenement Demolition; Figure 7.2, Model of a New Town; Figure 8.1,
Tenement Renovation; Figure 11.1, Location of Glasgow Harbour; Figure 13.2,
Reasons for Urban Sprawl.
Photographs reproduced courtesy of Iain Aitken.
These materials were originally written for Intermediate 1 and 2 Geography. As part of
the Human Geography unit at National 4 and 5 learners still have to study urban
change. Practitioners may find some of this information useful in planning and
preparing lessons on Glasgow. Several suggestions have been made throughout to
update it and additional materials have been added regarding the Commonwealth
Games. Practitioners may also wish to use their own examples of active and
collaborative learning.
© Education Scotland 2013
This resource may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes by
educational establishments in Scotland provided that no profit accrues at any stage.
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Contents
Section 1: Glasgow: location and growth
4
Section 2: The structure of cities
7
Section 3: Recognising urban areas on maps
11
Section 4: Glasgow’s housing problem
15
Section 5: The council estates
20
Section 6: The high-rise flats
22
Section 7: The new towns
24
Section 8: Tenement renovation
27
Section 9: Transport problems in Glasgow
28
Section 10: Changes in shopping
33
Section 11: Urban regeneration projects
36
Section 12: Gentrification
39
Section 13: Urban sprawl
42
Section 14: The Commonwealth Games
45
Glossary
46
Appendix
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GLASGOW: LOCATION AND GROWTH
Section 1: Glasgow: location and growth
Glasgow is Scotland’s largest city, with a population of over 590,000 people. It
is located in west central Scotland, on the River Clyde (see Figure 1.1).
Glasgow’s riverside location was vitally important in the city’s development,
firstly as a trading port and then as major shipbuilding centre.
Loch
Lomond
Key
Campsie Fells
Greenock
Land over 200m
Renfrew
Heights
Port
Glasgow
Clydebank
GLASGOW
Paisley
Hamilton
Firth
0
10
River
Clyde
of
Clyde
Figure 1.1 The location of Glasgow.
The growth of Glasgow can be divided into a number of periods.
Medieval Glasgow (before 1600)
The city of Glasgow was founded in the sixth century when Saint Mungo
established a church on the north side of the river, near to the present-day
Glasgow Cathedral. A ford across the shallow river allowed a north–south
routeway to develop. The establishment of a market in the twelfth century
encouraged trade, but growth remained quite slow until 1600.
Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
During the seventeenth century the straightening and dredging of the River
Clyde allowed bigger boats upstream, and the town became the west of
Scotland’s main port. Prior to this, large boats could only unload further down
the Clyde Estuary, which led to the development of the town of Port Glasgow.
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20km
GLASGOW: LOCATION AND GROWTH
Glasgow’s trade was mainly with the Americas, especially in tobacco, cotton
and sugar. Quaysides, such as the Broomielaw, were established along the
river.
Nineteenth century
The Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century allowed Glasgow to
grow rapidly. A former student of Glasgow University, James Watt, was
responsible for improving the steam engine and this allowed factories to be
powered cheaply using coal from nearby Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. The
manufacturing of iron, steel and textiles became common and this was soon
followed by shipbuilding along the river. By the end of the nineteenth century
Glasgow was the second city of the British Empire and was producing most of
the ships and locomotives in the world.
During this period Glasgow’s population also grew at an incredible rate.
Workers flocked to Glasgow from all over rural Scotland and Ireland in search
of jobs and wealth. Large areas of tenement housing (such as Partick, Govan
and the Gorbals) were built to house hundreds of thousands of workers.
Twentieth century
Although the city’s reputation for manufacturing and its population declined
steadily through the twentieth century, Glasgow still continued to expand in
size. Large housing estates such as Easterhouse and Drumchapel were built
on the edge of the city during the 1950s and 1960s to house people moved
from the inner city slums. This rebuilding lasted until the late 1970s.
New private housing areas continued to emerge at the city’s edge, including
the suburbs of Bishopbriggs and Newton Mearns.
There were a number of significant events in the 1980s and 1990s that led to
further improvements for the city, including:
1983
1983
1985
1988
1990
‘Glasgow’s miles better campaign’
Opening of the Burrell Collection
Opening of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre
Glasgow Garden Festival
Glasgow voted European City of Culture
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GLASGOW: LOCATION AND GROWTH
Task 1
Referring to pages 4 and 5, answer the questions below.
(a)
Who founded the city of Glasgow?
(b)
What changes to the River Clyde allowed Glasgow to become a busy
port?
(c)
What were the three main products that were traded in the port of
Glasgow?
(d)
What piece of technology allowed the industrial revolution to gather
speed?
(e)
What powered Glasgow’s factories and where did this resource come
from?
(f)
Why did Glasgow earn the name the ‘second city of the Empire’?
(g)
Where did the workers come from to work in Glasgow?
(h)
What changes occurred at the city’s edge during the twentieth century?
(i)
Complete Supplementary Worksheet 1 (page 32) to show the changes
in Glasgow’s population between 1800 and the present day.
Twenty-first century
The main project has been the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration, with 250
developments planned over a 20–25 year period. This is one of Britain’s
largest urban renewal projects. The Commonwealth Games will be held in
Glasgow in 2014 and this has also resulted in a number of new building
projects throughout the city.
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THE STRUCTURE OF CITIES
Section 2: The structure of cities
Most cities in the developed world have distinctive areas or zones of land use.
One way of illustrating this is the concentric ring model, which is shown in
Figure 2.1.
Key
1 Central business district (CBD)
2 Factories
3 Workers’ housing
}
}
inner city
4 Inter-war housing (1919–1938)
5 Modern suburbs (since 1945)
Figure 2.1 Concentric ring model of towns and cities.
As the city expands, newer buildings are built further away from the city centre
and the oldest part of town. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, many cities in Britain, such as Glasgow, London and Manchester,
began to expand rapidly as industries were set up, initially on the edge of the
town. People were attracted into these settlements for work, and zones of
housing grew up near the factories and industrial areas.
Through the twentieth century, cities across Britain continued to grow
outwards. Improvements in public transport (trams, trains and buses) and the
huge increase in car ownership since the 1950s meant that people did not
have to live right next to their workplace. They could choose to live in the
suburbs, where the environment was cleaner, greener and quieter, and they
could commute to jobs in the city centre.
The changes in land use can also be shown using an urban transect (see
Figure 2.2).
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THE STRUCTURE OF CITIES
CBD
Offices and shops
(oldest area)
Inner city
Inter-war
housing
Factories and
tenements
(1919–1938)
(nineteenth century)
Figure 2.2 Urban transect.
Modern
suburbs
(since 1945)
The main urban zones found in Glasgow are shown in Figure 2.3.
Land use in Glasgow
Glasgow has a lot of similarities with the ring model. All the different zones
shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2 can be identified within Glasgow.
There are also differences. Glasgow was a major industrial city and as a result
has a very large inner city area where the factories and shipyards were
located. Glasgow’s inner city does not form a nice ring around the CBD
because much of the industry was based near the River Clyde. Workers in the
docks and shipyards lived nearby in tenement housing; examples of these
areas in Glasgow include the Gorbals, Govan and Partick, which all border the
river.
Glasgow also has large areas of older, high-quality housing built at the end of
the nineteenth century, including Cathcart and Kelvinside. These areas were
home to the wealthier classes, who chose to live away from the deprivation
and pollution of the inner city. Factory owners chose Kelvinside in Glasgow’s
West End as a place to live as it was unlikely the prevailing winds from the
west would blow the smoke from the factory chimneys towards their large
mansions and townhouses.
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Greenbelt
THE STRUCTURE OF CITIES
Task 2
Refer to pages 6, 7 and 8 and answer the questions below.
(a)
When did cities in Britain start to grow rapidly?
(b)
Name two land uses found in inner city areas.
(c)
What two transport developments allowed people to move out to the
suburbs?
(d)
Using Figure 2.3, within Glasgow name three areas:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(e)
in the inner city
of older high-quality housing
of housing built between the two world wars
of council estates built since 1945.
Why did areas such as Kelvinside become popular places to stay with
Glasgow’s wealthy classes?
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Figure 2.3 Land use zones in Glasgow.
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Newton Mearns*
Pollok
CBD
*
Key
Rutherglen*
Castlemilk
King’s Park
Parkhead
Dennistoun
0
Easterhouse
5km
N
Housing areas outside Glasgow city boundary
Council Housing Estates (since 1950)
Inter War Housing (1919-1939)
Older High Quality Housing (1880-1920)
Inner City Factories & Tenements (pre 1900)
Central Business District
River Clyde
Robroyston
Bishopbriggs*
Springburn
Gorbals
Cathcart
Giffnock*
Govan
Cardonald
Crookston
Kelvinside
Maryhill
Partick
Knightswood
Drumchapel
Bearsden*
THE STRUCTURE OF CITIES
RECOGNISING DIFFERENT URBAN AREAS ON MAPS
Section 3: Recognising different urban areas on
maps
The central business district
The CBD is the oldest part of town and has many old buildings such as
churches, cathedrals and museums. It is also the most accessible part of
town; many roads meet here and the main bus and railway stations are found
here. Public buildings such as the town hall and tourist information centre are
also located in the CBD.
As the CBD is very accessible and has a large number of people passing
through, it has many services, including shops, offices, bars and restaurants.
Property prices are expensive, so buildings are tightly packed and built
upwards to make up for the lack of space. Only businesses like large retail
chains and major banks can afford the high property prices and rent. As a
result few people live in the CBD.
railway station
tourist
information
many
churches
bus station
town hall
many roads
converge
Figure 3.1 Recognising the CBD on OS maps.
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RECOGNISING DIFFERENT URBAN AREAS ON MAPS
The inner city
Inner city areas include a mixture of industry, warehousing and housing built
for workers during the nineteenth century. They are high-density areas, often
with grid-iron street patterns. Some areas, such as the Gorbals in Glasgow,
have undergone urban renewal and redevelopment.
Very large buildings
(factories)
Long rows of tenements
(terraced housing in
England)
Housing next to factories
as there was no public
transport in the 19th
century
Grid-iron street pattern
Often adjacent to
railways and canals
High-density, few
open spaces
Figure 3.2 Recognising the inner city on OS maps.
Inter-war housing
During the 1920s and 1930s, Glasgow’s rail and tram network allowed people
to live further away from the polluted city centre in more pleasant
surroundings. Housing estates were carefully planned and the houses built
were detached or semi-detached with large gardens, with parks and schools
nearby. Examples of these estates in Glasgow include Scotstoun, Mosspark
and Cardonald.
Open spaces
and parks
Detached and
semi-detached
housing, with
large gardens
Curvilinear (geometric)
street patterns with
straight avenues and
long crescents
Lower density
Cul-de-sacs
Figure 3.2 Recognising inter-war areas on OS maps.
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RECOGNISING DIFFERENT URBAN AREAS ON MAPS
Post-war suburbs
Housing estates built since 1945 have been planned to cater for people with
cars. Street layouts include cul-de-sacs (dead end streets) and twisting
crescents to force drivers to slow down or avoid these areas altogether,
making it safer and quieter for the families who live there.
Housing type likely
to be detached and
semi-detached villas
Pleasant
environment, near
the edge of the city
Many crescents
and cul-de sacs to
reduce through
traffic
Modern suburbs
usually have good
road and rail access
to the city centre
Figure 3.4 Recognising suburbs on OS maps.
Many of these areas are low-density private estates and contain expensive
detached villas with gardens and driveways. Examples of post-war suburb
areas around Glasgow include Bearsden to the north and Newton Mearns to
the south.
Task 3
Refer to pages 11 to 13 and then answer the questions below:
(a)
What evidence can usually be found in the CBD to show this is the
oldest part of town?
(b)
Explain why many services are found in the CBD.
(c)
Why do so few people live in the CBD?
(d)
Why were the tenements built right next to the factories?
(e)
During the 1920s and 1930s what allowed more people to live further
away from the centre of the city?
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RECOGNISING DIFFERENT URBAN AREAS ON MAPS
(f)
Describe how modern housing estates are planned with safety in mind.
(g)
What type of housing is found in modern suburbs?
(h)
Name two of Glasgow’s modern suburbs.
Map tasks: Glasgow OS map
Using an OS map of Glasgow, answer the questions below:
(a)
Name the two squares where Glasgow’s CBD is located. Give five
pieces of map evidence (including six-figure grid references where
possible) to back up your answer.
(b)
For the six areas listed below identify in which zone of the city they are
located and give the period (for example nineteenth century) when the
area was built.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(c)
6165 (Dennistoun)
5862 (Govanhill)
5770 (Summerston)
5765 (Finnieston)
5463 (Mosspark)
5166 (Dean Park)
Describe the urban environment of the two areas below (mention house
type, age of housing, density and describe the street patterns).
(i)
(ii)
5763 (Pollokshields)
6270 (Bishopbriggs)
(d)
What map evidence is there along the River Clyde that this is industrial?
Give three examples with grid references in your answer.
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GLASGOW’S HOUSING PROBLEM
Section 4: Glasgow’s housing problem
By 1945, it was clear Glasgow had a major housing problem. The tenements,
that had been built to house most of the industrial workers during the late
nineteenth century were in a dreadful state and were not suitable for life in the
late twentieth century.
Figure 4.1 Tenement block in Govanhill.
The tenements flats were very small and overcrowded; often families of seven
or eight lived in one or two rooms. These houses lacked electricity, running
water, central heating, inside toilets and gardens. Inside the houses, the
rooms were usually dark and damp, and respiratory diseases such as
tuberculosis and bronchitis were very common due to the overcrowding. The
unhealthy conditions were made worse by the smoke and chemical pollutants
that came from nearby factories. As a result life expectancy in tenement areas
like the Gorbals was often no more than 50. In addition the tenement closes
were often infested with rats.
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GLASGOW’S HOUSING PROBLEM
Comprehensive redevelopment
After the war, it was clear that something major needed to be done. The
decision was taken to carry out a policy of comprehensive redevelopment and
large areas of tenements were completed bulldozed (see Figure 4.2).
Figure 4.2 Comprehensive redevelopment.
Across the city, 29 inner-city slum areas (known as comprehensive
development areas or CDAs) were marked for total demolition, including parts
of Govan, Partick, Springburn and the Gorbals. The areas are shown on
Figure 4.3.
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GLASGOW’S HOUSING PROBLEM
Key
1. Maryhill
2. North Kelvinside
3. Hamilton Hill
4. Possil Park
5. Springburn
6. Sighthill
7. Garnet Hill
8. Cowcaddens
9. Townhead
10. Royston Hill
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Wellpark
Whiteinch
Partick
Anderston
Glasgow Cross
Gallowgate
Elder Park
Govan
Kinning Park
Shields Road
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Laurieston
Hutchesontown (Gorbals)
Bridgeton
Govanhill
Polmadie
Parkhead
Shettleston
Tollcross
Pollokshaws
Figure 4.3 Glasgow’s comprehensive development areas.
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GLASGOW’S HOUSING PROBLEM
Comprehensive redevelopment took place in Glasgow between 1957 and
1975, and was responsible for enormous changes to the inner city. For
instance, not one single Victorian tenement was left standing in the Gorbals.
The areas of Kinning Park, Anderston, Cowcaddens and Townhead were
demolished to make way for the new M8 motorway, which would run straight
through the city centre.
The process of massive demolition meant that there was an urgent need for a
massive amount of new housing for those moved out of the inner-city areas.
Housing solutions
Glasgow used four different solutions to house those who were displaced.
These strategies are shown in Figure 4.4.
Solutions to
Glasgow’s housing
problem
A
B
C
D
Build large
council estates
on the edge of
the city, eg
Castlemik,
Easterhouse,
Drumchapel
Build new housing
(high flats) within
the redeveloped
areas (CDAs), eg
the Gorbals,
Springburn
Build completely
new towns for
the overspill
population, eg
East Kilbride,
Cumbernauld,
Irvine
Renovate the
tenements that
remain
Figure 4.4 Solutions to Glasgow’s housing problem.
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GLASGOW’S HOUSING PROBLEM
Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 (pages 15 to 18) will consider the successes and
problems of each of these strategies.
Task 4
Refer to pages 15 to 18 then answer the questions below.
(a)
Draw a detailed spider or star diagram to show the main problems of
Glasgow’s tenements at the end of World War II.
(b)
What is ‘comprehensive redevelopment’?
(c)
When did comprehensive redevelopment take place in Glasgow?
(d)
What areas were demolished to make way for the M8 motorway?
(e)
Using Figure 4.3 name five other areas across Glasgow’s inner city
that were completely demolished.
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THE COUNCIL ESTATES
Section 5: The council estates
Glasgow Corporation (city council) originally planned to build low-density,
semi-detached council houses at the city’s edge. Houses would have gardens
and be set in pleasant surroundings. However, the high cost and large
amounts of land required meant cheaper three- and four-storey blocks of
tenement-style flats were built instead. A total of 200,000 people were
relocated to four main areas during the 1950s and 1960s: Castlemilk,
Drumchapel, Easterhouse and Pollok.
Figure 5.1 Four-storey council flats in Pollok.
Problems in the council estates
Often families had little say in where they were moved to, which led to the
close-knit community spirit of the old inner-city areas being destroyed. The
planners did not include shops, pubs, cinemas and community buildings, and
provided few workplaces. For instance, Drumchapel had only a post office,
one telephone box and a half hourly bus service to the city centre. Those
without cars were left feeling isolated.
As people did not appreciate their new areas, parts of these estates became
run down and gained a reputation for crime. Families moved out, leaving
empty houses, which were prone to vandalism, and many streets fell into
disrepair. Glasgow City Council has been forced to spend large sums
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THE COUNCIL ESTATES
improving these areas over the last 20 years or so, installing new windows,
heating systems, kitchens and bathrooms to improve the quality of life. To
improve security CCTV cameras and wardens have also been introduced.
The worst areas of derelict housing in Easterhouse and Pollok have actually
been demolished, less than four decades after they were built.
Task 5
(a)
What type of housing was built in the new council estates?
(b)
What were the four main council estates built around Glasgow?
(c)
Explain in detail why people were unhappy at being moved to these
estates.
(d)
Describe how the housing in these estates has been improved in
recent years.
(e)
Have these estates been a success? Give a reason for your answer.
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THE HIGH RISE FLATS
Section 6: The high-rise flats
As the option of building council estates on the edge of the city was very
expensive, the space cleared by the demolition of tenements in the inner city
could be used to construct high-rise flats, a cheaper and quicker option to
rehouse thousands of families.
Glasgow built more of these tower blocks flats than any other city in Europe;
over 300 in total were constructed. Astonishingly, Glasgow had solved its
housing crisis in only a couple of decades, or so it seemed.
Problems of high-rise flats
It soon became evident that
these tower blocks had a number
of problems. First, they were
based on designs from the south
of France. In the rainy west of
Scotland, dampness quickly
spread from the flat roofs; this
was made worse by poor
materials and neglect. The flats
also had social problems;
families often felt detached and
isolated when living on the 20th
floor. The situation was made
worse when the lifts were out of
action or vandalised.
Families refused to live in the
blocks and moved out. The
empty flats attracted squatters,
drug dealers and vandalism. By
Figure 6.1 A Gorbals tower block
1987, Glasgow City Council had given up trying to repair and rent out many of
the flats that were empty. Over 100 tower blocks have since been demolished,
less than 30 years after they were built, with many more awaiting demolition,
eg the demolition process on the Red Road Flats began in summer 2013 with
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THE HIGH RISE FLATS
the remaining work to be completed by 2017. Images and video footage of
such events can be found online.
The high-rise flats that remain have been significantly improved. Flats have
been modernised and to improve safety and security CCTV cameras and
entry-phone systems have been installed. Entrance foyers are fitted with
security lighting and some tower blocks have 24-hour wardens. Practitioners
may be able to use local examples of successful projects or illustrate the
demolition of local multi-storey flats here.
Task 6
(a)
Why was Glasgow given the title of ‘high rise capital of Europe’?
(b)
How did the problems of construction create problems in the tower
blocks?
(c)
What were the social problems of the high-rise flats?
(d)
Were tower blocks were successful? Give a reason for your answer.
(e)
Describe in detail how the remaining tower blocks have been improved.
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THE NEW TOWNS
Section 7: The new towns
Five new towns (see Figure 7.1) were built in Scotland within 25 km of
Glasgow and Edinburgh during the 1950s and 1960s to house the overspill
from the inner cities. East Kilbride is the largest of these towns, with a
population today of over 80,000.
Key
Gl
C
G
L
E
EK
Ir
0
100 km
G
E
Glasgow
Edinburgh
EK
Ir
C
L
Gl
East Kilbride
Irvine
Cumbernauld
Livingston
Glenrothes
Figure 7.1 Scotland’s new towns.
New towns were self-contained, planned settlements, built in the countryside
with all the necessary jobs and services for residents. Industrial estates were
created at the edge of the town and industries, often from overseas, were
given incentives such as brand-new factories, loans and grants to locate here
and create jobs.
People lived in areas called ‘neighbourhoods’, which included services such
as shops, libraries, schools and leisure centres. A variety of different housing
styles were built to encourage a mix of people. A pedestrianised shopping
area in the centre of the town served the residents. All areas were separated
from each other by a network of main roads and roundabouts.
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THE NEW TOWNS
Figure 7.2 Model of a new town.
Task 7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Name Scotland’s five new towns.
How was industry attracted to the new towns?
What is found in a new town’s ‘neighbourhoods’?
Using Figure 7.2, what is the main form of transport in a new town?
What was built to aid traffic flow in the new towns (see Figure 7.2)?
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TENEMENT RENOVATION
Section 8: Tenement renovation
In the late 1970s it was decided to improve the existing tenements, rather than
demolish them. Thankfully not all of the tenements had been flattened during
the comprehensive redevelopment of the 1950s and 60s. The buildings were
actually sound structures and providing they were modernised, they could
become excellent homes. Again local examples could be used here.
Modernisation of the tenements
The first stage in improvement involved removing internal walls to make flats
much bigger; very often two flats would be knocked into one. They were also
rewired and new central heating systems were installed, windows were double
glazed, and new kitchens and bathrooms were fitted.
Figure 8.1 Tenement renovation.
On the outside, the tenements were sandblasted to remove the dirt and grime
of 100 years of pollution to reveal the attractive red sandstone which they
were built of. Trees and shrubs were planted in wasteland to improve the
surrounding environment. Some tenement streets were converted into cul-desacs or one-way systems to reduce the traffic flow and make these areas
much safer for families.
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TENEMENT RENOVATION
Renovation has proved to be a much cheaper and more effective option than
building new council estates or high-rise flats.
Task 8
(a)
Describe four different ways in which the tenements were improved.
(b)
How has the environment around the remaining tenements been
improved?
(c)
Why has Glasgow City Council been keen to renovate the remaining
tenements?
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TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN GLASGOW
Section 9: Transport problems in Glasgow
As with most major cities in the developed world, Glasgow suffers major
problems with traffic congestion. This is caused by:
Increasing car numbers
There are more cars on the road today than
ever before. In 1991 the residents of Glasgow
owned 107,000 cars. By 2005 this had risen to
160,000, an increase of 50%. More road
journeys are therefore made by car as people
prefer cars to public transport, as they are
more convenient.
Commuters
Approximately 25% of people who work in
Glasgow do not live in the city. Each day
commuters converge on the city centre during
the morning and evening rush hours, causing
congestion.
Few bridging points
Glasgow only has a limited number of bridging
points across the River Clyde. Vehicles are
funnelled into a number of bottlenecks, which
increases congestion. The Kingston Bridge
alone has to cope with 170,000 vehicles per
day despite being built to carry 20,000 per day
in 1970.
Narrow streets
The Victorian grid-iron streets in Glasgow’s
CBD were built before the age of the car. The
streets are narrow, and this is often made
worse by cars parking at the side of the road.
The increase in traffic can cause a number of problems, as shown in Figure
9.1.
28
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TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN GLASGOW
Vibrations from
traffic can damage
buildings
Increased journey
times
More accidents
Problems of
increased traffic
Increased noise
from traffic
Road rage
Increased pollution
from vehicle
exhausts
Figure 9.1 Problems of increased traffic.
Solutions to Glasgow’s traffic problems
Construction of new roads
During the 1960s and 1970s, the three-lane M8 motorway was built right
through the centre of Glasgow, across areas including Anderston, Kingston
and Townhead. The Kingston Bridge (opened 1970, see Figure 9.2) carries
the M8 across the River Clyde.
New expressways (dual carriageways with two lanes instead of three) such
the Clydeside Expressway (see Figure 9.3) and the Springburn Expressway
have improved access into the city centre. In recent years both the M80
(north) and the M77 (south) have also improved access into Glasgow for
commuters.
The Clyde Tunnel (opened 1963) and the Erskine Bridge (1971) allow vehicles
to cross the Clyde further downstream and ease the pressure on the city
centre.
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TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN GLASGOW
Figure 9.2 The Kingston Bridge.
Figure 9.3 The Clydeside Expressway.
The M74 extension
A controversial scheme to extend the M74 into the centre of Glasgow was
announced in 2003 at a cost of £500 million. The motorway stopped 5 miles
south-east of the city centre. Glasgow City Council argued the extension will
ease congestion and take traffic away from the M8, one of the busiest
motorways in Britain.
However, local communities were upset as homes and businesses would have
to be demolished to make way for the road. There were also concerns that the
road would increase noise and pollution from exhausts. Environmentalists
argued that any new roads will simply fill up with more cars, and that
investment needs to be made in alternatives, including public transport. The
extension finally opened in June 2011 at a cost of £692m.
Improvements to public transport
Glasgow’s local rail network is the second largest in any British city after
London. Over 70 stations connect the suburbs with Queen Street and
Glasgow Central stations. The busiest stations have been modernised and
their platforms extended to cope with longer trains. A new line from Larkhall to
Milngavie was opened up again after 40 years. A new rail link to Glasgow
Airport from Paisley costing £200 million was proposed but the project was
shelved as it was too costly.
Park-and-ride schemes have been introduced across the city, where
commuters can park their car for free next to a station in the suburbs and
complete their journey into the city centre by train.
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TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN GLASGOW
The number of cyclists travelling into and out of Glasgow city centre has gone
up by 25% since 2009.
Glasgow’s subway
During the late 1970s Glasgow’s subway (underground railway) was
modernised, electrified and the stations enlarged. It provides a fast, efficient
service; trains call every 4 minutes at the 15 stations at peak times. Over 14
million people use the subway each year. Plans for long-overdue
refurbishment were made in 2005 which would allow disabled access at all
stations for the first time. In 2011, new driverless trains, a smart ticketing
system and a major upgrading of the signalling system were also introduced.
Improving traffic flow in the CBD
The methods that have been put in place in the city centre to improve traffic
flow include:





introducing a one-way system
traffic wardens, parking meters and yellow lines to limit parking on streets
building more multi-storey car parks, especially near shopping centres
creating bus lanes to allow public transport to move more quickly
pedestrianisation of major shopping streets (Sauchiehall St, Buchanan St
and Argyle St) to improve safety for shoppers.
Glasgow has so far chosen not to use congestion charging, which is used in
London. Drivers are charged £10 for travelling into London’s CBD each day in
a bid to encourage the use of public transport instead. Although expensive to
set up (the system is monitored by hundreds of cameras), there has been a
noticeable decrease in traffic and exhaust pollution in London’s city centre.
However, the scheme is expensive and unpopular with drivers, who see it as
another tax on motorists. Since its inception some changes have been made
and drivers of vehicles with ultra-low emissions now don’t have to pay.
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TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN GLASGOW
Task 9
Answer the questions below based on the information on pages 28 to 31.
(a)
Give three reasons why Glasgow suffers from traffic congestion.
(b)
Describe five different problems that traffic congestion can cause.
(c)
Describe the main difference between a motorway and an expressway.
(d)
What was built to improve access across the River Clyde in the 1960s
and 1970s?
(e)
What are the arguments for and against the completion of the M74?
(f)
Describe two new rail projects planned for the Glasgow area.
(g)
What are park-and-ride schemes?
(h)
What has been done in Glasgow city centre to improve traffic flow and
reduce congestion? (Give four different examples)
(i)
What are the arguments for and against congestion charging?
32
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CHANGES IN SHOPPING
Section 10: Changes in shopping
Out-of-town shopping centres
The main change in shopping in Glasgow has been the rise in the number of
out-of-town shopping centres during the 1980s and 1990s. The location of
these in Glasgow is shown on Figure 10.1. They are very popular with
shoppers and retailers because:





they are very accessible as they are located near motorways and main
roads
they have plenty of free car-parking spaces
they are open until late in the evening, which suits people who work
land on the outskirts of town tends to be much cheaper, allowing very large
stores and car parks to be built
other leisure services such as hotels, cinemas, ten-pin bowling alleys and
fast-food outlets such as McDonalds and Pizza Hut also locate in them.
The main drawback of these centre is that shoppers usually require a car to
get there.
Key
CBD
1
3
11
2
5
10
09
4
7
8
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Great Western Road
Springburn
Robroyston
Glasgow Fort
Parkhead Forge
Toryglen
Pollokshaws
Darnley
Silverburn
Govan
Braehead
Figure 10.1 Out-of-town shopping centres in Glasgow.
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CHANGES IN SHOPPING
Impact on the city centre
With so many shoppers being attracted away from it, parts of Glasgow’s CBD,
such as the Trongate and High Street areas, lost business and became run
down. Several approaches have been taken to stop this decline:

City-centre streets such as Buchanan Street, Argyle Street and
Sauchiehall Street have been pedestrianised (see Figure 10.2).

Large shopping malls, including the St Enoch Centre (see Figure 10.3) and
Buchanan Galleries (Figure 10.4) have opened. John Lewis is the anchor
store of the Buchanan Galleries. People can shop in a wide variety of
stores, unaffected by the weather, with the main bus and railway stations
nearby.
More specialist high-order shopping areas have opened, such as Princes
Square and the Italian Centre (Figure 10.5), where expensive designer
boutiques, including Armani and Versace, are found.

Figure 10.2 Pedestrianised Buchanan
Street.
Figure 10.3 St Enoch Centre.
Figure 10.4 Buchanan Galleries.
Figure 10.5 The Italian Centre.
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CHANGES IN SHOPPING
The Silverburn shopping centre next to the M77 motorway in Glasgow’s south
side is the newest of the out-of-town centres. It includes the largest Tesco in
Scotland, and the mall has Debenhams, Marks & Spencer and Next as its
main anchor stores. It fully opened in late 2007. It is likely this will be the last
of its kind in Glasgow and future projects of this size will not get planning
permission unless they have a city-centre location, to prevent further decline
of the CBD.
Task 10
Read pages 34 and 35 then answer the questions below.
(a) Why are out-of-town shopping centres popular with both shoppers and
large retailers?
(b) Using Figure 10.1, name the five main out-of-town shopping centres
found in Glasgow.
(c)
What features, other than shops, are often found in out-of-town shopping
centres?
(d) Describe three things that have been done in Glasgow to encourage
shoppers back into the city centre.
(e) What advantages do city centre shopping malls have?
(f)
What is Glasgow’s latest shopping centre and what shops will it include?
You could research this on the internet as an example or use an out of
town shopping centre nearer to your school where field work could also
be carried out.
(g) Why is it unlikely any more out-of-town shopping centres will be built?
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URBAN REGENERATION PROJECTS
Section 11: Urban regeneration projects
There are a number of large projects underway to redevelop both the north
and south banks of the River Clyde.
A whole series of educational resources are available about the Clyde
Waterfront project at www.clydewaterfronteducation.com. A video called ‘River
of Opportunity’ also shows some of the new developments.
Glasgow Harbour
This project has focused on redeveloping a 3-km stretch of quayside in
Yorkhill and Partick. The area includes the site of the former Meadowside
Granary, redundant shipyards, docklands and warehouses, and the disused
Glasgow to Clydebank railway.
Figure 11.1 Location of Glasgow Harbour.
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URBAN REGENERATION PROJECTS
In total about 120 acres of land are being redeveloped, and the project will be
funded mainly by private developers, although contributions will come from
Glasgow City Council, the European Union Redevelopment Fund and the
National Lottery. The redevelopment will include:






2500 new flats for 5000 people (see Figure 11.1)
200,000 m2 of office space
50,000 m2 of retail and leisure developments
Glasgow’s new transport museum
a light tramway linking the area with the city centre
public space (about 40% of the toal area), which will include walkways and
cycle paths in the form of a ‘linear park’.
It was estimated that redevelopment of the area would take around 10 years
and cost £500 million. Phase 1 started in 2002, with the demolition of the
granary and the construction of 650 new private flats on the site. This was
completed in 2007. Phase 2 comprises more housing with a total of 819
apartments being built with views over the river. Some of this work was
completed by 2009 but the final residential phase was put on hold. Glasgow
Harbour commercial district is ready to be developed and plans are in place
for retailing and leisure. The new Riverside Museum was opened in June 2011
to house Glasgow’s transport collection.
Pacific Quay
Across the river from Glasgow Harbour, the Pacific Quay development is a
mixture of business, housing and leisure. It is situated on the site of Glasgow’s
Princes Dock, which closed during the 1970s. It includes:






a media village where BBC Scotland (opened 2007), Scottish Television
(opened 2006), Capital FM Radio and BIP Digital Solutions (opened 2008)
are based
leisure developments, eg the Glasgow Science Centre, IMAX Cinema and
Millennium Tower
50,000 m2 of office space
several hotels, eg a Premier Inn and a De Vere Urban Village
the River Clyde seaplane service
300+ new houses.
To provide better access to the development, the £20 million Finnieston
Bridge connects the area with the north side of the river (see Figure 11.3). It is
the first low-level traffic bridge to be built across the Clyde for a century. Its
distinctive arch provides Glasgow with an instantly recognisable landmark.
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URBAN REGENERATION PROJECTS
Figure 11.2 New BBC headquarters.
Figure 11.3 Finnieston Bridge.
Task 11
Read pages 36 to 38 then answer the questions below.
(a) What was the land at Glasgow Harbour used for before redevelopment?
(b) Describe the main features of the Glasgow Harbour project.
(c)
How is the redevelopment of Glasgow Harbour being funded?
(d) Who will occupy the media village at Pacific Quay?
(e) What are the main leisure facilities at Pacific Quay?
(f)
38
What will help improve access to the area?
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GENTRIFICATION
Section 12: Gentrification
Gentrification occurs when run-down areas of the inner city or CBD are
restored and renovated by wealthy groups moving back into these areas to
live. Property prices increase in value as a result.
Several parts of the centre of Glasgow have been gentrified, as described
below.
The Merchant City
Glasgow’s Merchant City is found at the eastern edge of the CBD. During the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this was the main trading area,
where tobacco and cotton merchants met and sold their products. However,
Glasgow’s CBD moved westwards when the main railway stations (Central, St
Enoch and Queen Street) opened in the late nineteenth century.
Until the 1980s this was an area that was run down, and many buildings and
warehouses lay derelict. However, significant amounts of money have been
spent restoring traditional buildings and converting them into flats, offices,
hotels, bars and restaurants. Examples of gentrification in the Merchant City
include the Italian Centre, the complete renovation of Candleriggs and
Brunswick Street (see Figure 12.1), and the conversion of the City Halls into
bars and restaurants, known as Merchant Square.
Construction projects are common in this area, for example the conversion of
the former Evening Times newspaper offices into luxury flats (Figure 12.2).
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GENTRIFICATION
Figure 12.1 Brunswick Street.
Figure 12.2 Conversion of The Herald offices.
The area has become much more desirable and many professionals
(accountants, lawyers) choose to live here, not very far from the city centre
workplace.
The ‘new’ Gorbals
Across the river from the Merchant City is the Gorbals, traditionally one of
Glasgow’s roughest and most deprived neighbourhoods. With the demolition
of some of its high-rise flats, there was plenty of land available for
development. Some of this has been sold to private house builders, who have
built luxury private flats. The Gorbals area is going through a revival and is
becoming a much more desirable and pleasant place to live, as Figures 12.3
and 12.4 illustrate.
Figure 12.3 New housing on Ballater Street,
Gorbals.
40
Figure 12.4 New housing on Ballater Street,
Gorbals.
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GENTRIFICATION
Advantages and disadvantages
Although the buildings in the area are restored to their original states, new
housing is created and crime is reduced, gentrification can cause problems.
The huge rises in property prices often force out the traditional working class
people who previously lived in these areas, as they simply cannot afford to
buy or rent property in these areas. The people who remain may also be
unhappy at these changes and resent ‘outsiders’ moving in.
Task 12
Read pages 39 to 41 then answer the questions below.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘gentrification’?
(b) How did Glasgow’s Merchant City get its name?
(c)
Why did Glasgow’s CBD move away from the Merchant City area?
(d) Describe three projects that have taken place in the Merchant City.
(e) What types of workers are moving into the Merchant City area?
(f)
Describe the changes that are presently taking place in the Gorbals.
(g) What are the advantages and disadvantages of gentrification occurring in
Glasgow’s inner-city areas?
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URBAN SPRAWL
Section 13: Urban sprawl
During the twentieth century Glasgow grew considerably in size. It spread out
and smaller towns and villages, including Clydebank, Bishopbriggs, Newton
Mearns and Rutherglen, have been swallowed up into a large urban
conurbation.
This growth of cities into their surrounding area is known as urban sprawl and
is illustrated in Figure 13.1.
high quality, private
housing estates
retail parks and
supermarkets
with car parks
New bypasses
and outer
ring roads
modern industrial
estates
Figure 13.1 Urban sprawl.
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URBAN SPRAWL
Preventing urban sprawl
The uncontrolled growth of cities into the countryside can lead to the loss of
valuable farmland and habitats for wildlife. New roads and construction
projects can also cause environmental damage. Town planners are keen to
prevent urban sprawl and there are a number of ways in which they can do
this.
Establish greenbelts
These are areas in which no urban development
is permitted, allowing an area of countryside or
open space to remain around a city. Glasgow’s
greenbelt was established in the 1950s.
Brownfield sites
Local authorities can encourage developers to
re-use land within the city boundaries which may
have had another purpose, through loans and
incentives. Glasgow Harbour is an example of a
brownfield site being redeveloped.
Prevent retail parks
Planning permission for out-of-town shopping
centres now requires the permission of
Scotland’s First Minister. Very often this is
refused.
Impact of the greenbelt: commuter villages
With no housing developments being permitted in the greenbelt, those who
wish to live in a quieter, greener and more pleasant environment often
relocate to commuter villages. These are settlements just outside the
greenbelt where the strict planning rules do not apply. Examples around
Glasgow include Bishopton and Kilbarchan (to the west), Torrance and
Strathblane (north), and Eaglesham (south).
These villages have good road or rail links with Glasgow, enabling people to
commute. They often have new private housing estates, with cul-de-sacs and
detached houses similar to the suburbs.
Some problems have evolved in these commuter developments. Often the
original residents cannot afford the increased property prices or rent and are
forced to move away. Locals may resent outsiders coming into the village who
don’t contribute to the local community. In addition to this, traffic congestion
increases at the morning and evening rush hours.
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URBAN SPRAWL
Developments in Glasgow’s greenbelt
Despite the strict rules that govern development in the greenbelt, sometimes
planning permission will be given for a project if it is deemed to be in an area’s
best interests. Two examples of these around Glasgow include:
 building the M77 motorway and the southern orbital road near Newton
Mearns – these should ease traffic pressures in the south of the city
 building (controversially) several hundred homes on the greenbelt near
Newton Mearns due to the shortage of family housing within the city.
Task 13
Read pages 42 to 44 then answer the questions below.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘urban sprawl’?
(b) Using Figure 13.1, describe the different pressures on land at the edge of
a city.
(c)
What are the problems of urban sprawl?
(d) What is the purpose of a greenbelt?
(e) What is a brownfield site?
(f)
Name four commuter villages found around Glasgow.
(g) Describe two features of a commuter village.
(h) Describe three problems that can occur in commuter villages.
(i)
44
Describe and give reasons for two projects that have been allowed to go
ahead in Glasgow’s greenbelt.
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THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES
Section 14: The Commonwealth Games
The 2014 Commonwealth Games will be held in Glasgow from 23 July to 3
August. A total of 6500 athletes from 71 countries will compete in 17 sports.
Glasgow successfully bid for the games on 9 November 2007 and since then
huge building programmes have been put in place throughout the city. It is not
only sporting venues that are being built, but housing and infrastructure
improvements will be undertaken too. Glasgow City Council is leading over 20
infrastructure projects.
The athletes’ village is being developed in the east end of the city. After the
games this area will be transformed into a new desirable residential quarter.
An energy centre will bring economic and environmental benefits to both the
athletes and future residents alike (www.citylegacy.co.uk).
There are many opportunities for rich learning around the Commonwealth
Games, eg http://www.gameonscotland.org/ is a website developed by
Education Scotland in partnership with the Glasgow 2014 Organising
Committee, the Scottish Government and Glasgow City Council. It contains a
number of learning journeys based around Curriculum for Excellence at all
levels.
The Commonwealth Games are an ideal context for doing some
interdisciplinary learning or exploring global citizenship.
Learners can do their own research in groups around the many changes that
are happening in Glasgow for 2014, eg each group could take an urban topic
like transport, housing, open spaces, sporting venues or tourism and do some
research then report back to the rest of the class by any suitable method.
A class discussion could take place on the legacy of the games or the class
could debate the benefits that the games will bring to Scotland. Throughout
2013 and 2014 the BBC Commonwealth Class live debates will be held on a
variety of topics. Classes can sign up and take part by registering with
www.bbc.co.uk/worldclass. These debates will allow learners from around the
world to share and debate their opinions.
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GLOSSARY
Glossary
Anchor store
A department store or supermarket found usually
at one end of a shopping centre to attract
customers. Other smaller stores around it benefit
from footfall.
Bottleneck
A narrow street or bridge where traffic jams are
commonly found.
Bridging point
A settlement site where a river is narrow enough
to be bridged or shallow enough to be forded. The
bridge becomes a route centre and trading centre,
the natural location for a market.
Brownfield site
A derelict, inner-city site that can be cleared and
reused for new housing.
Bus lane
A lane in a road that can be used only by buses to
help the traffic flow.
Bypass
A road built around a busy urban area to avoid
traffic jams.
CBD
The central business district or city centre; the
commercial and business centre of a town or city
where land values are highest. This is the most
accessible part of the town or city.
Commuter
A person who lives in one place and travels to
work in another.
Comprehensive
redevelopment
An area, usually in the inner city, where the whole
urban landscape has been demolished before
being rebuilt on a planned basis by the council or
city government.
Congestion
Overcrowding on roads which causes traffic jams.
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GLOSSARY
Congestion charging
Where drivers are charged to enter the city centre
to reduce traffic flows, eg in London.
Conurbation
A large urban settlement that is the result of towns
and cities spreading out and merging together, eg
the Clydeside conurbation.
Convenience stores
Where low-order goods – inexpensive things that
vary little in price, quality or other features and
that we need to buy regularly, eg newspapers,
cigarettes and bread – are sold. Convenience
shops are found on most street corners, where
they have a small market area of people who visit
the shop on most days.
Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from the cities to the
countryside to live, usually for a better quality of
life. Many people may still commute into the city to
work.
Cul-de-sac
A dead-end street, deliberately designed to
reduce traffic flow and improve safety.
Dormitory settlement
A place where many commuters sleep overnight
but travel to work elsewhere during the day.
Function of a settlement
What the settlement does to 'earn its living', eg
market town, mining town, administrative centre,
tourist resort etc.
Gentrification
The process by which run-down houses in an
inner-city or other neglected area are improved by
better-off people who move there in order to have
easier access to the jobs and services of the city
centre. This often means that run-down and
derelict buildings are restored and upgraded.
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GLOSSARY
Green belt
An area around a city composed mostly of
parkland and farmland in which development is
not allowed to prevent the city from merging with
neighbouring towns.
Grid-iron
The criss-cross street pattern found in many citycentre and inner-city areas.
High-order services
Services, usually expensive, that people buy or
use only occasionally, eg furniture, computers,
jewellery, airport. High-order services are usually
located in large towns and cities with a large
market area that is accessible to large numbers of
people.
Industrial revolution
The growth and development of the manufacturing
industry, which began in the UK in the eighteenth
century.
Inner city
The part of the town surrounding the CBD. It often
contains older housing and industry, and can be in
a state of poor repair and dereliction, often
requiring urban renewal.
Low-order services
Good or services, usually inexpensive, that people
buy on a regular, often daily basis, eg
newspapers, bread and milk. Low-order goods
and services are usually purchased from shops
located in suburban or neighbourhood centres
close to where people live.
New town
A well-planned, self-contained settlement
complete with housing, employment and services,
eg East Kilbride, Cumbernauld.
Out-of-town
shopping centre
A large group of shops built either on a site on the
edge of the urban area or on the site of a former
large industrial area. Such centres usually have
large car parks, a pedestrianised, air-conditioned
environment and over 100 shops, eg Braehead,
Parkhead Forge.
Overspill town
A town that has expanded by taking people who
were forced to move out of cities as a result of
slum clearance and redevelopment schemes.
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A CASE STUDY OF GLASGOW (NATIONAL 4/5, GEOGRAPHY)
© Education Scotland 20013
GLOSSARY
Park-and-ride scheme
Where people are encouraged to leave their car at
a bus or railway station and use public transport to
get into the CBD to ease congestion.
Pedestrian precinct
Part of the CBD in which cars are not allowed,
making it safer for shoppers and pedestrians.
Redevelopment
The rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large
areas are completely demolished before being
rebuilt; sometimes all or some of the old buildings
are retained and modernised to combine the best
features of the old and new.
Retail park
An out-of-town shopping centre with a few large
warehouse-type stores selling electrical goods,
carpets, DIY goods, building supplies etc.
Ring road
A bypass that provides a route around the CBD.
Semi-detached house
Two houses joined together. These are common
in the suburbs.
Shopping mall
A modern and very large shopping centre that
provides a family day 'experience'. It offers a
range of entertainments besides a large number
of shops in an air-conditioned indoor area
protected form the weather, eg St Enoch Centre,
Buchanan Galleries.
Site
The actual place where a settlement is located.
Suburbs
The outer zone of towns and cities.
Tenement blocks
Large residential blocks built in the Scottish inner
cities during the Industrial Revolution to house
workers. They were high-density, cramped and
unhygienic, and located right next to the factories
or shipyards.
Terraced house
A house within a (usually) long line of joined
housing. Terraced housing is typical of inner-city
zones in England.
A CASE STUDY OF GLASGOW (NATIONAL 4/5, GEOGRAPHY)
© Education Scotland 2013
49
GLOSSARY
Urban renewal
(regeneration)
The improvement of old houses and the addition
of services in an attempt to bring new life to old
inner-city areas.
Urban sprawl
The spread of towns into the surrounding
countryside.
Urbanisation
The process by which an increasing percentage of
a country's population comes to live in towns and
cities. This happened in Britain during the
nineteenth century.
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A CASE STUDY OF GLASGOW (NATIONAL 4/5, GEOGRAPHY)
© Education Scotland 20013
APPENDIX
Appendix
Supplementary worksheet 1: Change in Glasgow’s population 1801–2001
1,200
1,100
1,000
Population ('000s)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Year
A CASE STUDY OF GLASGOW (NATIONAL 4/5, GEOGRAPHY)
© Education Scotland 2013
51
2001
1991
1981
1971
1961
1951
1941
1931
1921
1911
1901
1891
1881
1871
1861
1851
1841
1831
1821
1801
1811
100
APPENDIX
Year
Population
Year
Population
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
44,000
94,000
147,000
202,000
274,000
329,000
420,000
478,000
560,000
658,000
762,000
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
790,000
1,034,000
1,130,000
1,185,000
1,090,000
1,055,000
897,000
774,000
689,000
578,000
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A CASE STUDY OF GLASGOW (NATIONAL 4/5, GEOGRAPHY)
© Education Scotland 20013