Fungi Notes - ppt
•Multicellular except for ______________
•Cell walls made of ______________
•Some with multinucleate cells and incomplete cell walls (see next slide)
•____________________ – body of the fungus
•______________________- – filaments that make up the mycelium
•Classified by method of sexual reproduction; can also reproduce asexually
• -Myco or -mycete = ______________________
•_______________________ by absorption
•____________________ (saprophyte) - feeding on dead and decaying organisms or
_________________ – living in or on another organism, possibly causing disease
•______________ chlorophyll! _________________ photosynthetic
Spore – reproductive cell that
Kingdom Fungi
Three phyla of fungi, based on method of sexual reproduction:
• Zygomycota
is resistant to environmental
conditions and that can
develop into an adult without
• Basidiomycota
fusion with another cell
• Ascomycota
(asexually)
•Note that some fungi are
classified as Deuteromycota
or Fungi Imperfecti because
the method of sexual reproduction
has not been discovered.
When it is, they will be placed
in the appropriate phylum.
_____Zygomycota________
•Fungi that reproduce with zygosporangia – structures resistant to freezing
and drying, allowing the organism to live through “tough times”
•Have no walls in their hyphae (multinucleate cells)
•Ex) ______________ (top picture) can aim its sporangia toward light
where grass is likely to be growing, then shoot spores to the grass.
Important because they depend on grazing animals, like cows, to scatter
the spores through feces.
•Ex) ________________________ - black bread mold
(bottom picture); diagram p. 485
___Basidiomycota ____ – club fungi
•Fungi that reproduce with basidia (an external club-like structure found under the cap of a
mushroom) that bear spores
•Hyphae are divided by walls, but usually walls are incomplete so cytoplasm can still move from cell
to cell; important in “eating”
•Ex) ______________________, puffballs, rusts, smuts, shelf fungi
_____Fairy ring________ – results from the outward growth in all directions of a basidiomycete
(mushroom); the structures visible above the ground are the ________________________; the
__body_ of the fungus (mycelium) is UNDER the _______________________
Examples of basidiomycetes - Rusts, smuts, & ergots
Some of the “witch hunts” of 17th century America have been attributed to ergot poisoning as it is a common pest in rye.
Fun Fungi Fact:
______________ – can cause gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, temporary insanity, and death when
accidentally ingested. In 944 A.D. more than 40,000 people died in France from ergot poisoning. It contains one of the active
ingredients found in LSD. Oddly enough, it has been used for medicinal purposes in treating high blood pressure and stopping
maternal bleeding following childbirth
______Ascomycota_______ – sac fungi
•Fungi that reproduce with internal sac-like structures called asci that are full of spores
•Hyphae are divided by walls, but usually walls are incomplete so cytoplasm can still move from cell
to cell; important in “eating”
•Ex) cup fungi, __________________, morels, __________________ (NOT chocolate!)
Yeast budding Yeast are ascomycetes
Budding – asexual reproduction
Mold
_______________ - an ascomycete commonly called “mold” that naturally produces an antibiotic
Note the _______________________
around this Penicillium
What color are fungi NOT? What is missing in the fungi that would make them that color? (Hint:
look at the autotrophic, multicellular organism with cellulose in its cell walls surrounding many of
these fungi) __________________________________________________________
HOW is that evidence that fungi are heterotrophic? What is missing in the fungal cells that are
present in the other organism’s cells???? __________________________________________
Fungal Partnerships
Symbiotic relationship – one in which two species live together in a close, long-term association
ex) mutualism – both benefit (_mycorrhizae_ & __lichen_)
ex) parasitism – host organism is harmed, the parasite benefits
ex) commensalism – one organism is neither harmed nor benefits, the other benefits
Fungi are ____________________.
__Parasitic_ fungi penetrate a living organism with specialized hyphae to allow the fungus to
absorb nutrients from its host.
Other fungi can prey on organisms that wander into its path by trapping the prey with specialized
hyphae upon contact and then penetrating the organism with a different type of hyphae (nematode
caught by fungus)
______________ – mutualistic relationship between
a photosynthetic organism (algae)and a
fungus - important pioneer
species, especially in primary succession
Effects of mycorrhizae(word parts – “fungus root”) on plant growth
________________________ – mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant root
- the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates while the fungus absorbs phosphorus and other minerals
from the soil and passes them to the plant, which would be unable to get these minerals without mycorrhizae
- fossilized plants have mycorrhizae, showing that they probably couldn’t have moved on to land without fungi!
Fun Fungus Fact: Most mushrooms that grow at the base of trees
are actually the reproductive structures of mycocorrhizae
•Molecular evidence from comparisons of several proteins and ribosomal
RNA indicates that fungi are more closely related to _animals_than to plants.
Remember the ___CHITIN____!!!!
Important Fungal Traits
Principal decomposers
Antibiotic producers
Pioneer species
Also, flavor cheese, make bread rise, used in
Pollution indicators (p. 492)
beer brewing, & wine making, as well as
Nitrogen fixers
providing a food source for many organisms
Symbionts
(mushrooms!)
Fungal Diseases

Athlete’s foot

Ringworm
Candidiasis


Thrush

Nail & eye fungal infections