Chapter 6: Vision
Waterfall effects
Macula
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Motion After Effects
Photoreceptors
V1
V4
Negative after image
Bipolar Cells
V2
V5
Reception
Ganglion Cells
Ventral Stream
Visual Agnosia
Transduction
Optic nerve
Dorsal Stream
Prospagnosia
Coding
Blind spot
Parvocelluar Cells
Color Blindness
J. Muller
Rods & Cones
Magnocelluar Cells
Complete
Specific Nerve Energies 11-cis-retinal
Feature detection
Partial
Pupil
Receptive field
Hubel & Weisel
Blobs
Retina
Trichromatic Theory
Simple cells
Motion blindness
Lens
Opponent-Process
Complex cells
Fovea
Retinex Theory
V3
Question & Concepts
1. What is the law of specific nerve energies? What are modern qualifications to this law first proposed
in the early 1800's.
2. Differentiate between visual reception, transduction and coding. Can you give a hypothetical case
that involves each part and the areas of the eye and brain involved?
3. What is the blind spot? Why is it better to look at faint stars just the to right or left of center vision
(i.e., not look directly at the faint star)?
4. What are the proportions of rods and cones in different areas of the retina? How do these varying
proportions affect our visual experience? How are each of the 2 previous questions different if we are
talking about someone who is (a) color blind, or (b) has macular degeneration?
5. What are the trichromatic, opponent process, and retinex theories of color vision? What aspect of
color vision does each theory explain better? What are problems or weaknesses of each theory?
6. Does looking at an object project an analog copy of that object back to the visual cortex. If yes or no,
explain.
7. Differentiate between the ventral and dorsal streams that extend from V1 to the temporal and parietal
cortex, respectively. What happens if there is damage to either these cortical areas.
8. What are parvocellular and magnocellular ganglia.
9. What was so important about Hubel and Weisel's feature detection research? Why are "motion
aftereffects" and "negative afterimages", and why might they occur after staring at a given stimulus.
10. What are the differences between visual agnoisa, prosopagnosia, color-blindness and motion
blindness?
Chapter 7-Module 1: Audition
Pinna
Scala media
Primary auditory cortex
Tympanic membrane
Scala tympani
Secondary auditory cortex
Hammer
Basilar membrane
Conductive Deafness
Anvil
Tectorial membrance
Nerve Deafness
Stirrup
Hair cells
Sound Shadow
Oval window
Frequency Theory
Phase Differences
Cochlea
Place Theory
Amplitude
Scala vestibuli
Volley Principle
Frequency
Question & Concepts:
1. What is the difference between amplitude and frequency? What are the psychological experiences of
changes in the physical dimensions of a sound wave? Why isn't there any sound in space?
2. Describe the process by which sound is received, transduced and coded.
3. What does the volley principle say about the process by which we transduce sound impulses. What
is the appeal of this theory over frequency and place theories of pitch perception?
4. What are the functions of the primary and secondary audiory cortex in hearing? How do these areas
relate to a "tonotropic map"?
5. What is the difference between conductive and nerve deafness?
6. Describe some of the physiological explanations for how we localize auditory stimuli.