UNIT VIII
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.
Community
Defined as an organization of families and
individuals, settled in a fairly compact and
contiguous
geographical
area,
with
significant element of common life as shown
by:
2. Community Organizing
Is a development strategy for building
people’s
capabilities
towards
selfdeterminants and self-reliance? It is a
method and process of educating,
organizing and mobilizing people, which
leads to their own development.
3. Community Organization
Is a systematic, planned and liberating
change
process
of
transforming
a
complacent, deprived and malfunctioning
community into an organized, conscious,
empowered, self-reliant, just human entity
and institution (PESP).
4. Development
A process of increasing the productivity and
standard of living of society longer life
expectations, more adequate diets, better
education, better housing, and more
consumer goods. (Brinkerhof and White,
1988).
A process which leads to a rise in the
capacity of rural people to control their
environment,
accompanied
by
wider
distribution of benefits resulting from such
control (Inayatulla, 1974)
5. Leadership
It is the ability for one to represent a group
of people in a well-mannered and mature
way—this is how a group can grow into
something greater that when it began.
Is the process of influencing and supporting
others to work enthusiastically toward
achieving objectives?
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6. Institution
A specialized system of statuses, roles,
together with their values and norms
(Rossides, 1968)
A social system of social relationships and
cultural elements that develops in a society
in response to some set of basic and
persistent needs (Lenski and Lenski, 1982)
An external reality, that is, an institution is
something outside the individual, something
real in a way different from the reality of the
individuals thought, feelings or fantasies.
7. Institutionalization
A process by which patterns of action
become typical within a society.
A process by which an individual becomes
dependent on a total institution.
Placing something under the control and
care of an existing institution.
A part of an existing structure.
8. Institution Building
A sense of personal identification with small
group necessary for most people, to provide
psychological security and satisfaction in
their daily work (Foster, 1962).
A direct contact between the planner and
the people involved in the development
process.
9. Participation
Participation must be seen as both a means
and an end. As an end, the participation of
people in the broad spectrum of affairs
which concern them is an expression of their
worth and rightful place in a society. As a
means, it serves as a mechanism for
mobilizing resources, labor, ideas and
motivation for promoting community welfare
and development.
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10. Empowerment
A sustained process in which people,
through collective action and reflection, gain
a deeper understanding of the root causes
of their powerlessness and self-confidence
so that they can become authors of their
lives and destiny in the pursuit of total
human development.
11. Training and Education
Is a continuing process of action-reflection
and skills formations to critically analyzed
existing conditions and collectively change
it.
12. Organization Building
Developing mechanisms and structures for
organizations to functions effectively on a
sustained basis in the context of collective
leadership, democratic participation and
organized action.
13. Mobilization
Sustaining group action to respond to
immediate and long term needs.
14. Human Rights
Are basically held principles anchored
mainly on the belief in man’s worth and
dignity. It includes the right to life and
survival, to self-determination and to
develop as person and as people.
15. Social Justice
Means equal access to opportunities for
satisfying man’s basic needs towards
upholding man’s worth and dignity. It
requires the equitable distribution of
resources and power through people’s
fullest
participation
in
their
own
development.
16. Social Responsibility
Premised on the belief that man as a social
being must not be limited to his own
concerns but should reach out to others and
move jointly with them in meeting common
needs and problems. Likewise, society has
the responsibility to ensure an optimum
environment for the fullest development of
its members.
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17. Tactical Alliances
Short term level of issues and therefore
forged at times with the enemies.
18. Strategic Alliances
Long term, on the level of issues as on the
more comprehensive bases of unity, with
friends and like minded groups, especially
those with whom a unified political line is
possible. Such alliances must not detract
from the autonomy and independence of the
people’s organizations and must be based
on a genuine respect for the integrity of each
group and must ensure genuine people’s
participation.
19. Conscientization
Comes from the Portuguese word
“Conscietizacao” which means the process
of
developing
the
people’s
critical
awareness of their situation in relation to
bigger social realities and their own capacity
to transform realities.
20. Conflict
Occurs when there is a situation in which
two or more persons desire goals, which
they perceive as being attainable by one of
the other, but not by both.
21. Social investigation
Is the process of systematically learning and
analyzing the various structures and force in
the community, economic, political and
socio-cultural? This result in a community
study write-up which is scientific collection
and synthesis of data gathered in order to
draw a clear picture of the community.
22. Integration
Is establishing rapport with the people in a
continuing effort to imbibe community life by
living with them and undergoing the same
experiences,
sharing
their
hopes,
aspirations and hardships towards building
mutual trust and cooperation.
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23. Participatory data
gathering.
Is the process of involving the community
residents in the collection and consolidation
of data or information, thus becoming the
basis for problem identification and strategy
formulation.
24. Problem identification
Is the process of defining, analyzing and
ranking community problems and needs. It
facilitates the systematic use of data as
means of helping communities perceive and
analyze their situation from a more
comprehensive and analytical viewpoint.
25. Planning
The process of translating goals/objectives
into specific activities to meet community or
solve community problems. It involves a
holistic situational analysis of the community
towards
identifying
community
needs/problems,
and
resources,
responses/solutions.
26. Strategy
Is a general of overall direction that the
organizing process will take course to attain
a long-range goal. (e.g. community
organizing, social advocacy)
27. Tactics
Is a specific action within a strategy to attain
a short-term goal which facilitates the
achievement of the long-term goal. (e.g.
petition writing, negotiations, etc).
Is the laying down of the foundation of a
strong people’s organization brought about
by bringing together several of the most
advanced indigenous leaders to exchange
knowledge and insights towards a deeper
understanding of the dynamics of the
community.
28. Core group formation
29. Ground work
Loves to go around and motivate people on
a one-on-one basis to do something on
community issues. This is also called
agitation. Some aspects of motivation or
agitation that can be used are self-interest,
morality, rights, honor, shame or anger.
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30. Mobilization
Refers to the activities undertaken by the
community or people’s organization to solve
problems confronting the community and
which serves to build and strengthen the
people’s self confidence and their collective
spirit. It is also the actual exercise of
people’s power.
31. Meeting
At a community meeting, the people
collectively ratify what they have already
decided individually. The meeting gives a
sense of collective power and confidence.
People discover that they are not alone.
They learn from one another’s motivation
and conviction as responsible and
contributing community members.
32. Leadership as service
As opposed to a leader being an authority
figure, leadership is directed towards the
welfare of others
As opposed to a one-person form of
leadership, it means sharing of leadership
with others. Members help in making
decisions and pursuing goals. Information is
also shared with everybody.
33. Corporate/Collective
Leadership
34. Delegation of Authority
35. Eliciting Participation
In implementing decisions, work and
responsibility are divided among different
leaders and members
Leader encourages/motives people to join in
the discussion and work towards a common
goal.
36. Problem solving
Means investigating all aspects of a situation
or a problem; considers all suggestions and
integrates them into a viable theory and
bring back this theory to the people so it
could be put into action.
37. Informal leadership
training
Refers to the less structures, experiment
types of activities which are usually done
alongside core group development. Among
such activities are:
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38. A formal leadership
training
Refers to structured activities which are
organized to respond to the training needs
of leaders. This may take the form of
seminars and workshops and structured
study sessions. These activities complement
the inputs of the activities of the informal
training but it is more focused in objectives
and content and serves to synthesize and
further enrich the learning from the leader’s
day-to-day activities.
39. Role play
Is a good method to develop a sense of onthe-spot reaction. The organizer can step in
with some advice from time to time. The
main advantage of role-play over other
methods of preparation is that by nature, it
involves people’s emotion as well as their
intellect, and people enter into it with full
enthusiasm. It is not difficult to do so but it is
a pleasant way of reviewing issues and
aspects of the problem.
40. Reflection
Means analyzing the finished mass action:
Its good and weak points identified. This is
done best right after the activity while it is
still fresh in the people’s mind. Structure and
systems in which the people live are also
torn apart and criticized in the light of their
experience. Questions to guide the reflection
vary but on the whole, they should be
concrete and with a definite purpose.
41. Evaluation
Is the process of discovering by the people
what has been accomplished, what has
been left out and what remains to be done.
Through this collective effort, the people
draw inspirations and deepen their
commitments to pursue their common goals.
It is essential to evaluate not only to what
degree the objectives corresponds to the
real problem.
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42. Turn-over
Includes the transfer of community
organizing roles and responsibilities and of
documents such as the community study. A
culminating
program
reviewing
the
objectives of the community organizing,
community relationship and highlights of the
community organizing process is best done
to make the community more conscious of
what they have been through and what
challenges lie ahead for them to tackle.
43. Rural Development
Has been defined as “ a process which
leads to a rise in the capacity of the rural
people to control their environment,
accompanied by a wider distribution of
benefits resulting from such control”
(Inayatullah, 1974). Various quantifiable
indicators of rural development include:
measure of productivity, employment,
income distribution and social services.
44. Autonomy
The term autonomy refers to an
organization’s freedom from external control
as regards to budgeting, planning, and
influencing of the sponsoring agency on the
organization.
45. Linkages
Relationship between the organization and
other groups in and out of the barrio,
relationship between organization and
government agencies.
46. Formal Linkages
Covers official coordination with other local
group but excludes the relationship between
the organization and their sponsoring
agency.
47. Informal Linkages
Concerned with the affiliation of the
organizational members in other barrio
organizations or government offices. It will
also cover the involvement of the member’s
relatives in other groups. Kin involvement
may have some influence on the running of
the organization, considering the extended
family ties of Philippine rural household.
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48. Power
Define as the ability or capacity to influence
others to do something they would not
otherwise do. It is the ability to command or
apply force: It need not be accompanied by
authority:
49. Authority
Is the right to issue directives and expend
resources. It exists in the formal
organization.
50. Coercive Power
Based on fear, the subordinate does what is
required to avoid punishment or some other
negative outcome. The disciplinary policies
of organizations generally are based on this
type of power.
51. Reward Power
Based on the ability of one individual to
provide rewards, either intrinsic or extrinsic,
for compliance with these individuals’
wishes.
52. Legitimate Power
Based on an individuals position in the
organization; thus when joining an
organization, a person accepts the fact that
the boss’s orders are to be carried out.
53. Expert Power
Based on the special skill, expertise, or
knowledge that a particular individual
possesses.
54. Referent power
Exemplified by the charismatic individual
who has unusual traits that allow that person
to control situations.
55. Formal or official leaders
One who (is used with authentic by being)
elected or chosen by the people.
56. Informal Leader
One who maybe a symbol of uncommitted
leader, who readily renders service to the
community. He does not occupy any
position but is an influential and respected
person.
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57. Natural Leader
One who evolves naturally as the influential
person since he possesses certain abilities
and skills in human relationship or has
control over goods and services needed in
the community.
58. Autocratic leader
An individual who has little trust in group
members, believes that money is the only
reward that will motivate workers or
members of the organization, and issues
orders to be fulfilled with no questioned
asked to the group. The decision-making
lies with the appointed or chosen leader.
59. Laissez Faire leader
Who has little or no self-confidence in his or
her leadership ability, sets no goals for the
group, and minimizes communication and
group interactions. The decision-making is
always left to each member in the group.
60. Democratic Leader
Shares decision making with group
members, explains to the group the reasons
for personal decisions when necessary and
objectively communicates criticism and
praise to subordinates.
61. Morale
As defined by the American Association of
School Administrators, is the backbone of
the soul.
Is the will to carry thru against all obstacles
what the heart approves?
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