1. Title of subject
Introduction To Machine Architecture
2. Subject code
TMA1271
3. Status of subject
Core
4. Version
Date of Previous Version: Year 2006
Date of New Version : December 2007
5. Credit Hours
4
42 Hours of Lecture
28 Hours of Laboratory
LAN Credit Hours Equivalence: 4.00
6. Semester
Trimester 3, Beta level
7. Pre-Requisite
Digital Systems (TCE1111)
8. Methods of Teaching
42 Hours of Lecture
28 Hours of Laboratory
9. Assessment
Course Work : 40%
Final Exam : 60%
Total : 100%
10. Teaching staff
Kannan Ramakrishnan
Ng Hu
Tan Saw Chin
11. Objective of subject
This course provides thorough discussions on the fundamentals of computer
organization and architecture and relates this to contemporary design issues.
This will cover system buses, structures and functions of different central
processing units, control units, characteristics and functions of different
instruction sets, addressing modes, memory, input/output, parallel processing
and multi-core computing.
12. Synopsis of subject
This course will cover historical development of computers and evolution of Intel
multi-core processors and IBM power processors.
Topics such as elements of system bus design, interrupts, organization of registers
(with Intel 8085, Intel 8086, and Motorola 68000 microprocessors as examples),
study of instruction cycle and pipelining, study of arithmetic and logic unit with
integer and floating-point arithmetic algorithms, study of hardwired and microprogrammed control unit, and study of instruction set characteristics, functions,
formats, addressing modes (with Intel 8085 and Intel 8086 as examples) will be
included.
In addition, the following topics in memory and input/output will also be covered
with details: Principles of cache memory and elements of cache design, types and
organization of semiconductor main memory, structure and function of input/output
modules with different data transfer techniques, and interfacing of Intel 8085/8086
microprocessors with 8255 programmable peripheral interface device.
Topics in advanced computer architecture such as symmetric multiprocessors,
software/hardware solutions for cache coherence problem, configuration of clusters,
organization of non-uniform memory access, and motivation behind multi-core
computing with architecture and performance characteristics of different multi-core
processors will also be introduced.
Kursus ini merangkumi sejarah pembangunan komputer dan evolusi pemproses
teras-berbilang Intel serta pemproses berdaya tinggi IBM.
Topik-topik seperti elemen-elemen rekabentuk sistem, sampukan, organisasi
pendaftaran (menggunakan pemproses Intel 8085, Intel 8086 dan Motorola 68000),
pembelajaran kitar arahan dan penalian paip, unit logik aritmetik, algoritma aritmetik
integer dan titik ampung, mikroatur cara terdawai keras, ciri-ciri arahan set, fungsi,
format serta mod pengalamatan berlandaskan pemproses Intel 8085 dan 8086
adalah pengkhususan subjek ini.
Topik-topik berteraskan ingatan dan masukan/keluaran juga akan diperkenalkan
secara terperinci : Prinsip-prinsip serta elemen rekabentuk ingatan para ,
kepelbagaian jenis dan organisasi semikonduktor ingatan utama, fungsi-fungsi modul
masukan/keluaran dengan kepelbagaian aturcara pemindahan data serta antaramuka
pemproses Intel 8085/8086 menggunakan peranti boleh aturcara 8255.
Tidak ketinggalan topik-topik lanjutan dalam bidang senibina komputer . Ia
meliputi pemproses berbilang simetri, penyelesaian perisian dan perkakasan untuk
masalah kekoherenan para, konfigurasi kelompok, organisasi ketidakseragaman
akses
ingatan, dorongan disebalik pengkomputeran teras-berbilang serta rekabentuk
dan ciri-ciri prestasi pelbagai pemproses teras-berbilang.
13. Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
 Describe the evolution of computer architectures.
 Identify and explain the structures and functions of the primary components of
computer such as system buses, registers, ALU, control unit, memory, inputoutput devices and also the characteristics of instructions sets of typical
microprocessors.
 Demonstrate the ability to write simple assembly language programs and also
programs for the programmable peripheral interface device with different
interfacing techniques.
 Formulate the best solution and organization of single processor systems,
symmetric multiprocessors, clusters, non-uniform memory access and chip-level
multiprocessors in response to problems associated with computer architectures.
Programme Outcomes
Ability to apply soft skills in work and career related activities
14. Details of subject
% of
contribution
5
Good understanding of fundamental concepts
40
Acquisition and mastery of knowledge in specialized area
Acquisition of analytical capabilities and problem solving skills
20
20
Adaptability and passion for learning
Cultivation of innovative mind and development of entrepreneurial
skills
5
5
Understanding of the responsibility with moral and professional
ethics
5
Topics Covered
Hours
1.Introduction
4
Basic Concepts (Organization and Architecture, Structure and
Function),
Computer Evolution and Performance
(Brief History of Computers, Designing for Performance, Intel
multi-core processors and IBM Power processors Evolution),
System Buses (Computer Components, Computer Functions,
Interconnection Structures, Bus Interconnection).
2.CPU structure and function
9
Processor Organization (ALU, Registers, Control Unit),
Register Organization (User-Visible Registers, Control and Status
Registers),
Examples (Architecture of Intel 8085, Intel 8086, and Motorola
68000 microprocessors),
Instruction Cycle (Fetch, Execute, Interrupt, Indirect),
Instruction Pipelining (Pipelining Strategy, Pipeline performance,
Dealing with branches),
Control Unit Operation (Micro-operations, Control of the
processor, Hardwired Implementation, Micro-programmed Control
Unit).
3.Instruction Set Design
9
Instruction Sets- Characteristics and functions
(machine instruction characteristics, types of operands, types of
operations),
Examples (Instruction Set of Intel 8085, and Intel 8086
Microprocessors),
Addressing Modes (Different types),
Examples (Addressing modes of Intel 8085, and Intel 8086
microprocessors),
Instruction formats (Design issues),
Examples (Instruction format of Intel 8085 and Intel 8086
microprocessors).
4. Computer Arithmetic
4
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU),
Integer Representation (Sign-Magnitude, Twos Complement, and
Ones Complement),
Integer Arithmetic (negation, addition, subtraction, unsigned and
twos complement multiplication and division algorithms),
Floating-Point Representation (principles, IEEE 754 single and
double formats),
Floating-Point Arithmetic (addition and subtraction, multiplication
and division, precision considerations).
5. Memory System Architecture
4
Computer Memory System Overview (Characteristics of memory
systems, Memory Hierarchy, locality of reference principle),Cache
memory (Principles, Elements of Cache Design), Semiconductor
main memory (Types, organization, error correction), Advanced
DRAM Organization (SDRAM, RDRAM, CDRAM, DDR
SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM).
6.Input/Output
6
External Devices (Human Readable, Machine Readable,
Communication devices),
I/O Modules (structure and function),
Data Transfer Techniques (Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Driven I/O,
Direct Memory Access),
I/O Channels and Processors,
Architecture, Programming and Operation of 8255 Programmable
Peripheral Interface (PPI), Interfacing of Intel 8085/8086
microprocessors with 8255 PPI.
7.Parallel Processing and Multi-Core Computing
Multiple Processor Organizations
(SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD),
Symmetric multiprocessors,
Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol,
Clusters, Non-uniform Memory Access.
6
Multi-Core Computing (Introduction, Motivation, Innovations),
Architecture and Performance characteristics of multi-core
processors from INTEL, IBM, Advanced Micro Devices, and Sun.
Laboratory:
1. Study of Intel 8085 and Intel 8086 based microcomputer kits and
the corresponding simulation software.
2. Assembly language programming exercises using Intel 8085
based microcomputer kit.
3. Assembly language programming exercises using Intel 8086
based microcomputer kit.
4. Experiments based on Interfacing 8255 PPI with Intel 8085, and
Intel 8086 microprocessors.
Total Contact Hours
(Equivalent to lecture hours)
42
Text book
1.
William Stallings, “Computer Organization
and Architecture”,
Seventh Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2006.
Reference Books
1.
M. Morris Mano,
“Computer System Architecture”,
Third Edition, Prentice Hall,
1993.
2.
Ramesh S. Gaonkar,
“Microprocessor Architecture,
Programming, and Applications
15. Text
with the 8085”, Fifth Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2002.
3.
Barry B. Brey, “Intel
Microprocessors-Architecture,
Programming, and Interfacing”,
Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall,
2006
4.
Kip R. Irvine, “Assembly
Language for Intel-based
Computers", Fourth Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003.
Current Syllabus
1. Title of subject
Introduction To Machine Architecture
2. Subject code
TMA1271
3. Status of subject
Core
4. Credit Hour
4
42 Hours of Lecture
28 Hours of Laboratory
LAN Credit Hours Equivalence: 4.00
5. Semester
Trimester 3, Beta level
6. Pre-Requisite
Digital Systems (TCE1111)
7. Methods of Teaching
42 Hours of Lecture
28 Hours of Laboratory
8. Assessment
Assessment : 40%
Final Exam : 60%
TOTAL
: 100%
9. Teaching staff
10. Objective of subject
P. Vijayaprasad
Kannan Ramakrishnan
Ng Hu
Tan Saw Chin
This course provides a thorough discussion of the fundamentals of
computer organization and architecture and relates this to
contemporary design issues. This will cover buses, memory,
input/output, instruction sets, CPU structure and functions and parallel
processing
11. Synopsis of subject
This Course cover historical development of computers and computer
architectures, multilevel computer concepts, virtual machines, Computer
system orhganisation, computer systems components,information
representation,integer and floating-point representation and computer
arithmetic. The central processing unit,instruction sets, instruction
formats,addressingmodes,CISC and RISC machines, Methods for
I/O,memory systems architecture,Pentium 11 and PowerPC Cache
Organization,Virtual memory, caching,concurrency, control unit,control
unit operation, Microprogramming, Microprocessor systems,architecture if
Intel 8085 microprocessor and assembly language programming, I/O ports
and I/O programming,introduction to advanced computer architectures,
multiple processors organization,symmetric Multiprocessors, Cache
coherence and the MESI Protocol, Clusturs, Vector computation.
Kursus ini mendedahkan sejarah pembangunan komputer & seni bina
komputer, konsep pengkomputeran berbilang aras, mesin maya,organisasi
sistem komputer, komponen sistem komputer, perwakilan informasi,
integer & perwakilan titik apung dan arimetik komputer. Unit pemprosesan
pusat, set suruhan, format suruhan, mod pengalamatan, mesin CISC dan
RISC, kaedah I/O, arkitek sistem ingatan, Pentium II & organisasi Power
PC Cache, ingatan maya, cache serempak, unit kawalan, operasi unit
kawalan, pengaturcaraan mikro, sistem mikropemproses, pengaturcaraan
bahasa himpunan, port I/O, pengaturcaraan I/O, pengenalan kepada seni
bina komputer lanjutan, organisasi pemproses berbilang, simetri pemproses
berbilang, protokol MESI, gugusan dan komputasi vektor.
12. Learning Outcomes
By the end of the subject, students should be able to:
 Understand the details of computer architecture and organization.
 Explain about the primary computer components such as CPU, memory
and input output devices.
 identify and explain the purpose of different levels of memory.
 explain different instructions for a processors.
Programme Outcomes
% of
contribution
Ability to apply soft skills in work and career related
5
activities
Good understanding of fundamental concepts
40
Acquisition and mastery of knowledge in specialized
area
20
Acquisition of analytical capabilities and problem
solving skills
20
Adaptability and passion for learning
Cultivation of innovative mind and development of
entrepreneurial
skills
5
5
Understanding of the responsibility with moral and
professional ethics
5
13. Details of subject
Topics Covered
Hours
4
1.Introduction
Brief History of Computers, Designing for Performance,
Pentium and PowerPC Evolution, Computer
Component, Computer Functions, Interconnection
Structure, Bus Interconnection and PCI.
2.CPU structure and function
Processor Organization, Register Organization, The
Instruction Cycle, Instruction Pipelining, The Pentium II
and PowerPC processors, Micro-operations, Control of
The Processor
3.Computer Arithmetic
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Integer
representation, Integer arithmetic, Floating-Point
Representation, Floating-Point Arithmetic
4.Instruction Set Design
Machine Instruction Characteristics, Types of Operands,
Type of Operations, Pentium II and PowerPC Data
Types and Operation Types, Addressing, Instruction
Formats, Pentium II and PowerPC Addressing Modes
and Instruction Formats.
5.Memory System Architecture
Computer Memory System Overview, Semiconductor
Main Memory, Cache Memory, Pentium II and
PowerPC Cache Organization, Advanced DRAM
Organization.
6.Input/Output
External Devices, I/O Modules, Programmed I/O,
Interrupt Driven I/O, Direct Memory Access, I/O
Channels and Processors, The External Interface: SCSI
and FireWire.
7.Microprocessor Systems
Stored Program Concepts, Architecture of Intel 8085
Microprocessor, Arithmetic Logic Unit and Timing and
Control Unit, Address Buffers and Latches, Addressing
Modes, Addressing Modes in 8085 Microprocessor,
Instruction Set of Microprocessor, Groups of
Instructions, Timing Diagram of Microprocessor
Instructions, Flag Register Organisation, Assembly
Language Programming, Microprocessor Interfacing,
I/O Ports, Memory-mapped and I/O Mapped, Address
4
3
7
4
4
12
Space Partitioning, Memory Interfacing, Programmable
Peripheral Interface (8255), 8279 Keyboard Display
Interface.
8.Introduction to Advanced Computer Architecture
Instruction Execution Characteristics, The Use of a
Large Register File, Compiler-Based Register
Optimization, Reduced Instruction Set Architecture,
RISC Pipelining, The RISC versus CISC Controversy,
Multiple Processor Organizations, Symmetric
Microprocessors, Cache Coherence and the MESI
Protocol, Clusters, Non-uniform Memory Access,
Vector Computation.
4
Laboratory:
1.
2.
Basic Operation using 8-bit Microprocessor Kits.
Assembly Language Program for:
a) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and
Division of Numbers
b) Logical Operations
c) Sorting of Numbers
d) Serial Input and Output
3. Interfacing : Memory and Input/output
4. Interfacing: Memory
Total Contact Hours (Equivalent to lecture hours)
14. Text
Compulsory
42
1.
W. Stalling, “Computer
Organizationn and Architecture, 7th
Edition”, Prentice Hall 2006.
2.
Miles Murdocca , Vincent P.
Heuring, “Principles of Computer
Architecture, First Edition”,
Engineering/Science/Mathematics
1999
Andrew S. Tanenbaum , “Structured
Computer Organization, Fourth
Edition,
Engineering/Science/Mathematics,
1998
D. Patterson and J. Hennessy,
“Computer Organization & Design The Hardware/Software Interface”,
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1994.
Gaoengar, “Microprocessors:
Architecture, Programming and
Applications”, John Wiley & Sons,
1995.
Reference
3.
4.
5.