Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <2006 to March Week 3 2010>
Search Strategy:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 exp *hiv infections/ (28945)
2 exp *male urogenital diseases/ (91422)
3 1 and 2 (1140)
4 limit 3 to (english language and "review articles" and humans) (151)
5 (hiv or aids).ti. and 4 (114)
6 limit 5 to full text (55)
7 limit 6 to yr=2008-current (29)
8 from 7 keep 1-29 (29)
***************************
<1>
Unique Identifier
19554551
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Huprikar S.
Authors Full Name
Huprikar, Shirish.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
shirish.huprikar@mssm.edu
Title
Solid organ transplantation in HIV-infected individuals: an update. [Review] [41 refs]
Source
Reviews in Medical Virology. 19(6):317-23, 2009 Nov.
Abstract
In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the survival of patients with HIV
has improved. Increasing morbidity and mortality are now related to chronic liver and kidney
disease. Transplantation in HIV patients has been reported for nearly two decades and outcomes
have generally improved in the HAART era. This review summarises the published experiences
with liver and kidney transplantation in HIV patients. [References: 41]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<2>
Unique Identifier
19288142
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Ray PE.
Authors Full Name
Ray, Patricio E.
Institution
Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010,
USA. Pray@cnmc.org
Title
Taking a hard look at the pathogenesis of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. [Review] [81
refs]
Source
Pediatric Nephrology. 24(11):2109-19, 2009 Nov.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS151447
Source: NLM. PMC2778297
Abstract
Childhood human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is defined by the
presence of proteinuria associated with mesangial hyperplasia and/or global-focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis, in combination with the microcystic transformation of renal tubules. This
review discusses the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN and explores how the current
pathological paradigm for HIVAN in adults can be applied to children. The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) induces renal epithelial injury in African American children
with a genetic susceptibility to develop HIVAN. The mechanism is not well understood, since
renal epithelial cells harvested from children with HIVAN do not appear to be productively
infected. Children with HIVAN show a renal up-regulation of heparan sulphate proteoglycans
and a recruitment of circulating heparin-binding growth factors, chemokines, and mononuclear
cells. Macrophages appear to establish a renal HIV-reservoir and transfer viral particles to renal
epithelial cells. All of these changes seem to trigger an aberrant and persistent renal epithelial
proliferative response. The paradigm that viral products produced by infected renal epithelial
cells per se induce the proliferation of these cells is not supported by data available in children
with HIVAN. More research is needed to elucidate how HIV-1 induces renal epithelial injury and
proliferation in HIV-infected children. [References: 81]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<3>
Unique Identifier
19842827
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wong FY. Huang ZJ. Wang W. He N. Marzzurco J. Frangos S. Buchholz ME. Young D.
Smith BD.
Authors Full Name
Wong, Frank Y. Huang, Z Jennifer. Wang, Weibing. He, Na. Marzzurco, Jamie. Frangos,
Stephanie. Buchholz, Michelle E. Young, Darwin. Smith, Brian D.
Institution
Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA.
Title
STIs and HIV among men having sex with men in China: a ticking time bomb?. [Review] [45
refs]
Source
AIDS Education & Prevention. 21(5):430-46, 2009 Oct.
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, HIV infection rate has increased annually from 30% to 40% in China,
resulting in over 700,000 Chinese living with HIV/AIDS by the end of 2007. The Chinese National
Medium and Long-Term Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention (1998-2010)
identifies the men who have sex with men (MSM) population as a high-risk group for HIV
infection. The latest statistics show that MSM account for 11.1% of all HIV/AIDS cases in China,
an alarming rising rate in a country with one fourth of the world's population. To help
expanding the emerging foundation of scientific and empirical data on Chinese MSM, several
multidivisional research initiatives have been initiated. For example, the China National Center
for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control recently launched a national study targeting above 26,000
MSM in 61 cities in 2008. Other programs, targeted prevention measures for the estimated 5-10
million-Chinese MSM, including stronger promotion of condom use, expanded coverage and
quality of HIV prevention activities, increased access to voluntary HIV counseling-and-testing
services, and improved access to treatment for sexually transmitted infections. To complement
these initiatives, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the (a)
scientific and empirical literature (both in English and Chinese) on HIV/sexually tranmitted
infection (STI) prevention targeting Chinese MSM, and (b) existing programmatic and policy
efforts targeting Chinese MSM at risk for STIs (including HIV). Finally, four recommendations
for future endeavors targeting this high-risk group are drawn from the above analyses.
[References: 45]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<4>
Unique Identifier
19719844
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Gaughan EM. Dezube BJ. Bower M. Aboulafia DM. Bohac G. Cooley TP. Pantanowitz L.
Authors Full Name
Gaughan, Elizabeth M. Dezube, Bruce J. Bower, Mark. Aboulafia, David M. Bohac, Gerry.
Cooley, Timothy P. Pantanowitz, Liron.
Institution
Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. egaughan@bidmc.harvard.edu
Title
HIV-associated bladder cancer: a case series evaluating difficulties in diagnosis and
management. [Review] [30 refs]
Source
BMC Urology. 9:10, 2009.
Other ID
Source: NLM. PMC2746230
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an
increased incidence of Non-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (non-AIDS) defining cancers.
To date, only a limited number of cases of bladder cancer have been linked with HIV infection.
We sought to describe the clinical characteristics of HIV-associated bladder cancer. METHODS:
A retrospective study was performed involving HIV-positive patients with bladder cancer,
combining cases from multiple institutions with published case reports. Data regarding patient
demographics, HIV status, clinical presentation, pathology, cancer treatment, and outcome were
analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Eleven patients were identified with a median
age of 55 years (range, 33-67). The median CD4+ count at cancer diagnosis was 280 cells/mm3
(range, 106-572 cells/mm3). Six patients (55%) had a known risk factor for bladder cancer, and
nine (82%) presented with hematuria. Ten patients had transitional cell carcinoma, and most
had superficial disease at presentation. Treatment included mainly transurethral resection of
bladder tumor followed by a combination of local and systemic therapies. One patient received
intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) without complication. Several patients (55%) were
alive following therapy, although many (64%) suffered from local relapse and metastatic disease.
CONCLUSION: Bladder cancer is part of the growing list of cancers that may be encountered in
patients living longer with chronic HIV-infection. Our patients presented at a younger age and
with only mild immunosuppression, however, they experienced an expected course for their
bladder cancer. Hematuria in an HIV-infected patient warrants a complete evaluation.
[References: 30]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<5>
Unique Identifier
19351623
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Gao L. Zhang L. Jin Q.
Authors Full Name
Gao, L. Zhang, L. Jin, Q.
Institution
Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking UnionMedical
College, Beijing, PR China.
Title
Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China. [Review] [46
refs]
Source
Sexually Transmitted Infections. 85(5):354-8, 2009 Sep.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases is rapidly
rising among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. The aim is to systematically review
the published studies and summarise the estimates of HIV prevalence among MSM in China.
METHODS: Published articles, both in English and in Chinese, on HIV prevalence among MSM
in China until 15 September 2008 were systematically reviewed. Meta-analysis was used to
quantitatively summarise the estimates, and the prevalence of syphilis presented in the included
studies was also analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-six eligible studies, published during 2001-2008,
were included in this review. Their results were frequently heterogeneous. The meta-analyses
showed that MSM form a high-risk population for HIV infection in China with a summary
prevalence of 2.5% (95% CI 0.9% to 3.3%). A much higher prevalence of syphilis (9.1%) may
indicate a potential of more severe HIV epidemic in the future because of their common high-risk
behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: MSM are a high-risk population for HIV infection in China. An
effective strategy for prevention and control is required for this specific population. Differences
between sampling methods, sample sizes and study locations may explain some of the
inconsistencies found in the included studies. [References: 46]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Meta-Analysis. Review.
<6>
Unique Identifier
19512858
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Glynn JR. Biraro S. Weiss HA.
Authors Full Name
Glynn, Judith R. Biraro, Samuel. Weiss, Helen A.
Title
Herpes simplex virus type 2: a key role in HIV incidence. [Review] [28 refs]
Comments
Comment on: AIDS. 2009 Jul 31;23(12):1589-94; PMID: 19474649]
Source
AIDS. 23(12):1595-8, 2009 Jul 31.
Publication Type
Comment. Editorial. Meta-Analysis. Review.
<7>
Unique Identifier
19532067
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Tobian AA. Quinn TC.
Authors Full Name
Tobian, Aaron Ar. Quinn, Thomas C.
Institution
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
Title
Herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis infections with HIV: an evolving synergy in
transmission and prevention. [Review] [57 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in HIV & AIDS. 4(4):294-9, 2009 Jul.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS141966
Source: NLM. PMC2752434
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and syphilis are associated with
HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize the advances in the relationship of
HSV-2 and syphilis with HIV, highlighting intervention trials to prevent HIV acquisition and
transmission. RECENT FINDINGS: HIV acquisition has often been linked to genital ulcers due
to HSV-2 and syphilis. The latest pathophysiological studies have continued to elucidate the
relationship between HSV-2, syphilis and HIV, establishing that both syphilitic and HSV-2infected tissue have increased numbers of chemokine receptor 5-expressing T cells, and several
models have further emphasized the viral synergy between HSV-2 and HIV. In clinical trials,
HSV suppressive therapy decreased HIV RNA levels that might affect transmission, but two
trials have failed to prevent HIV acquisition. Male circumcision, however, prevents both HIV
and HSV-2 acquisition. SUMMARY: Genital ulcers from HSV-2 and syphilis are associated with
HIV acquisition. The exact role for these HIV cofactors is still unknown and exemplified by the
failure of HSV suppressive therapy to decrease HIV acquisition. Male circumcision, however,
reduces HSV-2 acquisition. With several HSV suppressive trials to prevent HIV transmission and
disease progression currently ongoing, the future promises to provide more critical information
for the control of HIV infection. [References: 57]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural. Review.
<8>
Unique Identifier
19532045
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Szczech LA.
Authors Full Name
Szczech, Lynda Anne.
Institution
Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Box 3646,
Durham, NC 27710, USA. szcze001@mc.duke.edu
Title
Renal disease: the effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy and the implications for early
antiretroviral therapy initiation. [Review] [18 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in HIV & AIDS. 4(3):167-70, 2009 May.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: This review will summarize the relevant literature supporting
the early initiation of antiretroviral therapy among persons with HIV and kidney disease.
RECENT FINDINGS: Recent guidelines support the initiation of antiretroviral therapy among
persons with HIVAN as soon as the diagnosis of kidney disease is made. However, few patients
with HIV and kidney disease undergo renal biopsy to determine the histology of their renal
lesion. Observational studies, however, suggest that antiretroviral therapy is associated with a
lesser risk of new AIDS defining illness and mortality associated with the presence of proteinuria
or increased creatinine. These abnormalities are seen in a larger proportion of persons with HIV
than only those that undergo biopsy. Therefore, these markers could describe the subgroup of
patients at highest risk of poor outcomes and potentially prompt the consideration of earlier
initiation of therapy on an individual basis. SUMMARY: Early initiation of antiretroviral
therapy probably improves outcomes among persons with HIVAN. The presence of proteinuria
or an elevated creatinine could prompt consideration for early initiation of antiretroviral therapy
on a case-by-case basis. [References: 18]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<9>
Unique Identifier
19237085
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Karp G. Schlaeffer F. Jotkowitz A. Riesenberg K.
Authors Full Name
Karp, Galia. Schlaeffer, Francisc. Jotkowitz, Alan. Riesenberg, Klaris.
Institution
Internal Medicine Department, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer Sheva,
Israel. galiak@bgu.ac.il
Title
Syphilis and HIV co-infection. [Review] [33 refs]
Source
European Journal of Internal Medicine. 20(1):9-13, 2009 Jan.
Abstract
Syphilis is a complex disease, which is sexually transmitted. The incidence of syphilis is rising all
over the world, partly due to the increased transmission in HIV patients and other high risk
groups such as men who have sex with men. Interestingly syphilis itself facilitates HIV infection
in several ways. Great importance exists in recognition of both diseases and their complex
interactions. This article will review the manifestations of syphilis in the context of HIV infected
patients, and the challenging diagnosis and management of these patients. [References: 33]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<10>
Unique Identifier
19183077
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wood SM. Shah SS. Steenhoff AP. Meyers KE. Kaplan BS. Rutstein RM.
Authors Full Name
Wood, Sarah M. Shah, Samir S. Steenhoff, Andrew P. Meyers, Kevin E C. Kaplan, Bernard
S. Rutstein, Richard M.
Institution
Division of Special Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Title
Tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity in two HIV-infected adolescent males. [Review] [22 refs]
Source
AIDS Patient Care & Stds. 23(1):1-4, 2009 Jan.
Abstract
We report two cases of tenofovir (TDF)-associated nephrotoxicity in perinatally HIV-infected
adolescents. The first case, a 16-year-old African American male with an absolute CD4+ cell
count of 314 cells/mm(3), presented with an abrupt rise in serum creatinine leading to
irreversible renal failure while on TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
While the patient had evidence of underlying kidney disease, the timing of his renal failure
indicates that TDF played a central role. The second case, a 16-year-old African-American male
with an absolute CD4+ cell count of 895 cells/mm3, presented with rickets and
hypophosphatemia while receiving TDF-based HAART. To our knowledge, these cases represent
the first reports of TDF-associated irreversible renal failure and rickets in pediatric patients. We
believe these cases highlight important and potentially irreversible side effects of this agent and
emphasize the need for further studies of the renal safety of TDF in pediatric patients.
[References: 22]
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Review.
<11>
Unique Identifier
19106702
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Post FA. Holt SG.
Authors Full Name
Post, Frank A. Holt, Stephen G.
Institution
Department of HIV/GU Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. frank.post@kcl.ac.uk
Title
Recent developments in HIV and the kidney. [Review] [63 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 22(1):43-8, 2009 Feb.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Antiretroviral therapy has been immensely successful in reducing the
incidence of opportunistic infections and death after HIV infection. This has resulted in
heightened interest in noninfectious comorbidities including kidney disease. This review focuses
on recent progress in our understanding of the clinical epidemiology of HIV-associated kidney
disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Acute renal failure in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era
is associated with delayed HIV diagnosis. The incidence of acute renal failure rapidly declines in
patients who receive HIV care, which includes the provision of highly active antiretroviral
therapy to patients with advanced HIV infection. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease
among HIV-infected patients is approximately 17%, and chronic kidney disease is associated
with older age, advanced HIV infection, metabolic and vascular disease, and use of indinavir and
tenofovir. Black patients are at increased risk of progression to end-stage renal disease,
particularly if not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Although survival of patients
requiring dialysis remains poor, renal transplantation is an increasingly promising treatment
modality for HIV-associated end-stage renal disease. SUMMARY: The various forms of HIVassociated kidney dysfunction are now much better defined. The burden of chronic kidney
disease is likely to escalate as a result of increasing life expectancy and ageing of HIV-infected
patients. [References: 63]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<12>
Unique Identifier
19013330
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
McCulloch MI. Ray PE.
Authors Full Name
McCulloch, Mignon I. Ray, Patricio E.
Institution
Red Cross Children's Hospital, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape
Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Title
Kidney disease in HIV-positive children. [Review] [40 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):585-94, 2008 Nov.
Abstract
Before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, more than 40% of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children experienced renal complications. In subSaharan Africa, approximately 2.1 million children are infected with HIV-1. In the absence of
antiretroviral therapy, young African children frequently died of AIDS-related complications
before renal diseases could be manifested or diagnosed. As antiretroviral therapy has become
more available, and their survival has increased, our experience in treating kidney disease in
HIV-infected children has improved. This article discusses relevant clinical and pathologic
findings related to kidney disease in HIV-infected children. [References: 40]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<13>
Unique Identifier
19013329
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Sawinski D. Murphy B.
Authors Full Name
Sawinski, Deirdre. Murphy, Barbara.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York,
NY 10029, USA. Deirdre.sawinski@mssm.edu
Title
End-stage renal disease and kidney transplant in HIV-infected patients. [Review] [27 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):581-4, 2008 Nov.
Abstract
Chronic kidney and end-stage renal disease are important complications of HIV disease and
treatment. African Americans with HIV infection are at significantly increased risk for
development of chronic kidney disease and for progression to end-stage renal disease. Survival of
HIV-positive patients on dialysis has improved dramatically since the introduction of
combination antiretroviral therapy, with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appearing to offer
similar survival. Renal transplant has been shown to be successful in HIV-positive patients and
emerging data suggest a survival benefit over remaining on dialysis, despite data indicating an
increased incidence of acute rejection. Immunosuppression dosing is complicated by interactions
with antiretroviral therapy, and drug levels must be followed closely. Experience to date suggests
that HIV-positive transplant recipients are best cared for in academic institutions with multidisciplinary teams devoted to their care. [References: 27]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<14>
Unique Identifier
19013328
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Winston JA.
Authors Full Name
Winston, Jonathan A.
Institution
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. jonathan.winston@mssm.edu
Title
Estimating glomerular filtration rate in patients with HIV infection. [Review] [21 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):576-80, 2008 Nov.
Abstract
Accurate markers of glomerular filtration rate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected persons would be useful for early diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy and other
glomerular diseases, and for identifying patients at high risk for subsequent declines in kidney
function who also may develop cardiovascular disease or renal complications from antiretroviral
agents or other therapies. Creatinine-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate have not been
tested rigorously in HIV-infected persons. Their accuracy has been questioned in malnourished
patients, with or without a wasting syndrome, and in those treated with anabolic steroids.
Cystatin C level is increased in HIV, but more studies are needed to determine its association
with kidney function, inflammation, and long-term outcomes. [References: 21]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<15>
Unique Identifier
19013326
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kalim S. Szczech LA. Wyatt CM.
Authors Full Name
Kalim, Sahir. Szczech, Lynda A. Wyatt, Christina M.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Title
Acute kidney injury in HIV-infected patients. [Review] [32 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):556-62, 2008 Nov.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS81365
Source: NLM. PMC2676161
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and
has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Before the introduction of effective
antiretroviral therapy, acute kidney injury in HIV-positive patients was most commonly the
result of volume depletion, septicemia, or nephrotoxic medications. Acute kidney injury remains
a significant problem in the antiretroviral era, and still commonly is attributed to infection or
nephrotoxic medications. Less common causes such as direct infectious insults, immune
restoration inflammatory syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and obstruction should be considered
when the underlying process is not obvious. In addition to advanced HIV disease, several other
patient characteristics have emerged as potential risk factors for acute kidney injury in the
antiretroviral era, including older age, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease, and
hepatitis co-infection or liver disease. [References: 32]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<16>
Unique Identifier
19013325
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Fine DM. Fogo AB. Alpers CE.
Authors Full Name
Fine, Derek M. Fogo, Agnes B. Alpers, Charles E.
Institution
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dfine1@jhmi.edu
Title
Thrombotic microangiopathy and other glomerular disorders in the HIV-infected patient.
[Review] [81 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):545-55, 2008 Nov.
Abstract
SUMMARY: Various forms of kidney disease have been related directly to human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral infection, including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN),
immune complex diseases, and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). HIVAN and HIV immune
complex glomerulonephritides are the most common HIV-specific nephropathies. HIV-associated
TMA, although far less common, remains an important consideration. The diagnosis of TMA in
HIV, which has a poorly understood pathogenesis, can be suggested by thrombocytopenia,
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure, but only definitively diagnosed by
kidney biopsy. Not surprisingly, the incidence and prevalence of the HIV-specific entities have
declined with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. With this decline, however, other
glomerular diseases are of increasing importance in this high-risk population. The differential
diagnosis of glomerular disease in an HIV-positive patient is therefore broad. Glomerular
diseases seen in this population include classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA
nephropathy, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, hepatitis B- and C-related
glomerulonephritides, and membranous nephropathy. In addition, as the HIV-infected
population ages, diabetic and hypertensive nephropathies are likely to become more prevalent.
With overlapping presentations of these entities, definitive diagnosis often is difficult,
necessitating kidney biopsy. As a consequence of establishing an accurate diagnosis, improved
patient outcome can best be accomplished through disease-specific intervention. [References: 81]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<17>
Unique Identifier
19013323
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Leventhal JS. Ross MJ.
Authors Full Name
Leventhal, Jeremy S. Ross, Michael J.
Institution
Division of Nephrology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box
1243, New York, NY 10029, USA. Jeremy.Leventhal@mssm.edu
Title
Pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy. [Review] [74 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):523-34, 2008 Nov.
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a leading cause of endstage renal disease in the HIV-1-seropositive population. HIVAN, which is characterized by
heavy proteinuria and a rapid decline in renal function, is caused by infection and subsequent
expression of viral genes in renal epithelial cells, although the exact mechanism of viral entry into
these cells is unknown. The infected renal epithelium is a distinct compartment that supports the
evolution of viral strains that may diverge from those found in the patient's blood. Research
using animal models and in vitro studies has shown that vpr and nef are the HIV-1 genes most
responsible for inducing the characteristic clinical and histopathologic syndrome of HIVAN.
Dysregulation of several host factors, including mediators of inflammation, apoptosis,
proliferation, transcription, and cell-cell interactions, are also critical factors in determining
whether infection of the renal epithelium will lead to HIVAN. Additional research is required to
delineate the mechanisms of HIVAN pathogenesis further so that more effective interventions
can be implemented to prevent and treat this disease. [References: 74]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<18>
Unique Identifier
19013322
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wyatt CM. Klotman PE. D'Agati VD.
Authors Full Name
Wyatt, Christina M. Klotman, Paul E. D'Agati, Vivette D.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York,
NY 10029, USA. christina.wyatt@mssm.edu
Title
HIV-associated nephropathy: clinical presentation, pathology, and epidemiology in the era of
antiretroviral therapy. [Review] [63 refs]
Source
Seminars in Nephrology. 28(6):513-22, 2008 Nov.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS81364
Source: NLM. PMC2656916
Abstract
The classic kidney disease of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV-associated
nephropathy, is characterized by progressive acute renal failure, often accompanied by
proteinuria and ultrasound findings of enlarged, echogenic kidneys. Definitive diagnosis requires
kidney biopsy, which shows collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with associated
microcystic tubular dilatation and interstitial inflammation. Podocyte proliferation is a hallmark
of HIV-associated nephropathy, although this classic pathology is observed less frequently in
antiretroviral-treated patients. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy involves direct
HIV infection of renal epithelial cells, and the widespread introduction of combination
antiretroviral therapy has had a significant impact on the natural history and epidemiology of
this unique disease. These observations have established antiretroviral therapy as the
cornerstone of treatment for HIV-associated nephropathy in the absence of prospective clinical
trials. Adjunctive therapy for HIV-associated nephropathy includes angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, as well as corticosteroids in selected patients
with significant interstitial inflammation or rapid progression. [References: 63]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<19>
Unique Identifier
19005264
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Phillips AN. Neaton J. Lundgren JD.
Authors Full Name
Phillips, Andrew N. Neaton, James. Lundgren, Jens D.
Title
The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. [Review] [80 refs]
Source
AIDS. 22(18):2409-18, 2008 Nov 30.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS90591 [Available on 11/30/09]
Source: NLM. PMC2679976 [Available on 11/30/09]
Publication Type
Editorial. Review.
<20>
Unique Identifier
18947327
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Winston J. Deray G. Hawkins T. Szczech L. Wyatt C. Young B.
Authors Full Name
Winston, Jonathan. Deray, Gilbert. Hawkins, Trevor. Szczech, Lynda. Wyatt, Christina.
Young, Benjamin.
Institution
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Title
Kidney disease in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. [Review] [64 refs]
Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47(11):1449-57, 2008 Dec 1.
Abstract
As patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) live longer while receiving
antiretroviral therapy, kidney diseases have emerged as significant causes of morbidity and
mortality. Black race, older age, hypertension, diabetes, low CD4(+) cell count, and high viral
load remain important risk factors for kidney disease in this population. Chronic kidney disease
should be diagnosed in its early stages through routine screening and careful attention to changes
in glomerular filtration rate or creatinine clearance. Hypertension and diabetes must be
aggressively treated. Antiretroviral regimens themselves have been implicated in acute or
chronic kidney disease. The risk of kidney disease associated with the widely used agent tenofovir
continues to be studied, although its incidence in reported clinical trials and observational studies
remains quite low. Future studies about the relationship between black race and kidney disease,
as well as strategies for early detection and intervention of kidney disease, hold promise for
meaningful reductions in morbidity and mortality associated with kidney disease. [References:
64]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<21>
Unique Identifier
18840841
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Millett GA. Flores SA. Marks G. Reed JB. Herbst JH.
Authors Full Name
Millett, Gregorio A. Flores, Stephen A. Marks, Gary. Reed, J Bailey. Herbst, Jeffrey H.
Institution
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd,
Mail Stop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. gmillett@cdc.gov
Title
Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have
sex with men: a meta-analysis. [Review] [66 refs][Erratum appears in JAMA. 2009 Mar
18;301(11):1126-9]
Comments
Comment in: JAMA. 2008 Oct 8;300(14):1698-700; PMID: 18840846]
Source
JAMA. 300(14):1674-84, 2008 Oct 8.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that male
circumcision reduces men's risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
during heterosexual intercourse. Less is known about whether male circumcision provides
protection against HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). OBJECTIVES: To
quantitatively summarize the strength of the association between male circumcision and HIV
infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) across observational studies of MSM.
DATA SOURCES: Comprehensive search of databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC,
Sociofile, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and correspondence with researchers,
to find published articles, conference proceedings, and unpublished reports through February
2008. STUDY SELECTION: Of 18 studies that quantitatively examined the association between
male circumcision and HIV/STI among MSM, 15 (83%) met the selection criteria for the metaanalysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent abstraction was conducted by pairs of reviewers
using a standardized abstraction form. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa
Scale. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 53,567 MSM participants (52% circumcised) were
included in the meta-analysis. The odds of being HIV-positive were not significantly lower among
MSM who were circumcised than uncircumcised (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.811.11; number of independent effect sizes [k]=15) [corrected].). Higher study quality was
associated with a reduced odds of HIV infection among circumcised MSM (beta, -0.415; P = .01).
Among MSM who primarily engaged in insertive anal sex, the association between male
circumcision and HIV was protective but not statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.71; 95%
confidence interval, 0.22-2.28; k=4) [corrected].Male circumcision had a protective association
with HIV in studies of MSM conducted before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral
therapy (odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.69; k = 3).Neither the association
between male circumcision and other STIs (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.15;
k=8) nor its relationship with study quality was statistically significant (beta, 0.265; P=.47)
[corrected].CONCLUSIONS: Pooled analyses of available observational studies of MSM
revealed insufficient evidence that male circumcision protects against HIV infection or other
STIs. However, the comparable protective effect of male circumcision in MSM studies conducted
before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, as in the recent male circumcision trials of
heterosexual African men, supports further investigation of male circumcision for HIV
prevention among MSM. [References: 66]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Meta-Analysis. Review.
<22>
Unique Identifier
18794311
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Symeonidou C. Standish R. Sahdev A. Katz RD. Morlese J. Malhotra A.
Authors Full Name
Symeonidou, Chloe. Standish, Richard. Sahdev, Anju. Katz, Robert D. Morlese, John.
Malhotra, Anmol.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, England.
symeonidouc@yahoo.co.uk
Title
Imaging and histopathologic features of HIV-related renal disease. [Review] [57 refs]
Source
Radiographics. 28(5):1339-54, 2008 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
Despite extraordinary recent advances in the management of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, patients infected with HIV are still
susceptible to a variety of complications that stem either from immunodeficiency or from side
effects of antiretroviral regimens. Diagnosis is often challenging, since every organ in the body
can be affected by HIV, and the kidneys have been increasingly shown to be involved by a variety
of disease processes. Opportunistic infections including those caused by atypical organisms,
malignancies such as lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, and disease processes specific to HIV
infection such as HIV-associated nephropathy have all been shown to affect the kidneys. In this
era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), renal disease arising secondary to
antiretroviral medication has been added to the list. Furthermore, the introduction of HAART
has increased survival of HIV-infected patients; consequently, the frequency of HIV-associated
and incidental renal disease is expected to rise in this population. Because mortality and
morbidity rates are affected by the early recognition of renal disease in HIV-infected patients, it
is paramount that the radiologist be familiar with the imaging features that can be encountered
in such cases. (c) RSNA, 2008. [References: 57]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<23>
Unique Identifier
18753863
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wyatt CM. Malvestutto C. Coca SG. Klotman PE. Parikh CR.
Authors Full Name
Wyatt, Christina M. Malvestutto, Carlos. Coca, Steven G. Klotman, Paul E. Parikh, Chirag
R.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York,
NY 10029-6574, USA. Christina.wyatt@mssm.edu
Title
The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV-related kidney disease: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. [Review] [57 refs]
Source
AIDS. 22(14):1799-807, 2008 Sep 12.
Other ID
Source: NLM. NIHMS89926
Source: NLM. PMC2733170
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the era of antiretroviral therapy, non-AIDS complications such as kidney
disease are important contributors to morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the
impact of hepatitis C coinfection on the risk of kidney disease in HIV patients. DESIGN AND
METHODS: Two investigators identified English-language citations in MEDLINE and Web of
Science from 1989 through 1 July 2007. References of selected articles were reviewed.
Observational studies and clinical trials of HIV-related kidney disease and antiretroviral
nephrotoxicity were eligible if they included at least 50 subjects and reported hepatitis C status.
Data on study characteristics, population, and kidney disease outcomes were abstracted by two
independent reviewers. RESULTS: After screening 2516 articles, 27 studies were eligible and 24
authors confirmed or provided data. Separate meta-analyses were performed for chronic kidney
disease outcomes (n = 10), proteinuria (n = 4), acute renal failure (n = 2), and indinavir toxicity (n
= 5). The pooled incidence of chronic kidney disease was higher in patients with hepatitis C
coinfection [6.2 versus 4.0%; relative risk 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.06]. In metaregression, prevalence of black race and the proportion of patients with documented hepatitis C
status were independently associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease. The relative risk
associated with hepatitis C coinfection was significantly increased for proteinuria (1.15; 95% CI
1.02-1.30) and acute renal failure (1.64; 95% CI 1.21-2.23), with no significant statistical
heterogeneity. The relative risk of indinavir toxicity was 1.59 (95% CI 0.99-2.54) with hepatitis C
coinfection. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis C coinfection is associated with a significant increase in
the risk of HIV-related kidney disease. [References: 57]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Meta-Analysis. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<24>
Unique Identifier
18457462
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Fine DM. Perazella MA. Lucas GM. Atta MG.
Authors Full Name
Fine, Derek M. Perazella, Mark A. Lucas, Gregory M. Atta, Mohamed G.
Institution
Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA. dfine1@jhmi.edu
Title
Renal disease in patients with HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management.
[Review] [165 refs]
Source
Drugs. 68(7):963-80, 2008.
Abstract
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, we have witnessed prolonged
survival with the potential for normal life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals. With
improved survival and increasing age, HIV-infected patients are increasingly likely to experience
co-morbidities that affect the general population, including kidney disease. Although HIVassociated nephropathy, the most ominous kidney disease related to the direct effects of HIV,
may be prevented and treated with antiretrovirals, kidney disease remains an important issue in
this population. In addition to the common risk factors for kidney disease of diabetes mellitus
and hypertension, HIV-infected individuals have a high prevalence of other risk factors,
including hepatitis C, cigarette smoking and injection drug use. Furthermore, they have
exposures unique to this population, including antiretrovirals and other medications. Therefore,
the differential diagnosis is vast. Early identification (through efficient screening) and definitive
diagnosis (by kidney biopsy when indicated) of kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals are
critical to optimal management. Earlier interventions with disease-specific therapy, often with
the help of a nephrologist, are likely to lead to better outcomes. In those with chronic kidney
disease, interventions, such as aggressive blood pressure control with the use of ACE inhibitors
or angiotensin receptor antagonists where tolerated, tight blood glucose control in those with
diabetes, and avoidance of potentially nephrotoxic medications, can slow progression and prevent
end-stage renal disease. Only with greater awareness of kidney-disease manifestations and their
implications in this particularly vulnerable population will we be able to achieve success in
confronting this growing problem. [References: 165]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<25>
Unique Identifier
18095836
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Oosten AW. Sprenger HG. van Leeuwen JT. Meessen NE. van Assen S.
Authors Full Name
Oosten, A W. Sprenger, H G. van Leeuwen, J T M. Meessen, N E L. van Assen, S.
Institution
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre
Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. a.oosten@erasmusmc.nl
Title
Bilateral renal aspergillosis in a patient with AIDS: a case report and review of reported cases.
[Review] [18 refs]
Source
AIDS Patient Care & Stds. 22(1):1-6, 2008 Jan.
Abstract
Renal aspergillosis is an extremely uncommon complication in HIV-infected patients. In
general, prognosis is poor and the need for nephrectomy is emphasized. We report the case of a
37-year-old patient with AIDS since April 2003 (CD4 count 10 cells/mm(3), a high viral load,
Candida esophagitis, bilateral pneumonia, HIV encephalopathy). Treatment with zidovudine,
lamivudine, nevirapine, and lopinavir/ritonavir was started. Adherence to this medication proved
to be a problem, but after 18 weeks of HAART the CD4 count was 110 cells/mm(3) and viral load
was undetectable. One year later, he presented with hematuria and flank pain. Computed
tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple lesions in both kidneys. Cultures of the abscess
aspirates yielded Aspergillus fumigatus. Our review of 18 reported cases shows that prognosis of
renal aspergillosis is poor if nephrectomy is not performed. However, in the present case a
conservative approach was chosen to avoid life-long dialysis. The patient was treated successfully
with a combination of voriconazole, percutaneous drainage, and highly active antiretroviral
therapy (HAART). Renal function was completely preserved. Reported cases from the literature
of renal aspergillosis in HIV-infected patients are summarized in this paper. [References: 18]
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Review.
<26>
Unique Identifier
18351488
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Morin D. Godin G. Alary M. Sawadogo MR. Bernier M. Khonde N. Kintin F. Kone A.
N'Dour M. Pepin J. Rached S. Sobela F. Soto J. Sylla M. Traore C.
Authors Full Name
Morin, D. Godin, G. Alary, M. Sawadogo, M-R. Bernier, M. Khonde, N. Kintin, F. Kone, A.
N'Dour, M. Pepin, J. Rached, S. Sobela, F. Soto, J. Sylla, M. Traore, C.
Institution
Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. doyenne@fsi.ulaval.ca
Title
Satisfaction with health services for STIs, HIV, AIDS among a high-risk population in West
Africa. [Review] [33 refs]
Source
AIDS Care. 20(3):388-94, 2008 Mar.
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop an instrument and assess the degree of satisfaction
regarding HIV/STIs services for women working in, associated with, or living in or nearby,
prostitution environments. This study took place in seven West-African countries (Benin,
Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo) participating in the West Africa Aids Program
(AIDS3). A validated six-dimension questionnaire was used to interview 698 women. The main
inclusion criterion was having had recourse to adapted services offered through the AIDS3
program in the last six months. Results showed that women surveyed are satisfied overall. Two
dimensions scored low: 'Technical skills perceived' and 'Accessibility'. Regression analyses
showed that those most satisfied were women who had used the adapted services many times and
women connected with community groups. Although these results are consistent with results
published previously in other contexts, they now allow the AIDS3 program to consider the voices
of women rarely listened to: West-African women living and working in prostitution
environments. [References: 33]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Multicenter Study. Review.
<27>
Unique Identifier
18295067
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Fine DM. Perazella MA. Lucas GM. Atta MG.
Authors Full Name
Fine, Derek M. Perazella, Mark A. Lucas, Gregory M. Atta, Mohamed G.
Institution
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. dfine1@jhmi.edu
Title
Kidney biopsy in HIV: beyond HIV-associated nephropathy. [Review] [68 refs]
Source
American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 51(3):504-14, 2008 Mar.
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<28>
Unique Identifier
18237361
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kimel M. Leidy NK. Mannix S. Dixon J.
Authors Full Name
Kimel, Miriam. Leidy, Nancy K. Mannix, Sally. Dixon, Julia.
Institution
United BioSource Corporation, Center for Health Outcomes Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
miriam.kimel@unitedbiosource.com
Title
Does epoetin alfa improve health-related quality of life in chronically ill patients with anemia?
Summary of trials of cancer, HIV/AIDS, and chronic kidney disease. [Review] [77 refs]
Source
Value in Health. 11(1):57-75, 2008 Jan-Feb.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Anemia, defined as having low levels of hemoglobin (HGB), is caused by
disease-related (e.g., bone marrow suppression, nutritional deficiency) or treatment-related (e.g.,
chemotherapy, antiretroviral therapy) factors. Although epoetin alfa has been shown to improve
HGB outcomes in cancer, HIV/AIDS, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), these results have been
viewed in isolation, rather than across populations. The purpose of this article is to review
findings from trials that evaluated the impact of epoetin alfa on HGB and health-related quality
of life (HRQL) across various populations with different underlying causes of anemia.
METHODS: A review of clinical trials published in English between January 1993 and
September 2005. Searches were conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE. Between- and
within-group changes in HGB and HRQL were examined. RESULTS: One hundred ten articles
were retrieved and 18 were reviewed. Statistically significant improvements in HGB were
generally seen (1) between groups for cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa compared with those
receiving placebo or standard of care (SOC) (between-group differences in changes from baseline
to end point ranging from 1.2 to 1.9 g/dl); and (2) within groups for HIV/AIDS and CKD patients
receiving epoetin alfa (changes from baseline to end point of 2.5 and 2.9 g/dl and 2.7 g/dl,
respectively). Statistically and clinically significant improvements in HRQL, particularly with
regard to fatigue, were seen across chronic conditions based on the Linear Analog Scale
Assessment energy scale; where improvements of at least 8 mm-considered clinically relevantwere generally seen (1) between groups for cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa compared with
those receiving placebo or SOC (differences in changes from baseline to end point from 0.8 to
19.8 mm); and (2) within groups for HIV/AIDS and CKD patients receiving epoetin alfa (changes
from baseline to end point of 23 and 25 mm and 28 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Results
of published clinical trials suggest that treatment of anemia associated with cancer, HIV/AIDS
and CKD can have a significant impact on HRQL, particularly fatigue, and that this impact is
both statistically and clinically significant. [References: 77]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Meta-Analysis. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<29>
Unique Identifier
17395270
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kaul R. Pettengell C. Sheth PM. Sunderji S. Biringer A. MacDonald K. Walmsley S.
Rebbapragada A.
Authors Full Name
Kaul, R. Pettengell, C. Sheth, P M. Sunderji, S. Biringer, A. MacDonald, K. Walmsley, S.
Rebbapragada, A.
Institution
Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
rupert.kaul@utoronto.ca
Title
The genital tract immune milieu: an important determinant of HIV susceptibility and
secondary transmission. [Review] [74 refs]
Source
Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 77(1):32-40, 2008 Jan.
Abstract
HIV is generally sexually acquired across the genital or rectal mucosa after exposure to the
genital secretions of an HIV-infected partner. Most exposures to HIV do not result in infection,
likely due to protection afforded by an intact mucosal epithelium, as well as by innate and
adaptive mucosal immune factors present in the genital tract. Another important mucosal
determinant of transmission may be the number and activation status of potential HIV target
cells, including CCR5/CD4+ T cells and DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells. The simultaneous presence of
other genital infections, including classical sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can enhance
HIV susceptibility either by breaching the epithelial barrier, recruiting HIV target cells to the
genital tract, or by generating a pro-inflammatory local immune milieu. In HIV-infected
individuals, genital co-infections increase HIV levels in the genital secretions, thereby increasing
secondary sexual transmission. Co-infections that act as important HIV cofactors include human
cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), Neisseria gonorrhoeae and many
others. Strategies focused on genital co-infections, such as vaccines, microbicides and suppressive
therapy, are feasible in the short term and have the potential to curb the pandemic. [References:
74]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.