AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 1
1. Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local
jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse is a what?
2. The civil rights movement of what period emphasized equality of opportunity and respect for
individuals, regardless of race, color, creed, or personal attributes?
3. Some people seek to protect personal freedoms and civil rights within society, and especially
within the criminal justice process. The text refers to those people as ___________________
advocates.
4. Some people suggest that under certain circumstances involving criminal threats to public
safety, the interests of society (especially crime control and social order) should take
precedence over individual rights. The text refers to those people as ____________________
advocates.
5. The criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, and all activities related to enforcement of
criminal law is called what?
6. _______________ concerns itself with fairness in relationships between citizens, government
agencies, and businesses in private matters, such as those involving contractual obligations
and business dealings.
7. Be able to identify the three components of the criminal justice system and list three
functions for each of the three components. [one point for each component and each function
for twelve points total]
8. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants the freedom of speech, freedom of press,
freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly? – Answer not in text book.
9. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and
seizures? – Answer not in text book.
10. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against self-incrimination and double
jeopardy? – Answer not in text book.
11. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants the right to a speedy and public trial and
the right to counsel? – Answer not in text book.
12. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against cruel and unusual punishment? –
Answer not in text book.
13. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution makes due process rights binding on the states? –
Answer not in text book.
14. Is criminology the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the
rehabilitation and punishment of offenders?
15. Be able to explain what due process means. [one point]
16. Do the diverse values, perspectives, & behaviors of the various groups within our society
impact the justice system?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 2
1. Be able to pick from a list which is an annual FBI publication that summarizes the incidence
and rate of reported crimes throughout the United States.
2. Be able to pick from a list which is an annual survey of selected American households
conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal
victimization – especially unreported victimization – in the United States.
3. Be able to name two possible reasons that crime rates for major crimes declined from 1991 to
2009. [one point each]
4. Which rule built into the UCR’s reporting system is a way of counting reports such that only
the most serious out of a series of events is scored?
5. ___________________ is the unlawful killing of one human being by another. [one point]
6. According to UCR statistics, which crime has the highest clearance rate?
7. According to UCR statistics, which crime has the lowest clearance rate?
8. According to UCR statistics, what is the weapon of choice in most murders?
9. What involves the killing at two or more locations with very little time break between
murders?
10. What involves the killing of four or more victims at one location within one event?
11. What involves the killing over time of several victims in three or more separate events?
12. Which is the least reported of all violent crimes?
13. According to the UCR, _________________ is the unlawful taking or attempted taking of
property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting
the victim in fear. [one point]
14. According to the UCR, _________________ is the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a
felony or a theft. [one point]
15. According to the NCVS, are city residents almost twice as likely as rural residents to be
victims of crime?
16. According to the NCVS, are victims of crime more often women than men?
17. What act, a subsection of the federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of
1994, allocated $1.6 billion to fight violence against women. [one point]
18. A ___________ crime is an offense in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by
hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national
origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals.
[one point]
19. Are individuals convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence offenses prohibited from
owning or using firearms?
20. Are terrorist groups only active in the Middle East?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 3
1. Be able to list two things laws do. [one point each]
2. What refers to a traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday
English social customs, rules, and practices that were supported by judicial decisions during
early times?
3. What holds that no one is above the law and those who make or enforce law must also abide
by it?
4. What refers to the body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and
punishments for offenses of a public nature or for wrongs committed against the state or
society?
5. What is a formal means for regulating noncriminal relationships between people, businesses,
organizations, and agencies of the government?
6. Is a tort a criminal wrong?
7. What refers to the body of regulations which have been created by governments to control
the activities of industry, business, and individuals and includes the tax laws, health codes,
and environmental protection regulations?
8. What is the law that comes from judicial decisions?
9. The general rules of evidence, arrest procedures, and trial procedures are part of
_________________ law.
10. What is the category of criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison
facility for at least one year?
11. What is the category of criminal offense punishable by incarceration in a local jail facility for
a period typically of one year or less?
12. What is the category of criminal offense punishable by a fine only?
13. What does actus reus mean?
14. What does mens rea mean?
15. In what type of defense do defendants state that they could not have committed the crime
because they were not there at the time of the crime?
16. In what type of defense do defendants admit to committing the act in question but claim it
was necessary to avoid some greater evil?
17. Be able to list two types of justification defenses. [one point each]
18. In what type of defense do defendants claim that they should not be held responsible for
committing the crime?
19. Be able to list two types of excuse defenses. [one point each]
20. To be considered competent to stand trial, must defendants be able to understand the nature
of the proceedings against them and be able to assist in their own defense?
21. What defense says that the police caused the defendant to commit a crime the defendant
would not otherwise have committed?
22. What defense says that a defendant cannot be tried twice for the same crime?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 4
1. Be able to pick from a list which is not a law enforcement agency that falls under the U.S.
Department of Justice.
2. Be able to pick from a list which is not a law enforcement agency that falls under the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security.
3. Be able to list two examples of state-level law enforcement agencies. [one point each]
4. Be able to list two examples of local-level law enforcement agencies. [one point each]
5. Be able to pick from a list which statement about sheriffs is most accurate.
6. What is the order of authority within a police department called? [one point]
7. Be able to pick form a list which is not an era in the history of American policing.
8. Which style of policing sees the police job as controlling illegal and disruptive behavior?
9. Which style of policing is marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement?
10. What makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations,
undercover stings, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods?
11. Today, do calls to police for service far exceed calls which directly relate to law violations?
12. What is a philosophy based on creating a partnership between the police and the community
so that they can work together on solving problems of crime, social disorder, and fear of
crime?
13. What attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and
conflict management?
14. What refers to the application of social science techniques to the study of police
administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen’s
complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources?
15. Did the scientific study of law enforcement practices begin in the United States in the 1990s?
16. Be able to name three factors that might influence the discretionary decisions of individual
officers. [one point each]
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 5
1. During which decade did the U.S. Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren,
accelerate the process of guaranteeing individual rights in the face of criminal prosecution?
2. Who is currently the Chief Justice of the United States?
3. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and
seizures?
4. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against self-incrimination and double
jeopardy?
5. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants the right to a jury trial and the right to
counsel?
6. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects against cruel and unusual punishment?
7. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants the right against state government from
taking life liberty or property without due process of law?
8. Be able to explain what the Exclusionary Rule says. [two points]
9. Be able to explain what the Inevitable Discovery Rule says. [two points]
10. What excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal
search or seizure?
11. Can officers conduct a search without a warrant if they have knowing, voluntary, and
authorized consent? – Answer not in text book.
12. What allows a police officer to confiscate evidence without a warrant when the officer is
legally allowed to be in an area and can see and touch evidence that is readily visible?
13. Be able to give two examples of emergencies that would justify a police officer in entering
premises without a warrant. [one point each]
14. If a drug dog sniffs and "hits" on a car, can officers search the car without a warrant? –
Answer not in text book.
15. Are arrests with warrants the most common type of arrest?
16. What is the minimum standard of proof required for an officer to make an arrest?
17. What is the minimum standard of proof required for an officer to detain a person for the
purposes of limited questioning?
18. Which U.S. Supreme Court case first allowed officers to detain a person for the purposes of
limited questioning?
19. Can officers use reasonable force to lawfully detain someone? – Answer not in text book.
20. Be able to pick from a list which statement regarding search incident to arrest is least
accurate.
21. Must officers have probable cause in order to pull over a vehicle?
22. Be able to state what type of stop officers can conduct when they have a hunch that a person
is involved in criminal activity and the officers want to talk to that person. [one point] –
Answer not in text book.
23. Which U.S. Supreme Court case held that police must warn suspects prior to custodial
interrogation that they have the right to remain silent, anything they say can and will be used
against them in court, they have the right to have an attorney present before and during
questioning, and if they cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for them without
cost?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 6
1. Be able to pick from a list which is not one of the characteristics of the police personality
according to the text.
2. Civil suits alleging police misconduct that are filed in federal courts are often called
___________ lawsuits because of the section number of Title 42 of the U.S. Code which
ensures the civil rights of men and women of all races.
3. What is any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather
than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular
individual who has been identified as being engaged in criminal activity?
4. Be able to pick from a list which is not one of the desirable qualities police managers should
be looking for when recruiting police officers.
5. Is stress a natural component of police work?
6. Do studies show that police use force in 60% of adult custodial arrests?
7. Are police allowed to use deadly force to stop any fleeing felon?
8. Are more people employed in private security than in all local, state, and federal police
agencies combined?
9. Police ______________________ refers to the abuse of police authority for personal or
organizational gain. [one point]
10. Be able name four major sources of police civil liability. [one point each]
11. Be able to name three examples of less-than-lethal weapons police use. [one point each]
12. Be able to name three screening methods police departments use when hiring officers.
[one point each]
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 7
1. In which courts do state criminal cases begin?
2. What are trial courts called in California? – Answer not in text book.
3. In the U.S., federal courts were created by what?
4. The federal courts have jurisdiction to hear what types of cases?
5. Be able to pick from a list which is not one of the levels of the federal judiciary?
6. How long is the term of a federal judge or Supreme Court justice?
7. Which federal judicial circuit covers California? – Answer not in text book.
8. Are there nine justices on the U.S. Supreme Court?
9. Soon after arrests, judges tell defendants the charges against them, advise them of their
rights, appoint a lawyer if they cannot afford one, and sometimes provide the opportunity for
bail during which process?
10. Is the purpose of bail to punish a defendant?
11. Be able to name three factors a judge will consider when setting bail. [one point each] –
Answer not in text book.
12. After arrest, when a person does not have to post money and is released just based on his or
her written promise to appear, it is called what?
13. A defendant generally has no right to attend which pretrial proceeding?
14. During which proceeding does a judge conduct a "mini-trial" to decide whether there is
probable cause to order the defendant to stand trial?
15. Defendants are informed of their charges and their rights and are required to enter a plea
during which proceeding?
16. Be able to pick from a list which is not one of the three pleas that can be entered at an
arraignment.
17. The process of negotiating an agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court
as to an appropriate plea and associated sentence in a given case is called what? [one point]
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 8
1. Are most state judges elected?
2. Be able to name two duties of a trial judge. [one point each]
3. Be able to pick from a list which is not another name for the prosecuting attorney.
4. Be able to name two duties of a prosecutor. [one point each]
5. Be able to pick from a list which is not a system to deliver legal services to criminal
defendants who are unable to afford their own attorney.
6. Be able to name two duties of a defense attorney. [one point each]
7. Who ensures order in the courtroom?
8. Who controls public and media access to the jury?
9. Who creates a record of all that is said during a trial?
10. Who maintains all records of criminal cases before, during, and after trials?
11. Who marks physical evidence for identification during a trial?
12. What is the written document that officially notifies witnesses that they are ordered to appear
in court?
13. A/an __________________ witness is a person with special knowledge and skills recognized
by the court as relevant to the determination of guilt or innocence. [one point]
14. Which defense motion asks the court to allow the defendant’s lawyers to view evidence
which the prosecution intends to present at trial?
15. Which defense motion asks the court to rule evidence inadmissible that the police obtained
illegally?
16. Which defense motion asks the court to grant a postponement of a court proceeding?
17. The prosecutor and defense advise the jury of what the attorneys intend to prove during
which phase of trial?
18. Witnesses testify during which phase of trial?
19. Is hearsay ever admissible in court?
20. The prosecutor and defense try to persuade the jury to draw conclusions favorable to their
side during which phase of trial?
21. The judge instructs the jury as to the law to be applied to the case during which phase of
trial?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 9
1. The imposition of a penalty upon a person convicted of a crime is called what?
2. Which goal of contemporary sentencing is a call for punishment based upon a perceived need
for revenge?
3. Which goal of contemporary sentencing seeks to separate offenders from the community to
reduce opportunities for further criminality?
4. Which goal of contemporary sentencing uses the example or threat of punishment to
convince people that criminal activity is not worthwhile?
5. Which goal of contemporary sentencing seeks to bring about fundamental changes in
offenders and their behavior?
6. Which goal of contemporary sentencing seeks to make the victim and the community whole
again?
7. Be able to pick from a list which is not an example of an indeterminate sentence.
8. What holds that the severity of the sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the
seriousness of the crime committed?
9. Be able to list three examples of aggravating circumstances. [one point each]
10. Be able to list three examples of mitigating circumstances. [one point each]
11. A close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon an offender and the time
actually served prior to release from prison is called what? [one point]
12. California’s Three-Strikes Law is an example of what kind of sentencing?
13. Do probation officers include their sentence recommendation in a pre-sentence investigation
report?
13. When the crime victim or victim’s survivors describe the losses, suffering, and trauma
experienced by the crime, it is called a victim ______________ statement.
15. Be able to name two traditional sentencing options. [one point each]
16. A crime that is punishable by death is called a _____________ offense.
17. Do all states have the death penalty?
18. Be able to name one reason to abolish the death penalty and one reason to keep the death
penalty. [one point each]
19. Is it unconstitutional to execute people who are mentally retarded?
20. Under certain circumstances, are states allowed to execute people who were under 18 when
the crime was committed?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 10
1. Be able to pick from a list which statement about probation is least accurate.
2. Be able to pick from a list which is not an example of general probation conditions.
3. Be able to pick from a list which is not an example of specific probation conditions.
4. Be able to pick from a list which statement comparing probation and parole is most accurate.
5. Be able to pick from a list which is not normally a general condition of parole.
6. Be able to list two advantages to society of probation/parole and two disadvantages.
[one point each for a total of four points]
7. Before probation revocation, does a probationer have the right to a hearing and representation
by counsel?
8. Examination of the offender’s background to give facts to the sentencing judge occurs during
which probation/parole function?
9. Dispute-settlement between the defendant and victim may occur during which
probation/parole function?
10. Cataloging of the services necessary for a successful experience on probation or parole
occurs during which probation/parole function?
11. Periodic meetings between the officer and client to determine how well probation or parole is
working occur during which probation/parole function?
12. What describes when an offender is sentenced to a period of confinement to be followed by a
period of probation?
13. The practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary
release, and then granting that release in surprise fashion is known as what?
14. What uses military-style “boot camp” prison settings to provide highly regimented
environments involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor?
15. What requires a defendant to serve weekends in a jail while undergoing probationary
supervision in the community?
16. While under house arrest, are individuals not allowed to leave their homes under any
circumstances?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 11
1. Which prison era was characterized by the use of solitary confinement and penance as the
primary vehicle of rehabilitation? – Answer not in text book.
2. Which prison era was characterized by inmates living, eating, and working together in
enforced silence? – Answer not in text book.
3. Which prison era was characterized by the use of the indeterminate sentence and the belief in
the possibility of rehabilitation? – Answer not in text book.
4. Which prison era was characterized by the use of inmate labor? – Answer not in text book.
5. Which prison era was characterized by an emphasis on punishment and security and by the
belief that prisoners owed a debt to society which only a rigorous period of confinement
could repay? – Answer not in text book.
6. Which prison era was based on a medical model that implied that the offender was sick and
that rehabilitation was only a matter of finding the right treatment? – Answer not in text
book.
7. Which prison era included work-release programs where inmates were temporarily released
from prison into the community to meet job responsibilities? – Answer not in text book.
8. Which prison era abandoned all hope of rehabilitation and involved locking up prisoners for
the sole purpose of protecting society? – Answer not in text book.
9. Be able to pick from a list which statement about the Just Deserts Era is least accurate.
10. What refers to the number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or
modified?
11. What refers to the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based upon
management considerations?
12. What refers to the number of inmates a prison can handle according to the judgment of
experts?
13. Which prison security level uses high fences, thick walls, secure gun towers, and armed
prison guards?
14. Which prison security level uses head counts at regular intervals and may have cells with
windows?
15. Which prison security level uses dormitory-like settings and allows prisoners to freely walk
the yard?
16. Federal high security prisons are called what?
17. Federal medium and low security prisons are called what?
18. Federal minimum security prisons are called what?
19. Be able to list two functions of jails. [one point each]
20. Are the majority of women in jail high-school graduates?
21. Be able to name two reasons jails are overcrowded. [one point each]
22. Is the movement toward the wider use of private prisons called privatization?
AJ 101 Introduction to Administration of Justice
Instructor Kelli Florman
Study Guide Chapter 13
1. On average, are about 14% of all arrests in any year juveniles?
2. English common law said what age group of children were excepted from criminal
responsibility?
3. English common law said what age group of children were tried as adults only if it could be
shown that they fully understood the nature of their criminal acts?
4. English common law said what age group of children were considered adults?
5. Be able to pick from a list which is not a philosophical principle of the Juvenile Court Era.
6. What is a child called who is beyond parental control?
7. What is a child called who violates the criminal law?
8. What is a child called who typically has no parents or guardians to care for him or her?
9. What is a child called who suffers physical, emotional, or sexual abuse at the hands of his or
her custodians?
10. What is a child called who does not receive proper care from parents or guardians?
11. What is a child called who commits truancy or curfew violations?
12. Do juveniles have a right to an attorney at hearings?
13. In delinquency matters, must the state prove its case by clear and convincing evidence?
14. Can juveniles be forced to testify against themselves at hearings?
15. Is it considered double jeopardy to send a juvenile to criminal court following adjudication in
juvenile court?
16. Be able to name four differences between adult and juvenile court proceedings. [four points]
17. The document filed in juvenile court asking the court to assume jurisdiction over a juvenile is
called a what?