Human Anatomy- Introduction, Body Organization, and Cells and Tissues
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Objective: Be able to locate, describe, and explain the following:
Overview of Anatomy
Human Anatomy
Physiology
Gross anatomy
Systemic anatomy*
Regional anatomy*
Surface anatomy*
Microscopic anatomy.
Cytology
Histology
Pathology
Developmental anatomy *
Levels of Structural Complexity
Chemical
Cellular
Tissues
Organ
System
Organism
Homeostasis
see fig 1.1 p.3
Body Organ Systems
Objective: Be able to state the general function and components of each of the following body systems.
See Fig 1.2 p.4-5
a. Integumentary = skin
b. Skeletal
c. Muscle
d. Nervous
e. Endocrine
f. Cardiovascular
g. Lymphatic
h. Respiratory
i. Digestive
j. Urinary
k. and l. Reproductive- male and female
Gross Anatomy Terminology
Anatomical position- Fig. 1.3 p.6, 1.4 p.7
Directional and Regional Terms – see Table 1.1 p.8
Superior
Inferior
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Bilateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 1 of 35
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Body Planes and Sections- see Fig 1.5 p.9
Horizontal (transverse, cross)
Sagittal
Midsagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Body cavities fig. 1.8 p.12
Dorsal cavity
Cranial
Vertebral (spinal)
Ventral cavity
Thoracic- pleural and pericardial cavities fig 1.9abc p.13, mediastinum
Abdominopelvic- abdominal and pelvic cavities
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopy fig. 1.13 p.16
Light microscopy-10x to 1000x, 2D
Dissecting microscope-4x, 3D
Transmission electron microscope- 1,000,000x
Scanning electron microscope- 50,000x
Medical Imaging Techniques
Radiography (xray) Fig 1.14 p.17
Tomography- (CT). Fig 1.15 p.18. Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans images.
Ultrasonography (ultrasound imaging, sonography) Fig 1.18 p.20.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Fig 1.19 p.21.
Chapter 2: The Cell
Be able to identify, and state the function of the following:
Cell
See fig. 2.1 p.26
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) fig 2.2 p.27
Chapter 4: Tissues
Be able to identify, give a location in the body, and state the function of the following:
4 Primary (Elementary) Tissues
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerve tissue
Classification of Epithelia fig 4.1 p70, 4.2 p.71
Epithelial tissue Fig 4.3a-f
Simple squamous epithelium Fig 4.3a p.73
Mesothelium
Endothelium Fig 4.4 p.77
Simple cuboidal epithelium fig.4.3b p.73
Simple columnar epithelium fig 4.3c p.74
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium fig 4.3d p.74
Stratified squamous epithelium fig4.3e p.75
Transitional epithelium fig4.3g p.76
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 2 of 35
Chapter 4: Tissues
Connective tissue fig 4.9, , table 4.2 p.83
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
Extracellular Matrix fig 4.10 p.84
Ground substance
Fibers fig 4.11 p.85
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Connective tissue proper fig 4.12b-f
Loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue fig. 4.1 b p.88
Adipose(fat) connective tissue fig.4.12c p.89
Reticular connective tissue fig4.12d p.89
Dense connective tissue
Regular dense connective tissue fig 4.12f p.90
Irregular dense connective tissue fig 4.12 e p.90
Elastic C.T.
Other connective tissue fig 4.12 g-k
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage fig 4.12g p.91
Fibrocartilage fig 4.12 i p.92
Elastic cartilage fig 4.12h p.91
Bone fig 4.12j p.92
Blood fig 4.12k p.93
Muscle tissue fig 4.14a-c
Skeletal (striated or voluntary) muscle fig 4.14a p.95
Cardiac (heart, striated, or involuntary) muscle fig 4.14b p.96
Smooth (visceral, non-striated or involuntary) muscle fig 4.14c p.96
Nervous tissue fig 4.15 p.97
Neuron
Supporting cells (neuroglia, glial cells)
On what criteria are the classifications of epithelium made?
On what criteria are the classifications of connective tissue made?
How does epithelium gain nutrients and release wastes?
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Where is the basement membrane located?
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 3 of 35
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System (Skin)
Be able to locate, briefly describe, and state the function of the following:
Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium fig 5.3 p.108 5.4 p.109
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale = Stratum germanitivum
Dermis = corium - irregular dense connective tissue fig 5.1
Papillary layer
Dermal papillae
Reticular layer
Hypodermis = subcutaneous layer = superficial fascia
Skin color
Read – Tattoos p.111
Melanin
Melanocytes
Carotene
Hemoglobin
Cyanosis
Hematoma
What would be the anatomical difference between permanent / nonpermanent tattoos?
Appendages of the skin
Hair fig 5.5
Shaft
Root
Hair follicle
Bulb
Dermal papilla
Arrector pili muscle
Glands fig 5.8
Sebaceous glands-sebum
Sweat glands(sudoriferous)
Nails fig 5.9
Free edge of nail
Body
Nail root
Nail bed
Lunula
Eponychium (cuticle)
Be able to list the functions of the skin and give examples.
Be able to defineAcne
Athlete’s foot
Blister
Boil
Burns
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
Rule of nines Fig 5.10 p.117
Callus
Cold Sores
Decubitis ulcers
Dermatitis
Dermatology
Goose bumps
Keloid
Keratin
Nevus
Skin cancer Fig.5.11 p.118
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
ABCD rule p.199
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 4 of 35
Chapter 6,7: The Skeletal System, Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Be able to define or locate and describe the following:
Functions of the skeletal system
Support
Protect
Body movement
Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis
Storage of Ca & Ph (mineral storage)
Composition of bone
Collagenous fibers
Calcium salts- hydroxyapatite
Bone cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Types of bone tissue
Compact bone (dense bone) fig 6.6 p.131
Where is it found?
Perforating canal (Volkmann's canals)
Central canal (Haversian canals)
Osteocytes in lacunae
Canaliculi
Osteon (Haversian system)
Spongy bone (Cancellous bone) fig 6.8 p.132
Where is it found?
Classification of bones fig 6.2 p.127
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Flat
Irregular
Gross anatomy of a long bone fig 6.3 p.128
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal line or plate = growth plate
Medullary canal or Marrow cavity
Articular cartilage
Membranes of bone fig 6.3 p.128
Periosteum
Endosteum
Marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Histology of the bone fig.6.6 p.131
Osteon (Haversian system)
Central canal (Haversian canals)
Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Perforating canal (Volkmann’s canals)
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 5 of 35
Chapter 6,7: The Skeletal System, Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Be able to define or locate and describe the following:
Bone development (formation and growth)
Intramembranous ossification Fig. 6.9 p.133
Where does it occur?
Endochondral ossification
Fig. 6.10 p.134
Where does it occur?
Epiphyseal or growth plate
Epiphyseal line
Bone Diseases
Achondroplasia
Osteoporosis Fig 6.15 p.139
Osteomyelitis
Fractures Table 6.1 p.138
Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Comminuted
Spiral
Complete fracture
Incomplete fracture (greenstick)
Repair of bone fractures
fig 6.14 p.137
Chapter 7: Bones of the Skeleton
Bone markings see Table 7.1 p.147
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Tubercle
Spine
Process
Projections that help to form joints
Head
Condyle
Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass
Openings
Meatus or canal
Sinus or antrum
Foramen
Depression
Fossa
Fissure
Divisions of the skeleton Fig. 7.1 p.146
Axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs
Shoulder girdle(pectoral)
Lower limbs
Pelvic girdle
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 6 of 35
Chapter 6,7: The Skeletal System, Bones and Skeletal Tissues
The Axial Skeleton
The Skull Fig. 7.2 thru 7.10 p.149-162
Be able to identify the following:
8 Cranial Bones
Frontal -1
(2 In fetus)
Parietal 2
Temporal 2
Occipital1
Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
14 Facial Bones
Nasal
2
Maxilla 2 or Maxillary
Zygomatic2
Mandible 1
Lacrimal 2
Palatine 2
Inferior nasal conchae- 2
Vomer
1
For each of the following bones, be able to locate the markings or features listed:
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Parietal bones
Temporal bones fig 7.5 p.154
External acoustic(auditory) meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic process
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
External occipital protuberance
Sphenoid bone fig. 7.6 p.155
Wings- greater and lessor
Superior orbital fissure
Optic foramen
Sella turcica
Sphenoidal sinus
Pterygoid processes
Ethmoid bone fig 7.7 p.156
Middle nasal conchae
Superior nasal conchae(not responsible for this one)
Perpendicular plate
Cribiform plate
Crista galli
Ethmoidal sinuses (air cells)
For each of the following bones, be able to locate the markings or features listed:
Facial bones
Nasal bones
Maxillae or Maxillary bones
Maxillary sinus
Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 7 of 35
Chapter 6,7: The Skeletal System, Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process of zygomatic bone (arch)
Mandible fig.7.8 p.157
Ramus
Body
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Mandibular foramen
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bones fig 7.9 p. 159
Vomer bone
Inferior nasal conchae fig 7.2 p.149
Identify the following sutures: fig. 7.3 p.150 fig.7.2 p.149
Coronal
Squamosal (squamous suture)
Lambdoidal (lamdoid suture)
Sagittal
Sutural (wormian) bones – especially in the lambdoidal suture
Identify the following fontanels on the fetal skull: fig. 7.21 p. 173
Anterior (frontal)
posterior (occipital)
Sphenoidal (anterior lateral)
Mastoid (posterior lateral)
Chapter 7: Bones of the Skeletal System
The Axial Skeleton (Cont.)
Know the extent and the location of:
Vertebral column(spine)
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Intervertebral foramina fig 7.13 p.164
Intervertebral discs fig 7.13 p. 164
Know the number of each of the vertebrae types fig 7.13 p. 164
Cervical vertebrae
7
C1-C7
Thoracic vertebrae
12
T1-T12
Lumbar vertebrae
5
L1-L5
Sacral vertebrae
5
(fused)
Coccygeal vertebrae
3 or 4 (coccyx)
(fused)
Know the location and direction of these vertebral curves: fig 7.13 p.164
Cervical curve )
(Concave)
Thoracic curve (
(Convex)
Lumbar curve )
(Concave)
Sacral curve (
(Convex)
Curves as viewed from right lateral view.
Locate these features of typical vertebrae: Fig 7.15 p. 166, Table 7.3 p.168
Body
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 8 of 35
Chapter 6,7: The Skeletal System, Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Know the specialized features of vertebrae: Table 7.3 p.168
Cervical vertebrae fig. 7.16 p.167
Transverse foramina
Bifid spinous process
Atlas(lacks a body and a spinous process), C1
Superior articulating surfaces (yes motion)
Axis(body and dens), C2
Allows for "no" motion
Thoracic vertebrae fig. 7.17 p.169
Articulation facets- facets for articulating with ribs
Long, pointed spinous processes projecting downward
Lumbar vertebrae fig. 7.17 p. 169
Large vertebrae
Transverse and spinous processes short and thick
Sacrum fig 7.18 p.170
A triangular bone formed by the union (fusion) of 5 sacral vertebrae
Sacral canal
Auricular surface (Ala)
Bones of the thorax and their special features: fig 7.19 p.171
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Ribs (12 pairs) fig. 7.19 p.171
True ribs – 7 pair
(1st-7th Pair)
False ribs – 5 pair
(8th-12th Pair)
Floating ribs are inferior 2 pair of false ribs (11th- 12th Pair)
Rib
fig.7.20 p.172
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Costal cartilages
Define the following spinal curvature problems:
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Discuss the function of the fontanels.
What is a herniated or "slipped disc"?
Do men and women have the same number of ribs?
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 9 of 35
Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
Be able to define or locate and describe the following:
Bones of the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) and upper limbs Table 8.1 p.185
Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle- 2 bones fig 8.1 p. 179
fig 8.2 p.180
Clavicle
Scapula
Only articulation of pectoral girdle with axial skeleton is at the sternum.
A weak girdle that allows free movement in many directions.
Clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint fig. 8.1 p.179
Scapula fig 8.2 p.180
Spine
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
Medial or vertebral border
Lateral or axillary border
Superior border
Inferior angle
Coracoid process
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa (fossa on anterior side of scapula)
Upper arm
Humerus fig. 8.3 p.181
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum
Trochlea
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Ulna
fig.8.4 p. 182 fig 8.5 p. 183
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
Head
Styloid process
Radius fig.8.4 p. 182 fig 8.5 p. 183
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
Ulnar notch
Carpals (8) fig. 8.6 p.184
Metacarpals (1st-5th) (fig. 8.6) numbering starts with thumb as 1st digit
Phalanges (14) (singular = phalanx) fig. 8.6 p.184
Proximal (1st-5th digits)
Middle (2nd-5th digits)
Distal (1st-5th digits)
Example of naming phalanges:
1.Proximal phalanx of the 4th digit
2. Distal phalanx of the 1st digit.
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 10 of 35
Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
Be able to define or locate and describe the following:
Bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs Table 8.3 p.195
Pelvic girdle fig. 8.7 p. 187 Table 8.3
Pelvic bones unite anteriorly at symphysis pubis
Pelvic bones form sacroiliac joint with sacrum
Provides a strong, stable support for lower extremities
2 pelvic bones + sacrum + coccyx forms basin-like pelvis
True pelvis
Pelvic brim
False pelvis
Ilium (fig. 8.7)
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Auricular surface
Ischium (fig. 8.7)
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Inferior ramus of ischium
Obturator foramen
Pubis (fig. 8.7)
Superior ramus of pubis
Inferior ramus of pubis
Pubic symphysis (symphysis pubis)
Acetabulum (fig. 8.7) – socket formed by fusion of all three bones of the pelvis
Lower Limb Table 8.3 p.195
Femur fig. 8.9 p.191
Head
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Intercondylar notch (fossa)
Patella fig. 8.9 p. 191
An example of a sesamoid bone
Tibia
fig. 8.10 p.192
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibular notch
Fibula fig. 8.10 p.192
Head
Lateral malleolus
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 11 of 35
Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
Tarsals(7) (fig. 8.11)
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial(1st), Intermediate(2nd), and Lateral(3rd) cuneiform
Metatarsals (1st-5th) numbering begins with great toe
Phalanges (14)
Proximal (1st-5th)
Middle (2nd-5th)
Distal (1st-5th)
Comparison of male and female pelvis.
Characteristics
General structure and
functional modifications
Bone thickness
Sacrum
Table 8.2 p.189
Female
Tilted forward; adapted
for child birth; true pelvis
defines birth canal; cavity
of true pelvis is broad,
shallow, and great
capacity
Less; lighter, thinner,
smoother
wider, shorter, with
accentuated curvature
More movable, straighter
Coccyx
Pelvic inlet (brim)
Pelvic outlet
Pubic angle/arch
Wider, oval, larger than
male
Wider, ischial tuberosities
shorter, farther apart and
elevated
Broader(80-90 deg), more
rounded
Male
Tilted less far forward;
adapted for support of a
male’s heavier build and
stronger muscles; cavity
of the true pelvis is
narrow and deep
Greater; bones heavier
and thicker, and markings
are more prominent
Narrow, longer
Less movable, curves
ventrally
heart shaped
Narrower, ischial
tuberosities longer,
sharper and point
medially
Narrow(50-60 deg),
pointed
Chapter 9: Joints
Be able to define or locate and describe the following:
Classification of joints Table 9.1 p.202
Synarthroses-immovable
Suture-dense C.T. unites bone
Synchondroses-cartilage unites bone
Amphiarthroses -slightly movable
Symphyses- fibrocartilage unites bone
Syndesmoses-regular dense C.T. (interosseous ligament)
Diarthroses (synovial joints) - freely movable
Anatomy of synovial joints fig. 9.3 p.203
Articular cartilage-how is it nourished?
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Ligament
Articular discs (meniscus) of fibrocartilage
Be able to draw a synovial joint as per fig. 9.3c p.203
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 12 of 35
Chapter 9: Joints
Movements of synovial joints figs. 9.5 p.208 & 9.6 p. 210, Tables 9.3 p.208 & 9.4 p.211
Gliding
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
Eversion
Inversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Types of synovial joints fig. 9.7 p.212-213
Ball and socket
Examples: shoulder, hip
Hinge
Examples: elbow, interphalangeal
Pivot
Examples: atlas & axis, superior radial-ulnar jt.
Condyloid
Examples: wrist, metacarpophalangeal
Saddle
Examples: thumb-carpometacarpal
Plane (Gliding)
Examples: intervertbral, intercarpal
Bursae
Clinical Terms of Joints
Arthrology
Arthroplasty
Sprains
Dislocation
Tendonitis
Bursitis
Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gouty arthritis
Anatomy of the knee fig. 9.14 p. 220-221
Diagram the anatomy of the knee
Medial & lateral condyles of femur & tibia
Medial & lateral meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
Tibial (medial) collateral & Fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments
Anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments
Articular cartilage
synovial (joint) cavity
Articular (joint) capsule
Exam I
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 13 of 35
Chapter 10, 11: The Muscular System
Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue
Be able to locate describe, and define the following:
Function of muscle tissue
Produces movement
Maintains posture (stabilizes joints)
Generate heat
Special features of muscle tissue
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility and Elasticity
Classification of muscle tissue. Be able to name the three types of muscle found in the body and state the
characteristics of each. Be able to identify each under a microscope. Table 10.2 p.248
Skeletal muscle
Characteristics
Regulation of contraction – Voluntary control
Cardiac muscle
Characteristics
Regulation of contraction- Involuntary control
Smooth muscle
Characteristics
Regulation of contraction- Involuntary control
Peristalsis
Basic features of skeletal muscle
Connective tissue and fascicles. fig. 10.1 p.235 Table 10.1 p.241
Name the connective tissue components associated with a skeletal muscle and state where each is found.
Epimysium wraps around whole skeletal muscle
Perimysium wraps around each muscle fascicle
Endomysium wraps around each muscle fiber = cell
Muscle attachments. See fig 10. 3 p.236. Be able to explain how muscle attaches to bone.
Tendon
Tendon of origin
Tendon of insertion
Aponeurosis
Microscopic anatomy fig. 10.4 p237
Muscle cell = muscle fiber
Motor unit See fig. 14.6 p. 402
See Table 10.1 p. 241 for overview of muscle organization.
Chapter 11: Muscles of the Body
Lever system: bone muscle relationships.
Be able to describe how muscles use bones to produce movement.
Lever
Fulcrum
Force(effort and load)
Mechanical advantage
fig 11.1a p. 256
Mechanical disadvantage fig. 11.1b p. 256
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
fig. 11.1 p. 256 & 11.2 p. 257
Page 14 of 35
Chapter 11: Muscles of the Body
Interactions of skeletal muscles
Prime mover = agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Naming of skeletal muscles. p. 260
1. Location
2. Shape
3. Size
4. Direction of cell fibers
tibialis anterior, latissimus dorsi
deltoid, serratus anterior
vastus lateralis, pectoralis major
transversus abdominus, external oblique,
rectus abdominus (rectus = parallel to midline)
5. Origin and insertion
origin always named first. e.g., sternocleidomastoid.
6. Number of divisions or origins- quadriceps (4 heads), triceps (3 heads), biceps (2 heads)
7. Action
adductor longus, extensor digitorum, supinator
Actions performed by muscles fig. 9.5, 9.6
F=
Flexion- decrease the angle between two bones
E=
Extension- increase the angle between two bones
LF=
Lateral flexion- bending the trunk away from the body midline.
AB=
Abduction- move limb or part away from midline
AD=
Adduction- move limb or part toward midline
Ro=
Rotation- medial or lateral rotation, moves bone around its longitudinal axis
MR= Medial rotation- rotation of an anterior surface toward the body midline
LR=
Lateral rotation- rotation of an anterior surface away from the body midline
EL=
Elevation- raising a body part superiorly
DEP= Depression- lowering a body part inferiorly
PR=
Pronation- rotating the hand so the palm faces posteriorly
SUP= Supination- rotating the hand so the palm faces anteriorly – anatomical position
DF=
Dorsiflexion- bending the ankle to point foot upward
PF=
Plantarflexion- bending the ankle to point foot downward (standing on tip toes)
IN=
Inversion- turn the ankle to point the sole medially
EV=
Eversion- turn the ankle to point the sole laterally
Additional Muscle Objectives:
1. Identify the assigned human muscles on any chart or model and give the action of each.
2. Locate the superficial muscles on yourself.
3. Give the actions ,approximate origins, and insertions of the assigned human muscles noted with a *.
4. Be able to cite the dangers of anabolic steroid use explained on page 242.
5. Know the following muscle related clinical terms: myalgia, myopathy, RICE, spasm, cramp, strain, page 251.
6. Be able to name the muscle that belong to the following muscle groups: Quadriceps femoris group,
Hamstring group, Rotator cuff group, Erector spinae group, Iliopsoas group, and Adductors of hip group.
Suggestions:
If you know the origin and insertion you can often figure out action of a joint.
Use a rubber band to stretch between origin and insertion points. Rubber band can only pull, not push, similar to a
muscle.
Use your own body to test for the action of certain muscles.
Remember that some muscles can cross more than one joint.
Muscles only act at the joint(s) between the origin and insertion.
1. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD (MUSCLES OF MASTICATION) Table 11.2 Fig 11.7 p. 268
MUSCLE
EL
*MASSETER
*TEMPORALIS
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 15 of 35
Chapter 10, 11: The Muscular System
2. MUSCLES OF THE NECK and VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Table 11.4 Fig11.9 p.272
MUSCLE
SPLENIUS CAPITUS
*STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
ERECTOR SPINAE = (Sacrospinalis)
(Iliocostalis)
(Longissimus)
(Spinalis)
Fig 11.9 p.274
*Rectus abdominus Fig.11.11 p.278
RO
F
E
LF
3. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE SHOULDER GIRDLE (SCAPULA) Table 11.8 Fig. 11.13 p.282-283
MUSCLE
*TRAPEZIUS (UPPER)
*TRAPEZIUS (MIDDLE)
*TRAPEZIUS (LOWER)
LEVATOR SCAPULAE
RHOMBOIDS
(Major & Minor)
PECTORALIS MINOR
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
EL
DEP
AB
AD
UR
DR
4. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE SHOULDER JOINT (HUMERUS) Table 11.9 Fig. 11.13 p. 282-283
MUSCLE
*PECTORALIS MAJOR
*DELTOID
LATISSIMUS DORSI
*TERES MAJOR
*SUPRASPINATUS
*TERES MINOR
*INFRASPINATUS
SUBSCAPULARIS
CORACOBRACHIALIS
F
E
AB
AD
MR
5. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE ELBOW JOINT Table 11.10 Fig. 11.14 p.285
MUSCLE
BRACHIALIS
*BICEPS BRACHII
BRACHIORADIALIS
*TRICEPS BRACHII
F
E
PR
SUP
6. MUSCLES OF FOREARM THAT MOVE WRIST, HANDS & FINGERS Table 11.11
Fig. 11.15 p. 289 and Fig 11.16 p. 291
MUSCLE
F
E
AB
AD
PR
SUP
FLEXORS of wrist
EXTENSORS of wrist
SUPINATOR
PRONATOR TERES
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 16 of 35
LR
Chapter 10, 11: The Muscular System
7. MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL Table 11.6 Fig. 11.11 p. 278
MUSCLE
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE \\\ /// anteroinferior
INTERNAL OBLIQUE /// \\\ anterosuperior
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS - horizontal
*RECTUS ABDOMINIS | vertical
F
E
COMPRESSION
8. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION Table 11.5 Fig 11.10 p. 276
MUSCLE
DIAPHRAGM
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Action
Increases thoracic volume vertically
Increases thoracic volume horizontally
Decreases thoracic volume
9. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HIP JOINT (FEMUR) ONLY Table 11.14 Fig 11.19 p. 299
MUSCLE
PSOAS MAJOR
ILIACUS
*GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
*GLUTEUS MEDIUS
TENSOR FASCIA LATA
ADDUCTORS
(Longus, Brevis, Magnus)
F
E
AB
AD
MR
LR
10. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE KNEE JOINT ONLY Table 11.14 Fig 11.19 p. 299
MUSCLE
*VASTUS LATERALIS
*VASTUS MEDIALIS
*VASTUS INTERMEDIUS
F
E
11. MUSCLES THAT MOVE BOTH THE HIP AND KNEE JOINTS Table 11.14 Fig. 11.19 p. 299
Fig. 11.20 p. 302
HIP
KNEE
MUSCLE
AD
F
E
F
E
*BICEPS FEMORIS
*SEMITENDINOSUS
*SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
*RECTUS FEMORIS
SARTORIUS
GRACILIS
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 17 of 35
Chapter 10, 11: The Muscular System
12. MUSCLES MOVING THE ANKLES, FOOT, AND TOES Table 11.15 Fig. 11.21, 22, 23 p. 305-309
MUSCLE
*GASTROCNEMIUS
SOLEUS
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
*TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
FIBULARIS(PERONEUS) LONGUS
FIBULARIS(PERONEUS) BREVIS
DF
ANKLE & FOOT
PF
IN
TOES
EV
F
Exam II
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 18 of 35
E
Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16: The Nervous System
Functions of the nervous system
1. sensory input (afferent function)
2. integration
3. motor output (efferent function)
Know the basic divisions of the nervous system based on structure and function.
Basic divisions of the nervous system. (fig 12.2)
Anatomical Classification of the Nervous system fig. 12.2
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
1. Nerves
2. Ganglia
3. Sensory Receptors
Functional Classification of the Nervous System (fig 12.1, 12.3, 14.1)
Nervous system
Afferent Division
(sensory division)
Efferent Division
(motor division)
Autonomic
Sympathetic
“Stress”
Somatic
Parasympathetic
“Calm”
Be able to define, locate, and describe the following:
Nervous tissue
Cells of the Nervous System
Supporting cells
Glial Cells (Neuroglia). Fig 12.12)
Nerve Cells (Neurons) (Fig. 12.4, 12.7, 12.14, 12.15)
Dendrite
Cell body with nucleus
Axon
Axon terminal (Terminal bouton)
Myelin
White matter
Gray matter
2. nerve cell body
(neurofibral nodes)
myelin
node of Ranvier
nucleus
4. axon terminal
1 . dendrite
3. axon
direction of impulse
Diagram of a typical neuron with its component parts. Fig12.4
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 19 of 35
The Nervous System
3 type of neurons:
afferent neurons
efferent,neurons
interneurons. (fig. 12.11)
Know how the nervous message is transmitted along the neuron and across the synapse. Fig. 12.6, 12.8, 12.9
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
What is saltatory conduction?
Structure of peripheral nerves. Fig. 12.16.
Epineurium (nerve)
Perineurium (fascicle)
Endoneurium (axon)
Chapter 13: The Central Nervous System
The Brain Fig. 13.1, 13.7
Be able to identify the following structures on any suitable model, chart, or specimen and state the function(s) of each.
Central nervous system
Meninges Fig. 13.25, 13.27, 13.30 (spinal cord meninges)
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Forebrain (proencephalon) (fig. 13.7,)
Cerebrum
Cerebral hemispheres
Gray matter
White matter: association, projection, and commissural fibers
Cortex
Sulcus
Gyrus
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Longitudinal fissure
Lateral sulcus
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus, Postcentral gyrus
Corpus callosum fig 13.8, 13.13
Lateral ventricles Fig. 13.6
Superior sagittal sinus Fig. 13.27
Hypothalamus (pituitary gland) fig 13.15, 13.16
Thalamus, third ventricle, epithalamus
Midbrain (mesencephalon) fig 13.20
Cerebral aqueduct fig 13.27
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Cerebellum fig 13.22
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle (fig. 13.6)
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 20 of 35
The Nervous System
Central nervous system
Be able to trace the development of the brain and cite the various components of each division. Fig.13.2,13.3.
Forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
cerebrum
thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain
mesencephalon
midbrain
Hindbrain
metencephelon
myelencephalon
pons, cerebellum
medulla oblongata
Know the path and function of cerebrospinal fluid. Fig.13.27.
What is hydrocephalus? Meningitis?
Be able to define, or locate and describe the following:
Spinal cord Fig. 13.29, 13.30
Gray matter
White columns (matter) (with ascending and descending tracts)
Anterior horn (ventral horn)
Posterior horn (dorsal horn)
Gray commissure
Central canal
Lateral horn
Anterior median fissure
Cauda equina
Chapter 14: Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Spinal nerves- 31 pr (mixed) fig. 14.9
Cranial nerves- 12 pr (sensory, motor, mixed) fig 14.8
Spinal nerves (fig. 13.30, 14.10)
Ventral root (motor)
Dorsal root (sensory)
Dorsal root ganglion
Branches fig. 14.10
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Rami communicantes (communicating rami of autonomic nervous system) fig 15.9
Gray ramus
White ramus
Components of a simple reflex arc. Fig. 12.17, 12.18.
Plexuses Fig. 14.11.
Simplified diagram of the human nervous system. Fig. 12.19Dermatomes See Fig. 14.17.
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 21 of 35
Chapter 14: Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves Table 14.3
S=sensory
M=motor
Name
I
Olfactory
II
Optic
III
Oculomotor
IV
Trochlear
V
Trigeminal
B=both(mixed)=sensory and motor
S,M,or B
S
S
M
M
B
VI
VII
Abducent
Facial
M
B
VIII
IX
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
S
B
X
Vagus
B
XI
Accessory
M
XII
Hypoglossal
M
Function
smell
vision
eye muscles
eye muscles
S- face & scalp
M- muscles of mastication
eye muscles
S- tongue & taste
M- facial muscles
hearing & equilibrium
S- tongue & taste
General sensation of pharynx
M- pharyngeal muscles(swallowing)
S- visceral sensation
M- visceral movement
swallowing, head & shoulder
movement
tongue- speech & swallowing
Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Be able to discuss what organs are innervated by the autonomic nervous system what are some of the differences
between the autonomic and somatic divisions of the nervous system? Fig 15.3, 15.4
Be able to discuss how various organs of the body are affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
Sympathetic division of ANS (thoracolumbar outflow) fig. 15.7
Sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia) fig. 15.8
White rami
Gray rami
Preganglionic neuron (presynaptic neuron) fig. 15.2
Postganglionic neuron (postsynaptic neuron) fig. 15.2
Parasympathetic division of the ANS (craniosacral out flow) fig. 15.5
Cranial parasympathetic outflow
Via cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
Sacral parasympathetic outflow
Via sacral spinal nerves
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 22 of 35
Chapter 16: The Special Senses
Be able to identify. The following structures on any suitable chart, model, or specimen and state the function of each.
The Eye and Vision fig. 16.7, 16.8
Orbit
Structures of the eye (fig 16.7, 16.8)
Fibrous tunic (outer layer)
Sclera
Cornea
Vascular tunic (middle layer)
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
Pupil
Sensory tunic (inner layer) fig 16.10
Retina
Rods
Cones
Optic disc
Fovea centralis
Eye humors (fig. 16.7, 16.8)
Anterior segment with aqueous humor
Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Posterior segment with vitreous humor
Lens
Suspensory ligament (ciliary zonule)
Eye disorders
Cataract
Box pp. 482-3
Near sightedness (myopia)
Farsightedness (hyperopia)
Presbyopia
Astigmatism
Glaucoma
The Ear fig. 16.17, 16.20, 16.23
Be able to identify the following structures on any suitable chart, model, or specimen and state the function of each.
External ear
Pinna or auricle
External auditory canal
Ceruminous glands
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Middle ear
Pharyngotympanic tube (internal auditory tube, eustachian tube)
Ear ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval window
Round window
Inner ear
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 23 of 35
Inner ear
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Bony labyrinth with perilymph
Cochlea
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Membranous labyrinth with endolymph
Cochlear duct
Vestibular membrane
Basilar membrane
Spiral organ of Corti
Tectorial membrane and hair cells
Be able to discuss the mechanism of equilibrium. Fig 16.21, 16.22
Be able to discuss the physiology of hearing (fig 16.24)
Clinical Terms of the Nervous System Chapters 12,13, 14, 15, 16
Alzheimer’s
CVA = Cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
Hydrocephalus
Meningitis
Neurologist
Neuropathy
Neurotoxin
Shingles
Chapter 25: The Endocrine System
System of Chemical Communication
Be able to discuss the difference between the method of communication in the nervous and endocrine systems.
Be able to distinguish an endocrine from an exocrine gland.
Know the relationship between hormones and target cells or target organs.
Be able to identify the following structures on any suitable chart, model, or specimen and state the general function of
each. (Fig. 25.1)
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
insulin
glucagon
Ovary
Teste
Pineal
Thymus
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 24 of 35
Chapters 17, 18, 19: Circulatory System
Chapter 17: Blood Table 17.1, Fig. 17.1
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (46%)
Erythrocytes-red blood cells (45%)
Leukocytes-white blood cells (<1%)
Platelets- thrombocytes (<1%)
Distinguish between plasma, interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) and lymph.
Divisions of the circulatory system
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Fig. 18.1.
Chapter 18: The Heart
Structure of the heart Fig. 18.5. Locate the following on any suitable chart, model, or specimen.
Pericardium fig. 18.2, 18.3
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium = epicardium
Heart wall fig. 18.3
Epicardium
Myocardium = cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Endothelium
Heart chambers fig. 18.5
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Heart valves fig. 18.8
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) fig. 18.9
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid, mitral)
Pulmonary semilunar valve fig. 18.10
Aortic semilunar valve
Blood vessels supplying the myocardium. Fig. 18.14
Coronary arteries
Coronary veins
Coronary sinus
Blood vessels associated with the chambers of the heart. Fig. 18.5
Right atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery (trunk)
Left atrium
Pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Aorta
Other structures of the heart
Interventricular septum fig. 18.5
Chordae tendineae fig. 18.5
Papillary muscles fig. 18.5
Ligamentum arteriosum fig. 18.5
Be able to describe the flow of blood through the heart. Fig. 18.1, 18.6, 18.9, 18.10
Heartbeat- sinoatrial node (SA node) atrioventricular node (AV node) heart rate. Fig. 18.12
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 25 of 35
Right
SYSTEMIC ARTERIES
Left
Brain (arterial circle; Circle of Willis)
external carotid
internal carotid
internal carotid
right common carotid
external carotid
left common carotid
vertebral
vertebral
subclavian
brachiocephalic
subclavian
axillary
aortic arch
axillary
brachial
ascending aorta
brachial
radial
ulnar
R&L coronary
Heart
ulnar radial
thoracic aorta
bronchial
intercostals
esophogeals
superior phrenic
diaphragm
abdominal aorta
inferior phrenic
celiac
hepatic
gastric
splenic
superior mesenteric
suprarenal(adrenal)
renal
testicular or ovarian
inferior mesenteric
lumbar
right common iliac
ext. iliac
posterior tibial
int. iliac
left common iliac
int. iliac ext. iliac
femoral
femoral
popliteal
popliteal
anterior tibial
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
anterior tibial
Page 26 of 35
posterior tibial
Right
SYSTEMIC VEINS
Left
Brain (superior sagittal sinus; dural venous sinuses)
Scalp/face
Vertebral
Scalp/face
Vertebral
ext. jugular
subclavian
int. jugular
right brachiocephalic
int. jugular
ext. jugular
no common jugular
left brachiocephalic
subclavian
axillary
axillary
brachial
superior vena cava
brachial
azygos
coronary sinus
radial
Heart
ulnar
radial
ulnar
coronary veins
inferior vena cava
hepatic
liver(cap)
suprarenal(adrenal)
portal vein
renal
testicular or ovarian
portal system
lumbar
(cap-vein-cap)
DIGESTIVE TRACT(cap)
superior mesentery
inferior mesentery
gastric
spleen
right common iliac
left common iliac
external iliac
external iliac
int. iliac
int. iliac
femoral
femoral
popliteal
popliteal
ant. tibial
post. tibial
post. tibial
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
ant. tibial
Page 27 of 35
Chapter 19: Blood vessels
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Vein
Know the mechanisms for the return of blood and lymph back to the heart.
Be able to trace a drop of blood-through-out the body.
Be able to identify the blood vessels on the circulatory handout on any suitable model, chart or specimen.
Arteries are shown on fig. 19.7 thru 19.16.
Veins are shown on fig. 19.17 thru 19.25.
Be able to discuss the major differences between adult and fetal circulation as per fig. 19.26
Clinical Terms of the Circulatory System Chapter 17, 18, 19
Edema
Anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
Leukemia
Aneurysm
Cyanosis
Embolus
Hematoma
Hemorrhage
Tachycardia
Thrombus
Ischemia
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Cardiac arrest
Heart Block
Murmur
Atherosclerosis
Angiogram
Coronary bypass
Balloon angioplasty
Stroke
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
Hypertension
Hypotension
Pus
Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System / Immune System
Be able to list the major functions of the lymphatic/immune system
Be able to list the components of the lymphatic/immune system.
Explain where lymph comes from and how it circulates in the body. Fig 20.1
Clinical Terms of the Lymphatic System
AIDS see page 574
Lymphoma p. 573
Mononucleosis p. 573
Tonsillitis p. 576
Exam III
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 28 of 35
Chapter 21: The Respiratory System
Functions of the respiratory system
Be able to identify the following structures on any chart, diagram, or model and state the general function of each.
Fig. 21.1, 21.3, Table 21.
Nose
External nares
Nasal bones
Nasal cartilage
Nasal cavity
Internal nares
Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Auditory tube (pharygotympanic tube)
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Larynx fig. 21.5
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Glottis
Vocal cords (folds)
fig. 21.6
Trachea
Tracheal cartilage
fig. 21.7
Bronchi and Subdivisions: the Bronchial Tree
Bronchi
fig. 21.8, 21.9
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi(lobar)
Tertiary bronchi(segmental)
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli fig. 21.10
Lungs and Pleural Cavities
Lungs fig. 21.11, 21.12
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Right lung-3 lobes
Left lung-2 lobes
Bronchopulmonary segments fig. 21.14
Ventilation Fig. 21.15
Muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Muscles of forced expiration
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 29 of 35
Chapter 21: The Respiratory System
Be able to:
1. Distinguish between the conducting portion (zone) and the respiratory portion (zone) of the respiratory system.
Contrast the epithelium in these two zones?
2. Name the compartments of the pharynx.
3. Name and identify the cartilages of the larynx.
4. Explain how the vocal cords produce sound and describe how other parts of the body modify that sound.
5. Identify the serous membranes of the pleural cavity and state their function.
6. Explain the function of the respiratory muscles.
7. Describe the ‘ABC’ steps in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A airway
check the airway for any obstructions, tilt head back to open airway
B breathing pinch nose and breath in mouth
C circulation initiate chest compression for circulation
8. List the functions of the respiratory system.
9. Identify the assigned structures and give the function of each.
10. Identify the hazards of smoking. See text box: A Closer Look at Lung Cancer, p. 604.
Clinical Terms
Cough
Define the following terms:
Sneeze
Yawn
Bronchial Asthma
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Surfactant
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
Pneumothorax
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Emphysema
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Bronchoscopy
Tracheotomy
Heimlich maneuver
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 30 of 35
Chapter 22: The Digestive System
Be able to identify the following structures on any chart, diagram, or model and state the function of each. Fig. 22.1
The Mouth and Associated Organs
Mouth fig. 22.8
Vestibule
Oral Cavity
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Cheeks
Lips
Tongue
Uvula
Salivary Glands fig. 22.12
Parotid Glands
Parotid Duct
Submandibular Glands
Sublingual Glands
Teeth fig. 22.10, 22.11
Gingiva
Dental Formula
2I 1C 2P 3M = upper X 2 = 32 permanent teeth
2I 1C 2P 3M lower
Periodontal ligament (membrane)
Crown
Root
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp Cavity
Apical Foramen
Permanent Teeth
Deciduous Teeth(Milk Teeth)
Incisor
Canine
Premolar (bicuspids)
Molar
Pharynx
Esophagus
fig. 22.1, 22.13
Stomach
fig. 22.14, 22.15
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Lesser Curvature
Greater Curvature
Pyloric Sphincter
Rugae
Small Intestine fig. 22.11, 22.16
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Plicae (circulares) fig. 22.17
Villi
Microvilli
Ileocecal Valve
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
2I 1C 2M X 2 = 20 deciduous teet
2I 1C 2M
Page 31 of 35
Large Intestine (Colon) fig. 22.1, 22.18
Cecum
Vermiform Appendix
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Tenia Coli Muscle
Haustra
Rectum
Anal Canal
Anal Sphincter
Anus
Accessory Digestive Structures
Liver fig. 22.21, 22.22
Gall Bladder
fig. 22.21, 22.22, 22.16
Cystic Duct
Common Bile Duct (Bile duct)
Common Hepatic Duct
Pancreas fig. 22.16, 22.24
Pancreatic Duct
Peritoneum
fig. 22.5
Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
Falciform Ligament fig. 22.6
Mesentery fig 22.6
Portal System fig. 19.22
Describe the functions of the digestive system. Fig. 22.2
1. ingestion
2. propulsion
3. mechanical digestion
4. chemical digestion
5. absorption
6. defecation (egestion)
Clinical Terms
Peritonitis
Mumps
Root Canal
Dental Caries (cavities)
Ulcer
Feces
Constipation
Diarrhea
Heartburn
Flatus
Endoscopy
Ascites
Hemorrhoids
Appendicitis
Hepatitis
Gall Stones
Cirrhosis
Peristalsis
fig. 22.3
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 32 of 35
Chapter 23: The Urinary System
Be able to identify the following structures on any suitable model, chart, or specimen and state the general function of
each.
Kidney fig. 23.1, 23.2, 23.3
Renal Capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal (medullary) Pyramids
Renal Pelvis
Minor Calyces (Calyx)
Major Calyces (Calyx)
Nephron
fig. 23.4
Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
fig. 23.5, 23.6a
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop Of Henle
Descending Limb Of Henle
Ascending Limb Of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Tubule
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
fig. 23.11
Renal blood supply
fig. 23.9, 23.3
A. = artery
V. = veins
Renal A.
Segmented A.
Lobar A.
Interlobar A.
Arcuate A.
Interlobular A.
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Peritubular Capillaries/Vasa Recta
Interlobular V.
Arcuate V.
Interlobar V.
Renal V.
Ureters fig. 23.1
Urinary Bladder fig. 23.1, 23.14, 23.15
Urethra fig. 23.17
External Urethral Orifice
Male
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Spongy (Penile) Urethra
Be able to:
Describe the function of the excretory system.
Describe the circulation of blood through the kidney.
Fig. 23.9, 23.10
List in order the structures urine passes through on its way to the outside world.
Discuss nonselective filtration, selective reabsorption, and secretion and state where they occur.
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 33 of 35
Clinical Terms:
Kidney stones
Hemodialysis
Micturition (voiding)
Incontinence
Retroperitoneal
Urethritis
Cystitis
Catheter
Pyelonephritis
Kidney transplant
Acute glomerulonephritis
Urologist
Chapter 24: The Reproductive System
Be able to identify the following structures on any suitable model, chart, or specimen and state the general function of
each.
Male reproductive system
fig. 24.1, 24.2, 24.8
The essential organ of reproduction
Testes fig. 24.3 spermatozoa and gonadal hormone
Seminiferous tubules - spermatozoa
Interstitial cells - testosterone
Accessory organs of reproduction
Scrotum
Dartos muscle
Cremaster muscles
Epididymis
Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
Spermatic cord
Ejaculatory duct
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
Urethral orifice
Seminal vesicle
Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland fig. 24.9
Penis fig. 24.8
Glans penis
Prepuce (foreskin)
Corpora cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Female reproductive system fig. 24.10, 24.11
The essential organ of reproduction
Ovaries – Ova and Gonadal hormones fig 24.12
Estrogen
progesterone
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
Page 34 of 35
Accessory organs of reproduction
Uterine(fallopian) tubes
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Uterus fig. 24.10, 24.11
Body of uterus
Fundus
Uterine lumen
Cervix
Endometrium
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Vagina fig. 24.10, 24.11
Fornix fig. 24.11
Vulva
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Greater vestibular glands
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament
Broad ligament
Mammary glands (Breast) fig. 24.22
Nipple
Areola
Be able to:
Describe the role of hormones in the male reproductive system.
Describe the role of hormones in the female reproductive system and correlate the events occurring in the uterus with
those in the ovary during the menstrual cycle. Fig. 24.19
Name the homologous organs of the male and female reproductive systems. Fig. 24.28
Name the organs a sperm cell must travel through to fertilize an ovum in the uterine tube.
Compare the effects of a vasectomy, castration, and complete hysterectomy on the individual involved.
Describe the composition of semen and state the origin and function of its component parts.
Clinical Terms:
Indifferent stage fig. 24.27, 24.28
Homologue
Vasectomy
Inguinal hernia
Ovarian cancer
Endometriosis
Mastectomy
Hysterectomy
Menopause
Circumcision
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Hymen
Placenta
Placenta previa
Exam IV
Human Anatomy 6 (4th Edition)
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