Exam #2 Study Guide, Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture 11: the skull
Be familiar with the embryonic origins , location and components of:
Neurocranium (ethmoid, sphenoid, otic capsule, occipital)
Splanchnocranium (palatoquadrate cartilage, Meckel’s cartilage, basi/hypohyal,
ceratohyal, hyomandibular)
The evolution of the inner ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
Dermatocranium (premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, frontal, parietal, post-parietal,
lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal, dentary, splenial,
angular, surangular)
What is meant by temporal fenestration? Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids
Lecture 12: the axial skeleton
General functions of axial skeleton
General components of axial skeleton
Centrum, neural arches, neural spines, haemal arch, haemal spine, transverse
process (diapophysis, parapophysis, zygapophysis), basapophysis
Evolution of spine
Notochord
Derived fishes, lissamphibia, amniotes, reptiles, birds, mammals
Cranio-vertebral joint
Differences among fishes, amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals
Sternum
Function, specializations among animals discussed
Lecture 13: the appendicular skeleton
General functions and components
Fin and limb functions
Phylogeny
Know basic trends and evolutionary trajectories (e.g. specializations and
reductions/repositions of bones for changes in posture/locomotion and size)
Lecture 14: terrestrial locomotion
Understand the trends in
Taxa, Locomotion, Trunk, Pelvic Girdle, Pectoral Girdle, Limb, Foot, Muscles for:
Straddling or Sprawling Posture
Erect/Upright Posture
Cursorial Specializations in Mammals
Lecture 15: swimming and flying
thrust
lift
Types of swimming
two general trends:
(1) undulation/oscillation
(2) rowing/paddling
Flight Principles
Types of Flight
Passive
Active
For bats as well as bird, know:
Basic Wing Terms, Basic Aerodynamics, Requirements for Flight, Wings, Pectoral Girdle,
Axial Skeleton, Major Flight Muscles, (Downstroke, Upstroke or Recovery)
Lecture 16: gill respiration
In vertebrates, three separate areas are often used for respiration.
pharynx which in vertebrates is normally equated with gills
skin
digestive tract which in vertebrates is usually equated with the lungs.
Introductory Terms
Ventilation
Respiration
Diffusion
Perfusion
Designs for Gas Exchange
Countercurrent
Crosscurrent
Uniform Pool or Concurrent
Evolutionary Origin
Pharyngeal Pouch Embryonic Development
Limitations of Gills
Benefits
Some Internal Gills (analogs - none are true homologs)
Septal, Opercular
Gill Ventilation
Ram Ventilation
Rhythmic Ventilation
Lecture 17: lung respiration
Overview
Lepidosaurs, Testudines, Crocodilians, Aves, Mammals
Lungs and their ducts
Pleura, pleural cavity.
Trachea, bronchi, and lung structure
Lung Design Constraints
Phylogenetic Variation in Tetrapod Lungs
Design & Efficiency
Lissamphibia
Non-Mammalian Amniotes
Mammals
Birds
You have outlines/study guides for the following lectures:
Lecture 18: circulation I (the heart)
Lecture 19: Aortic and Venous vasculature
Potentially useful links for additional materials
Auburn Univ. - Comp. Vert. Anatomy - Bio. 3010
http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/comparative_home/comparative_home.html
Eastern Kentucky Univ., G. Richison's Comp. Vert. Anat. ,Bio. 342 - good notes & graphics
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/342syl.htm
Kent Univ. - Comp. Anatomy
http://www.personal.kent.edu/~tbills/index.htm
Lander Univ., Comparative Vert. Anatomy, Bio. 308, Lecture Outlines
http://www.science.lander.edu/rsfox/308lecture.html
Murray State Univ., Dr. T. Dertinger's Compative Anatomy Atlas
http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/terry.derting/anatomyatlas/Index.htm
Univ. of Dallas, Bio. 3323 Comp. Vertebrate Anatomy
http://www.udallas.edu/biology/Brown/Anatomy/anatomysyllabus.html