Name: Skeletal System Subdivision: Gross Anatomy After studying this subdivision of the chapter, you should be able to do the following: 7.5 Skeletal Organization 5. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. (p. 139) 7.6– Skull—Lower Limb 7.12 6. Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that compose the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. (p. 142) 7.13 Joints 7. Classify joints according to the type of tissue binding the bones together, describe their characteristics, and name an example of each. (p. 162) 8. List six types of synovial joints, and describe the actions of each. (p. 163) 9. Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements. (p. 165) 1 CP Anatomy Organization of the Skeleton Intro: The skeleton can be divided into two major portions: (1) axial skeleton which consists of bones and cartilages of the head, neck, and trunk, and (2) the appendicular skeleton, which consists of the bones of the limbs and those that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton Purpose: To learn the BASIC organization of the skeleton, the major bones of the skeleton, and the terms used to describe skeletal structure. 1. Label the anterior and posterior views of the skeleton. 2 CP Anatomy 3 CP Anatomy 2. Examine the human skeleton and locate the following parts. As you locate the following bones, write the number of each in the skeleton. Palpate as many of the corresponding bones in your OWN skeleton as possible. 3. SURFACE FEATURES: Describe the landmark and locate an example of each of the following bone markings on the list below. 4 CP Anatomy 4. Answer the following questions to gain background knowledge about the “Organization of the Skeletal System”. 1. The cranium and facial bones compose the _________________________________. 2. The ____________________________ bone supports the tongue. 3. The ____________________________ at the inferior end of the sacrum is composed of several fused vertebrae. 4. Most ribs are attached anteriorly to the __________________________________. 5. The thoracic cage is composed of _______________________pairs of ribs. 6. The scapulae and the clavicles together form the _______________________________________. 7. The humerus, radius, and ____________________________________ articulate to form the elbow joint. 8. The wrist is composed of eight bones called _________________________________. 9. The coxae (hipbones) are attached posteriorly to the ________________________. 10. The pelvic girdle (coxae), sacrum, and coccyx together form the ___________________________________________. 11. The _____________________________________ covers the anterior surface of the knee. 12. The bones that articulate with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called_____________________________________________. 13. All finger and toe bones are called ____________________________________. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B. ______1. condyle a. Opening or passageway ______2. crest b. relatively large process ______3. head c. Rounded process that usually articulate with another bone ______4. trochanter d. Deep depression ______5. spine e. Narrow ridge like projection ______6. meatus f. Arm-like bar of bone ______7. foramen g. Thorn-like projection ______ 8. Fossa h. air-filled cavity in bone ______9. ramus i. interlocking line of union ______10, sinus j. Rounded enlargement at the end of bone ______11. suture k. tube-like passageway 5 CP Anatomy Axial Skeleton – Skull 15 pts. Directions: Using the words below, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Choices may be used more than once. Word Bank A. Ethmoid B. Frontal C. Hyoid D. Lacrimals E. Mandible F. Maxillae G. Nasals H. Occipital I. Palatines J. Parietals K. Sphenoid L. Temporals M. Vomer N. Zygomatic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 6 Forehead bone Cheekbone Forms upper part of jaw Bridge of nose Much of the lateral and superior cranium Most posterior part of cranium Site of mastoid process Site of mental foramen Site of styloid process Its condyles articulate with the atlas Foramen magnum contained here Middle ear found here Nasal septum Holds tongue in place Movable portion of skull CP Anatomy Thoracic Region 14pts Directions: Using the key choices, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described as follows. Enter the appropriate letter(s) in the spaces provided. Key Choices: A. Body B. Intervertebral foramina C. Spinous process D. Superior articular process E. Transverse process F. Vertebral arch _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Structure that encloses the nerve cord Weight-bearing portion of the vertebra Provides levers for the muscles to pull against Provides an articulation point for the ribs Openings, providing for exit of spinal nerves Directions: The following statements provide distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column. Using the key choices, identify each described structure or region by inserting the appropriate letter in the spaces provided. Key Choices: A. Atlas B. Axis E. Lumbar vertebra C. Cervical vertebra D. Coccyx F. Sacrum G. Thoracic vertebra _________ 1. Type of vertebra containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain _________ 2. Its dens provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra _________ 3. Transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply downward _________ 4. Composite bone; articulates with the hipbone laterally _________ 5. Massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining _________ 6. “Tail-bone”; vestigial fused vertebrae _________ 7. Supports the head; allows the rocking motion of the occipital condyles _________ 8. Seven components; unfused _________ 9. Twelve components; unfused 7 CP Anatomy Upper Extremities 1. 18pts The shoulder girdle that attaches the arm to the axial skeleton consists of two bones _________________ and the _________________. 2. Which bone from the two bones stated in question # 1 form the socket for the humerus? ________________________ 3. The clavicle articulates with the __________________________ of the sternum and laterally with the ___________________________. 4. What is the function of the clavicle? _______________________________________________________________ 5. The _________________________ of the humerus fits into the __________________________ of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. 6. The two bones of the forearm are the ______________________ and ______________________________. 7. At the distal ends of the forearm bones, articulation between these bones and the __________________________ of the wrist occur. 8. How many carpals are found in each wrist? ______________ 9. In each hand there are ____________ number of metacarpals that articulate proximally with the __________________________ and distally with the ____________________________. 10. How many phalanges are present in the thumb? _________ 11. Why how many phalanges are present in the other fingers? _____________ 12. How many phalanges are present in one hand? _______________ 8 CP Anatomy Lower Extremities 17 pts 1. A hip bone is made up of 3 fused bones: the_______, ___________, and_______. 2. The 2 hip bones best known as the _____________bones make up the _________________. 3. The 2 hip bones and the __________ and ____________ make up the pelvic girdle. 4. 4.The following bones make up of the thigh and lower leg: 5. i)___________ ii)_____________ iii)______________ 6. The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the __________and _____________. 7. The ankle joint is formed by the articulation of the __________and the ___________. 8. The rounded, boney prominence on either side of the ankle is called the_________________. 9. These bumps are formed by the distal ends of the ___________and ______________. 9 CP Anatomy Gross Anatomy of the Skeleton Skull Bones: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Zygomatic Maxillae Mandible Nasal Vomer Sphenoid Palatine Skull Parts or Structures: Foramen magnum Zygomatic arch Mastoid process Styloid process External auditory meatus Occipital condyles Optic foramen Mandibular condyle Mandibular fossa Coronal suture Squamous suture Thoracic Bones: Sternum (3 Parts) Ribs (3 types with #s) Vertebrae (5 types) Hyoid o o o o o Thoracic Parts Vertebrae parts: o o Vertebral foramen Spinous process Body Transverse process Superior & Inferior articular facets Intervertebral disks Lamina o o o Olecranon Tochlear notch Styloid process Upper Extremities Bones/Parts/Structures: Humerus o Head o Capitulum o Trochlea o Olecranon fossa o Deltoid tuberosity o Medial/Lateral epicondyles Radius o Head o Radial tuberosity o Styloid process 10 Ulna Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Sella turcica Temporal process Zygomatic process Palatine process Temporalmandibular joint External occipital protuberance Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mental foramen o o o Pedicle Intervertebral foramen Transverse foramen First two vertebrae: names Costal cartilage Metacarpals: I-V: Carpals: all eight; two rows of four o Trapezium, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum o Trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform CP Anatomy Phalanges: proximal, middle, distal Shoulder Girdle Clavicle o Acromial extremity o Sternal extremity Scapula o o o o Glenoid fossa Spine Acromion Coracoid process Lower Extremities Bones: Coxal bones o Illium, ishcium, pubis o Acetabulum o Iliac crest o Obturator foramen o Pubic arch o Symphysis pubis o Sacroiliac joint Femur o o o o Head Neck Greater and lesser trochanter Medial and lateral condyle Patella Tibia o o o Fibula o o Lateral and medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Head Lateral malleolus Metatarsals: I-V Tarsals o o o o o Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Navicular Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms Phalanges Proximal, middle, and dist 11 CP Anatomy 1. Label/Shade in with color the Skull diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, & structures. Note: each diagram represents a different view. Be prepared to identify parts on a skull model. 12 CP Anatomy 13 CP Anatomy 14 CP Anatomy 2. Label/Shade in with color the Thoracic Region diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, & structures. . Be prepared to identify parts on models. 15 CP Anatomy 16 CP Anatomy 17 CP Anatomy 3. Label/Shade in with color the Upper Extremities Diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, & structures. Make sure you identify view of each picture before you start to label objects. Be prepared to identify parts on models. 18 CP Anatomy 1. 19 CP Anatomy 4. Label/Shade in with color the Lower Extremities Diagrams with all of the proper bones, parts, & structures. Make sure you identify view of each picture before you start to label objects. Be prepared to identify parts on models. 20 CP Anatomy 21 CP Anatomy 22 CP Anatomy Procedures used in radiology: 24 points The use of x-rays in medical diagnosis based on the observation that different tissues vary in their degree of opacity to X-rays, and shadows are cast which differ in density. A 10cm layer of skin and muscle would be fairly translucent compared to even a thin layer of bone which would be relatively opaque. An X-ray is usually examined as a negative picture i.e. bones and other dense areas are white against a black background. A positive reproduction e.g. print 3 is the reverse of this with bones appearing black or grey on a white background. The different organs and structures of the body are studied using a variety of techniques related to the structure and function of the organ in question. By far the most common examination is for skeletal features. The natural opacity of bone is mainly due to calcium salts but also in part, to the dense collagen which forms the organic matrix of bone. This is in contrast to examinations of tubular soft tissue organs where opacity is produced by filling the lumen with an opaque medium, and examinations of soft tissues, such as muscle and fat, where softer X-rays (lower voltage) are used. Another naturally occurring substance useful in producing different densities is gas (usually air) which presents very little obstruction to the passage of X-rays. Gas is commonly present in the part of the stomach lying above the entrance of the esophagus (the fundus). Air may also be used to study the ventricles of the brain. Sterile air is injected into the ventricles temporarily replacing the cerebro-spinal fluid. This allows the shape of the ventricles to be seen and any blockages or distortions noted. The gas filled lungs likewise present little obstruction and appear as blank areas in which the only detail is the cartilage in the larger bronchi. Two methods may be used to demonstrate structures in the respiratory system. To show the bronchial tree, contrast medium is sprayed into each lobe of the lung via a soft catheter. The presence of tumors may be revealed by the use of soft X-rays which show variations in the densities of tissues other than bone. Stones in the gall bladder are generally composed of cholesterol and are not usually very dense radiographically speaking, but can be outlined by an iodine compound which is taken orally about 14 hours before the examination. This radio-opaque compound is absorbed, and concentrated in the gall bladder. Occasionally gall stones are composed of calcium, in which case this procedure would be necessary. 1. What is the purpose of X-rays? 2. Why would radiologist use gas (air) or a contrast medium when taking X-rays of a patient? 23 CP Anatomy List of X-rays: Use the terms below to show which x-rays are being displayed at each station, and then read the legends for each print to answer the following questions below. (X-rays = 1 Point; Questions = 1 Point Each) 1. Adult dentition 2. Angiogram of human pelvic region 3. Development of the hand 4. Fracture of tibia & fibula 5. Head of human femur 6. Intestine (1) 7. Intestine (2) 8. Lymphangiogram 9. Pyelogram (kidney/ureters) 10. Stomach 11. Teeth of a young child 12. Thorax (front view) 24 CP Anatomy Station 1: 3. What makes up the shaft of the bone? What makes up the head/neck of the bone? Station 2: 4. What is the difference between complete and an incomplete (hairline) fracture? Which type of fracture is shown from the accident? Station 3: 5. What do the gaps between the bones symbolize? What does it mean once those gaps have disappeared? Station 4: 6. What is the difference between primary and secondary teeth? Station 5: 7. What do the black areas in the teeth indicate? Station 6: Station 7: 8. What is an angiogram? Station 8: 25 CP Anatomy 9. What is the purpose of studying the lymphatic system using X-rays? Station 9: 10. What is the most common reason the alimentary canal is examined? 11. What is used to outline the stomach before the X-rays are taken? 12. What structure controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine? Station 10: 13. What is the name given to the folds of the stomach? Station 11: Station 12: 14. What is a pyelogram? 15. What type of contrast medium is used for this procedure? NOTE All radiological examinations carry some degree of risk since they involve the use of ionizing radiation which is potentially harmful to all tissues, and especially so to the developing fetus. It is only in extreme emergencies that radiological examination is made during pregnancy. Examination of the living fetus can be made by the use of ultrasound which is perfectly safe or by a new technique: the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance scanner. Neither of these techniques uses X-rays. 16. What are some of the possible risks of all radiological examinations? 26 CP Anatomy