Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status
and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.
Siriporn Zungsontiporn
Weed Science Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office
Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900
Summary
Global invasive plant may invade in some countries, but it is not invasive plant in its
native country or in range of distribution. Those plants are utilized in some means, such as
vegetable, fruit, ornamental plant or medicinal plant in it native country or even it was
invasive plant but people learned how to manage with that plant, they can utilize it. On the
contrary way, an invasive plant of any country may not be invasive in any country else. Most
of the invasive plants are intentionally introduced to a country for some purpose especially
for ornamental plant. Hydrocotyle umbrellata L. was introduced to Thailand as ornamental
plant, the plant can grow well and with some habit of invasive plant of this plant, nowadays
the plant was found in many natural areas as weed.
1. Introduction
Most of invasive plant in an area is alien plant which was introduced from different
habitat within a country or other country across geographic barrier. Well development of
transportation stimulates traveling and international trading which cause of increasing
introduction of alien species. Some of introduced alien plants can establish and spread out if
it can adapt itself to survive in the new habitat well. If the environment of new habitat is
suitable for it growth, the plant may express it invasiveness and compete for space and
nutrient with native plant which it may complete over native plants due to lack of it natural
enemy in new habitat. If the invasive plant invades to new area widely it may become
noxious weed in that area. In the past there were many invasive plants become noxious
weeds out side it native range such as Water hyacinth, Giant sensitive plant, Pennisetum
grasses. They were introduced to many countries intentionally for some purposes such as
ornamental plant, erosion control, soil improvement, forage fodder.
2. Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status
The Global Invasive Species Database which developed by Invasive Species
Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union / Species Survival Committee
(IUCN/SSC) under the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) had listed 388 species as
invasive species. Among these, there are 205 plant species which are 8 algae/seaweed,
33aquatic plants, 1 fern, 26 grass, 35 herb, 2 palm, 1 sedge, 50 shrub, 27 tree, and 22
vine/climber.
Among those 205 of global invasive plants 71 are exist in Thailand. They are 15
aquatic plants, 10 grasses, 6 herbs, 2 palms, 23 shrubs/trees, 13 vine/climbers and 2
shrubs/climbers. About 29 species are known as introduced plants, other are uncertain or no
information about introduction. Most of the plants are utilized by some mean, ornamental
plant, medicinal plant, etc. Only 10 species are weed without any utilization such as Arundo
donax, Lygodium microphyllum, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Polygonum perfoliatum.
Pennisetum polystachyon, P. clandestinum etc. (Table 1)
Since agriculture is one of the main task of Thai population. The plants invaded in
agricultural area and becomes troublesome or weed for farmer are shown in Table 2
3. Case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.
H. umbellata, common name as dollar weed, a member of Apiaceae, was introduced
to Thailand as ornamental plant or aquarium plant more than 10 year ago. The plant is
attractive for it shiny green round leaf (Fig. 1). Since the plant can propagate easily with
stem. New shoot can grow from maxillary bud and seem to be no natural enemy in Thailand.
It might be weed in near future. Experiments to evaluate weed potential on this plant were
conduced in 2002. They are growth of Dollar weed and competition of Dollar weed and a
native plant, Centella asiaitca.
Fig.1 Hydrocotyle umbrellata L.
The result shown that Dollar weed can grow well not only in aquatic condition but
also in dry condition (Fig.2). The plant can produce new shoot from stem with young leaf if
the stem was cut out from the mother plant by the cut part produce root and then can survive
in the water and new branch germinate from the bud between stem and petiole (Fig 3). From
1 leaf at beginning of the experiment, the plant can grow up to 174 leaves within 141 day
period. (Fig.4). The plant can compete over the native plant, C. asiatica, a member of same
family (Fig.5 and Fig.6). These mean the plant has potential of weed.
Table 1. Global invasive plant in Thailand and its status
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
S
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference

25, 12
 

19

 
 
bead tree, bois de condori, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, Maklamton 
false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis,
, Ma klam
la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem,
ta chang,
mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock
Mahua
tree, pitipitio, pomea, red sandalwood tree, redbeadtree, segavé,
daeng
telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, chamod
aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo ton, Thian
musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk chamot, Fai
mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki
phi
Acacia confusa
- acacia petit feuille, boiffuring, boiffuring, formosa acacia, formosa
koa, ianangi, ianángi, mimosa, pilampwoia, shoshigi, shoshigi, small
Philippine acacia, soschghi, sosigi, sosigi, sosugi, sosugi, yanangi
Krathin
Taiwan

Acacia farnesiana
acacia jaune, aroma, aroma, aromo, aweet acadia, ban baburi,
Kra thin
carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, Ellington curse,
thet
espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache
dulce, kandaroma, kandaroma, klu, klu, klu bush, kolu, kolu, mimosa,
mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo,
Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona,
Westindische akazie
Alternanthera
philoxeroides
H
status
 
Ablmoschus moschatus
Adenanthera pavonina
Plant habit
alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed, xi han lian zi cao
Anredera cordifloia
'uala hupe, anredera, enredadera del mosquito, filikafa, Gulf
madeiravine, heartleaf madeiravine, lamb's tails, Madeira vine,
mignonette vine, parra de Madeira, tapau
Antigonon leptopus
chain-of-love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita,
dilngau, flores ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, love-vine,
 
phak ped  
phak pang
Chompu 
phuang,
25, 11



 


1, 2, 10, 9

1
 
21,26
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
Mexican creeper, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich phuang
Island creeper
chomphu
Ardisia elliptica
Arundo donax
Azolla pinnata
- ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia
Ram yai,
Thulang
kasa
ferny azolla, mosquito Fern, water velvet
Cabomba caroliniana
cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Bua Sarai 
Washington-grass, Washington-plant
Caesalpinia decaptetala bois sappan, cat's claw, kraaldoring, liane croc chien, Mauritius thorn, Krachai,
mauritiusdoring, Mysore thorn, puakelekino, shoofly, ubobo-encane, Kamchai,
ufenisi, ulozisi, wait-a-bit
Nam
khong,
Nam chai


 
Son thale 


7

17


 
achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare
Phut
kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, tharaksa,
chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu,
Bua
gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos lawong,
halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Phutthason
Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-lesmois
chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding
25, 26
G
Nae daeng
arbre aux papillons, buddleia, butterfly bush, orange eye, summer lilac Racha wadi 
muang
Casurina equisetifolia

arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo O, O luang,
grande, cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, narkhat, ngasau
O yai
ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr,
Spanish cane, Spanish reed
Buddleja davidii
Canna indica

26
A

15
1
 
25, 26
 
25, 2,
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
thistle, plumeless thistle
Ceratophyllum
demersom
Chromolaena odorata
Cinnamomum
camphora
Coccinia grandis
Colubrina asiatica
Cryptostegia
grandiflora
Dichrostachys cinerea
Eichhornia crassipes
common hornwort, coon's tail, coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort, rigid
hornwort

sarai hang
ma, sarai
khwai,
sarai
phungchad
o
agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos,
Sap suea  
huluhagonoi, jack in the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig,
ngesngesil, otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam
weed, Siam-Kraut, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei
alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel,
camphor tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor,
kampferbaum, kuso-no-ki

Karabun, 
Op choei
yuan
, ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd
Phak
tamlueng
Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild
coffee
Khan song
India rubber vine, liane de gatope, palay rubbervine, purple
allamanda, rubber vine
Dao
Pradap,
banburi
muang
el marabu, Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum
Krathin
hang kra
rok
 A

 


25, 10, 14
25, 20,
10, 14

25, e
  
25, 26, 6
 

25, 14
  

aguapé, bung el ralm, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, Phak tob  
jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, mbekambekairanga,

15
 
25, 12
 H
25, 4, 9
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth
Elaeis guineensis
African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê,
palmier à huile d'Afrique
Pam
namman

Eugenia uniflora
Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche,
cerese à côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise
de Cayenne, cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de
Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika
palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie,
nagapiry, ñanga-piré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil
cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche,
venevene, zoete kers
Mayom
farang

Gymnocoronis
spilanthoides
Hiptage benghalensis
Senegal teaplant, temple plant
Nora
Houttuynia cordata
ch'I, chameleon-plant, chu ts'ai, doku-dami, dokudami, houttuynia,
vap ca, yu hsing ts'ao, yu xing cao, zyuyaku
Phak khao
thong
Hydrilla verticillata
Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed
Sarai hang
krarok
Imperata cylindrica
alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata
cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte,
satintail, speargrass
Ya kha
Ipomoea aquatica
akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese
waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum,
kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne
Phak bung
26


 

3, 12, 26
 
10, 6, 22


15, 27, 17


15
G

1, 26




East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed
 
 
Phak bung  
adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli,
haldavel, hiptage, kampti, kamuka, liane de cerf, madhalata, madhavi,
Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti
Hygrophila polysperma
P
 

 
 R

10, 27,
17, 7
2, 27, 17,
4
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp
morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed,
water spinach
Lantana camara
Leucaena leucocephala
ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara
de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype,
largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean,
supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage
Phaka
Krong


  
 
acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux
Kra thin
mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de
lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipilipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole,
lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa,
lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul,
tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua,
telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni
vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla
Khao tok 
phra ruang
 
 
- Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la
Limnocharis flava
cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis,
manja payal, paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce,
velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea
talapad
ruesi, Bon
chin

ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei
Nang om

Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle,
Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva
Sai na
phueng

Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf
climbing fern
Li phao
yung

cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree
Samet
Lonicera japonica
Lygodium microphyllum
Melaleuca


F/S 25, 22,
1,4
 
Ligustrum sinensis
Limnophila sessiliflora
25, 1, 26,
 
2, 26

4, 27, 17
 
2, 10, 26

F
 
S
26
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
quinquenervia
Melia azedarach
ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets,
bakain, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer
Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia,
para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-ofIndia, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili,
tira, umbrella tree, white cedar
Lian
Merremia peltata
abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula,
fue lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi,
iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah,
veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu,
wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa
En luen
Microstegium vimineum

  
6, 26,

2,

annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing
grass, flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's
grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop,
Vietnamese stilt grass
G
Mikania micrantha
American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina,
liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu,
wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

Mimosa pigra
bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, columbi-da-lagoa, Miyarap
eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant
yak
trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi,
mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh
nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho

Neyraudia reynaudiana
 
burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed
Phong lao
Paederia foetida
Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine
Phang hom
Panicum repens
canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet
rampant, panic rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass,
Ya

( (
) )

 M
G



27
17, 7, 1

7, 13

5, 21

17, 27
Plant name
Common name
wainaku grass
Passiflora foetida
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
channakat
 
bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani Kratokrok
wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao,
passiflore, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw,
qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking
passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine
vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

5. 14, 27,
17
Pennisetum
clandestinum
capim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana,
kikuyugras, pasto africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang wei
cao


7
Pennisetum
polystachion

dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata,
Ya
pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu
khajonjob

17, 27
Phoenix canariensis
Pistia stratiotes
Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries,
phoenix palm
- laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo
de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce
Palm khon 
nok

chok
Psidium guajava
curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed
Naen
abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas,
biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier,
goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave,
goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba,
guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah,
guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase,
jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh,
kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava,
kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi,
Farang
26
  
19, 17,
27

Polygonum perfoliatum Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute- Sam khom
vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb
khiang
Potamogeton crispus

P
 


7
F
10
Plant name
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Reference
kuawa mom
Pueraria montana var. abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas,
lobata
biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier,
goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave,
goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba,
guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah,
guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase,
jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh,
kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava,
kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi,
kuawa mom
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill
gooseberry, hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle
Rottboellia
cochinchinensis
Rubus moluccanus
Rubus rosifolius
Sagittaria sagittifolia

(
)
Phruat
 C
 
anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora,
Ya prong
capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian,
khai,
gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe Yakhayong
queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma
grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul
grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed,
swooate, tsunoaiashi

Som kung
akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Kulap chan
Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf
raspberry, thimbleberry
arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche Tao kiat
d'eau, giant arrowhead, Hawaii arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti
li, Pfeilkraut, pijlkruid, saeta de agua, sagitária, shui p'Ing, suokiu, t'zu
ku, wapatoo, yen wei ts'ao

G
- 
 
17. 27
11
-

 
22, 7
Plant name
Sorghum halepense
Common name
Thai name I
Plant habit
H
S
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH
Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, Ya phong 
gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho,
sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson
 F
G
Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du Khae saet 
sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian
Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse,
pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi,
tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon
Striga asiatica
Syzygium cumini
black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, fauxpistachier, guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool,
jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu,
jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelon-guier, jamelong, jamelongue,
jamélongue, jamelonguier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika,
kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar
plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua
extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey,
purple plum, salam, va, voi rung
Tradescantia spathacea - boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket,
oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki
(Rhoeo discolor Hance)
Trapa natans
Vallisneria spiralis
Zizania latifolia


Asiatic witchweed, buri, common mealie witchweed, isona weed, Ya maemot
Matabele flower, mealie poison, mealie witchweed, red witchweed,
scarlet lobelia, striga, witchweed
wan hoi
khraeng
bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut
ma ngaeng,
Kra chom
eel grass, freshwater eelgrass, ribbonweed
Santawa
bai khao
coba, jiao-bai, kuw-sun, kwo-bai, makomo, makomo dake,
Manchurian water-rice, Manchurian wild rice, Manchurian wildrice,
No mai
 
 


26

Ps

Waa
Reference
17, 13
F/S 26, 14, 8
 
10, 14, 26

 
16

 
15
 G 
Plant name
Ziziphus mauritiana
Common name
Thai name I
Manchurian zizania, ricegrass, Wasserbambus, water-bamboo, wild
rice stem
nam
aprin, baer, baher, bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese
apple, Chinese date, coolie plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks,
dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, jujube,
jujubier, liane croc chien, ma-tan, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana
(apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), perita haitiana,
petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne,
putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo
Phutsa
Plant habit
H
S
 
status
T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

F/S
Reference
1
Note:
I = introduced species
Plant habit:
H = herb, S = shrub, T= tree, V/C = vine/ climber, A = aquatic plant
Oth: F = fern, G = grass, P = palm, Ps = parasitic plant
Status:
V = vegetable, M = medicinal plant, O = ornamental plant, W = weed
Oth: A = aquarium plant, C = cover crop, F = fruit, F/S = fruit/shading, H = handy craft, M = mollusicide, R = roofing
Table 2. Some noxious weeds in Thailand.
Plant species
Family
Invaded area
Ageratum conyzoides
Asteraceae
upland field
Commelina benghalensis
Commelinaceae
upland field
Commelina diffusa
Commelinaceae
upland field
Cyanotis axillaries
Commelinaceae
Paddy field
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperaceae
Paddy field
Drymaria cordata
Caryophyllaceae
Upland field (highland)
Echinocloa colona
Poaceae
Paddy field and upland field
Echinocloa crus-galli
Poaceae
Paddy field
Eupatorium adenophorum
Asteraceae
Upland field (highland)
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbiaceae
Upland field
Fimbristylis dichotoma
Cyperaceae
Paddy field
Fimbristylis miliacea
Cyperaceae
Paddy field
Hyptis suaveolens
Labiateae
Upland field
Marselia crenata
Marsileaceae
Paddy field and upland field
Mimosa invisa
Fabaceae
upland field
Monoclhoria vaginalis
Pontederiaceae
Paddy field
Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae
upland field
Spheanoclea zeylanica
Sphenocleaceae
Paddy field
Typha angustifolia
Typhaceae
Swamp and wet area
Digitaria sanguinalis
Poaceae
upland field
Fig.2. Growth of Dollar weeds in less moist condition
Fig.3 Part of Dollar weed that can use for propagation
Leaf no.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
duration (days)
14
1
12
8
11
4
10
0
72
64
57
50
43
33
21
14
9
1
0
Fig.4. Growth of Dollar weed in water
Fig.5 Growth C. asiatica and H. umbrellata growing in the same pot (70 days)
Dry weight per plant (g)
50
45
H. umbrellata
40
C. asiatica
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5-0
4-1
3-2
2-3
1-4
0-5
Number of plant (H. umbrellata : C. asiatica)
Fig. 6. Growth of H. umbrellata and C. asiatica growing together
in the same pot at various ratios.for 98 days.
Dollar weed can grow well in both high and low moist compete for space and nutrient
with other plant very well. In dry condition the plant produce a lot of seeds, but no seedling
found in the experimental period. Pakjarurn (2002) reported that substances extracted from
this plant can inhibit growth of Mimosa pigra, Echinocloa crus-galli, Pennisetum
pedicellatum and Trianthema portulacastrum. This may help plant to compete other plants.
To confirm the result of preliminary evaluation weed potential of Dollar weed in
various places. The plant was found many swamp, pond and ditch along road side in many
provinces. The plant was also found in high moist land shown ability of competition over
other indigenous plants. (Fig.7)
Fig. 7 Dollar weed found in ditch along road side.
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