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FREDERICK HERZBERG: TWO
MANAGEMENT FACTORS
During the 50's and 60's, a man named Fredrick Herzberg decided to carefully study and
research the key factors affecting a worker's performance. During his research, he found
that certain factors tended to cause a worker to feel unsatisfied with his or her job. These
factors seemed to directly relate to the employee's environment such as the physical
surroundings, supervisors and even the company itself. He developed a theory based on
this observation, naming it the "Hygiene Theory."
According to his theory, for a worker to be happy and therefore productive, these
environmental factors must not cause discomfort. Although the elimination of the
environmental problems may make a worker productive, it will not necessarily motivate
him. The question remains, "How can managers motivate employees?" Many managers
believe that motivating employees requires giving rewards. Herzberg, however, believed
that the workers get motivated through feeling responsible for and connected to their
work. In this case, the work itself is rewarding. Managers can help the employees
connect to their work by giving them more authority over the job, as well as offering
direct and individual feedback.
Herzberg
Frederick Herzberg contributed to the study of human relations and motivation with two
theories of motivation: Hygiene Theory and Motivation.
The first part of the motivation theory involving human relationships is the hygiene
theory. This includes the job environment that your staff and independent contractors will
be working within.
The hygiene factors include:
 the company,
 its policies and its administration,
 the kind of supervision which people receive while on the job,
 working conditions,
 interpersonal relations,
 salary,
 status, and
 security.
These factors do not lead to higher levels of motivation but without them there is
dissatisfaction. Think of these as support elements.
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Herzberg
The second part of Herzbergs’ motivation theory involves what people actually do on the
job. These motivators allow the individual to grow and become good producing agents.
They are:
 achievement,
 recognition,
 growth/advancement and,
 interest in the job.
These factors result from internal generators within the worker. This will yield
motivation rather than movement.
Any good manager knows that happy, satisfied workers will generally perform better
than those who don't feel as satisfied. However, managers have always had differing
opinions about what it takes to satisfy workers.
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Herzberg’s Two Factors
Both these approaches (hygiene and motivation) must be done simultaneously. Treat
people as best you can so they have a minimum of dissatisfaction. Use people so they get
achievement, recognition for achievement, interest, and responsibility and they can grow
and advance in their work.
Combination
So, if both Hygiene and Motivational characteristics are offered to workers, this will
allow them the best opportunity to succeed.
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Herzberg
Effects on Individuals of Working Environment
The working environment has an effect on individuals as follows:
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It will provide at least sufficient for his/her basic needs and often much more.
For example, 50 years ago in the United States, food and shelter were a person’s
basic needs. Today, most families will consider that the basic needs also include
a car, television, computer, etc.
It may or may not provide adequate security. Again, most individuals seek a
secure job, there are others who seek high pay for a limited period but with
limited security.
It provides an individual with an identity. As a member of an organization, he
carries out a specific function.
It also gives the worker comradeship, freedom from boredom, and an interest
during his working life.
It also provides self-fulfillment for individuals where consideration has been
given to ensure that the job is creative and gives job satisfaction.
It provides the individual with status. There is a status in all jobs providing the
job content is investigated to make the work more interesting.
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Herzberg
Effects on Work Groups of Working Environment
Various management styles in an organization can affect the groups in an organization.
While the working environment will affect individuals, it will undoubtedly have a greater
effect on working groups, since whilst an individual may have certain needs, he/she will
not obtain their needs if the working environment does not provide the needs of the
working group.
The working group is the instrument of society through which in large measure the
individual acquires his/her attitudes, opinions, goals, and ideals. It is also one of the
fundamental sources of discipline and social controls.
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Herzberg – Working Environment
Therefore, the working environment has an effect on groups as follows:
 It will affect the morale of the group.
 It will determine whether the group achieves the objectives set by the
organization.
 It will determine the degree of cooperation provided by the group.
 It will motivate the group to give their best.
 It will determine whether the human relations within the organization are good or
bad.
 It will also affect the relations between management and trade unions.
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