Ch. 50?
What’s
in
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nōmen
Ch. 50 Worksheet – Gerunds
I. GERUNDS (page 169-170)
 Gerunds decline like 2nd Declension neuter nouns, only in the singular (page 169)
 If the gerund is the subject or direct object, the infinitive is used instead of an –nd- form.
 Use of the gerund with ad to show purpose (page 170)
 Use of the gerund in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (page 170)
 The gerund in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (page 170)
 NB 1: The gerund of eō, īre “to go” : īre, eundī, eundō, eundum, eundō (page 170)
 NB 2: Be sure to distinguish between the English gerund and the present participle, which both end in
“-ing” in English (page 170)
 P.S. Funerary Inscription for a Vestal Virgin, and one for a British lady (page 171)
 Vixi puellis (page 102)
The Short List for this chapter’s vocab:
mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus/a/um = to change
dēsīderō, dēsīderāre, dēsīderāvī, dēsīderātus/a/um = to miss, long for
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum = to wonder at admire
causa, causae F. = cause, reason; court case
causā + GENITIVE = for the sake of
scrība, scrībae M = scribe
dēsīderium, dēsīderiī N = longing
maestus, maesta, maestum = sad
modestus, modesta, modestum = moderate, modest
praesēns, praesēntis = present
similis, similis, simile (+ DATIVE) = similar (to), like
I. Gerunds (-nd-) …What are gerunds? Gerunds are
.
 Translation into English: use “-ing” : Running, Fishing, Defending, Traveling, Learning,
Speaking, Fighting, Spelling, Cooking, Eating, etc.
Caesar dandō, sublevandō, ignōscendō, Cato nihil largiendō glōriam adeptus est. = Caesar won
fame by giving, assisting, forgiving, Cato (won fame) by giving away nothing.
English Example from Latin: What is your modus operandi? = “method of operating” = M.O.
Don’t confuse the English gerund with the English present active participle. …Why?
Declension of the Latin Gerund:
Nominative Singular1:
Gen Sing2:
[Dat Sing:
Accusative Sing3:
Ablative4:
Gender of the Gerund
Number of the Gerund
Declension # of the Gerund
pugnāre
pugnandī
[ pugnandō
pugnandum
pugnandō
fighting
of fighting
to/for fighting (rare)]
fighting
by fighting
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nōmen
Ch. 50 Worksheet – Gerunds
The Skinny on Gerunds: = Gerunds are Verbal Nouns.
 Only neuter singular as follows…(Infinitive, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō).
 Active.
 Gerunds never agree w/ anything.
 For nominative, use the infinitive.  Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believing
 Deponent verbs do have gerund forms : sequī, sequendī, sequendō, sequendum,
sequendō
Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:
1 Conjugation
2nd Conjugation
3rd Conjugation
st
3rd-io Conjugation
Nom
Gen
fugiendī
Dat
currendō
Acc
Abl
4th Conjugation
dormīre
terrendum
natandō
Uses of the GERUND by case:
1Nominative: (Subject/Predicate Nominative)
Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believing
Mensās movēre est nōn gratum. = Moving tables is not fun.
2Genitive: [(a) “of” used after certain adjectives & nouns, especially (b) gratiā & causā - show purpose]
 modus operandi = “method of operating” (a)
 Perita erat loquendī = She was skilled at speaking. (a)
 Agricola in agrum arandī causā (or gratiā) iit. = The farmer went into the field to plow (it). (b)
Think of gratiā and causā as frozen forms that exist to show purpose with a preceding genitive. (b)
Dative is rare; only used with a verb that takes a dative, e.g., studeo, studere.
Accusative: NOT FOR DIRECT OBJECTS, but used only with ad (or in) to show purpose.
Translate “for the purpose of”
Agricola ad arandum in agrum iit = The farmer went into the field to plow (it).
4Ablative: most usually as ablative of MEANS.
3
Rīdendō cūrās dimittimus. = We send away our cares by laughing.
TRANSLATE into your composition books:
Pay attention to :
1. Imperātor fugiendō odium mīlitum mōvit.
2. Imperator urbem capiendī causā milites suos promisit.
(1) causā with a preceding
3. Ille sapiēns librōs legendō plūra cognoscet.
genitive = “for the sake of…”
4. Cicerō loquendī causā in forō stetit.
5. Cupidi erāmus multa audiendī.
(2) ad + gerund in the accusative
6. Ad rem pūblicam servandum Cicerō Catilinam petēbat.
= “for the purpose of…”
7. Rōmānī propter studium vincendī bella in multīs gerēbant.
8. Cupida erat domum redeundī.
(3) The ablative usually is
9. Cupida eram domum redeundī.
means.
10. Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus) scrībendī.
11. Mea uxor philosophiam legendō studet.
12.Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendum. (vītam agere = to live)
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nōmen
Ch. 50 Worksheet – Gerunds

o Gerunds
o Purpose with ad + accusative
o Purpose with causā + preceding genitive
o The gerund of eō, īre “to go”
Ch. 50 o P.S.: Funerary Inscriptions
Gerunds - Definition
o Gerunds are verbal nouns in Latin and English:
Example: I exercise by running. (running is a noun or gerund
Ch. 50 from the verb to run)
Gerunds – Latin info
In Latin, gerunds are
o (1) neuter
o (2) singular
o (3) 2nd Declension [neuter]
o Gerunds decline like any 2nd Decl. neuter noun, like bellum
(Infinitive, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō).
o The nominative is the infinitive, otherwise look for –ndo Active
o Gerunds never agree w/ anything.
Ch. 50
Gerunds – special notes on cases (1) Nominative: subject [infinitive in form]
(2) Genitive: whenever you need “of” or “for” (objective
genitive); often shows purpose with causā or gratiā “for
the sake of”
(3) Dative: rare; only with verbs that take a dative
(4) Accusative:* the –ndum form is NOT for DIRECT
OBJECTS: only with ad “for the purpose of” [for direct
objects use the infinitive]
(5) Ablative: usually shows means – “by means of”; often
Ch. 50
manner/respect with preposition in - “in”
Gerunds – special note on the
The accusative* case (–ndum form) only with ad “for the
accusative* case
purpose of” and a verb of motion NOT for DIRECT
OBJECTS
Chapter 50
What’s in Ch. 50?
Ch. 50
o Ille domum ad dormiendum rediit. = He returned home to sleep^
(for the purpose of sleeping).
o The direct object is an objective infinitive. In English we can say
either (1) I like swimming, or (2) I like to swim. In Latin, it
will always be the objective infinitive (I like to swim)
^ remember that in Latin, do not use the infinitive to show purpose
Gerunds – basic Latin declension
Nominative S.
Genitive Sing
Dative Singular
Ch. 50
Gerunds – Latin declension of 1st
Conjugation Verbs
[Infinitive: -āre/ Deponent: -ārī]
Accusative S
Ablative Sing
Nominative S.
Genitive Sing
Dative Singular
Ch. 50
Accusative S
Ablative Sing
Latin
Infinitive
-ndī
-ndō
-ndum
-ndō
Latin
portāre
portandī
portandō
portandum
portandō
English
verbing
of (for) verbing
to/for verbing
verbing*
WFBI verbing
English
carrying
of (for) carrying
to/for carrying
carrying*
WFBI carrying
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Gerunds – Latin declension of 2nd
Conjugation Verbs
[Infinitive: -ēre/ Deponent: -ērī]
Ch. 50
Gerunds – Latin declension of 3rd
Conjugation Verbs
[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent: -ī]
Ch. 50
Gerunds – Latin declension of
3rd-io Conjugation Verbs
[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent: -ī]
Ch. 50
Gerunds – Latin declension of 4th
Conjugation Verbs
[Infinitive: - īre/ Deponent: -īrī]
Ch. 50
Gerunds – Latin declension of eō,
īre “to go”
Ch. 50
Gerunds – deponent verbs
(Example using loquor, loquī,
locutus sum = to speak)
Nominative Examples of
Gerunds: (Subject/Predicate
Nominative)
Ch. 50
Genitive Examples of Gerunds:
(1) “of” / “for” used after certain
adjectives & nouns, especially (2)
gratiā & causā - show purpose)
Nōmen
Ch. 50 Worksheet – Gerunds
Latin
English
Nominative S. monēre
warning
of (for) warning
Genitive Sing
monendī
Dative Singular
monendō
to/for warning
Accusative S
monendum
warning*
Ablative Sing
monendō
WFBI warning
Latin
English
Nominative S. currere
running
Genitive Sing
currendī
of (for) running
Dative Singular
currendō
to/for running
Accusative S
currendum
running*
Ablative Sing
currendō
WFBI running
Latin
English
Nominative S. fugere
fleeing
Genitive Sing
fugiendī
of (for) fleeing
Dative Singular
fugiendō
to/for fleeing
Accusative S
fugiendum
fleeing*
Ablative Sing
fugiendō
WFBI fleeing
Latin
English
Nominative S. dormīre
sleeping
of (for) sleeping
Genitive Sing
dormiendī
Dative Singular
dormiendō
to/for sleeping
Accusative S
dormiendum
sleeping*
Ablative Sing
dormiendō
WFBI sleeping
Latin
English
Nominative S. īre
going
Genitive Sing
of (for) going
eundī
Dative Singular
to/for going
eundō
Accusative S
going*
eundum
Ablative Sing
WFBI going
eundō
Deponent verbs have gerunds:
Latin
English
Nominative S. loquī
speaking
of (for) speaking
Genitive Sing
loquendī
Dative Singular
loquendō
to/for speaking
Accusative S
loquendum
speaking*
WFBI speaking
Ablative Sing
loquendō
Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believing
Mensās movēre est nōn gratum. = Moving tables is not fun.
 Esse quam vidērī = To be rather than to seem. Or, Being
rather than seeming.
(1) modus operandī = “method of operating”
(1) Perita erat loquendī = She was skilled at speaking.
(2) Agricola in agrum arandī causā (or gratiā) iit. = The farmer
went into the field to plow (it)/for the sake of plowing. [Think of
gratiā and causā as frozen forms that exist to show purpose with a
preceding genitive.]
Ch. 50
Dative Examples of Gerunds:
 nōn satis otiī habēbō carmina scrībendō. = I shall not have
rare- only with special verbs or
enough leisure (free time) for composing poems.
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nōmen
Ch. 50 Worksheet – Gerunds
adjectives that take the dative
Ch. 50
Accusative Examples of
Gerunds: with ad (or in) to show
purpose.
Ch. 50
Ablative Examples of Gerunds:
most usually as ablative of
MEANS.
Ch. 50
o Translate “for the purpose of”; “to”
Agricola ad arandum in agrum iniit = The farmer went into the
field to plow (it)/for the purpose of plowing.
Rīdendō cūrās dimittimus. = We send away our cares by
laughing.
carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. = Horatius won
fame by writing poems.
in carmina scribendō ille praestat. = Horatius excels in writing
poems.
o Be careful NOT to confuse the English gerund and the
present active participle, b/c they both end in “ing.”
o Remember that the gerund is a verbal NOUN, and the
present participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE:
o Horatia sat in the garden singing. (Participle)
Ch. 50 o Horatia warmed up her voice by singing scales. (Gerund)
o causā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to
Review of the ways to show
verb”
purpose with the gerund
o gratiā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to
verb”
Ch. 50 o ad + accusative = “for the purpose of verbing”, “to verb”
o
Gerunds vs. Participles
How to remember the vowel changes per conjugation:
1st
2nd
3rd-io
-andum
-endum
3rd
4th
-iendum
-endum
-iendum