Agricultural Economics Research Institute
PET FOOD PRODUCTION IN HUNGARY
–
ONE OF THE DRIVING SECTORS
OF THE FOOD ECONOMY
Budapest
October 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 3
1. About pet food .................................................................................................................... 5
2. The Hungarian pet food market ......................................................................................... 9
3. The global and regional pet food market ......................................................................... 13
4. Pet food production in Hungary ....................................................................................... 17
5. The economic importance of pet food production in Hungary ........................................ 23
5.1. Sales revenues, profitability ..................................................................................... 23
5.2. Foreign trade ............................................................................................................. 24
5.3. Employment ............................................................................................................. 28
5.4. Raw material utilisation ............................................................................................ 30
Sources ................................................................................................................................. 33
Annexes ................................................................................................................................ 34
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Executive Summary
Modern pet food production developed in parallel with the increasing need to feed
pets in an easier, quicker, cleaner and more satisfactory manner. Now it is a global
industry involving sectors from grain production and the meat industry, through
engineering and construction up to consulting services and it employs several hundred
thousand people. Beyond satisfying the demand of its consumers, the sector is also
important because it uses by-products of agriculture and the food industry, the disposal
of which – as wastes – would otherwise involve considerable costs. Their utilisation as raw
materials for pet food reduces the costs of some of the food produced for human
consumption.
Population growth, the increase of consumer incomes, the strengthening of the
middle classes in the emerging economies, the aging of society and the increasing
proportion of childless and single person households in the developed countries constitute
the main driving forces of the demand for pet food. Besides these, mention should be made
of the social and health benefits of pet ownership which have an influence on the market as
well.
In Hungary, the demand for pet food is constantly growing. At present, the annual
domestic consumption is estimated to be around 160 thousand tons, of which 130 thousand
tons are produced domestically. The total volume of domestic sales has increased by 25
% during the last five years, reaching HUF 30 billion in 2008.
According to the estimates of industry experts, nearly 35 % of the daily needs of
dogs and cats are satisfied by feeding pet foods in Hungary. Consequently, there is a
huge potential for growth even though – due to the decrease of the domestic purchasing
power especially during the financial and economic crisis – a slower market expansion may
be expected in the next few years compared to other countries of Central and Eastern
Europe.
Pet food production in Hungary has a history of nearly two decades. Beyond
domestic producers, the first foreign owned companies emerged between 1991 and 1993.
Opening their own plants, these companies based their production principally on domestic
raw materials. Hungary soon became the largest pet food producer in the Central and
Eastern European region and the production capacities of today exceed the domestic market
demand several times. The member companies of the Hungarian Pet food Association
produced altogether 408,000 tons of pet food in 2008. This exceeds the production amount
of the previous year by nearly 4 % and that of 2004 by 15 %. Between 2003 and 2008, the
value of investments in the sector has grown three-fold. Due to capacity expansion, the
number of workers directly employed by the sector has increased by more than 50 %,
reaching over 1,400 in 2008.
Today, pet foods produced in Hungary are available in almost all European
countries and Japan, Australia and Kazahstan are also regularly included in the list of
importers. The high added value and the competitive prices allow these products to be
transported great distances, too.
Dog and cat food (CN 230910) currently represents about 75-80 % of the total of
feedstuff (CN 2309) exports of Hungary. Following the Millennium, dog and cat food
became an important item within the Hungarian exports of agricultural and food industry
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products. In two consecutive years, in 2004 and 2005, 6.3 % of the total export revenues
of the food economy were derived from the exports of these products, of which the
combined export volume amounted to 294 thousand tons, with a value of EUR 262 million
in 2008. The extent of export orientation and labour-efficiency of the pet food industry is
well characterised by the fact that the proportion of the export sales revenues calculated on
the basis of the APEH data and of the average staff number was the highest – after edible
oil and starch production – among all food industry branches in the pet food branch in
2008, amounting to HUF 31 million per employee.
From the HUF 62.4 billion sales revenues of the organisations classified as pet food
producers in 2008 (NACE 1572), HUF 17.7 billion derived from domestic sales and 44.7
billion from exports. In 2008, the branch ranked sixth among the food industry
branches on the basis of its export volume, and it occupied fifth place in the average of
the years 2004-2008. The high share of export sales in the total sales revenues is prominent
in pet food production, being 72 % both in 2008 and in the five years’ average, which may
account for the success of the sector.
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1. About pet food
Pet foods are unprocessed, partially or entirely processed materials or products used
for feeding pets, that is, animals kept for pleasure and not for food production or other
economic purposes. Pet foods belong to the category of feed mixtures. Provisions of Act
CXIX of 2001 and of the Decree on its execution 43/2003 of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development regulate the production, marketing and use of pet foods as feed
mixtures. Decree 44/2003 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, as
amended from time to time, on the compulsory requirements of the Codex Pabularis
Hungaricus specifies in details the requirements relating to pet foods and the materials that
may be used in their production.
Categorisation of pet food
Pet foods may be divided into categories according to different criteria. Foods for
carnivorous pets (e.g. dogs and cats), foods for satisfying the needs of omnivorous pets,
including also animal-derived components and foods suitable for feeding herbivorous pets
(e.g. cage birds or rodents) including exclusively phytogenic components can be
differentiated. Pet foods can be further broken down to the groups of raw and processed
products. Raw pet foods are phytogenic and/or meat and poultry products suitable but not
intended for human consumption that are untreated except for cooling, freezing, quickfreezing, drying or another equivalent preservation procedure, to be sold exclusively in
consumer packaging in licensed pet food shops. The difference between raw and processed
pet foods is that the latter are prepared through a process stabilising their consistency.
Pet foods are usually formulated in line with the needs of different species, of the
different age groups (puppies, adults etc.), and with the specific needs arising from the
different health conditions (healthy, with young, lactating, weak immune system etc.) and
from the life style (indoor or outdoor keeping, animals kept for sport purposes etc.) of the
individuals. The characteristics of the pet foods are determined by the nutritive power,
quality and taste of the basic materials (meat, fish, vegetables, cereals and oil seeds etc.),
the different combinations of the ingredients and alimentary substances, their proportions
and by the heat treatment technology.
Based on the composition of alimentary substances of pet foods, complete and
complementary foods and treats can be differentiated.
 Complete pet foods contain the daily requirements of nutritional substances of the
animals in sufficient quantity and correct proportions.
 Complementary foods satisfy the animals’ daily nutritional needs only partially and
therefore may only be fed in combination with other foods.
 Treats are tasty morsels which can be helpful in training and educating the animals
or in providing other functional benefits (e.g. anti-plaque etc.). These do not even
partly cover the daily nutrition needs; therefore they can only be fed in small
quantities together with complete or complementary pet foods.
As regards their consistency, the pet foods can be divided into three groups: dry, wet
(canned) and semi-moist products (Figure 1). The low moisture containing dry pet foods
include extruded feeds (e.g. shaped feed grains), the different flaked cereals and some of
the treats. The wet foods prepared from high moisture containing raw materials include
canned foods and single-serving pouches (e.g. meat cubes or meat-balls in gravy or in
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jelly), marketed also in chilled or deep-frozen form. The semi-moist pet foods are usually
soft chewable drops or biscuits – including most reward treats – mostly sold in bags.
Figure 1
Pet food categories
PET FOOD
FOODS FOR
CARNIVOROUS PETS
PROCESSED PET FOODS
RAW
COMPLETE PET
FOODS
WET
FOODS FOR
OMNIVOROUS PETS
DRY
RAW
COMPLEMENTARY
PET FOODS
WET
DRY
TREATS
WET
SEMIMOIST
PRODUCTS
DRY
Source: AKI
The production technology of dry pet foods is relatively simple, while that of the
wet foods is more complicated. However, be it dry or wet foods, from the two product
groups produced in largest volumes, i.e. dog and cat food – formulation of the former is
simpler; the production of foods which satisfy the palate of cats requires more competences
and expertise, as well as more research and development.
Production of pet food
Pet keeping as a hobby has undergone remarkable changes during recent decades.
The faster pace of life and the striving for comfort and for satisfaction of the pets’ needs to
the highest possible standard have changed the habits and the norms of their owners. In
parallel with the increased need to feed pets in an easier, quicker, cleaner and more
satisfactory manner, modern pet food production1 developed in the middle of the 20th
century and is now a global industry involving sectors from the meat industry, through
machine engineering and construction up to consulting services and employing several
hundred thousand people (Figure 2).
In fact the first commercial pet food in the world – a biscuit for dogs – was launched much earlier, in the
1860s in England.
1
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Figure 2
Industry sectors and services related to pet food production
CEREAL PROCESSORS
MEET
PROCESSORS
MILLING
INDUSTRY
RETAIL TRADE
MACHINERY
DISTRIBUTION
ADVERTISING
PET FOOD
BUILDING
TRANSPORT
STEEL INDUSTRY
PROFESSIONALS SERVICES
PRINTING
STORAGE
PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
Source: AKI
Beyond the satisfaction of the buyers’ requirements, one of the most important
effects of pet food production consists in recycling. The industry utilises several byproducts generated in the agriculture and food industry, the disposal of which – as waste
or dangerous waste – would otherwise imply considerable costs. Thanks to their
utilisation as pet food, the costs of food produced for human consumption may be
reduced.
There are very strict regulations concerning pet food production in the European
Union (EU). Raw materials must comply with the food production and hygiene standards
and with the veterinary requirements specified in the Council Regulation 1774/2002/EC 2.
Pet food has to be traceable and can be produced exclusively by licensed factories. In
Hungary, the safety level of the feed production demanded by the authorities is high in
international comparison; this is one of the reasons – beyond abundant supply of raw
materials and the once cheap labour force – why three of the world’s leading pet food
producers – Mars, Nestlé and Provimi – have established production facilities here3.
The most important phytogenic materials used for pet food production in Hungary
are cereals and their derivatives, some leguminous crops, different protein extracts, root
vegetables, oil seeds and vegetable oils. Animal products include frozen veterinary
controlled slaughter products (complying with the requirements of suitability for human
consumption) and meat meal purchased from producers of animal protein feeds.
Pet foods are high added value products. During the last decade, the processed
products of the Hungarian food economy have generally suffered market losses; an ever
increasing proportion of the exports consist of raw materials (e.g. cereals, raw cow milk
etc.). In this context it is especially gratifying that the domestic pet food industry is able not
only to satisfy the domestic market but also to sell the majority of its products in foreign
markets.
2
The most important rules and requirements related to the production of dog and cat food is specified in the
guidelines of the European Pet food Industry Federation (FEDIAF); the Hungarian Pet food Association
collaborated in their development.
3
At present, only these three companies are members of the Hungarian Pet food Association, but Vitakraft
Aqua-Food also has production capacities in Hungary.
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2. The Hungarian pet food market
According to estimates of the European Pet food Industry Federation (FEDIAF), 60
% of the pets in Hungary are dogs and cats, 20 % are birds and the remaining 20 % consists
of small rodents, reptiles, amphibians and fishes. Dogs have the largest body size and the
highest food requirement; according to the data of the Central Agricultural Office
(MgSzH), 1,232 million dogs were vaccinated in 20084. (The highest number of vaccinated
dogs is to be found in Budapest, amounting to 269,000 in 2008). The domestic cat
population is estimated to exceed that of dogs by 20-25%. The proportion of households
keeping dogs and/or cats is about 40 % in Hungary, against the estimated European average
of 20-30 %.
The demand for pet food is growing; annual domestic consumption is estimated to
be 160 thousand tons at present, of which 130 thousand tons is produced domestically5. The
total volume of domestic sales has increased by 25 % during the last five years, reaching
HUF 30 billion in 2008 (Figure 3). Currently, the wet products segment has taken the
market lead from the dry products, these latter representing round 40 % of sales. Beyond
wet pet food, the market segment of the pet treats is also quickly expanding, even though
their share still does not attain 10 %. It is worth noting that the share of dog foods within
the total sales has already been around 60 % for several years. Dog owners have a
preference for the cheap dry foods, while two thirds of cat proprietors prefer to buy the
more expensive canned products for their pets.
Figure 3
Pet food sales in Hungary (2004-2008)
35
30
bln HUF
25
20
15
10
5
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Source: Hungarian Pet food Association
4
The number of stray dogs is estimated to be about 200,000. However, Euromonitor International estimates
the Hungarian dog population at about 1.8 million.
5
Beyond the quantity sold on the domestic market, nearly 300 thousand tons are exported by the Hungarian
pet food industry.
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Hypermarkets and discount stores are the leading pet food retailers in Hungary.
With their own (private) label products, mostly launched around the Millenium, they have
contributed greatly to the quick growth in the popularity of pet foods. As the pet superstores
also made headway, a growing assortment and improving quality were seen in the retail
own label products. Here, too, a premium quality products segment has been introduced,
reducing the differences between branded and own (private) label products. The premium
quality own label products available in most of the domestic hypermarkets have been
adapted to the branded products not only in their higher vitamin, mineral and nutrient
content but also as regards their unit sizes and attractive packaging. Today, the share of
own label products exceeds 50 % within the total of dog and cat food sales.
The share of pet shops in the sale of pet foods is increasing year-on-year; these try
to make headway among hypermarkets, discount stores and pet superstores not only
through their large product selection but also by providing related consultancy services.
Their importance is growing due to the fact that some pet food producers keep strictly to
the specialised sales channels, therefore their products are distributed through pet shops,
veterinary clinics and pharmacies. The share of total sales through pet shops may be
estimated at 25 % (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Market share of the pet food sales channels in Hungary
5%
12%
25%
58%
Hyper- & supermarkets
Pet shops
Other
Online sales
Source: AKI
The turnover of the small, local shops run by independent retailers has slightly
declined during recent years, principally due to the growth of on-line pet food sales which
provide an even more comfortable method of purchase.
With the development of the pet culture the demand in Hungary for economy,
premium and super-premium products has became more balanced. However in the pet food
market not only these preferences may be significant, fashion trends and changes in the
popularity of species and/or breeds can also cause changes. While previously the products
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positioned in the premium and super-premium categories had a greater role in feeding cats,
currently – as the breeds of smaller dogs have become more popular – the share of quality
products has increased also among dog foods (feeding of smaller dogs is relatively
cheaper). This, of course, may partially be attributed to the fact that Hungary is one of the
largest pet food producing countries in Europe therefore the unit prices of branded products
are the lowest within the Central-East-European region.
A paradoxical feature of the Hungarian market is that while the demand for quality
products is increasing, the level of brand loyalty is low, mainly due to the high price
sensitivity of buyers and also to the frequent sales promotions.
In spite of the large number of pets, local production and low consumer prices, the
calorie coverage level6 slowly increases and nears the estimated lowest Western European
rate of 40 %. According to the estimates of industry experts, around 30 % of the dogs and
40 % of the cats in Hungary are fed with pet food. (Demand for these products is
remarkable principally in bigger cities and in their immediate hinterlands. In rural areas,
pets still having functional roles are traditionally fed table scraps.) Consequently, there is a
remarkable potential for growth, even though – due to the decrease of the domestic
purchasing power especially during the the financial and economic crisis – a slower market
expansion can be expected in the next few years compared to other countries of Eastern
Europe.
The calorie coverage level is an indicator showing the proportion of the pets’ needs covered by ready-made
pet foods in a given country.
6
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3. The global and regional pet food market
The increase of the population and of the incomes of consumers, as well as the
strengthening of the middle class in the emerging countries, the aging of the population and
the increased proportion of childless households in the developed countries constitute the
main driving forces of the demand for pet food. In the opinion of the industry’s
professionals, the financial and economic crisis has had only a slight impact on the sector.
According to estimates of Euromonitor International, the global market turnover of
pet food and accessories (care products etc.) within the period 1998-2007 increased by 5 %
per annum on average, amounting to EUR 53 billion in 2007. Analysts expect an additional
annual increase of about 3 % on the short term (the market’s turnover may exceed EUR 84
billion in three years’ time – in 2012 – calculated at 2007 prices). Total sales of dog and cat
food, representing 71 % of the total turnover value of pet food and accessories, exceeded
45.1 billion dollars (USD) in 2007, with a jump of 43 % within the period 2002-20077. The
sales value of the other pet foods did not attain even one tenth of this value.
According to the statistics of Euromonitor International, the hyper- and
supermarkets had a market share of 37.7 %, while pet shops had 21.7 % and pet superstores
had 13.5 % of global sales in 2007. In the course of one decade, the market share of the
hyper- and supermarkets decreased by around 5 percentage points, while that of the pet
superstores – the most dynamically developing channel of distribution – increased nearly
by 24 percentage points. In the Eastern European region, the picture is quite different: the
hyper- and supermarkets realised 40.4 % of total sales, the share of pet amounted to 32.4 %
and that of pet superstores to 6.8 % in 2007. Here the participation of all three distribution
channels increased: that of the hyper- and supermarkets by 12.7 percentage points, while
the pet superstores increased their share by 6.7 percentage points and the pet shops by 4.4
percentage points against their share of ten years ago. The losers of their expansion are the
other food and non-food shops and veterinary offices.
Though the number of pet food producers is high all over the world, only a small
group of them have a significant role in global production. The two leading groups of
companies, Mars (previously Masterfoods) and Nestlé had an aggregate share of over 50 %
of total sales of dog and cat food, while the share of the ten largest pet food producers
exceeded 70 % in 2007 (Table 1).
A relatively high proportion of pet foods are part of international trade: the foreign
trade turnover of dog and cat food amounted to USD 8.43 billion, 16 % of the total sales in
2008. The exports are quite concentrated: France is the leader among exporters with export
incomes of 1.6 billion dollars, followed by the United States, having export revenues of
USD 1.18 billion. These two countries, together with Germany, the Netherlands and
Thailand were responsible for nearly 58 % of the global export turnover in 2008. Hungary,
with its exports amounting to USD 303 million and with its share of 3.6 % occupied eighth
place, while it was the fifth largest exporter among EU Member States.
The largest net importer of pet foods is Japan. The combined balance of Japan’s dog
and cat food trade showed a deficit of USD 785 million in 2008. The United Kingdom
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The share of dog foods was 69%, that of cat foods 31% within the 2007 turnover.
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followed in second place with a negative balance of USD 449 million and Belgium was
third, with its deficit of USD 434 million. Seven of the ten largest net importers of dog and
cat food were EU-15 Member States; their aggregate trade balance showed a deficit of USD
1.65 billion. Beyond Hungary, only Poland is a net exporter from among the Visegrad
Group countries8: it realised a positive balance of USD 62 million in 2008. At the same
time, imports of dog and cat food exceeded exports by USD 37 million in Slovakia and by
USD 66 million in the Czech Republic.
Table 1
The ten largest pet food producing companies in the world (2007)
Company
Mars Inc.
Nestlé SA
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Procter&Gamble Co.
Del Monte Foods Co.
Agrolimen SA
Uni-Charm Corp.
Nutriara Alimentos Ltda.
Total Alimentos SA
Nisshin Seifun Group
2007 retail sales
(US$ billion)
11,80
10,90
3,00
2,99
1,70
0,61
0,31
0,27
0,23
0,20
Year-on-year growth in
sales between 2006-2007
(%)
9,8
5,0
8,3
3,4
1,5
4,3
4,1
39,1
19,0
1,9
Source: Pet food Industry
The growth of pet food sales in the period 2004-2008 was fastest in the countries of
North America, Latin America and Western Europe. According to the forecasts of
Euromonitor International however, the highest growth rates are expected in Eastern
Europe (above all in Russia, in Romania and in Bulgaria) during the next few years (Table
2). Poland is another important growing market in the East European region; an annual
increase of 6-7 % is expected in the short term.
In Poland the dog population exceeds seven million, while the number of cats
approaches six million. From among the “new” Member States of the European Union, the
Czech Republic and Romania are still considered to be large markets; in the former there
are about three million dogs and 1.8 million cats living in the households, while the dog
population may be estimated at five million and that of cats at four million in the latter. (Far
to the east from us cats enjoy considerably higher popularity, as their traditional feeding is
remarkably cheaper: more than 16 million are living in Russia and 7.5 million cats are kept
in Ukraine, while the dog population amounts merely to about one third in both countries).
8
The Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia.
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Table 2
The ten fastest growing pet food markets in the world (2013)
2013 retail sales
(US$ million)
2 625,8
386,9
315,3
55,7
26,3
407,5
283,5
325,7
49,8
645,5
Country
Russia
Thailand
Romania
India
Indonesia
China
Ukraine
South-Korea
Bulgaria
Argentina
Yearly growth of sales
2008 to 2013 (%)
13,3
11,8
11,6
11,4
9,5
9,0
8,9
8,9
8,5
8,4
Source: Euromonitor International
It is expected that the United States will remain the largest pet food market in the
world, where sales will exceed USD 18.8 billion in 2013. Brazil is significantly behind in
second place with an annual turnover approaching USD 4.3 billion, while Japan is in third
place with its annual sales below USD 4.1 billion. By 2013, Russia may become the
world’s sixth largest pet food market. In Germany, where the market is practically mature
and saturated, a slight decrease in sales may be expected in the future (Table 3).
Table 3
The ten largest pet food markets in the world (2013)
Country
USA
Brazil
Japan
United Kingdom
France
Russia
Italy
Germany
Mexico
Canada
2013 reatil sales
(US$ million)
18 827,1
4 274,9
4 089,1
3 718,6
3 054,8
2 625,8
2 512,1
2 379,5
1 462,5
1 407,8
Source: Euromonitor International
15
Yearly growth of sales
2008 to 2013 (%)
2,7
6,1
2,6
1,7
1,3
13,3
4,9
-0,8
2,1
2,2
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4. Pet food production in Hungary
Pet food production in Hungary has a history of nearly two decades. Beyond
domestic producers, the first companies with foreign ownership appeared between 1991
and 1993. Opening their own factories, these companies based their production principally
on domestic raw materials. Soon Hungary became the largest pet food producer of the
Central East European region and the production capacities of today exceed the domestic
market demand several times. The member companies of the Hungarian Pet food
Association produced altogether 408,000 tons of pet food in 20089. This exceeds the
production amount of the previous year by nearly 4 % and that of 2004 by 15 % (Figure 5).
The last available aggregated national production data of the Central Statistical Office
relate to 2007, when the domestic pet food production exceeded 416,000 tons. The share of
the then nine members of the Association amounted to 95 %.
Figure 5
Pet food production of the members of the Hungarian Pet food Association (20042008)
450
400
thousand tons
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Source: Hungarian Pet food Association
It is unique in the Central East European region that two of the world’s largest pet
food producers, Mars and Nestlé, have both implemented regional production, management
and distribution centre in the same country.
At present, Provimi PET-Hungária Kft is the market leader in pet food production in
Hungary. The combined share of Mars and Nestlé on the domestic market of pet foods has
decreased below 50 %. From the remaining
9
According to data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the total quantity of pet foods
produced in Hungary amounted to 407 thousand tons in 2008.
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important enterprises, Vitakraft Aqua-Food and the by now non-Association
members, Tendre (formerly Bábolna Takarmányipari Kft) and Pamax produce pet food in
Hungary, while Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Alpha-Pet Food and Royal Canin are only present in
pet food distribution.
Mars
Global revenues in 2007: USD 11 billion.
Mars Incorporated has an important role in the Hungarian food and confectionary
industry, as well as in the production and export of pet food for small hobby animals. The
Hungarian division of Masterfoods is constituted of Mars Magyarország Értékesítési Bt.,
based in Budapest, and in Effem Hungary Kft of Csongrád. Recognising the growing local
and regional demand for pet food products, the company established its production base in
Csongrád-Bokros in 1993, where its output has since been dynamically increased. The
factory of Csongrád-Bokros had an initial production capacity of some thousand tons, later
increased to ten thousand tons, and is now Hungary’s largest exporter of processed
agricultural products, the most significant dry food producer in Europe and the largest
employer in the Hungarian South Plain region.
Products produced in Csongrád-Bokros are sold in 42 countries and the total value
of production-related investments until now exceeds HUF 22 billion. The enterprise buys in
excess of HUF 10 billion of domestic raw materials from 500 Hungarian suppliers for its
output. As one of the largest employers of the region, it employs 800 people and provides
subsistence for 4,000 through its suppliers.
The gross revenues of the two domestic enterprises of Mars exceeded HUF 50
billion in 2008. The net revenues of Effem Hungary Kft, the Hungarian pet food producing
company of Mars, amounted to HUF 32 billion in 2007. Of the revenues of Mars
Magyarország, 55 % derive from the sale of pet foods, about 35 % from confectionary and
the remaining 10 % from the sale of other food products.
Nestlé Hungária Kft
Global revenues in 2007: USD 10.9 billion.
The Hungarian members of the Nestlé Group produce and market foodstuffs
(coffee, cocoa, kitchen products, baby food, confectionary, ice cream etc.), mineral and
spring waters, medicines, corn flakes and pet foods. Nestlé, the world’s leading food
industrial company, has been active in pet food production since 1985. The buying of the
Ralston Purina company in 2001 constituted an important event in the world’s pet food
market. Nestlé has started its operation in Hungary in 1993, by introducing the Friskies
brand.
In 1998, the Nestlé Group bought Jupiter Állateledelgyártó Kft together with the
licence of the Darling brand and with the factory in Bük. At that time, the factory produced
only canned food. Thereafter, in 1999, a new pet food factory was established in Bük with
HUF 6 billion investment, which – as the first in Hungary – was already able to produce
both dry and wet pet food. During the years, the factory became the Central East European
centre of pet food production. Through the development of the factory the settlement of
Bük may thank a food industrial production facility for granting important supply
possibilities for domestic agricultural producers.
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PET-Hungária Kft (Provimi)
Global sales revenues in 2008: EUR 2.1 billion.
The Dutch Provimi deals with the production and trade of feed preparations and of
pet foods in several countries of Europe (Table 4) and beyond. Until now, Provimi SA has
acquired a stake in 21 companies all over the world. The EUR 225 million pet food sales
had a 13 % share of the total revenue of Provimi in 2008. The sales of fodders intended for
farm animals represented an 87 % share of total revenues. In the field of pet food
production, Provimi has until now acquired a majority ownership in five companies (Table
4). Provimi Pet Food produced a total of 389 thousand tons of pet food in 2008.
Table 4
Pet food production capacities of Provimi SA within the EU
Dry pet food
Czech
Italy
Spain
Hungary
Poland
Slovakia
Total
Capacities
(tons)
45,000
25,000
75,000
76,000
8,000
20,000
249,000
Capacities
(tons)
40,000
15,000
50,000
120,000
Wet pet food
Czech
Poland
Holland
Hungary
Total
225,000
Source: Provimi SA
Table 5
Provimi SA’s pet food production activities
Company
Rocofa BV
Nama
Ben
Pet Hungaria
Provimi Pet food France
Country
Holland
Slovakia
Poland
Hungary
France
Year of acquisition
2003
2004
2005
2005
2006
Source: Provimi SA
PET-Hungária Kft, a company owned by Provimi Group, has joined the two largest
global pet food producing companies (Mars and Nestlé) with respect to the size of its East
European pet food production capacities. Provimi PET-Hungária is a member of the group
of companies constituted by the enterprises managed by Provimi Investments SA
(hereinafter referred to together as Provimi Group). Agrokomplex Central Soya Zrt. is
another Hungarian member of Provimi Group, operating principally in the field of
production and trade of feed preparations.
PET-Hungária has two production facilities: canned dog and cat food were
produced in Sopronhorpács and dry dog and cat food in Dombóvár. About 90 % of the
production is marketed in Hungary (covering the entire territory of the country), while the
remaining 10 % is mainly sold in the Central East European countries.
PET-Hungária realised net revenues amounting to HUF 8.1 billion in 2004,
increasing its net revenues to HUF 14 billion by 2008. Since 2005, Provimi Holding has
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been the owner of the company. Beyond the Hungarian market, the products of the
company are sold in more than ten countries, in commercial chains (Austria, Croatia,
Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Italy, Ireland
and Ukraine).
Provimi Group invested EUR 2.9 million in 2006, EUR 4 million in 2007 and EUR
14.4 million in 2008 into the Hungarian pet food production. In 2008, Provimi invested
more than HUF 4 billion into the development of its factories in Kaposszekcső and
Sopronhorpács. In 2008, 76 thousand tons of dry pet food was produced in Sopronhorpács
and 120 thousand tons of canned food in Kaposszekcső. Thus, the company has become the
largest producer of branded pet food in Central Europe.
Colgate-Palmolive
Global revenues in 2008: USD 2.1 billion.
Hill's Pet Nutrition is a member of the Colgate-Palmolive group of companies. In
2008, the pet food production division had a share of 14 % – amounting to USD 2.1 billion
– of Colgate-Palmolive’s total net revenues. Hill's Pet Nutrition operates in Hungary only in
the field of pet food marketing. Newcopharm Hungária Kft distributes the products of Hill's
Pet Nutrition in Hungary; its domestic sales revenues exceeded HUF 1 billion in 2008.
Procter & Gamble
Global revenues of the division in 2007: USD 2.99 billion.
The pet food division of Procter & Gamble group realised sales revenues amounting
to USD 2.99 billion in 2007. Alpha-Pet Food Kft is the exclusive distributor of its
Eukanuba and IAMS brands in Hungary.
Beyond IAMS and Eukanuba, the other important brands of AlphaPet Food include
Chicopee dog food, Dream Dog, Dream Cat, Bono and Juwe dog and cat food, Naturdiet
organic canned foods and PowerVit for small pets. Their own brand products include:
Dogex, Alpha Falat, Prémium Dog, Alfi Dog, Dog United SC and Alpha Mix dry dog
foods in three flavours; Premium Cat and Alfi Cat dry cat foods in three flavours; Dogex,
Prémium Dog, Prémium Cat, Alfi Dog, Alfi Cat, Foltos and Cirmos canned products which
has been introduced as new products on the Hungarian pet food market. Beyond
distributing pet food, Alpha-Pet Food operates also in the field of production and marketing
of veterinary preparations (Alpha-Vet Állatgyógyászati Kft). The company’s net domestic
sales revenues amounted to HUF 8.3 billion in 2008.
Vitakraft Aquafood Kft
Vitakraft Aqua-Food Kft is the specialist of food for small mammals, fishes and
birds, and is a significant wholesaler on the Hungarian pet food and care products market.
Their wide selection of products is to be found in stores and pet shops. Their products,
developed by their own, are partly produced in Hungary and partly imported from 14
countries, are sold under the brand name Bobi for dogs, Miau for cats, Pepe for rodents,
Molly for birds and Aqua-Food and Rio for fishes. In 2008, net domestic sales revenues
exceeded HUF 1 billion.
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Bábolna Takarmányipari Kft (Tendre)
Branded products of Tendre include: Porcijó Standrad, Porcijó Komplex, Porcijó
Floki, Porcijó Kölyök, Porcijó Aktív, Porcijó Cirmix, Porcijó canned products, Porcijó dog
and cat salami, Porcijó Komfort cat litter, Vahur, Alex, Ston, Alít, Lotti. Its own brand
products are: Union Dog, Union Crok, and, in addition, Dolli Dog, Dolli Duo, Dolli Cat,
Dolli Maxi, Roni, Fickó, Extra Cat and Extra Dog which are produced for Alpha-Pet Food.
The pet food business has a share of 7 % in Tendre Kft’s total turnover. There are
three production factories within Tendre’s plant of Zalacséb. Pet food production started in
1996 in Zalacséb, through the installation of a wet extruder of New Zealand production.
Exclusively dry pet food is produced in the pet food factory of Tendre. The factory’s
capacity amounts to about 9,500 tons a year, if operating in three shifts. Tendre distributes
also canned products imported from Italy. Earlier, Tendre purchased the dog and cat salami
products from the Békéscsaba, later from the Győr plant of Bábolna Zrt. At present, these
products are produced by Barni Állateledel Kft for Tendre. The company distributes nearly
100 sorts of products, among them the dry dog food in 10 kg packaging for the small shop
network. Its annual revenues from pet food sales amount to approximately HUF 1.4 billion.
Agro-Trust Kft
Agro-Trust Kft of Bábolna owns one of the most modern production facilities in
Hungary, having an annual capacity of 15 thousand tons. The company was established in
2007 with an investment of HUF 500 million. REX dog and cat salami, REX Plus dog and
cat salami and DALMI dog salami are the brands distributed by the company.
Other producers
From among the smaller producers, Bono SK should be mentioned which brand
name is identical with the company’s. Pamax Kft operates in Csévharaszt and also has a
production facility in Romania. Its brands include Bodri, Hektor, Turbo Dog and Hamm.
Mancs salami is the best known brand of Bekker és Bekker Kft of Monor. In Pécs,
Barni Állateledel Kft produces dog and cat salami products with brand names Dolli, Roni
and Porcijó.
Recently two enterprises within the sector have been closed. Feed-Full Zrt. has
closed its production units and its commercial activities are unimportant. Biovet Kft of
Kaposvár had a considerable market weight. It owned the Champion Dog and Champion
Cat brands, which disappeared from the market when the company closed.
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5. The economic importance of pet food production in Hungary
5.1. Sales revenues, profitability
Statistics provide only few starting-points for evaluating the importance of pet food
production within the Hungarian food industry; data sources are quite poor at this depth. In
practice one can depend only upon the Central Statistical Office’s (KSH) industrial
statistics data and upon the Hungarian Tax and Financial Control Administration’s (APEH)
data aggregated by special branches. As both the statistics of the KSH and the data of the
APEH are grouped according to the official classification of economic activities and not on
the basis of the actual activity, some distortion is to be expected; this is unavoidable and to
an extent which does not influence the overall picture. Due to methodological reasons,
there are also some differences between the two databases.
The pet food production recorded under TEÁOR (Hungarian NACE) code 1572
followed a different path than that of the food industry during the last decade. According to
the KSH data, the production volume of 2008 of the national economy’s branch
“Production of food, drinks and tobacco” amounted to just 88.7 % of the value in 1998,
while the same indicator was 275.2 % in the case of pet food production. Despite
development, sales revenues in 2008 of the branch recorded in the APEH database (HUF
62.4 billion) were sufficient for 16th place among the 34 food industrial branches (Figure 6).
The sales revenues of the sixth ranked branch “Farm animal feed production” (i.e. fodder
production) coded 1571 in the TEÁOR amounted to HUF 152 billion, while the “Meat
processing” sector realised the highest sales revenues (HUF 252 billion) among all special
branches. Sales revenues per capita (average statistical number) in the pet food sector
fluctuated between 38 and 43 million HUF during these years.
Figure 6
Sales revenues of the fodder and pet food production branches
(2003-2008)
160
140
120
bln HUF
100
80
60
40
20
0
2004
2005
2006
Fodder production
2007
2008
Pet food production
Source: APEH
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From the HUF 62.4 billion total sales revenues of the enterprises classified as pet
food producers in 2008, HUF 17.7 billion derived from domestic sales and 44.7 billion
from exports. In 2008, the branch ranked 6th among the food industrial branches on the
basis of its export volume, and it occupied the 5th place in the average of the years 20042008. The high share of export sales in the total sales revenues is prominent in pet food
production, being 72 % both in 2008 and in the five years’ average, which may account for
the success of the sector. The same indicator is no higher than 50 %, neither in 2008 nor in
the five years’ average, in any other branch; the mean share of export sales in the entire
food industry being just 20 %.
Based on the APEH database, the profitability of the operation can also be
estimated. Earnings before taxes in the pet food sector amounted to HUF 3.8 billion in the
average of five years, the third highest among the sector’s branches. The trend is
decreasing; the pre-tax earnings exceeded HUF 5 billion between 2003 and 2005, amounted
to HUF 3.5 billion in 2006 and 2007, but to just HUF 774 million in 2008 in the entire
branch. These latter data may be explained by the sharpening competition and by the
extremely high price level of the raw materials in 2007/2008.
From the other derived indicators the return on sales before taxes was 8 % in the
average of the years 2004-2008, the fifth highest among the branches, but this also declined
to 1.2 % by 2008. As regards pre-tax profit per employee, the pet food production branch
occupied 3rd place in the average of five years. Its per employee profits of HUF 3.1 billion
were exceeded only by the branches of refined edible oil and starch production.
5.2. Foreign trade
Pet foods, together with prepared fodders, belong to the product category CN 23 –
“Food industrial by-products and prepared feeds” of the combined (foreign trade)
nomenclature, and within this, to the category CN 2309 – “Preparations and feeds for
feeding animals”.
Thanks to the investments implemented from foreign capital following the change
of regime, the exports of feed preparations (CN 2309) have spectacularly increased as from
the end of the previous decade (Figure 7). Exports increased during the five years between
1999 and 2004 to 328 thousand tons, i.e. by nearly three and a half times, and then, in 2008,
they surpassed 491 thousand tons which is more than five times higher than the export
volume of a decade earlier. The value of exports presented similar dynamic development:
while the export sales revenues of the product group did not reach EUR 53 million in 1999,
they approached already EUR 360 million in 2008.
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Figure 7
Foreign trade of preparations and feeds for feeding animals (CN 2309)
(1999-2008)
500
450
thousend tons
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Exports
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Imports
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
As the imports have grown at a considerably lower pace, the foreign trade of the
feed preparations contributed a remarkable surplus to the foreign trade balance of the
Hungarian food economy and national economy. The extent of this contribution is well
demonstrated by the fact that the foreign trade balance of the CN 23 product group
(including, among others, meal of soybean and of other oil seeds, furthermore, fish meals
and feed premixes) could become equalised, implying that export revenues of the feed
preparations covered basically the imports of raw materials for the feed industry. This is a
remarkable achievement, taking into account the dependence of the Hungarian livestock
sector on imported protein feeds. Annex 2 includes the relevant detailed data.
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Figure 8
Export structure of preparations and feeds for feeding animals (CN 2309)
(2004-2008)
400
350
mln EUR
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
Dog food and cat food
2008
Other
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
Unequivocally, the exports of pet foods, and principally of dog and cat food having
recently 75-80 % share therein (CN 230910), had a major role in the growth of the CN
2309 product group’s exports (Figure 8). Following the Millenium, these products became
an important item within the Hungarian exports of agricultural and food industrial products
(Figure 9). In two consecutive years, in 2004 and 2005, 6.3 % of the total export revenues
of the food economy derived from exports of dog and cat food and the exported volume
amounted to 294 thousand tons, with a value of EUR 262 million in 2008.
Figure 9
Value and share of dog and cat food exports (CN 230910) of the food economy export
revenues (2003-2008)
350
7,0
300
223
197
200
210
6,0
5,0
209
4,0
170
150
3,0
100
2,0
50
1,0
0
0,0
2003
2004
Value of exports
2005
2006
2007
2008
Share of food economy exports revenues
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
26
percent
mln EUR
250
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The degree of export-orientation and labour-efficiency of the branch is well
characterised by the fact that the proportion of the export sales revenues calculated on the
basis of the APEH data and of the average staff number was the highest – after edible oil
and starch production – among all food industrial branches in the pet food branch in 2008,
amounting to HUF 31 million per employee.
The distribution of the dog and cat food exports by partner countries is less
concentrated; the exports are not restricted to some major markets. The total share of the
countries ranked in the first three places – Germany, the United Kingdom and Romania –
amounted to just 30 % in 2008, while the turnover of the first five partner countries covered
46 % (Figure 10). The pet foods produced in Hungary are present in almost all European
countries, but also Japan, Australia and Kazahstan are regularly included among the
importers. The high added value and the competitive prices allow the products to be
transported great distances, too.
Figure 10
Distribution of the dog and cat food (CN 230910) export revenues by partner
countries (2008)
Germany
Other
United Kingdom
Romania
Russia
Poland
Italy
Croatia
Czech Republic
Ukraine
France
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
As regards the target countries of the Hungarian dog and cat food exports, we
cannot be satisfied. From among the countries included in the data of the International
Trade Centre (Figure 11), the growth of the Hungarian exports exceeded the expansion of
the partner country’s total imports only in Austria, Switzerland, Serbia, Turkey and
Ukraine. In the remaining countries, increasing the exports would be desirable. It is also
true that the large importing countries (Germany and France) have already had a
remarkable share on the Hungarian exports until now; therefore additional market
expansion has less potential.
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Figure 11
Export market diversification of the Hungarian dog and cat food exports
(CN 230910)
Annual grotwh of partner countries' imports from
the world between 2004-2008, %
50
Ukraine
40
Russian
Federation
Serbia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Scale: 2% of
world imports
30
Romania
Latvia
20
Czech Republic
Croatia
Turkey
Slovakia
Greece
France
Italy
Netherlands
10
Portugal
Austria
Switzerland
Germany
Slovenia
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Share of partner countries in Hungary's exports, 2008, %
Hungary export
growth to partner <
Partner import
growth from the
world
Hungary export
growth to partner >
Partner import
growth from the
world
Reference
bubble
Bubble size is
proportionnal to the share
in world imports of
partner countries for the
selected product
Source: International Trade Center calculations based on COMTRADE statistics
5.3. Employment
The number of pet food producers has tripled during the last ten years; the KSH
registered more than fifty companies operating in the field of pet food production in 2007
(Figure 12). Among them only three operated on a large scale. Nearly half of the producers
employed less than four persons; almost 30 % of them were registered as medium size
enterprises. It is to be noted that while only seven small and medium size enterprises were
registered as pet food producers in 1998, already 40 such enterprises included pet food
production in their activities in 2007.
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Figure 12
Number of pet food producers in Hungary (1998-2007)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Source: KSH
Although the number of pet food production plants decreased between 2005 and
2007, the number of people employed within the sector increased, thanks to the continuous
investments and to the expanding production capacities (Figure 13).
Figure 13
Number of persons employed in the production of fodders and pet foods (2003-2008)
4 500
4 000
3 500
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
Fodder production
2007
2008
Petfood production
Source: APEH
The workforce increased principally at the three biggest pet food producers, where
94 % of the branch’s employees were employed in 2008. While the number of employees
in fodder production decreased by 26 % between 2003 and 2008, the number of those
employed in the pet food production increased by more than 50 %. In all, 15 counties are
involved in pet food production, but the companies of the branch employ most people in
Pest, Tolna, Csongrád, Vas, Komárom-Esztergom and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok counties.
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5.4. Raw material utilisation
Pet food producers principally use materials from the agriculture and food industry.
These include meats, poultry, fish, feed corn and other agricultural products, as well as byproducts generated during production of food for human consumption (Figure 14).
Figure 14
Links between feed production, animal husbandry and food production and
consumption
Food Industry
by-products
of the food industry
Consumer
Food
Expired self life
or damaged
products
Food wastes
Livestock Farming
Dead
animals
SRM
Feed
Pet food
Waste
Feed by-products
Other waste
Source: MgSzH
In agriculture and forestry, nearly 30 million tons of plant residues, by-products,
loppings and scraps are generated yearly. This is topped by some 5 million tons of waste
from the food industry which add up to 35 million tons of reusable biomass a year in
Hungary. Besides tese, recycling of the approximately 280 thousand tons of slaughtering
and meat industry by-products is only resolved to a very limited extent (Figure 15).
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Figure 15
Utilisation of the by-products of livestock farming and processing in the pet food
production
Farm animals
Died on Farms/
Diseased animals
Abbatoir
Died in transit/
Diseased animals
Passed Inspections
Fit for Human
Consuption
Surpluses & Materials not
Intended for Human
Consuption
TSE – animals/
SRM
High risk
Rendering
Plants
Human Food
Processing plant
Melting
Plant
Animal Protein
Processing Plant
Supervised
Disposal
Human Food
Pet food
Source: FEDIAF
According to the data of the Hungarian Pet food Association, between 2005 and
2008 the value of the raw materials utilised by the Hungarian pet food producers amounted
to HUF 30-32 billion, with raw materials of domestic origin having a share of 47-54 % and
the share of the imported materials being 46-53 % (Figure 16). The value of the imported
raw materials amounted to HUF 14-16 billion, 86 % thereof deriving from the EU Member
States in 2008, while the proportion was 98 % in 2005. That means the rate of raw
materials imported from third countries has increased.
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Figure 16
Origin of the raw materials used for pet food production by the member companies of
the Hungarian Pet food Association (2005-2008)
100
90
80
percent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2005
2006
2007
Domestic row materials
2008
Imported raw materials
Source: Hungarian Pet food Association
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Sources
1) Erős-Hajdu Sz. [2008]: Polctükör – Állateledelek kiegészítőként vagy jutalomból.
Trade Magazin, 10. szám.
www.trademagazin.hu/index.php?oldal=2&mod=cikkek&cikk=2143
2) Hegóczki J. – Pándi F. – Vereczkey G. [2009]:’ Élelmiszer-ipari hulladékok
statisztikája’, Statisztikai Szemle, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 287-301.
3) Nyárs Levente [2009]: ’Az állati eredetű hulladékok ártalmatlanításának helyzete és
kilátásai Magyarországon’, Hulladéksors, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 30-34.
4) Pet food And Pet Care Products in Hungary [2009]:
www.euromonitor.com/Pet_Food_And_Pet_Care_Products_in_Hungary
5) Phillips-Donaldson, D. [2008]: Global growths continues. Compiled by Debbie
Phillips-Donaldson. Pet Food Industry, May, 2008. www.pet
foodindustry.com/0805PETgrowth.aspx?terms=Pet food+Hungary
6) Phillips-Donaldson, D. F2009G: Rising pet food powers. Based on reports and
presentations from Euromonitor, www.euromonitor.com, Updated: May 28, 2009.
www.pet foodindustry.com/PrintPage.aspx?id=24828
7) Popp J. (szerk.) – Potori N. (szerk.) – Stauder M. – Wagner H. – [2005]: A
takarmánytermelés és -felhasználás elemzése, különös tekintettel az abraktakarmánykeverékek gyártására. Agrárgazdasági Tanulmányok, 2005/5. Budapest:
Agrárgazdasági Kutató Intézet.
8) Taylor, Jessica [2009]: ’Top 10 Global Pet food Leaders’, Pet food Industry,
January 2009 http://www.pet foodindustrydigital.com/pet
foodindustry/200901/?pg=24#pg24
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Annexes
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Annex 1
The top brands of international pet food producer companies in Hungary
Name of Company
Mars
Subsidiary company:
Peetfood Mars
Nestlé SA
World headquarters
McLean, Virginia,
USA
Franklin, Tennesse,
USA
Vevey, Switzerland
Subsidiary company:
Nestlé Purina PetCare
Colgate-Palmolive
Subsidiary company:
Hill’s Pet Nutrition
Provimi SA
Home subsidiary company:
PET-Hungária Ltd.
St. Louis, Missouri,
USA
New York, USA
Topeka, Kansas,
USA
Top brands
Pedigree, Chappi, Sheba,
Whiskas, Kitekat, Trill
Friskies, Darling, Purina
Proplan, Dog Chow, Cat
Chow, Gourmet, Purina One,
Purina Félix
Hill’s Science Diet, Hill’s
Prescription Diet
Rotterdam,
Holland
Basa, Dax, Propesko, Reno
Budapest,
Hungary
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Annex 2
Foreign trade of the most important feed product categories in ‘000 EUR
Year
Food industry by-products
and wastes; prepared feeds
(CN 23)
Exports
Imports
1995
34 601
144 641
1996
56 938
173 953
1997
49 323
208 497
1998
56 484
223 836
1999
74 027
182 645
2000
119 365
239 639
2001
153 662
289 710
2002
175 487
292 942
2003
233 699
267 302
2004
266 661
277 743
2005
300 478
241 456
2006
295 292
274 238
2007
319 006
354 344
2008
418 725
428 042
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
Of which:
Feed preparations, pet foods
(CN 2309)
Exports
15 750
31 177
32 564
39 233
52 951
96 635
132 462
157 551
213 636
239 147
273 516
263 193
288 198
359 893
Imports
19 000
16 753
21 979
30 838
33 099
37 783
46 184
55 874
59 803
63 333
80 199
91 767
113 332
127 102
Of which:
Dog- and cat food in pack
(CN 230910)
Exports
8 929
8 188
14 503
22 464
32 436
60 469
89 030
116 237
170 341
196 673
210 466
208 769
223 324
262 302
Imports
8 641
7 711
8 972
11 512
13 618
17 656
17 887
17 166
20 779
21 744
31 731
36 940
44 524
59 274
Foreign trade of the most important feed product categories in tons
Food industrial by-products
and waste; prepared feeds
(CN 23)
Exports
Imports
1995
218 358
681 505
1996
291 408
663 226
1997
191 423
675 592
1998
271 042
902 091
1999
361 326
857 909
2000
416 813
952 801
2001
383 753
1 044 614
2002
392 143
1 076 224
2003
441 460
1 041 206
2004
505 665
908 448
2005
613 305
838 506
2006
638 971
924 830
2007
579 334
1 139 732
2008
810 105
1 096 783
Source: KSH foreign trade statistics
Year
Of which: feed preparations,
pet foods (CN 2309)
Exports
28 021
52 418
48 651
60 272
94 486
182 097
212 308
226 041
283 508
328 382
385 760
370 917
373 043
491 067
36
Imports
31 258
29 149
34 935
44 604
48 454
53 744
62 064
67 000
76 297
74 555
98 721
112 130
142 064
158 745
Of which: Dog- and cat
food in pack
(CN 230910)
Exports
15 719
13 600
27 232
37 377
50 259
83 838
119 487
142 308
189 866
237 291
266 257
247 895
267 395
294 177
Imports
13 658
15 273
18 202
20 996
24 196
28 410
28 561
23 408
29 032
28 553
42 621
47 202
53 120
69 718