Name:
Skeletal System
Subdivision: Gross Anatomy
After studying this subdivision of the chapter, you should be able to do the following:
7.5 Skeletal Organization
5. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. (p. 139)
7.6– Skull—Lower Limb
7.12
6. Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that compose the skull, vertebral
column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. (p. 142)
7.13 Joints
7. Classify joints according to the type of tissue binding the bones together, describe their characteristics, and
name an example of each. (p. 162)
8. List six types of synovial joints, and describe the actions of each. (p. 163)
9. Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements.
(p. 165)
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CP Anatomy
Organization of the Skeleton
Intro: The skeleton can be divided into two major portions: (1) axial skeleton which consists of bones and
cartilages of the head, neck, and trunk, and (2) the appendicular skeleton, which consists of the bones of the
limbs and those that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton
Purpose: To learn the BASIC organization of the skeleton, the major bones of the skeleton, and the terms
used to describe skeletal structure.
1.
Label the anterior and posterior views of the skeleton.
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2.
Examine the human skeleton and locate the following parts. As you locate the following bones, write
the number of each in the skeleton. Palpate as many of the corresponding bones in your OWN
skeleton as possible.
3. SURFACE FEATURES: Describe the landmark and locate an example of each of the following bone
markings on the list below.
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4. Answer the following questions to gain background knowledge about the “Organization of the Skeletal
System”.
1. The cranium and facial bones compose the _________________________________.
2. The ____________________________ bone supports the tongue.
3. The ____________________________ at the inferior end of the sacrum is composed of
several fused vertebrae.
4. Most ribs are attached anteriorly to the __________________________________.
5. The thoracic cage is composed of _______________________pairs of ribs.
6. The scapulae and the clavicles together form the
_______________________________________.
7. The humerus, radius, and ____________________________________ articulate to
form the elbow joint.
8. The wrist is composed of eight bones called _________________________________.
9. The coxae (hipbones) are attached posteriorly to the ________________________.
10. The pelvic girdle (coxae), sacrum, and coccyx together form the
___________________________________________.
11. The _____________________________________ covers the anterior surface of the
knee.
12. The bones that articulate with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are
called_____________________________________________.
13. All finger and toe bones are called ____________________________________.
Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B.
______1. condyle
a. Opening or passageway
______2. crest
b. relatively large process
______3. head
c. Rounded process that usually articulate with another bone
______4. trochanter
d. Deep depression
______5. spine
e. Narrow ridge like projection
______6. meatus
f. Arm-like bar of bone
______7. foramen
g. Thorn-like projection
______ 8. Fossa
h. air-filled cavity in bone
______9. ramus
i. interlocking line of union
______10, sinus
j. Rounded enlargement at the end of bone
______11. suture
k. tube-like passageway
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CP Anatomy
Axial Skeleton – Skull
15 pts.
Directions: Using the words below, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Choices may
be used more than once.
Word Bank
A. Ethmoid
B. Frontal C. Hyoid D. Lacrimals
E. Mandible F. Maxillae G. Nasals H. Occipital
I. Palatines J. Parietals K. Sphenoid L. Temporals
M. Vomer
N. Zygomatic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
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Forehead bone
Cheekbone
Forms upper part of jaw
Bridge of nose
Much of the lateral and superior cranium
Most posterior part of cranium
Site of mastoid process
Site of mental foramen
Site of styloid process
Its condyles articulate with the atlas
Foramen magnum contained here
Middle ear found here
Nasal septum
Holds tongue in place
Movable portion of skull
CP Anatomy
Thoracic Region
14pts
Directions: Using the key choices, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described as follows. Enter
the appropriate letter(s) in the spaces provided.
Key Choices:
A. Body
B. Intervertebral foramina
C. Spinous process
D. Superior articular process
E. Transverse process
F. Vertebral arch
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Structure that encloses the nerve cord
Weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
Provides levers for the muscles to pull against
Provides an articulation point for the ribs
Openings, providing for exit of spinal nerves
Directions: The following statements provide distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the
vertebral column. Using the key choices, identify each described structure or region by inserting the
appropriate letter in the spaces provided.
Key Choices:
A. Atlas
B. Axis
E. Lumbar vertebra
C. Cervical vertebra
D. Coccyx
F. Sacrum
G. Thoracic vertebra
_________ 1. Type of vertebra containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the
vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
_________ 2. Its dens provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra
_________ 3. Transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply
downward
_________ 4. Composite bone; articulates with the hipbone laterally
_________ 5. Massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining
_________ 6. “Tail-bone”; vestigial fused vertebrae
_________ 7. Supports the head; allows the rocking motion of the occipital condyles
_________ 8. Seven components; unfused
_________ 9. Twelve components; unfused
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CP Anatomy
Upper Extremities
1.
18pts
The shoulder girdle that attaches the arm to the axial skeleton consists of two bones
_________________ and the _________________.
2. Which bone from the two bones stated in question # 1 form the socket for the humerus?
________________________
3. The clavicle articulates with the __________________________ of the sternum and laterally with
the ___________________________.
4. What is the function of the clavicle?
_______________________________________________________________
5. The _________________________ of the humerus fits into the
__________________________ of the scapula to form the shoulder joint.
6. The two bones of the forearm are the ______________________ and
______________________________.
7. At the distal ends of the forearm bones, articulation between these bones and the
__________________________ of the wrist occur.
8. How many carpals are found in each wrist? ______________
9. In each hand there are ____________ number of metacarpals that articulate proximally with the
__________________________ and distally with the ____________________________.
10. How many phalanges are present in the thumb? _________
11. Why how many phalanges are present in the other fingers? _____________
12. How many phalanges are present in one hand? _______________
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CP Anatomy
Lower Extremities
17 pts
1. A hip bone is made up of 3 fused bones: the_______, ___________, and_______.
2. The 2 hip bones best known as the _____________bones make up the
_________________.
3. The 2 hip bones and the __________ and ____________ make up the pelvic girdle.
4. 4.The following bones make up of the thigh and lower leg:
5. i)___________
ii)_____________
iii)______________
6. The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the __________and _____________.
7. The ankle joint is formed by the articulation of the __________and the
___________.
8. The rounded, boney prominence on either side of the ankle is called
the_________________.
9. These bumps are formed by the distal ends of the ___________and
______________.
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Gross Anatomy of the Skeleton
Skull Bones:
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Temporal
 Occipital
 Zygomatic
 Maxillae
 Mandible
 Nasal
 Vomer
 Sphenoid
 Palatine
Skull Parts or Structures:
 Foramen magnum
 Zygomatic arch
 Mastoid process
 Styloid process
 External auditory meatus
 Occipital condyles
 Optic foramen
 Mandibular condyle
 Mandibular fossa
 Coronal suture
 Squamous suture
Thoracic Bones:
 Sternum (3 Parts)
 Ribs (3 types with #s)
 Vertebrae (5 types)
 Hyoid
o
o
o
o
o
Thoracic Parts
 Vertebrae parts:
o
o
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Body
Transverse process
Superior & Inferior
articular facets
Intervertebral disks
Lamina
o
o
o
Olecranon
Tochlear notch
Styloid process
Upper Extremities
Bones/Parts/Structures:
 Humerus
o Head
o Capitulum
o Trochlea
o Olecranon fossa
o Deltoid
tuberosity
o Medial/Lateral
epicondyles
 Radius
o Head
o Radial tuberosity
o Styloid process
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 Ulna











Lambdoid suture
Sagittal suture
Sella turcica
Temporal process
Zygomatic process
Palatine process
Temporalmandibular joint
External occipital
protuberance
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
o
o
o
Pedicle
Intervertebral
foramen
Transverse foramen
 First two vertebrae: names
 Costal cartilage
 Metacarpals: I-V:
 Carpals: all eight; two
rows of four
o Trapezium,
scaphoid,
lunate,
triquetrum
o Trapezoid,
capitate,
hamate,
pisiform
CP Anatomy
 Phalanges: proximal, middle,
distal
Shoulder Girdle
 Clavicle
o Acromial extremity
o Sternal extremity
 Scapula
o
o
o
o
Glenoid fossa
Spine
Acromion
Coracoid process
Lower Extremities Bones:
 Coxal bones
o Illium, ishcium,
pubis
o Acetabulum
o Iliac crest
o Obturator
foramen
o Pubic arch
o Symphysis pubis
o Sacroiliac joint
 Femur
o
o
o
o
Head
Neck
Greater and
lesser trochanter
Medial and lateral
condyle
 Patella
 Tibia
o
o
o
 Fibula
o
o
Lateral and medial
condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Head
Lateral malleolus
 Metatarsals: I-V
 Tarsals
o
o
o
o
o
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial,
intermediate and
lateral cuneiforms
 Phalanges
 Proximal, middle, and dist
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1.
Label/Shade in with color the Skull diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, & structures. Note:
each diagram represents a different view. Be prepared to identify parts on a skull model.
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2. Label/Shade in with color the Thoracic Region diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, &
structures. . Be prepared to identify parts on models.
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3. Label/Shade in with color the Upper Extremities Diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, &
structures. Make sure you identify view of each picture before you start to label objects. Be prepared
to identify parts on models.
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1.
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4. Label/Shade in with color the Lower Extremities Diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, &
structures. Make sure you identify view of each picture before you start to label objects. Be prepared
to identify parts on models.
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CP Anatomy
Procedures used in radiology:
24 points
The use of x-rays in medical diagnosis based on the observation that different tissues vary in their degree
of opacity to X-rays, and shadows are cast which differ in density. A 10cm layer of skin and muscle would be
fairly translucent compared to even a thin layer of bone which would be relatively opaque. An X-ray is usually
examined as a negative picture i.e. bones and other dense areas are white against a black background. A
positive reproduction e.g. print 3 is the reverse of this with bones appearing black or grey on a white
background.
The different organs and structures of the body are studied using a variety of techniques related to the
structure and function of the organ in question. By far the most common examination is for skeletal
features. The natural opacity of bone is mainly due to calcium salts but also in part, to the dense collagen
which forms the organic matrix of bone. This is in contrast to examinations of tubular soft tissue organs
where opacity is produced by filling the lumen with an opaque medium, and examinations of soft tissues, such
as muscle and fat, where softer X-rays (lower voltage) are used.
Another naturally occurring substance useful in producing different densities is gas (usually air) which
presents very little obstruction to the passage of X-rays. Gas is commonly present in the part of the
stomach lying above the entrance of the esophagus (the fundus). Air may also be used to study the ventricles
of the brain. Sterile air is injected into the ventricles temporarily replacing the cerebro-spinal fluid. This
allows the shape of the ventricles to be seen and any blockages or distortions noted.
The gas filled lungs likewise present little obstruction and appear as blank areas in which the only detail is
the cartilage in the larger bronchi. Two methods may be used to demonstrate structures in the respiratory
system. To show the bronchial tree, contrast medium is sprayed into each lobe of the lung via a soft
catheter. The presence of tumors may be revealed by the use of soft X-rays which show variations in the
densities of tissues other than bone.
Stones in the gall bladder are generally composed of cholesterol and are not usually very dense
radiographically speaking, but can be outlined by an iodine compound which is taken orally about 14 hours
before the examination. This radio-opaque compound is absorbed, and concentrated in the gall bladder.
Occasionally gall stones are composed of calcium, in which case this procedure would be necessary.
1. What is the purpose of X-rays?
2. Why would radiologist use gas (air) or a contrast medium when taking X-rays of a patient?
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CP Anatomy
List of X-rays: Use the terms below to show which x-rays are being displayed at each station, and then
read the legends for each print to answer the following questions below. (X-rays = 1 Point; Questions = 1
Point Each)
1. Adult dentition
2. Angiogram of human pelvic
region
3. Development of the hand
4. Fracture of tibia & fibula
5. Head of human femur
6. Intestine (1)
7. Intestine (2)
8. Lymphangiogram
9. Pyelogram (kidney/ureters)
10. Stomach
11. Teeth of a young child
12. Thorax (front view)
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Station 1:
3. What makes up the shaft of the bone? What makes up the head/neck of the bone?
Station 2:
4. What is the difference between complete and an incomplete (hairline) fracture? Which
type of fracture is shown from the accident?
Station 3:
5. What do the gaps between the bones symbolize? What does it mean once those gaps have
disappeared?
Station 4:
6. What is the difference between primary and secondary teeth?
Station 5:
7. What do the black areas in the teeth indicate?
Station 6:
Station 7:
8. What is an angiogram?
Station 8:
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9. What is the purpose of studying the lymphatic system using X-rays?
Station 9:
10. What is the most common reason the alimentary canal is examined?
11. What is used to outline the stomach before the X-rays are taken?
12. What structure controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine?
Station 10:
13. What is the name given to the folds of the stomach?
Station 11:
Station 12:
14. What is a pyelogram?
15. What type of contrast medium is used for this procedure?
NOTE
All radiological examinations carry some degree of risk since they involve the use of ionizing
radiation which is potentially harmful to all tissues, and especially so to the developing
fetus. It is only in extreme emergencies that radiological examination is made during
pregnancy. Examination of the living fetus can be made by the use of ultrasound which is
perfectly safe or by a new technique: the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance scanner. Neither of
these techniques uses X-rays.
16. What are some of the possible risks of all radiological examinations?
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