Chapter 2
ENVIRONMENT FOR TOURISM
2.1
Physical Characteristics of the Region
2.1.1
Location
Central Luzon or Region III lies between coordinates 120°45' to 121'21'E longitude
and 14°23' to 16°10'N latitude. It is bounded in the north by the provinces of
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya; in the south by Manila Bay and the province of
Rizal; in the east by the provinces of Aurora and Quirino; and in the west by the
China sea. Central Luzon is composed of six provinces, namely: Bataan, Bulacan,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. Also, it has five (5) cities: Angeles,
Cabanatuan, San Jose, Palayan and Olongapo and two (2) special economic zones:
Clark and Subic.
2.1.2
Soils and Land Characteristics
Central Luzon has a total land area of 1,823,082 hectares. Nueva Ec ija has the
biggest land area comprising 528,433 ha. or 28.99%, followed by Zambales with
371,440 ha. (20.37%), Tarlac with 305,345 ha. (16.75%), Bulacan with 262,500 ha.
(14.4%), Pampanga with 218,068 ha. (11.96%) and the smallest province is Bataan
with 137,296 ha. (7.53%). 1/
According to origin and formation, the soil resources of Region III are divided into
three (3) groupings:
a)
Alluvial soils of the floodplains of Pampanga, especially the Candaba Swamp ;
part of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.
b)
Volcanic soils of the piemont and upland areas of Zambales, west and
southwestern part of Tarlac around the vicinity of Mt. Arayat in Pampanga, and
eastern part of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.
c)
Residual soils derived from sedimentary rocks in the mountains and upland
areas of Lake Uacon of Zambales, Pantabangan of Nueva Ecija and AngatDam
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Source: Bureau of Soils
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
of Bulacan, major and minor rivers of Region III, and the wetlands along the
coastal plains of Pampanga and Bulacan.
Of the total land area of the Region, 58% is classified as Alienable and Disposable (A&D)
lands while the rest are either public or forest lands. The following table shows the distributions
of A&D lands by province in hectares.
Total A&D
Agricultural
Land
Built-up Areas
Other Uses
Bataan
69,325
22,937
4,152
42,236
Bulacan
185,333
82,973
24,021
78,339
Nueva Ecija
330,985
243,620
19,158
68,207
Pampanga
164,912
106,170
29,123
29,619
Tarlac
184,975
136,841
21,049
27,085
Zambales
116,378
43,245
4,059
69,074
1,051,908
635,786
101,562
314,560
60.44
9.66
29.90
Province
Region
100.00
Percentage
2.1.3
Topography
a.
Slope
As indicated in Table 2.1, close to 810,555 ha. or 44.46% are level land and
about 159,114 ha. (8.73%) of the region's total area have gently sloping to
undulating topography. These areas are suitable for irrigation and other
agricultural activities. These are also good for urban, industrial and other uses.
Also, around 263,434 ha. or 14.45% land area are moderately sloping to rolling
which are good for annual and permanent crops. Another 203,820 ha. (11.18%)
are classified as rolling to steep; 234,577 ha. (12.87%) classified as steep; and
151,582 ha. (8.31%) are very steep. These areas are rough hilly and dissected
by mountains.
b.
Elevation
About 893,838 ha. or 49.03%, are within the elevation of 100 meters above sea
level (masl); 358,145 ha. (19.64%) are within elevation between 100 to 300
masl; 264,543 ha. (14.51%) with elevation between 300 to 500 masl; 250,226
ha. (13.73%) between 500 to 1000 mast; and 56,330 ha. (3.09%) above 1,000
masl.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
2.1.4
Seismicity
a.
Earthquake Zones/Faults
Central Luzon is situated on the circum-Pacific earthquake belt. For the last 40
years (1949 to 1990), about 23 earthquake occurrences with magnitude of
more than 5.0 of the Richter scale had been observed within 300 km. radius of
Mt. Arayat (Table 2.2).
Active faults found in Nueva Ecija (Dingalan Fault) are mainly high angle slope
with strike-slip movement and are part of the so-called Philippine Fault.
Probable active faults are found in Bulacan, Bataan and Zambales. A long fault
extends from northern portion of Central Luzon cutting across the western side
of Tarlac and passing through the plains of Pampanga and southern portion of
Bulacan.
b.
Volcano
There are eight (8) volcanoes found in the region; seven of these are active
and one is inactive. Mt. Natib, Mt. Samat and Mt. Mariveles are situated in
Bataan-, Mt. Arayat in Pampanga; Mt. Bongcay and Mt. Munos in Nueva Ecija;
and Mt. Cuadrado (inactive) in Zambales. Mt. Pinatubo in Botolan, Zambales is
1,780 masl and listed as a solfataric volcano. Steam springs coming from this
volcano are rich in hydrogen sulfide which reacts with oxygen and turn into
sulfur.
2.1.5
Climate
The climate of Central Luzon is generally influenced by three predominant air
streams, namely: the northeast monsoon (Amihan) common from November to
February, which is relatively cool and less humid; the tradewinds common during late
March and early May, which is very warm and humid; and the southwest monsoon
(Habagat) common from June to October. The climate of the Philippines is generally
described in terms of the distribution of rainfall received in a locality during the
different months. Based on the Corona classification of climate types, most of
Central Luzon is described as Type I, with two pronounced seasons: typically dry
from December to May and wet during the rest of the year.
a.
Rainfall
For the period observed (1969-1995), the average annual precipitation ranges
from a low 1036.7 mm to a high 3857 millimeters. The maximum rainfall was
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
observed at Cabangan (Zambales) station during the month of August at
2712.1 mm. Rainfall is relatively heavier along the peripheries of the region
bounded by water than its inner areas which are generally lowland areas.
b.
Temperature
The average normal maximum and minimum temperatures for the region are
32°C and 22°C, respectively. The coldest period is from December to
February. Tarlac and Nueva Ecija being an interior provinces have higher
temperatures than the other provinces in the region.
c.
Typhoons and Storm Surge
During the past 40 years (1946-1985), the region was visited by typhoon with
an average of 22 surges annually.
2.1.6
Water Resources
Heavy precipitation occurs generally from June to October, the period of southwest
monsoons. More than 90% of the annual rainfall concentrates in this period with
August experiencing the heaviest downpour. The annual amounts range from 1036
mm in the central portion of Central Luzon to 3,856 mm along the western coasts.
a.
Surface Water
The biggest source of surface water for Central Luzon is the Pampanga
River.It has a drainage area of 9,759 sq. km. and occupies the eastern half of
Central Luzon. It originates from the Caraballo mountain generally flowing
southward and finally draining at Manila Bay. Other known rivers are Angat
River and Chico River. Between Angat River and Pampanga River, there is the
Candaba Swamp occupying some 250 sq. km. area; and between Rio Chico
River and Pampanga River is the San Antonio Swamp with 120 sq. km. area.
Contributing water on the east side of Pampanga River are the rivers of Angat,
Penaranda, Coronel, Digmala and Pantabangan and on the westside are Rio
Chico, Talavera and Carranglan.
Other known rivers with drainage area greater than 500 sq. km. include Tarlac,
O'Donnel and Camiling. Tarlac River is a major tributary of Agno River flowing
from the northern portion and draining into Lingayen Gulf. The O'Donnel and
the Camiling Rivers are tributaries of Tarlac River. In Zambales, known rivers
are Bucac, Pantawan, Sto. Tomas,.Anonang and Lawis; in Pampanga are
Pasig
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Potrero, Porac, Gumain, Canlaman and Colo Rivers; and in Bataan, the river
with the largest basin, is Pilar River
b.
Groundwater
.
Generally, the central plain is good for shallow wells, and the mountain areas in
the east and the west are difficult areas for groundwater utilization as indicated
in the report of National Water Resources Council (NWRC) in 1992 popularly
known as the "Rapid Assessment of Water Supply".
Deep wells are found generally in transitional areas between the mountains and
the central plain. In particular, a large deep well area extends along the lower
foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountain and the eastern margin of the central
plain, where limestone beds outcrop. Another large deepwell area is located in
the northern part of Tarlac at the foot of the Zambales mountains.
2.2
Demographic Situation and Socio-Economic Profile
2.2.1
Population
In 1995, the population of Central Luzon or Region III was 6.933M, accounting for
10.10% of the total population of 68.614 M of the country. Among the provinces
comprising the region, Bulacan posted the highest population with 1.784 M followed by
Pampanga with 1.636 M, and Nueva Ecija with 1.506 million.
As noted in Table 2.3, population growth rate of the region was estimated at 2.12% for
the period 1990 to 1995, representing a decrease of 0.46% over the growth rate of
2.58% exhibited during the period 1980 to 1990. In terms of population density, as
shown in Table 2.4, Pampanga exhibited the highest population density of 750.1
persons per sq. km., Bulacan with 679.8 persons/sq.km.. These ratios are much higher
than the region's figure of 380.3 persons/sq.km. (Table 2.4).
Among the provinces, Bulacan posted the highest number of households with 359,613,
followed by Pampanga with 302,155 and Nueva Ecija with 300,345.
In terms of average household size, the region registered the same average
household size as the country at 5.07. Among the provinces, Pampanga exhibited a
higher average than the region with 5.41 persons. However, it only ranked fourth in
terms of growth rate. Bulacan, on the other hand, had the highest growth rate with
3.24%, a level significantly higher than the region's 2.12%. Bataan and Nueva Ecija
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
followed with 2.72% and 2.61%, respectively. Zambales showed the lowest household
size with 474 persons and the lowest growth rate with 0.21 %.
Of the various provinces, Bulacan has the highest urban population ratio with 79.9%,
Bataan with 74.5%, Pampanga with 68.7% and Zambales with 65%. On the other
hand, the preponderance of the rural populace is noted in Tarlac with 70.4% of its
residents living in rural areas and Nueva Ecija with a rural population ratio of 60.9%.
2.2.2
Ethnic Characteristics
Central Luzon hosts four ethnolinguistic groups which are indigenous to the region.
These are the Aetas, Sambals, Kapampangans and Tagalogs. The Aetas are the
principal sub-group of Negritos who live in the mountain areas of Zambales, Bataan,
Tarlac and Nueva Ecija. The Aetas are semi-nomadic people that subsist in hunting
and gathering. They live in lean-to shelters made of two forked sticks driven to the
ground and covered with palm or banana leaves.
The Aetas were known to be the earliest inhabitants in the Philippines. They are
distinguished by their small structure, kinky hair, flat nose, thick lips and black skin.
Despite being semi-nomadic, some have begun more permanent residence after the
Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991. Many of the Aetas were resettled in various
resettlement areas in Central Luzon like in Porac, Pampanga, in San Clemente, Tarlac
and in Palayan City of Nueva Ecija.
Estimates of the overall national Negrito population widely vary. In a 1975 census, the
Negrito population throughout the archipelago was roughly estimated at 200,000.
However, recent census done by various concerned groups may reflect a more
accurate census of the upland, semi-nomadic Negrito population. The Tribal Forum
(1985) place the total Philippine Negrito population at 378,000; Episcopal Council for
Tribal Filipinos (1983) placed it at 344,000; while the Office of the Southern Cultural
Communities (OSCC) projection for this year was less than 300,000. The decline in
the population can be partly attributed to the devastating effects of the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption in 1991.
The Sambals are the ethnolinguistic group that are found in the northern and central
part of Zambales. It has distinct linguistic characteristics different from the
Kapampangans of Pampanga and Tarlac and the Tagalogs of Bulacan, Bataan and
Nueva Ecija. The Sambals are also previously known for their headhunting past and
were formerly sheltered in the thickly forested areas of Zambales mountains.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
2.2.3
Labor Force and Employment
Out of the 3.36 M people with age 15 years and above as reported in October 1995,
the region's total available labor force was estimated to be 2.03 million. The labor
participation rate of 60 . 40% represents a 2.56% increase over 1994, a figure lower
than the 65.60% rate of the country.
Among the provinces comprising Central Luzon, Bulacan registered the highest labor
participation rate with 61.60% and Pampanqa posting the lowest at 57.08%
From Table 2.5, it can be gleaned that the 94.78% employment rate as of the third
quarter of 1995 indicated a 2.05% increase over the 1994 rate of 92.73%. Among
the provinces, Nueva Ecija reported the highest employment rate with 97.70%,
followed by Bulacan with 96.70%. Expectedly, Pampanga, which continues to suffer
the ravages of the lahar flow, posted the lowest employment rate with 88.10%. This
figure, however, still reflects a decrease of 3.57%, over the 1994 rate of 91.67%.
The non-agricultural sector accounted for the larger share among those employed,
registering 62.98% as of October 1995, a 2.91% decline compared to October 19 94.
On the other hand, those employed in the agricultural sector showed an increase of
2.91 from 34.11% in October 1994 to 37.02% in October 1995. Except for Bulacan
where there was hardly any change in the number of persons employed in the
agricultural and non-agricultural sector, Nueva Ecija and Bataan displayed a similar
trend with the percentage share of those employed in agriculture declining by about
2% and the percentage share of those employed in the non-agricultural sector
increasing by 2%. This may be attributable to the timing of the survey which may
have coincided with the drought in the production cycle occurring in a predominantly
agricultural area.
2.2.4
Annual Family Income and Expenditure
Of the 1.195 Million families reported in the region in 1991, the median income of the
family stood at P56,120, which is 36.74% higher than the Philippines median family
income of P41,040. In 1994, median average income rose by 30.4% to P73,195
compared to the national median income of P55,019. During the same period,
average expenditure of families in Region 3 was estimated to be P61,554 or 29.9%
higher than the country's figure of P47,378 up by 29.5% from the 1991 level of
P47,523. By geographical base, those families in urban areas earned an average of
P31,234 while those in rural areas earned an average of P16,437. Noted in Table
2.6 is that urban families spent, on the average, P28,953 compared to the rural
families average annual expenditure of P15,322
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
2.2.5
Incidence of Poverty and Subsistent Poverty
Median income increased by 61 % in 1991 (at current price) while expenditure went
up by 49.40%. If gauged in terms of real prices (1988), percentage increases are
6.50% and negative 1.10% for median income and median expenditures,
respectively.
On the average, poorer households have larger family sizes. Thus, the incidence of
poverty vis-a-vis total population is higher than the incidence of families in terms of
total number of families (44.5 % vs. 39.2% in 1991, 45.5% vs. 40.2% in 1988).2/ In
Region 3, as shown in Table 2.7, the incidence of poverty worsened compared to the
other regions of the country, notably Metro Manila and Visayas. In 1988, rate was
29.3%, increasing further to 31.1% in 1991. This decline was also seen in Northern
Luzon. Notwithstanding the proximity of Central Luzon to the NCR, the gap between
the two geometrically progressed, from 4.7% in 1985 to 7.7% in 1988 and 17.9% in
1991. Although the variance between the two regions is not as large as that of NCR
and Bicol, this widening gap is indicative of the wide disparity in income
opportunities. The persistence of this gap over the years likewise shows structural
problems in the economy and the effects of a development strategy that engenders a
highly unequal distribution of income (growth) opportunities across the regions.
While Northern Luzon's situation may be attributable to the lack of "safety nets"
received from government during the economic adjustments of 1985-91, the setback
in poverty reduction in Central Luzon stems from the loss of jobs due to the
departure of the American troops from Subic Naval Base and Clark Air Base and
from the devastation wrought by the Mt. Pinatubo eruption.
An indicator of the economic recovery and the limitations of the impact to the various
beneficiary regions can be gleaned from the deterioration of the country's income
distribution between the period 1985 to 1991. As noted in Table 2.8, the Gini
Coefficient (a measure of income inequality) increased for most of the regions and in
the country as a whole. Deterioration occurred in 1988-91 period which was
characterized by low growth and rising inflation rate compared to 1985-88 period
which was a period of low prices and accelerating growth. Between 1985-1988, the
income shares of the lowest six deciles did not change while there was a slight
redistribution in income shares from the 10th decile to the 7th up to the 9th decile. In
contrast, between 1988 to 1991, all the bottom 8 deciles declined in income shares,
while the share of the 10th decile (the richest), increased substantially.
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Source of Data: Ponciano S. Intal, Jr., "The State of Poverty in the Philippines: An Overview
Understanding Poverty and Inequity in the Philippines. A Compendium of Policy and Methodological
Researches, National Economic Development Authority, Pasig. Metro Manila 1994.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Poverty threshold in Region 3 as shown in Table 2.9 is placed at P5,242 in 1988
increasing by 55.91% to P8,173 in 1991 to P8,757 in 1994. The country's poverty
threshold, on the other hand, was pegged at P4,777 in 1988, P7,212 in 1991 and
P8,885 in 1994. This deterioration in poverty incidence arises from the significantly
higher rate of increase of poverty line which was not counteracted by a substantial
increase in nominal family income. Between 1988 to 1991, the national incidence of
poverty declined from 45.4% to 44.5%. However, in Region 3, the reverse situation
occurred with incidence of poverty increased from 33.8% in 1988 to 35.5% in 1991.
Deprivation becomes more pronounced if one were to apply the Minimum Basic
Indicators (MBI) which add to the incidence of poverty other indicators such as
population, illiteracy rate, infant mortality rate, malnutrition rate, education cohort
dropout rate, percentage of households without access to safe water and percentage
of households without sanitary toilets.
2.2.6
Regional Economy
a.
Agricultural Development Performance
In 1995, rice yield of the region fell by 6.85% against the 1994 level. Total
production of both irrigated and rainfed areas was 1.76 M metric tons in 1995
compared to the 1.887 M metric tons harvested in 1994. Yield per hectare
declined by 9.25%. The primary reason cited is the insufficient irrigation water
supply.
Harvest for corn, on the other hand, significantly improved. Per hectare yield
appreciated by about 11% from 1.92 MT/Hectare in 1994 to 2.13 MT/hectare in
1995.
Other crops produced in the region include low elevation vegetables and
rootcrops (cassava, sweet potato, onion, garlic and peanuts), fruit trees
(mango, citrus and cacao), coconut, banana and sugarcane.
This remarkable performance of the agricultural sector is attributable to the
implementation and/or enhancement of innovative programs to improve
productivity through varied policies and strategies relative to sustainable
agriculture and fishing; provision of support services and facilities, agriculture
insurance, credit and guarantee program improvements, market assistance/
linkaging and institutional development and cooperative development, active
participation of NGOs and POs in the industry and the accelerated agrarian
reform program implementation..
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
b.
Commerce
A review of the 1989 Census of Establishments showed that economic activities
which would be related to the development of tourism are located in various
parts of the region. In Pampanga are found industries such as wood and rattan
furniture, metalcraft, china and earthenware, lanterns, GTH, processed foods
and lahar-based products. Bulacan, on the other hand, has the leathercraft,
jewelry
and
marble
processing,
pyrotechnics
and
garments.
Bataan's
predominant produce includes wearing apparel, knit wear, leather goods and
sporting goods.
Tourist and recreation-related establishments total to 8,358 which is broken
down as follows:
Hotels, motels and other lodging places
121
Restaurants and hotels
3,781
Restaurants, cafes and other drinking/eating places
3,660
Amusement and recreational services
283
Recreational and cultural services
513
The establishment of the Philippine Jewelry Center, spearheaded by the
Department of Science and Technology with the Meycauayan Jewelry Industry
Association as the adopter augurs well for the development of an industry for
which the region enjoys comparative advantage. This program together with
technology assistance being extended to wood-based manufacturing firms, to
mango producers and processors, and pottery production are among those
being pursued by DOST along the area of technology transfer and
commercialization. Other areas identified for development are the metal industry,
cutflower production, food processing and leather craft.
c.
Industry
The NSO Census of Establishments showed that there were more than 7800
manufacturing firms in the region. Of this, more than 85% employed less than 10
workers. Major industrial outputs include garment, paper and paper products,
cement and textiles, electrical machinery, rubber products and processed food.
Investment performance of firms registered with the Board of Investment (BOI)
showed that in 1993, the region posted an investment of P4.443 Billion. While
this figure represented an increase of 60.49% from 1992's investment level of
P2.768 Billion, this represented a significant decline of P1.716 B compared to
the 1991 level (see Table 2.11).
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
A review of the proposed industrial developments in Central Luzon would show
that:

Existing Major Industrial Developments
1. The Economic Processing Zone (EPZ) of Bataan covers an area of 1600
hectares of which 30% or 480.7 hectares have already been developed.
A major export earner, the sixty five (65) Industry locators within the EPZ
contribute about 30% to 50% of the regional export sales and employs
about 20,000 workers. The Petrochemical Industrial Estate in Limay and
Mariveles, on the other hand, occupying an area of 500 hectares, is host
to Petron Bataan Refinery and a propylene plant.
2. Bulacan has 6 industrial estates scattered in BOCaUe, Calumpit,
Meycauayan, Malolos and San Jose del Monte with an aggregate area
of 207.8 hectares.
3. Pampanga has three industrial estates, two of which are in Angeles City
and one in Bacolor. Total area covered is 5,250 hectares. Of this area,
4,440 or 84.57% is accounted for by the Clark Special Economic Zone.
4. Tarlac's Luisita Industrial Park covers an area of 120 hectares of which
52.5% has been developed.
5. The Subic Bay Metropolitan Area (SBMA) in Olongapo City, Zambales,
covers an area of 6,650 hectares of which 14.73% has been developed.
The PHILSECO also in Subic accounts for another 77 hectares.

Proposed Major Industrial Developments
Bataan has proposed the establishment of three industrial estates, one in
Hermosa with an area of 116 hectares in Pandatungan and Culis (Hermosa
Agro-Industrial Estate) identified as site for light and agro-industries as food
processing, packaging, animal feeds processing, gifts, toys and housewares
(GTH), electronics. The Petrochemical Industrial Estate owned and operated
by the PNOC Petrochemical Development Corporation is proposed to house
a naptha cracker plant and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant. The former
Philippine Refugee Processing Center located in Sabang, Morong, Bataan
and covering an area of 380 hectares, is likewise recommended for
redevelopment into the Bataan Technology Park, where world-class facilities
shall be constructed to support knowledge-based, high technology and skills
intensive economic activities. This is envisioned to form part of the declared
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Morong Special Economic Zone composed of approximately 800 hectares to
include surrounding private lands.
In Pampanga, three other sites have been proposed for development into
industrial complexes. These are in Angeles City (700 hectares) and two in
San Fernando (221 hectares).
All in all, the total area either developed or proposed to be developed as
Export Processing Zones (EPZs), General Industrial Estates (GIEs) and
Special Export Processing Zones (SEPZs) is 14,093.8 hectares. Out of this
total area 6,277 hectares or 44.54% have already been developed, 753
hectares occupied and 5,231.5 hectares available.3/ Complementing the
industrial estates are 26 People's Industrial Enterprises (PIE) and
Productivity Centers (PC) envisioned to house cottage, small and medium
scale enterprises.
d.
Services
There are at least 250 private and government banks in the region. Other than
the rural banks found in almost all the municipalities, other institutions providing
alternative funding are pawnshops, credit cooperatives, financing companies
and small lending firms.
2.2.7
Selected Economic Indicators Affecting Tourism
a.
Economic Growth in Visitors Home Countries
As total income of the household rises, it allows them to spend for recreational
purposes. This is notable when tourism growth was robust until the world
recessions which occurred in the 1980's when tourist flow plummeted and
stagnation occurred in the industry.
Phenomenal growth of East Asian countries should be looked into more closely,
since lately, increasing tourist flow are coming from these areas.
b.
Increased Income of Filipinos
As the country positions itself for economic take-off, the number of domestic
tourist is expected to grow. More so, if income growth is accompanied by income
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Source: Department of Trade and Industry and the JICA Study Team Report
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
redistribution, so that leisure-seeking individuals are not limited to the upper
strata.
Vis-à-vis the various expenditure items, it would be noted that the over-all
percentage spent for recreation slightly declined between the period 1988 to
1991, from 0.5% to 0.4% but remained unchanged among urban families, at a
constant share of 0.5%. Expenditure for food and housing comprise the larger
percentage of expenditure accounting for 62% of the family's total income.
c.
Gross Regional Product
In 1995, tourism as an industry is estimated to have made a significant
contribution to the Philippine economy:

Contributed a gross revenue of about P60.0 Billion (US 52.454 Billion);

Accounted for 3.31% of the gross domestic product;

Employed 1.2 million people, benefiting a total of 3.60M people (at a 1:3
dependency ratio); and

P12.89 billion worth of investments endorsed to BOI.
In 1994, the region's gross regional domestic product (GRDP) was P142.272
billion (at current price) representing 8.43% of the national total of P1687.704
Billion. Among the various regions, Region 3 ranked as the third major
contributor following NCR's P544.161 billion and Region IV's P252.817 billion.
Between the period 1987 to 1994, the region's GRDP (at constant price) grew
by an average of 3.70%, exceeding NCR's average growth rate of 3.25%, but
lower than Region IV's 4.22%, the two regions with the highest reported
GRDP.
d.
Gross Value Added
From 1990 to 1994, the industrial sector remained to be the major contributor
to the region's Gross Domestic Product vis-à-vis the country's GDP, as it
accounted for an average of 11.64% during the period. Agriculture's. GVA, on
the other hand averaged 10.24 %, trade sector 9.11 % and the service sector
7.71 %.
e.
Inflation/Consumer Price Index
Prices of basic commodities in the region did not increase as much as those in
other regions. While the country posted an 8.07% inflation rate in 1995, Region
3's inflation rate was placed at 6.62%. This rate represents a 33.8% decrease
over the 1994 inflation rate of 10%.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
As shown in Table 2.13, Zambales and Nueva Ecija experienced the highest
inflation rate, with rates of 7.8% and 7.2%, respectively while Bulacan and
Pampanga registered the lowest inflation rate with 6.3% and 5.8%, respectively.
f.
Visitor Expenditure
The period from 1973 to 1978 was the halcyon of the tourism industry, with
growth rates averaging 33%, peaking in 1980 at 1.01 million. However, with the
instability engendered by the increasing opposition to the Marcos regime,
together with the global downturn in tourism in the early 1980s, visitor numbers
continued to decline up to 1987, when tourist arrivals reached only 794,700. The
year 1988 was marked by an upturn with visitor arrivals reaching the 1.043
million level.
In terms of tourist receipts, it was only in 1987 when earnings reached the US
$1.0 million mark. Commencing in 1987, tourist receipts progressively increased
with 1994 posting US $ 2.283 million.
In the 1995 visitors' survey undertaken by DOT, it was reported that the average
daily expenditure for all visitors to the Philippines is US 5150.35. The overseas
Filipinos, on the other hand accounted for a lower average expenditure because
over 90% stay with families or friends and due to the proportionately large
" ba l ik bay a n " component.
Indicators/Profile of Visitors Visiting Region III
In the 1993 regional tourism study on the domestic tourist, the following
indicators had surfaced:

Average length of stay is 2.3 nights

Average daily expenditure is P925; largest expenditure item of which is for
accommodation

Age grouping below 30 years old (90% of respondents)

Educational level (mode) below high school, primarily (80%) students

3 top recreational activities are water sports, shopping and sightseeing

Growth rate is estimated to follow GDP growth rate

Based on regional visitor survey, 51% visited Luzon (respondents those
using commercial accommodation) and 55% (estimate for those not using
commercial accommodations)
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
1993 Regional Statistics on Foreign Arrivals

Average stay is 14.1 nights

Average daily expenditure during stay is P1,070 or US $39.50

Dominant markets are Americans followed by Australians and Japanese

Purpose of travel indicates 71.4% for vacation/pleasure and 14.3% for VFRs

Educational level (mode), 45% are university/college graduate

Preponderance of businessmen

Purpose primarily for pleasure/holiday

Top three motives for travel:
have friends/relatives, shopping opportunities,
previous visit experience

Top three recreational activities: sightseeing, water sports, shopping

Average foreign arrival using tourist accommodations in the Philippines
generated around 2.7 separate visits during their stay
g.
Visitors Expenditure Pattern
Travelers on package tours understandably spent less than the independent
travelers, inasmuch as cost of accommodations have already been paid in
advance. The latter spent, an average of P925 per day, while FIT travelers spent
an average of P1070. Among the various expenditure items, shopping
accounted for the largest expense of the tourist.
h.
Employment Generation
The employment generating capacity of the tourism industry is of particular
significance. In 1991, it was estimated that 630,000 persons were employed in
tourism-related establishments. In 1992, this figure increased by 8%, with an
estimated 680,000 jobs generated. 4/
_____________________________
4/
International Tourism Reports, No. 3 1994
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
i.
Minimum Wage
As shown in Table 2.15, NSO statistics indicate that in 1994, the daily
minimum wage for those employed in the non-agricultural sector ranged from
P115 to P127, depending on the number of employees and asset size of the
establishment. In terms of real wage, this translates to about P63 to P70. To
be able to maintain the 1994 real wage rate level, nominal wage rates in
December 1995 is estimated to be from P134 to P148. However, real wage
rates as of December 1995 stood between P54 to P60.
Agricultural workers received daily wages of P90 for non-plantation and P105
for those in plantations. Adjusting these figures for inflation, real wage rates
therefore was only P49 for non-plantation workers and P58 for plantation
workers.
Rates received by those working in retail, and service establishments and in
private hospitals ranged from P108 to P117 or in terms of real wage, these
would be approximately P59 to P64.
Viewed vis-a-vis the per capita food cost per day, even if 1991 figure of P16.28
were utilized, a family of 5, would spend P81.40 for food alone. Thus, the
agricultural worker would only have P8.60 to P 23.60 remaining to defray
expenses for non-food items.
j.
Foreign Exchange Rate
Average rate of peso to the US dollar fluctuated between the period of 1990 to
the first half of 1996 from a high of P27.48 in 1991 to a low of P25.51 in 1992.
Over the last six years, the mean annual average exchange rate gravitated
within the P26.10 = $1.00 level.
k.
Investments and Exports
Utilizing figures of projects approved by the Board of Investments (BOI) as
indicator of investments made in the region, it would be noted that in 1995,
about P53.697 billion worth of projects were approved by BOI. This represents
a 31.45% increase over the 1994 figure of P40.849B. Exports, on the other
hand posted a 29.04% increase from the US $526.05 Million level in 1994 to
US S 678.79 Million as shown in Table 2.16. Among the top three exports were
garments (US $ 179.03M), Gifts, Toys and Houseware (US $127.35M) and
semiconductors/electronics (US $110.45M).
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
As indicated in Table 2.17, the export performance of the Region has been
consistently high from 1992 to 1995. Among the provinces, Bataan posted the
highest level of exports primarily due to the presence of the Subic Economic
Zone. With the conversion of Clark Air Base into an economic zone, Pampanga
has increasingly taken a larger share of the region's total exports.
A review of the performance of industries in the region would show that a major
problem confronting the region is the lack of intermediate production to supply
finished export industries. It would be noted that a substantial percentage of
inputs used in the export industry are imported on consignment due to lack of
intermediate goods locally processed. The poor quality and high cost of local
intermediate goods constrain manufacturers from readily utilizing these products.
On the other hand, investors hesitate to invest in the production of some
intermediate goods such as steel and resin due to limited market.
Between the period January 1, 1990 to December 31, 1995, the Board of
Investment approved two tourism-related projects/industrial estates in Region 3.
These are the Montemar Resort and Development Corporation and the Sylvaco
Inc., which are both located in Bataan- Total cost of both projects is P94.5 M
with an expected employment generation capacity of 210 jobs.
l.
Incentives
Among the incentives provided by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority
(PEZA) to the various ecozone sectors are the following:
1. Incentives given to Export and Free Trade Enterprise:

corporate income tax exemption for 4 years to a maximum of 8 years

exemption from duties and taxes on imported capital equipment, spare
parts, materials and supplies

after lapse of the ITH, exemption from national and local taxes, in lieu
thereof, special 5% tax rate

tax credit for import substitution

exemption from wharfage dues, export tax impost, fees

tax credit on domestic capital equipment

tax and duty free importation of breeding stocks and genetic materials
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

tax credit on domestic breeding stocks and genetic materials

additional deduction for training expense (labor and management)

permanent resident status for foreign investors and immediate members
of the family

employment of foreign nationals

additional deduction for labor expense (50% of wages corresponding to
increment in number of direct labor subject to certain conditions)

exemption from SGS inspection

simplified import-export procedures
2. Incentives for Ecozone Developers/Operators/Facilities, Utilities, Tourism
and Domestic Market Enterprise

exemption from national and local taxes, in lieu thereof, 5% gross
income tax rate

additional deduction for training expense (labor and management)

permanent resident status for foreign investors and immediate members
of the family

incentives under the Build-Operate-Transfer Law

other incentives available under EO 226 as maybe determined by the
PEZA Board
2.3
Existing Land Use
Of the total land area of Region III, 40.43% is devoted to agricultural use, livestock
production and pasture land. This is almost equal to forestry land which is 44.34% of
the total land area. Fishponds, mangroves, island lake, swamps and rivers devoted to
fish production composed of 3.75% of the area; rockland, grassland, beaches, canyon
and creeks is 1.69% while built-up areas is 5.55%. The rest which is 4.24% of the total
area is covered by lahar.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
The distribution by Province as a percentage of the Region's land area are as follows:
Classification Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Tarlac Pampanga Zambales
Total
1. Agriculture
3.00
5.06
14.55
7.33
6.24
1.91
38.09
-
0.18
1.70
-
-
0.46
2.34
3. Fishery
0.24
1.36
0.58
0.11
1.23
0.23
3.75
4. Forestry
4.04
6.41
10.83
6.40
1.48
15.18
44.34
5. Rockland,
Grassland,
Beaches,
Canyons,
and Creeks
0.03
0.20
0.23
0.33
0.33
0.57
1.69
0.23
1.32
1 . 05
1.14
1 59
0.22
5.55
2. Livestock
6. Built-up
areas
7. Lahar
Total
-
-
0.08
1.18
1.22
1.76
4.24
7.54
14.53
29.02
16.49
12.33
20.33
100%
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management of the Department of Agriculture has
classified the following land use opportunity areas:
1. Agricultural Areas - Land actively utilized for various agricultural activities. These
also include various development infrastructure like roads, bridges, irrigation and
human settlement areas.
2. Expansion Areas - Idle, less utilized lands that have potential for various forms of
well managed agricultural areas.
3. Rehabilitation Areas - Represents land within the critical watersheds subjected to
various land use abuses where various forms of active and inactive erosional
processes are very evident. For ecological reasons these areas are at the moment
best used for commercial tree plantation. Reverting these areas into its former
forest conditions is expensive in terms of time and labor.
4. Preservation Areas - These are areas primarily covered with trees or dominated by
woody-type of vegetations. These represent areas that should be permanently
retained as forest environment.
5. Wetland Areas - These are brackish and fresh water wetlands dominated either by
grassy or wood vegetation. These includes lakes and viable fishponds and should
be preserved as aqua-marine ecology.
6. Miscellaneous - rockland, grassland, beachland, river wash, canyon, river creek,
terrace escarpment.
7. Built-up Areas - Where most populace are.
8. Pyroclastic Flow Deposit - Lahar.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Of these areas, existing tourism facilities are almost always located in the built-up areas.
Potential tourist spots however, can be found in areas classified as preservation,
wetland, miscellaneous, built-up and pyroclastic areas, while eco-tourism can be
developed in the Mt. Pinatubo areas, preservation areas and wetland areas.
Delineations of land use opportunity by province are shown in Figures 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4,
2-5,2-6.
2.4
ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE REGION
Tourism resources can be categorized under natural systems, socio-economic systems,
and others. In the region, the natural systems include; mangroves, seagrass systems,
coral reef systems, sandy beach systems, watersheds, lagoon and estuaries, coastal
seas, forests, caves, etc. Socio-economic systems include agricultural production
systems and urban settlements. 'Other' resources would include human resources,
constructed resources, cultural heritage/archeological values.
The natural environmental attributes of the region include:

Gentle terrestrial relief characterized by low limestone promontories with
aesthetically pleasing and colorful indigenous plants and fruit trees;

Groves of natural vegetation and forests extending inland from the shoreline, in
some places back dropped by slightly rugged limestone cliffs;

Land areas adjoining the shoreline are highly positive for tourism development;

Especially in Bataan and Zambales, clean, wide, white-sandy beaches with a gentle
gradient towards the deeper parts, with crystal-clear waters most parts of the year;
and

Pleasant inhabitants and their characteristic lifestyles.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
On a per-province basis, the following account describes the environment at the region
2.4.1
Bataan
a. Environmental Setting

majority of the province's municipalities are within the coastline - Manila Bay in
the east and the China Sea in the south and inner portion is bounded by
Pampanga and Zambales in the north,

provincial land mass is dominated by mountainous area covering almost 81%
of total land area of 1,373 sq km. lowlands and plains cover 19%,

chained by numerous rivers and small streams radiating from two major
mountain groups where Mt. Natib is located,

the province's once thick timber stand is now mostly depleted thus its
watersheds are generally running dry and soil erosion has become a usual
occurrence,

only 900 hectares of virgin forest remaining,

two major rivers cut across the mountainous area supplying most of the
agricultural sector's water requirements,

soil type of Bataan, e.g. Antipolo clay, La Paz silt loam, etc. are suitable for
the production of various crops,

known mineral deposits are limited to non-metallic such as rock, gravel, sand
and lime,

rice remains the principal crop of the province with an average of 17,872 ha
planted to rice between 1986-1991,

other major crops cultivated are banana, mango, camote, coconut, corn,
eggplant and citrus (calamansi), where the mango production is increasing
and both the banana and coconut are decreasing,

fishpond areas 3,380.37 ha of fishpond (private, government-leased) and
freshwater; fishponds culture bangus, sugpo, tilapia,

fish production during the period of 1986-1992 grew at an average annual rate
of 2.2%; fish production was highest in 1988 and lowest in 1986,
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

livestock production included carabao, cattle, hog, goat, poultry (chicken and
duck),

considerable areas of mangrove growth and seagrass beds,

where most of the remaining corals of Manila Bay are found especially in
the
waters of Corregidor island,

most people are aware of illegal fishing but continue to resort to it as a matter
of survival,

around 9,168 municipal fishermen and 19 commercial fishing operators,

fishing grounds are reached after traveling 30 minutes to 1 hour and covering
a range of 300 meters to 32 kilometers (most common distance is = 2
kilometers),
During the peak season (May, April and December), they fish 7x a week but
during the lean season (June, March and April), they fish only 3x a week.
Problems encountered by fishermen: municipal fishermen, with low catch
rates, blatant violation of fishery laws, use of dynamite, low selling price of fish;
commercial fishermen, also with low catch rates, high cost of fishing inputs,
use of fine-meshed nets and bag nets, low selling price of fish.

perceptions on the condition of the bay:
1. major change in the conditions of the bay and its resources
-
present scarcity of some species (ten-pounders, etc.)
-
change in the sizes of fish caught which has become smaller
-
volume of fish catch also declined - attributed to the increase in the
number of fishing vessels and subsequently, the increase in the
number of fishermen and unsound fishing methods
-
conditions of fishing grounds have changed; some traditional fishing
grounds are no longer productive and have become relatively farther
(15-20 years ago, immediate coastline of the bay, now nearshore
areas have almost zero productivity)
2. use of dynamite, cyanide, etc.. including the use of fine-meshed nets is an
accepted problem
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
3. many are willing to stop or minimize fishing if there will be an assurance of
an alternative livelihood program to support their families; if none will be
available or provided, they will continue to fish as long as it can support
their families
-
fishermen have a very low awareness of fishery regulations
(ineffective because of lack of resources and political will on part of
law enforcers)
-
majority of these commercial fishermen reportedly use medium-sized
push-nets of 'sudsod' along the shallow portions of the coastal waters
(species caught are 'sulib' which is used for feeds in fishponds and
small shrimps or 'alamang' which is common material for processed
goods such as 'bagoong')
other large and efficient fishing vessels such as purse seines and ring
nets also operate in the coastal waters of the province
-
illegal fishing methods being employed in the province are the use of
explosives, the use of poison, and the use of fine-meshed fishing gear
-
the use of dynamite is very common in the shores fronting the
municipalities of Limay and Mariveles, the coastal areas of barangay
Kitang II (Luz) and barangay Lamao in the municipality of Limay
-
explosives are said to be obtained from salvaged ammunition off
Corregidor Island, from explosive factories in the province, and
derived from fertilizers which are readily available in agricultural
supplies stores
-
blast fishing is practiced within hearing range of Coast Guard stations
e.g. in Lamao where a detachment is located
-
the use of poison, e.g. cyanide, is usually practiced in the river
systems of the municipality of Limay, Mariveles and Orion
4. there are many existing fishery laws and regulations that promote the
implementation of Coastal Resources Management (CRM) at present but
these are not strictly enforced. There are hindrances on its implementation
at local level even (RA 7160) Local Government Code of 1991 places
resource management at the hands of local government officials
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
5. information and communication channels seem to be blocked due to
poverty, indifference, or simply disenchantment with government efforts
-
more fishermen are beginning to appreciate the need for regulation
due to the problem of congestion and overexploitation

In relation to mangroves:
-
there are considerable areas with mangroves;
-
based on the Manila Bay Environmental Profile for Region III (1990),
there were originally around 54,000 hectares of mangroves in the
Manila Bay area, but at present, there are only about 2,000 hectares
left
-
there are only about 220 ha of mangroves remaining and these are
distributed in Limay, Orion, Balanga, Samal and Orani

-
Balanga has the biggest area of mangrove growth with 100 ha
-
The mangrove areas are distributed as follows:
Limay
scattered patches
Orion
70 ha
Balanga
100 ha
Samal
50 ha
Orani
scattered patches
In relation to coral reefs, the following account is worth noting:
-
the mouth of Manila Bay fronting the South China Sea and containing the
areas within the Corregidor Islands supports small communities of reef
formations
-
mostly soft and hard corals of different types and forms
-
presence of 4 butterfly fishes indicate that the reef is still healthy
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

With sea grasses and sea-weeds,
-
only province fronting Manila Bay has sea grass beds
-
Halodule spp. and Halophila spp found in Pilar
-
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Gracilaria spp. and Caulerpa spp. found in
Orion
b. Priority Issues
All 12 municipalities are considered coastal towns, and nine coastal communities
are fronting Manila Bay. Majority of the rural population of 70 coastal barangays
derive their livelihood from fishing and/or fishing related activities. Commercial
fishermen use resource-degrading fishing gear (dredging/scraping gears) such as
trawls and push-nets which damage fish habitats in the bay floor itself and in the
coral reef communities. Pollution of coastal waters is due to indiscriminate disposal
of domestic wastes and garbage into the rivers and near-shore areas. As in other
areas of the Bay experiencing garbage and waste disposal problems, it is the
absence of appropriate human waste disposal facilities among the houses in the
coastal communities and the lack of space for garbage disposal, and the absence
of a garbage collection system, that are the main causes of such problems. Most
of the coastal residents do not possess the appropriate environmental awareness
and concern that would make them abstain from such unsound waste and garbage
disposal practices and to find alternative means of waste and garbage disposal.
Unsound upland agricultural practices, quarrying activities in the coastal zones,
flushing of used fishpond water into the rivers and the coastal waters, and the
accumulation of wastes and garbage in the rivers and the near shore waters, have
in varying degrees, contributed considerably to the on-going siltation and
shallowing of the coastal waters, especially in river mouths and the near shore
areas. These practices are aggravated by the absence of vegetation in the
uplands (due to slash-and-burn farming and unsustainable lumber production in
the past) and in the shoreline areas, the absence or scarcity of mangrove stands
local residents in some municipalities, e.g. in Orion and in Orani, dump their
wastes and garbage in areas where mangroves are present.
Ten fish markets, 17 fish landings/ports, three ice plants/cold storage facilities, 82
fish processing plants and eight prawn hatcheries are present along the shores of
Bataan.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
In relation to industries, pollution of coastal waters of the province is due to the
indiscriminate disposal of industrial wastes and effluents from the coastal
plants/factories and other industrial sites. Oil balls are observed along the coast of
Bataan's large industrial sites such as the PETRON refinery located in the
municipality of Limay. A recent oil spill (1992) from an oil tanker going to the
refinery has caused the loss of the main, if not the only, source of income of many
of the municipal fishermen in the area.
Another water polluting industry which is also located in Limay is the Bataan
Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) of the National Power Corporation (NPC). The BTPP
contributes to water pollution by releasing thermal water back into the coastal
waters after it has been used by its boilers compared to the extent of contribution
of domestic wastes and garbage to the pollution problem of the province, industrial
wastes and effluents constitute the greater threat to the ecology of the coastal
waters of the province such that greater focus must be given to the proper disposal
of such industrial wastes and effluents.
Natural factors similarly contribute to the degradation of the habitats in Bataan. In
the entire Manila Bay area, the red-tide manifestation generally begins in the
Bataan area in waters where mussels and oysters are cultured or grow wild.
Siltation/shallowing of the near-shore areas is most common in the first district of
the province. Prior to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, siltation was already taking
place (and still is) due to unsound resource-use practices inland and coastal land
areas due to the absence of vegetative cover along the shoreline.
Garbage disposal is a serious concern of Bataan. Below is the classification of
households by usual means of garbage disposal (1990)

total household
81,343

picked up by garbage truck
12,054

dumping in individual pit (not burned)

burning

composting (later used as garbage)

burying
2,210

feeding to animals
2,175

others
7,155
9,969
46,948
846
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in land
management units, in ha) is given below:
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
Siltation Prone
223
16
281
223
16
281
warm lowland
TOTAL
c.
Impact Mitigation and Conservation Effort
DENR has made some initiatives to improve the environmental conditions in the
region. Some of these include the completion of: five trail construction projects
with a total length of 35 km; two small water impounding projects, and two soil
conversion structures.
A proposal has been submitted by the Municipality of Morong, the "One
Barangay, One Product Movement", which focuses on tourism development and
promotion. Although environmental protection is implicit, the thrust of the project
would in part ensure that the environment as this is used in tourism activities will
be protected and managed.
Bataan was one of the four provinces included in the ADB funded Fishery Sector
Program to undertake a comprehensive study of the fishery sector which had the
following components: Fishery and Ecological Assessment; Coastal Zone
Management;
Research and
Extension;
Law
Enforcement;
Credit; and
Infrastructure that started in 1990 and completed in 1994.
Other accomplishments are also worth noting:

1.126 denuded forestlands were reforested from 1986-1991 (3 reforestation
projects) in Mariveles, Morong and Mt. Sarnat Reforestation Projects

watershed rehabilitation projects included the reconstruction of 1,240 cu. m.
of checkdam and introduction of 938,000 sq. m. of vegetative measures
introduced
during
the
enrichment
planting
-
Mariveles
Watershed
Rehabilitation Project

public beaches, particularly in Panibutnan, were also improved through the
construction of picnic sheds and better landscaping to attract more visitors to
the area (about P860,000 was allocated for this)
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

there were efforts (1992) to plant mangrove trees in the coastal areas through
the Mangrove Reforestation Program of DENR particularly in Orion, Pilar and
Abucay

programs implemented: Biyayang Dagat, Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran based on experiences from these programs, the upliftment of the lives of the
fishermen does not solely rest on the provision of loans to buy modern fishing
equipment

coastal communities who have been introduced to the CRM program have
learned to manage the resources that they exploit through schemes that they
themselves implement (programs are implemented through a communitybased management approach) and enforce

government officers (GO's) and local government units (LGU's) have been
involved in CRM related activities such as information dissemination, providing
livelihood projects for small fishermen, establishment of coral reefs and
mangrove planting

only 6 (11 %) barangay captains cited involvement of their barangay units in
undertakings which are CRM related:
Brgy. Kaparangan in Orani
Bgy. Calaylayan and Brgy. Omboy in Abucay
Bgy. Wawa and Bgy. Landing in Pilar
Activities cited are mainly mangrove reforestation and seminars on artificial
reefs
2.4.2
Bulacan
a. Environmental Setting

Manila Bay in the southwest

the province lies tilted in the east and the rains caught in the flatlands,
mountains and foothills make their way down to the west and Manila Bay

generally flat in terrain

a dozen mountains situated near the boundaries of Nueva Ecija, Quezon and
Rizal
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

from the elevated area flow numerous rivers which drain the province

limited coastline with only five of its 24 municipalities touching Manila Bay '
(generally low and swampy)

intersected by numerous esteros or tributaries of the Pampanga river

western half is generally flat and is drained by Angat and Pampanga river

part of western boundary touches Candaba swamps

Status of Land Classification: 1986
Classification
T O TA L
Area in Hectares
262,500
Certified alienable and disposable
180,525
Forest land
81,875
Unclassified
Classified
81,875
Established forest reserve
8,805
Established timberland
9,158
National parks GRBS1/
2,117
Military and naval reservation

-
-
Civil reservation
59,413
Fishponds
2,382
forest land comprises 31.2% of which civil reservation -59.4 thousand ha
timberland -
9.2 thousand ha established forest reserve - 8.8 thousand
hectares

Bulacan has 14,800 ha of virgin forests and 13,700 ha of second growth
forests

22.4 thousand ha are fishponds
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
1/ Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary Wilderness areas.

2.1 thousand ha are national parks;

reported aquafarms totaled 4,198: fishponds, 904; oyster farms, 291; frog farms, 3

43 commercial fishing operators;

in 1987, estimated fishpond area of 22,584 ha had total output of 37,684 metric
tons;

brackishwater fishponds had a production of 95.3% or 36,000 metric tons from an
area of

22,000 ha which is 97.3% of the total inland area;
production of freshwater fishponds amounted to 8,758 metric tons from an area of
611 hectares;

the municipalities of Hagonoy, Bulacan, Malolos, San Miguel, and Obando had the
biggest number of municipal fishing households;

mineral production in 1986 was P640 Million;

non-metallic mineral production was P640.301 Million,

mineral production included: cement; limestone (for cement manufacture), sand,
gravel, and salt,

mining and quarrying establishments in 1983 totaled 53 and most of these
establishments were located in Bulacan (14) followed by Malolos (13)
establishments;

Mangrove area of Manila Bay in Bulacan is only 294 hectares;

Some of the fish resources are: anchovies, mullets, shrimps, acetes, threadfin,
whiting, blue crab.
b. Priority lssues
Major domestic issues in Bulacan include: water pollution from solid waste, open
dumps in and along rivers by residents; and domestic waste water. Commercial
issues include: water pollution from piggeries and poultry farming, chemicals used
in fishponds and agriculture. On the other hand, the industrial issues arise largely
from vehicles and cement factories ( three in Norzagaray and one in Akle) but due
to their location on the hillside, effects of air pollution on local residents are limited.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Major sources of water pollution are: industrial effluents from alcohol plants and
tanneries. These tanneries in Bulacan discharge their wastewater into the
Meycauayan and Marilao rivers. In a newspaper article (Philippine Daily Inquirer,
24 February 1997), Gregorio Nisperos, Environment Technical Director for Central
Luzon, reported the findings of the Special Profiting Team organized by DENR to
determine the level of pollution in major rivers in the region. Findings showed that
these two river systems are biologically dead due to indiscriminate dumping of
solid and liquid wastes by industrial firms and residents along the waterways.
Around 165 industries, including canneries, poultry farms, piggeries and food
processing factories are found in the area.
A natural source of environmental degradation in Bulacan is the present heavy
siltation of tributaries which serve as outlets for rainwater. This results in yearly
floods in the Central Plain of Luzon. A major source of water pollution is
sedimentation caused by soil erosion.
As in the other provinces in the region, garbage disposal is a big problem in
Bulacan. This is reflected in the data below:
Classification of Households by Usual Means of Garbage Disposal, 1990

total household
287,890

picked up by garbage truck
25,003

dumping in individual pit (not burned)
22,030

burning
219,839

composting (later used as garbage)
3,362

burying
7,114

feeding to animals
4,049

others
6,493
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in land
management units, in ha) is given below:
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
warm lowland
TOTAL
0
Siltation Prone
153
0
153
c. Impact Mitigation and Conservation Efforts
Efforts on the part of the government and the inhabitants to improve the
environmental conditions in Bulacan include:

the construction and use of Angat Hydroelectric Project which serve as power,
water supply, irrigation and flood control

a total of P51.1 M was incurred in aquafarm operation wherein 99.8% was
incurred by fishponds and 0.2% by others (e.g. fingerlings, compensation,
rental, fertilizer).

the government implemented three forest tree projects in 1987 with an area of
6,180 ha where the area developed totaled 1,524.

two pasture leases were issued every year since 1984 covering an area of 1.3
thousand hectares.

Candaba swamp is a potential major asset for environmental education
La Mesa and Ipo River Dam provide the province's water supply.
Thus, some important aspects of the environment in Bulacan in relation to its use as a
tourism resource would include:
Bocaue - noted for firecrackers and luces / Pagoda
Bustos - Bustos Dam, longest sector gate in the world; used as huge reservoir at
Angat Hydroelectric Plant at Barrio Hill
Calumpit - noted for centuries old potteries, clay work, native foods like ulang
(lobster)
Guiginto - noted for bamboo products and bihon factories
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Hagonoy - Aroma Beach Resorts, sandy beach with aroma plants
Marilao - noted for jewelry, Prenza Dam
Meycauayan - noted for tanneries, leather goods and leather crafts
Obando - fisheries
Paombong - producers of nipa, vinegar, alcohol, and wine
Pandi - noted for garments, embroideries and dairy products
San Ildefonso - Grotto Central Cement Marble Products
2.4.3
Nueva Ecija
Totally landlocked, Nueva Ecija's natural resources are the forests and their
amenities. However, the major threats that challenge developmental effort in the
province include: dwindling forest reserves due to illegal logging, some of the areas
are flood-prone while others are within a fault line, and labor force migration and
emigration to Metro Manila.
Garbage disposal and management is a major issue in Nueva Ecija. The data below
show that burning as a means of disposing of wastes is the usual practice, making
up 80% of the household. Garbage from only 5.2% of the households is being
disposed of using dump trucks:
Classification of Households by Usual Means of Garbage Disposal, 1990








total household
picked up by garbage truck
dumping in individual pit (not burned)
burning
composting (later used as garbage)
burying
feeding to animals
others
250,978
12,959
21,912
199,526
4,701
8,862
2,065
953
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in
land management units, in ha) is given below:
warm lowland
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
Siltation Prone
41
2,054
4,405
miscellaneous
TOTAL
252
41
2,054
4,657
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
In the people's vision for development, preservation of the existing natural resources
(forest, wildlife, flora and fauna) is high in the agenda. In the province, environmental
management as a discrete sector of development is not perceived to be at par with
economic and social components.
2.4.4
Pampanga
a. Environmental Setting and Priority lssues
With the exception of a small portion at its southern end which opens to Manila Bay,
Pampanga is completely centrally landlocked in Region III. The devastation brought
about by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo is one of the main environmental concerns of the
local government, in relation to its effort to develop economically. The phenomenon
makes the province the most highly prone to siltation, with 18,630 ha of its land area
likely to be affected by it. In terms of direct effect of lahar, it ranks second to Zambales,
with 16,541 ha of its land seriously affected. Among the six provinces in Region III, it
ranks third in the most highly prone to the effects of lahar.
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in land
management units, in ha) is given below:
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
Siltation Prone
11,181
8,633
16,597
1,156
75
9
644
-
-
cool highland
1,429
-
-
miscellaneous
2,131
1,096
2,024
TOTAL
16,541
9,804
18,630
warm lowland
warm cool upland
warm cool hilly land
Taking a 'little of everything' from its neighboring provinces, Pampanga exhibits a mix
of the environmental conditions as well as that of the prevailing practices in its
management and protection. Hence, garbage disposal and pollution from domestic,
industrial and commercial effluents affect the conditions of its environment, especially
in the more urbanized sections:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Classification of Households by Usual Means of Garbage Disposal, 1990

total household
268,007

picked up by garbage truck
39,590

dumping in individual pit (not burned)
31,224

burning
168,218

composting (later used as garbage)
5,335

burying
12,282

feeding to animals
5,247

others
6,111
The remaining forest cover is critically insufficient to sustain a viable watershed; while
its wildlife (flora and fauna) is virtually unstudied. In relation to tourist interest, it is only
the lahar area, Mt. Arayat, and Candaba Swamps that are of ecological value as
special interest or rural tourism attractions.
b. Impact Mitigation and Conservation Efforts
Much like in the other provinces of the region, the normal activities and projects of the
local government are the sole source of data and information being used in the
improvement of the environmental conditions. It is worth noting, however, that
Parnpanga has Mt. Arayat and Candaba Swamps which are legally declared as
protected areas. The latter made the Philippines signatory to the Ramsar Convention
which looks at the protection of endangered waterfowls, putting the country among
those committed to the preservation of these important species.
2.4.5
Tarlac
a. Environmental Setting
The following account describes the environmental setting in Tarlac:

The province is situated at the center of the Central Plains of Luzon Island,
landlocked by the provinces of Nueva Ecija to the east, Pangasinan to the
north, Pampanga to the south, and Zambales to the east.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

Geological formations in the province are composed mainly of igneous and
sedimentary rocks. The province is bounded by volcanic hills in the south, a
high mountain range composed of ultrabasic rocks in the west, and a wide
broad and alluvial valley in the north and east. A total of 68% of the province's
land area is composed of sedimentary rocks with the rest covered by igneous
rocks.

Hills bordering in the south are pyroclastics with intermediary low relief hills
and sandstone sequences. The western part of the province is composed of
andesitic and basaltic parent materials and intrusion of ultramatic igneous
rocks which tends to divide the physiographic boundary between Zambales
and Tarlac.

Land classification:
Agricultural Area
137,400 has (45%)
Residential and Built-up Area
20,842 has (6.83%)
Grassland/Shrubland Area
84,723 has (27.75%)
Woodland Area
54,252 has (17.77%)
b. Priority Issue
A large portion of the province (68.42%) shows no apparent erosion.These are
predominantly in the built-up areas in the north and eastern parts of the province.
Of the 18 municipalities, four are noticeable for displaying varying degrees of
erosion, these are: Tarlac, Mayantoc, Capas and Bamban. The western part of the
province registers the biggest area with slight to moderate erosion, followed by
Mayantoc, Capas and Bamban. Areas with severe erosion are scattered.
Because of increasing population and improvement in the economy, garbage
disposal has likewise become a big problem in Tarlac. The data below reflects its
status:
Classification of Households by Usual Means of Garbage Disposal, 1990

total household

picked up by garbage truck
8,606

dumping in individual pit (not burned)
21,115
159,344
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

burning

composting (later used as garbage)
5,117

burying
6,200

feeding to animals
5,194

others
1,585
111,527
Hence, only 5.4% of the households is being serviced by garbage trucks, while
70% still adheres to the traditional practice of burning the refuse as a means of
waste disposal.
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in
land management units, in ha) is given below:
c.
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
Siltation Prone
warm lowland
6,660
18,410
74
warm cool upland
1,261
1,474
warm cool hilly land
585
377
cool highland
338
4
miscellaneous
2,706
1,366
100
TOTAL
11,550
21,631
174
Impact Mitigation and Conservation Efforts
With the development of the province geared toward agricultural modernization
and agro-based industries, major development projects in the province are
focused mainly on the provision of road networks, water based infrastructure
facilities and productivity centers.
One such project is the Balog-Balog Multipurpose Project which consists of the
Bulsa River Diversion Project involving the construction of a diversion dam, a six
kilometer conveyance canal and a 440 m long canal section. Its aim is to provide
irrigation water supply. Another project is the development of resettlement areas in
the province aimed at accommodating displaced persons affected by the eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
2.4.6
Zambales
a. Environmental Setting
Below are some of the statements which describe the environment in Zambales:

Located at the western coast of the Central Luzon Region, the province of
Zambales is bounded by Pangasinan in the north, Olongapo City and Bataan
in the south, and the China Sea in the west.

The province has a total territorial area of 371,440 hectares averaging 30
kilometers in width and 110 kilometers in length.

Terrain is very irregular with the eastern part of the main highway having
mountain ranges, while the northern areas have swamps that have been
converted into fish ponds.

Typhoons do not frequent the Zambales area because mountain ranges in the
east shield the province from north-easterly winds. However, the province is
exposed to the southeast monsoon and cyclonic typhoons.

The original inhabitants of Zambales come from the ethnic groups of the
Zambales, Ilocanos and the Tagalogs.

As of census year 1990, Olongapo City, the province's capital, had a total
population of 562,992, with a density of 152 inhabitants per square kilometer.

Zambales has six main rivers that drain into the South China Sea, these are:
Bagsit, Bancal, Bucao, Maloma, Nacolcol, and Sto. Tomas.

Zambales, with a total land area of 371,440 ha, has 157,256 ha of Delimited
Public Forest land, 76,578 ha of Unclassified Public Forest land, and 137,397
ha of Disposable land.

Shorelines are either composed of beach sand, fine sand, sandy loam, clay
loam, clay, mountain soils, or swampy soils.

Inland areas have undifferentiated mountain soils, sandy loam, clay, sandy
and clay loam soils.

There were 20 mines operating in the province as of 1990, with three of the
mines producing non-metallic ores and the rest producing metallic ores.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

Strict fines and other legal penalties have left Zambales' beaches and forested
areas relatively unspoiled. Tourist spots are located in the municipalities of
Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, Iba, Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe,
San Narciso, San Antonio, San Marcelino, Castillejos, and Subic Naval Base.
The majority of tourist destinations are beach resorts where scuba diving and
water skiing are offered.

Zambales has 11 municipalities bordering the South China Sea, consequently,
fisheries and aquatic resources are a main source of livelihood. Major fishing
grounds include the South China Sea and inland waters.

The majority of the fish catch in Zambales include: yellow fin tuna, mackerel,
round scad, caesio, anchovies, parrot fish, sardines, groupers, flying fish,
herring, surgeon fish, cavalla, sharks, slipmouth, goatfish, swordfish,
snappers, barracuda, blue marlin, mullet, sweet lips and squid.

Other aquatic species that can be found in the province include, milkfish,
swappers, and seabass mullet. Green sea turtles are also endemic to the
province.

Fish production is expected to post a surplus of 4,605 metric tons in 1995
increasing to 9,975 by 2000, with a high growth rate of 19.03% over the fiveyear period.

Prevalent fishing methods and equipment include hook and line, fish corral

The province has 39,678 (10.68% of total area) of agricultural land, which is
equivalent to 28.84% of its total alienable and disposable land.

Environmental studies involving the 108 MW Subic Bay Power Project yielded
a
total of 157 plant species, including 46 herbs and grasses, 11 shrubs, 82
trees, 13 vine species and 5 sedges.
b. Priority Issues

Downstream erosion and unchecked rainfall runoff caused by deforestation
contribute to siltation causing recurring floods that reduce the productivity of
the provinces water resources.

Inadequate fishing/culturing methods have resulted in low yields of 350-400
kg/ per fish pond.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)

Damage to forest areas have caused moderate erosion resulting in the marine
deposition of silt coming from the large rivers.

Coral reefs have suffered some damage due to the coral cutting and export
industry.

Illegal fishing methods making use of explosives, cyanide and electricity have
caused some damage to fishing areas.

Damage to coastal mangrove areas have opened interior coastal areas to
typhoons, resulting in increased erosion and marine siltation.

Damage wrought by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo include slight to moderate
siltation of rivers and inland areas. Damage wrought to marine ecosystems
have not been studied.
Data below add to our understanding of the environmental status of Zambales:
Classification of Households by Usual Means of Garbage Disposal, 1990

total household

picked up by garbage truck
35,990

dumping in individual pit (not burned)
12,038

burning
45,464

composting (later used as garbage)
1,704

burying
4,976

feeding to animals
6,671

others
115,643
800
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
The area of land covered by lahar, prone to lahar deposit and prone to siltation (in
land management units, in ha) is given below:
Lahar Affected
Lahar Prone
Siltation Prone
6,686
10,032
8,577
15
0
1,352
1,097
warm lowland
warm cool upland
c.
106
warm cool hilly land
6,293
cool highland
6,357
miscellaneous
4,522
2,720
1,487
TOTAL
23,964
14,119
11,161
Impact Mitigation and Conservation Efforts
One community-based initiative that addresses the environmental impacts and
attempts to ensure the long-term sustainability of the natural resources in Region
III is the establishment of protected areas. This effort dates back six decades ago
and continues at present. Below are some of these areas legislated for protection.
While most of them have the potentials as objects of tourism, their maintenance as
such is open to question.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
NAME
Roosevelt
National Park
Bataan National
Park
LEGAL
BASIS
Pres. Proc.
No. 567
(1933)
Pres. Proc.
No. 192
(1987, latest)
SITE
USES
THREATS
Bataan
Tourism &
recreat'n
human settle
ments; illegal
farming
access, human
settlements
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga
CENRO,
Angeles City;
PENRO,
Pampanga
CENRO
Olongapo
Bataan
Zamba
-les
Nueva
Ecija
tourism,
research,
education
tourism &
recreat'n
encroachments
JURISDICTION
Minalungao
National Park
R. A. 5100
(1967)
Aurora Memorial
National Park
Pres. Proc.
No. 220
(1937)
R.A. 826
Nueva
Ecija
tourism &
recreat'n
poaching,
encroachment
Tarlac
tourism &
recreat'n
poor main
tenance
Mt. Arayat Nat
ional Park
E.0.192
(1987)
Pampa
-nga
recreat'n
settlements
illegal
practices
Olongapo Naval
Base Perimeter
National Park
Biak-na-bato
National Park
Pres. Proc.
No. 478
(1968)
Pres. Proc.
No. 401
(1989)
Zamba
-les
tourism &
recreat'n
illegal
settlements
Bulacan
tourism &
recreat'n;
research
settlements
illegal mining,
forest
degradat'n
Masinloc-Oyon
Protected Landscape/seascape
Manila Bay (part)
Seashore Park
R. A. No.
7586
(1994)
DENR AO
Zamba
-les
tourism,
research
NPC power
plant
DENR-RED
San Fernando
Pampanga;
CENRO, Bali
wag, Bulacan
CENRO, Ma
sinloc
Bataan
recreat'n
research,
fishing
agricul
ture,fishing
research
recreat'n,
fishing,
research
pollution,
overpopulation
DENR-RED
Region IV
Capas Death
March Monument
Candaba Swamp
San Salvador
Marine Conser
vation Project
Pampa
-nga
Mun. Resolution No. 56
(1989)
Zamba
-les
flooding,
encroachment
NPC power
plant, illegal
fishing
Haribon-LTK
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.3
Number of Households, Household Size & Growth Rate of Region 3
Household
Population
No. of
Households
Average
Household Size
Growth
Rate
Philippines
58,442,518
13,510,738
5.07
2.32
Region 3
6,932,137
1,365,990
5.07
2.12
Region/Province
Bataan
490,460
98,499
4,98
2.72
Bulacan
1,781,120
359,613
4.95
3.24
Nueva Ecija
1,503,448
300,345
5.01
2.61
Pampanga
1,634,770
302,155
5.41
1.23
Tarlac
945,258
185,4.77
5.10
1.80
Zambales
588,081
119,901
4.74
0.21
Source:
NSO Central Office, September 1995
Table 2.4
Population and Population Density of Central Luzon by Province
Period
Phils.
Region 3
Bataan
1970
Population"
Pop. Density
36,684,486
122.3
3,615,496
198.3
216,210
157.5
1975
Population
Pop. Density
42,070,660
140.2
4,210,136
230.9
263,269
191.7
1980
Population
Pop. Density
48,098,460
160.3
1990
Population
Pop. Density
1995
Population
Pop. Density
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Tarlac
Zambales
737,975
281.1
851,294
161.1
907,275
416.0
559,708
18.3
343,034
92.4
899,529
342.7
947,995
179.4
1,042,529
478.1
640,899
209.9
416,280
112.1
4,802,793
263.4
323,254 1,096,046
235.4
417.5
1,069,409
202.4
1,181,590
541.8
688,457
225.5
444,037
119.5
60,703,206
202.3
6,199,017
340.0
425,803 1,505,219
310.1
573.4
1,312,680
248.4
1,532,615
702.8
859,708
281.6
562,992
151.6
68,614,162
228.7
6,932,570
380.3
491,459 1,784,441
357.9
679.8
1,505,827
285.0
1,635,767
750
.
945,810
309.8
569,266
153.3
a/ Population Density is in persons/sq. km..
Source : NSO Central Office
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.5
Labor Force by Employment Status in Region Ill by Province and Major City
PROVINCE
QUARTER
END
Pop'n 15
yrs & over
('000)
Labor Force
Employed
Persons
('000)
Participation
Rate (%)
Persons
('000)
Rate
(%)
Unemployed
Persons
('000)
Rate
(%)
Distribution of Employed
Agriculture
Non-Agriculture
'000
%
'000
%
Persons
Share
Persons
Share
Region 3
October 1994.
1995*
4,350
3,364
2,516
2,032
57.84
60.40
2,333
1,926
92.73
94.78
183
106
7.27
5.22
796
713
34.11
37.02
1,537
1,213
65.89
62.98
Bataan
October 1994.
1995.
325
337
188
199
57.85
59.05
169
184
89.89
92.46
19
15
10.11
7.54
52
53
30.77
28.80
117
131
69.23
71.20
Bulacan
October 1994.
1995.
1,044
1,078
611
664
58.52
61.60
563
642
92.14
96.70
48
22
7.86
3.30
112
128
19.89
19.90
451
514
80.11
80.10
Nueva Ecija
October 1994.
1995.
919
943
550
565
59.85
59.92
531
552
96.55
97.70
19
13
3.45
2.30
283
285
53.38
51.63
248
267
46.62
48.37
Pampanga
October 1994.
1995*
904
864
516
479
57.08
55.44
472
422
91.67
88.10
44
57
8.53
11.90
101
102
21.35
24.17
371
320
78.65
75.83
Tarlac
October 1994.
1995.
571
584
339
370
59.37
63.36
328
361
96.76
97.57
11
9
3.24
2.43
176
196
53.66
54.29
152
165
46.34
45.71
Zambales
October 1994.
1995.
266
273
144
148
54.14
54.21
124
126
86.81
85.14
20
2
13.89
14.86
47
49
38.40
38.89
77
77
61.60
61.11
Angeles City
October 1994.
1995*
173
97
56.07
84
86.60
13
13.40
1
1.20
81
98.80
Olongapo City
October 1994.
1995.
146
149
73
86
50.00
57.72
60
61
82.19
70.93
13
25
17.81
29.07
3
2
5.00
3.28
57
59
95.00
96.72
Note:
* Excludes Pampanga and Angeles City.
** LFS suspended due to calamity.
Source : National Statistics Office (Region III)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.6
Number of Families, Average Annual Income and Average Annual Expenditures in the
Philippines and in Region III
Philippines
Total
Urban
Region III
Rural
1985
No. of Families
Median Income, P
Median Expenditures, P
Savings, P
9,847,300
20,480
18,988
1,492
3,726,000
31,243
28,953
2,290
6,121,300
16,437
15,322
1,115
956,900
28,029
27,679
350
1988
No. of Families
Median Income, P
Median Expenditures, P
Savings, P
10,533,900
26,694
23,431
3,263
3,985,100
41,960
35,598
6,362
6,548,800
21,142
18,750
2,392
1,038,200
34,867
31,813
3,054
1991 (at current prices)
No. of Families
Median Income, P
Median Expenditures, P
Savings, P
11,975,400
41,040
35,140
5,900
5,938,500
59,270
50,790
8,480
6,036,900
30,330
26,503
3,827
1,194,900
56,120
47,523
8,597
27,000
23,118
3,882
38,993
33,414
5,579
19,954
17,436
2,516
37,141
31,451
5,690
55,019
47,378
31,234
28,953
16,437
15,322
73,195
61,554
1991 (at 1988 prices)
Median Income, P
Median Expenditures, P
Savings, P
1944 (at current prices)
No. of Families
Median Income, P
Median Expenditures, P
Savings, P
Source : FIES, NSCB
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.7
Poverty and Subsistence Incidences by Region, 1985-1991
Area/
Region
Poverty Incidence (%)1
1985
1988
19913
Magnitude of Families
19914
1985
1988
19913
19914
4,355,052
4,230,484
4,879,620
4,690,614
Philippines
44.2
40.2
40.7
39.2
NCR5
23.0
21.6
14.9
13.2
301,973
310,284
245,018
217,602
AONCR6
47.5
43.1
44.9
43.3
4,053,079
3,920,200
4,634.602
4,473.012
CAR7
-
41.9
37.6
36.3
-
89,572
85,666
82,627
Region 18
37.5
44.9
49.4
48.4
267,044
280,394
332,014
325,145
Region 28
37.8
40.4
43.1
43.3
174,844
177,072
210,977
211,839
Region 3
27.7
29.3
33.0
31.1
264,811
304,313
394,612
371,817
Region 49
40.3
41.1
38.0
37.9
524,839
527,360
613,452
612,213
Region 5
60.5
54.5
56.1
55.0
404,751
402,522
461,776
452,777
Region 6
59.9
49.4
46.7
45.3
528,098
472,909
499,975
484,505
Region 7
57.4
46.8
42.4
41.7
449,760
388,571
383,210
377,448
Region 8
59.0
48.9
40.7
40.1
334,751
292,953
269,471
264,906
Region 9
54.3
38.7
54.5
44.0
268,872
208,710
329,525
266,174
Region 10
53.1
46.1
55.2
53.0
300,266
279,900
378,170
363,231
Region 11
43.9
43.1
47.5
46.2
309,532
318,117
394,416
363,368
Region 12
51.7
36.1
51.0
50.2
225,551
117,807
281,339
276,965
9
Area/
Region
Philippines
NCR5
6
AONCR
CAR7
Subsistence Incidence
1985
1988
19913
Magnitude of Families
19914
1985
1988
19913
19914
24.4
20.3
202
19.7
2,403,195
2,139,303
2,423,840
2,357,392
6.0
5.0
2.5
2.1
78,150
71,807
40,439
33,804
27.2
22.7
23.1
22.8
2,325,045
2,067,496
2,383,401
2,323,589
-
16.4
19.8
18.8
-
35,079
45,185
- 42,828
Region 18
15.5
19.6
24.7
24.6
110,554
122,478
165,598
165,179
8
Region 2
19.1
18.4
20.6
20.1
88,247
80,569
100,609
98,534
Region 3
11.6
10.2
12.7
11.1
111,239
106,316
151,528
132,374
Region 49
20.3
21.7
17.8
17.1
264,873
278,423
287,691
275,768
Region 5
37.4
31.5
31.2
31.6
250,147
232,615
256,697
260,086
Region 6
33.6
25.9
22.8
21.8
295,908
247,847
244,029
232,733
Region 7
39.6
27.6
23.3
23.3
210,264
229,264
210,353
211,173
Region 8
42.4
31.2
24.8
26.1
240,433
186,673
163,712
172,711
Region 9
34.6
22.8
24.8
23.3
171,205
122,714
150,156
140,934
Region 10
33.4
27.2
35.0
33.6
188,760
165,224
239,761
229,991
Region 11
23.3
24.0
27.2
26.2
164,580
177,303
225,617
217,132
Region 12
29.6
16.8
25.8
26.1
128,835
82,991
142,467
144,147
Notes : 1. The proportion of families whose annual per capita income fall below the annual per capita poverty
threshold; 2. the proportion of families whose annual per capita income fall below the annual per capita food threshold;
3. estimates based on the preliminary 1991 Family Income and Expenditure Survey results, 4. estimates based on the
final 1991 Family Income and Expenditure Survey results; 5. National Capital Region; 6. areas outside NCR, 7.
Cordillera Autonomous Region; 8. In 1985, includes provinces of the CAR; and 9. in 1988, excludes the Rizal Province.
Source : TWGPD, National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), and National Statistics Office (NSO).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.8
Gini Ratio by Region (1985 to 1991)
GINI RATIO
1985
1988
19911
19912
Philippines
0.447
0.445
0.474
0.468
NCR
CAR
0.415
-
0.426
0.374
0.440
0.437
0.428
0.437
Region 13
Region 23
Region 3
Region 44
Region 5
Region 6
Region 7
Region 8
Region 9
Region 10
Region 11
Region 12
0.401
0.386
0.399
0.406
0.380
0.450
0.454
0.390
0.395
0.454
0.393
0.371
0.374
0.396
0.386
0.403
0.388
0.408
0.460
0.404
0.409
0.442
0.402
0.358
0.406
0.421
0.408
0.428
0.397
0.404
0.465
0.442
0.401
0.448
0.445
0.395
0.404
0.417
0.399
0.424
0.391
0.403
0.460
0.415
0.391
0.438
0.435
0.376
Notes : 1. Estimated based on the preliminary 1991 FIES results; 2. estimates based on the final 1991 FIES results,
3. in 1985, includes provinces of the CAR, and 4. in 1988, excludes the Rizal province.
Source : National Statistics Office (NSO).
Table 2.9
Annual Per Capita Poverty Thresholds and
Incidences of Families & Population, Region III
Period
1988
Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold1/
Magnitude of Population2
Incidence3/
Magnitude of Families2/
Incidence3/
Philippines
Region 3
P4,777
25,005,345
P5,242
1,835,976
45.5
4,230,484
40.2
33.8
304,313
29.3
1991
Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold
Magnitude of Population
Incidence
Magnitude of Families2/
Incidence 3/
P7,212
27,600,505
44.5
4,780,865
39.9
1994
Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold
Magnitude of Population
Incidence3/
Magnitude of Families2/
Incidence3/
P8,885
27,274,205
40.6 I
4,531,170
35.5
P8,173
2,239,856
35.5
371,817
31.1
8;757
2,046,167
29.2
321,212
25.2
Source: TWG, NSCB
_______________________
1 Annual per capita income required to satisfy nutritional requirements (2,000 calories) & other
basic needs.
2 The no. of individuals in families whose annual per capita income fall below the annual per
capita threshold.
3/ The proportion of population whose annual per capita income fall below the annual per capita
poverty threshold.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.10
Poverty and Subsistence Thresholds by Region (9985 to 1999)
Poverty Incidence (%)1
Magnitude of Families
Area/
Region
1985
1988
1991c
% change
1985-1991
1985
1988
1991c
% change
1985-1991
Philippines
3,744
4,777
7,350
96.3
2,609
3,188
4,865
86.5
NCR5
4.527
6,576
9,471
109.2
2,882
4,038
5;757
99.8
AONCR6
3,617
4,489
7,004
93.6
2,565
3,052
4,719
84.0
CAR7
-
5,116
6,574
115.2
-
3,349
4,324
-
Region 18
3,775
4,934
8,123
105.1
2,614
3,334
5,311
103.2
Region 28
3,448
4,573
7,072
-
2,496
3,084
4,811
92.7
Region 3
3,895
5,242
8,293
112.9
2,753
3,432
5,402
96.2
Region 49
3,794
4,832
8,083
113.0
2,618
3,370
5,422
107.1
Region 5
3,434
4,144
6,476
88.6
2,401
2,926
4,433
84.6
Region 6
3,675
4,344
6,545
78.1
2,543
3,034
4,426
74.0
Region 7
3,305
3,711
5,650
71.0
2,429
2,677
3,988
64.2
Region 8
3,283
3,818
5,240
59.6
2,516
2,854
3,894
54.8
Region 9
3,521
3,793
6,957
97.6
2,551
2,791
4,270
67.4
Region 10
3,546
4,523
6,564
85.1
2,494
3,142
4,494
80.2
Region 11
3,645
4,876
6,529
79.1
2,617
3,449
4,660
78. 1
Region 12
3,673
4,147
6,913
88.2
2,602
2,949
4,499
72.9
9
Notes : a. The annual per capita income required or the amount to be spent to satisfy the basic food requirement
and other basic needs; b. the annual per capita income required of the amount to be spent to satisfy the basic food
requirement; c. estimates based on the preliminary 1991 FIES results, d. in 1985, includes provinces of the CAR; and
e. in 1988, excludes the Rizal province.
Source: TVVGPD, NSCB.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.11
Investment Performance of Region Ill (1986 to 1995)
PHILIPPINES
REGION III
YEAR
INVESTMENT
(in P Million)
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
3,811
12,354
32,847
70,779
108,430
83,377
99,101
95,911
465,491
335,315
-224.16
165.88
115.48
53.19
(23.10)
18.86
(3.22)
385.33
(27.96)
INVESTMENT
(in P Million)
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
99.73
1,376.81
6,580.11
4,974.42
5,959.21
6,159.39
2,768.38
4,443.01
NDA
NDA
1,280.54
377.92
(24.40)
19.80
3.36
(55.05)
60.49
NDA
NDA
Source: Board of Investment (BOI)
NDA - No Data Available
Table 2.12
Gross National Product-Gross Domestic Product, 1980-1995 (at current prices)
Source:
Year
Tourist
Receipts
($'000)
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
319,740
507,000
466,000
571,000
842,000
1,178,000
973,000
2,453,900
GNP at current price
(in PM)
GOP at current
price
(in PM)
243,270
556,074
1,082,557
1,266,070
1,370,379
1,500,287
1,736,728
1,967,743
243,749
571,883
1,077,237
1,248,011
1,338,421
1,474,457
1,693,278
1,906,430
NSCB
DOT, Tourism Research & Statistics Division
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.13
Consumer Price Increases of Region III by Province, 1988 = 100
(Annual Average of 1994 and 1995)
ALL ITEMS INDEX
1994
1995
% INCREASEf
DECREASE
PHILIPPINES
194.31
210.00
8.07
REGION III
187.40
199.80
6.62
BATAAN
167.40
178.60
6.69
BULACAN
206.50
219.60
6.34
NUEVA ECUA
201.80
216.30
7.19
PAMPANGA
173.90
184.00
5.81
TARLAC
184.60
197.70
7.10
ZAMBALES
162.80
175.50
7.80
REGION/PROVINCE
Source:
NSO Central Office.
Table 2.14
Tourist Arrivals and Tourist Receipts (1980 to 1995)
YEAR
TOURIST ARRIVALS
GROWTH RATE
(in percent}
TOURIST RECEIPTS
(in US $ M)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1,008,158
938,953
890,807
860,550
816,712
773,074
781,517
794,700
1,043,114
1,189,719
1,024,520
951,365
1,152,952
1,372,097
1,573,821
1,760,163
4.27
(6.86)
(5.13)
(3.40)
(5.09)
(5.34)
1.09
1.69
31.26
14.05
(13.89)
(7.14)
21.19
19.01
14.70
11.84
319.74
343.72
450.14
464.75
366.25
507.00
647.06
1,200.00
1,300.97
1,465.47
1,306.00
1,281.00
1,673.83
2,122.30
2,282.89
2,453.96
GROWTH RATE
(in percent)
34.34
7.50
30.96
3.25
(21.19)
38.43
27.63
85.45
8.33
12.31
(10.96)
(1.54)
30.67
26.79
7.57
7.49
Sources: DOT Annual Reports, Department of Tourism Statistical Reports,
DOT Accomplishment Report.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.15
Real & Nominal Minimum Wage Rates, Region Ill, 1991-1996, P
SECTOR/ INDUSTRY
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
106.50 to
107.50
110.00 to
112.00
110.00 to
127.00 *
112 to 127
110.00 to
127.00
136 to 147
105
105.00
115
NOMINAL
Non-Agricultural
Agricultural
Plantation
Non-Plantation
96.50 to
97.50
76.00 to
77.00
79.50 to
81.50
79.50 to
81.50
90
90.00
100
70.53 to
71.19
68.11 to
69.35
62.04 to
71.63
57.59 to
66.49
52.11 to
60.16
60.09 to
75.11
63.91 to
64.57
50.33 to
50.99
63.16 to
69.35
49.23 to
50.46
58.72 to
59.89
46.68 to
47.86
54.97
49.74
47.12
42.63
49.36 to
60.40
42.92 to
52.52
REAL
Non Agricultural
Agricultural
Plantation
Non-Plantation
* Areas not affected by Mt. Pinatubo
Table 2.16
Value of Exports in Region lll (1990 to 1995)
YEAR
VALUE OF EXPORTS
(in P 'Millions)
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1st Q. 1996
497.60
281.35
348.71
438.34
526.05
678.79
232.73
(43.46)
23.94
25.70
20.00
29.04
-
Source: BOI
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 2.17
Value of New Investments and Exports in Region 111 (1995)
INDUSTRY/
SECTOR
NEW INVESTMENT
(P Million) (BOI Approved)
%
1994
CHANGE
REGION
3
PAMPAN TARLA ZAMBAL REGION
'95/
BATAAN BULACA N.
N
ECIJA
GA
C
ES
3
1995
46,430.00 1,260.00
8.90 4,600.00 786.94
611.31
TOTAL EXPORTS
(US$ Million)
284.57
187.19
6.65
103.63
67.85
28.89
Garments
GTH
Semiconductors/Electr
onics
Processed Food
Ceramics
Furniture
Stonecraft
Marine/Agriculture
Others
25.91
28.17
44.99
185.50
118.75
50.37
0.57
0.20
0.01
16.83
0.47
1.48
1.60
3.57
21.90
30.01
1.12
31.37
19.23
0.90
1.06
64.03
0.33
0.57
0.37
0.59
10.11
16.13
0.86
0.03
1.76
53,697.1
40,848.81
5
31.45
526.05
29.04
139.65
129.09
0.31
2.68
38.51
0.07
166.37
28.20
(1.35)
(36.33)
(45.48)
26.75
412.50
26.90
678.79
179.03
127.35
110.45
0.20
1.46
48.80
0.00
0.37
211.12
Source : Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Region III
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)