Latin 2
Lesson 34 Notes and Worksheet
Nomen mihi est ________________
Review
1. You have learned that the second principal part of a verb is the __________________________________ form.
2. Deponent verbs are _________________ in form, but _______________ in meaning.
3. They are recognized by their ______ first principal part ending. There are only ______ principal parts.
4. The second principal part ends in ______, except for the 3rd and 3rd –io conjugations which ends in ______.
5. The third principal part is as usual ___________________________________________________________.
6. It looks like the fourth principal part, except it has ______ with it, and it does have to agree in ____________ and
____________ with its ____________ and it will be in the ____________ case.
Forms of the Infinitive
The second principal part of a verb is specifically the present active infinitive. In English the present active infinitive is
the form introduced by to: to work, to carry, to be, etc. It does not indicate person or number. In Latin there is no separate
word for to. The present active infinitive of regular Latin verbs is indicated by the ending –re.
portare= to carry
debēre= to owe
desinere= to stop
capere= to seize
vincīre= to tie
laudare= to praise
habēre= to hold
ducere= to lead
cupere= to want
audīre= to hear
There are also present passive infinitive forms for verbs. These look like the deponent second principal parts (except the
second principal parts of deponents are active in meaning!). In English the present passive infinitive is introduced by to be
and has the ‘ed’ form of the verb: to be worked, to be carried, to be loved, etc. In Latin the present passive infinitive of the
1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations is indicated by the ending –ri, and the 3rd and 3rd –io by the ending –ī.
portarī= to be carried
debērī= to be owed
desinī= to be stopped
capī= to be seized
vincīrī= to be tied
laudarī= to be praised
habērī= to be held
ducī= to be led
cupī= to be wanted
audīrī= to be heard
The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding –isse to the perfect stem (the third principal part without the –i ending).
In English the perfect active infinitive is introduced by to have and has the ‘ed’ form of the verb: to have worked, to have
carried, to have loved, etc.
portavisse=
debuisse=
desiisse=
cepisse=
vinxisse=
to have carried
to have owed
to have stopped
to have seized
to have tied
laudavisse=
habuisse=
duxisse=
cupivisse=
audīvisse=
to have praised
to have held
to have led
to have wanted
to have heard
The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse as a separate word to the fourth principal part. In English the
perfect passive infinitive is introduced by to have been and has the ‘ed’ form of the verb: to have been worked, to have
been carried, to have been loved, etc.
portatus esse=
debitus esse=
desitus esse=
captus esse=
vinctus esse=
to have been carried
to have been owed
to have been stopped
to have been seized
to have been tied
laudatus esse=
habitus esse=
ductus esse=
cupitus esse=
audītus esse=
to have been praised
to have been held
to have been led
to have been wanted
to have been heard
The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse as a separate word to the fourth principal part with –ur- inserted. In
English the perfect passive infinitive is introduced by to be about to or to be going to: to be about to work/to be going to
work, to be about to carry/to be going to carry, to be about to love/to be going to love, etc.
portaturus esse=
debiturus esse=
desiturus esse=
capturus esse=
vincturus esse=
to be about to carry
to be about to owe
to be about to stop
to be about to seize
to be about to tie
laudaturus esse=
habiturus esse=
ducturus esse=
cupiturus esse=
audīturus esse=
to be about to praise
to be about to hold
to be about to lead
to be about to want
to be about to hear
Most transitive verbs have a total of six infinitives, three active and three passive.
The infinitives are formed as follows:
Active
Passive
Perfect
perfect stem + -isse
perfect passive participle + esse (separate word)
Present
-are, -ēre, -ere, -ire
-ari, -ēri, -i, -iri
Future
perfect passive participle with –ur- + esse (separate)
The uncommon future passive infinitive is learned later.
Practice: Give the perfect active infinitive and its meaning for the following:
opto, optare, optavi, optatus
doceo, docēre, docui, doctus
constituo, contituere, constitui, constitutus
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus
Give the present active infinitive and its meaning for the following:
opto, optare, optavi, optatus
doceo, docēre, docui, doctus
constituo, contituere, constitui, constitutus
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus
Give the future active infinitive and its meaning for the following:
opto, optare, optavi, optatus
doceo, docēre, docui, doctus
constituo, contituere, constitui, constitutus
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus
Give the perfect passive infinitive and its meaning for the following:
opto, optare, optavi, optatus
doceo, docēre, docui, doctus
constituo, contituere, constitui, constitutus
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus
Give the present passive infinitive and its meaning for the following:
opto, optare, optavi, optatus
doceo, docēre, docui, doctus
constituo, contituere, constitui, constitutus
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus
Subjective & Objective Infinitives
Infinitives are verbal nouns, having both verbal (tense & voice) and noun qualities. All infinitives can complete the
meaning of the main verb in a sentence and can be considered the direct object of the sentence when used in this manner.
Canere cupio.
I want to sing.
All infinitives can also be used as the subject or predicate nominative of the sentence. Infinitives are considered to be
neuter and so adjectives that modify them will be neuter.
In Italiā manēre est bonum.
To remain in Italy is good.
Esse amicum augebit concordiam.
To be friendly will increase harmony.
Practice:
Translate the following:
1. Bonum est laudare.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Bonum est laudari.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bonum est laudaturus esse.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Bonum est laudavisse.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Bonum est laudatus esse.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
So we have learned that:
1. Most transitive verbs have a total of six infinitives, ______ active and ______ passive.
2. The infinitives are formed as follows:
Active
Passive
Perfect
Present
Future
3. Infinitives are verbal nouns, having both ____________ (__________ & __________) and ____________ qualities.
4. All infinitives can also be used as the ____________, _________________ or ____________________ of the sentence.
5. Infinitives are considered to be ______________ and so adjectives that modify them will be _____________________.