SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION USA 1850 - 1900
RAPID GROWTH
I. Sport and Physical Education In a Changing Society
A. Sport and PE closely tied to political, economic, social and
philosophical changes.
B. Industrial Revolution
1. Mass production
2. Division of labor
3. Urbanization
4. Technology and transportation
5. Recipe for growth
C. Economy
1. Growing middle class
2. More affluent working class
3. Efficiency and lower prices
D. Religion
1. Religious sanction to play
2. Changing attitudes about play, sport and recreation
3. Social reform, concern for health and welfare
E. Education
1. Expansion of basic curriculum
2. Play and sport as valuable educational medium
II. Evidence of Growth
A. Population growth - over 13 million immigrants during this
period.
B. Transcontinental railroad
C. Growth in industry and agricultural production.
D. Growth in federal government - e.g. Sherman Anti Trust Act
of 1890 instituted federal controls on business and industry.
E. Bringing South into the Union increased nationalism.
F. Free education expanded to compulsory education (1870).
G. School curriculum expands to liberal arts format.
H. Theoretical examination of educational process (philosophical
change).
III. Changes In Sport
A. Increase in popular interest in sport
B. Change from games and pastimes to organized sport.
C. Emergence of the characteristics of modern sport.
1. Secular
2. Organized
3. Institutionalized
4. Bureaucratic
D. Emergence of characteristics of “American” sport
competitive
team games
ball games
IV. Evidence of Change In Sport
A. Standardized rules for sport
B. Sport periodicals and sports pages
C. “Gender appropriate “ sport for women such bowling, skating,
swimming, bicycling.
D. Increase in intercollegiate and professional competition.
E. Emergence of sport agencies, organizations leagues,
bureaucracy.
F. Technological intervention - equipment, lights, transportation
G. “American Sports” basketball, volleyball
H. Youth sports
I. Emergence of Spectator Sports
V. Changes In Physical Education
A. Expansion of school curriculum allowed for inclusion of
physical education in the schools.
B. Social reform movement connected exercise to overall health
and well being.
C. Philosophical change in education beneficial to physical
education. Educational developmentalism (hall and
Thorndyke) and social education (Dewey) advocated
movement as an important mode of learning.
D. Physical education profoundly affected by the scientific
movement. Many of the early leaders were physicians and
objective evaluation exercise programs was important.
Weight training machines, anthropometrics (body
measurement) strength measurement were examples of this.
E. Scientific inquiry.
F. Influence of European exercise systems.
1. German Gymnastics
2. Swedish Gymnastics
3. Danish Gymnastics
G. Emergence of American exercise systems and ideas.
H. School and University physical education programs.
VI. Innovators and Institutions in Physical Education
A. 1853 - Boston first city to require daily exercise in schools.
B. 1860 - similar requirements in Brooklyn, Hartford, Toledo
and Cincinnati.
C. 1861 - California first state to have required physical
education.
D. Dio Lewis - introduced the “new Gymnastics”. A program of
light exercise using different concepts than the European
systems. Encouraged exercise for women and children,
the use of music and light equipment. Also establishment first
teacher training institute The Normal Institute for Physical
Education, Boston , 1861.
E. Edward Hitchcock - first college pe program, 1861,Amherst.
Used a program of anthropometrics to measure results. Kept
meticulous records.
F. Dudley Sargent - Director of Harvard Gymnasium, and the
Harvard school of physical education. Designed exercise
machines adopted by many gymnasiums and exercise clubs.
G. Edward Hartwell - professor of physical training and director
of the gymnasium at Johns Hopkins University. Considered
the
first historian of American physical education.
H. Delphine Hanna - implemented a bachelors degree program in
Physical education at Oberlin College in Ohio in the 1890's.
I. William G. Anderson - founded the Brooklyn School of Physical
Education and the Chataqua Summer School of Physical
Education in 1892. Organized a meeting of the physical
educators in 1885 which resulted in the established of the American
Association for the Advancement of Physical Education
(AAPE) the forerunner to our current national organization.
E.