University of London
School of Oriental and African Studies
Faculty of Law & Social Sciences
Department of Development Studies
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEVELOPMENT
Course Code: 15PDSC002
2010–2011
Course Convenor: Dr. Thomas Marois
Course Level: Postgraduate
Course Lecturers:
Thomas Marois (convenor)
tm47@soas.ac.uk , Room 293
Chris Cramer
cc10@soas.ac.uk , Room 288
Carlos Oya
co2@soas.ac.uk , Room 292a
Jonathan Di John
jd5@soas.ac.uk , Room 368
Alessandra Mezzadri
am99@soas.ac.uk , Room 4414
Adam Hanieh
ah92@soas.ac.uk , Room 4413
Hannah Bargawi
hb19@soas.ac.uk , Room 476
Deborah Johnston
dj3@soas.ac.uk , Room 270
1
Lecture Topics:
Term II: Key Topics of PED (con’t)
Date
Lecturer
11
Global Commodity Chains and Production Networks
11 Jan
Alessandra Mezzadri
12
Political Economy of Space and Regional Development
18 Jan
Adam Hanieh
13
The State and Development: Growth Strategies and
Late Industrialization in Developing Countries
25 Jan
Jonathan Di John
14
Education and Development
01 Feb
Deborah Johnston
15
Political Economy of Privatization
08 Feb
Thomas Marois
READING WEEK 14-18 February
16
Labour Markets and Poverty
22 Feb
Chris Cramer
17
Agriculture, Agrarian Change, and Development
01 Mar
Hannah Bargawi
18
Poverty and Poverty Reduction Strategies
08 Mar
Chris Cramer
19
Political Economy of Crisis and Recovery
15 Mar
Thomas Marois
20
Alternative Strategies of Development
22 Mar
Thomas Marois
Term 3: Revision
Date
Lecturer
21
TBA
Thomas Marois
Revision Lecture
Please note the following:
Each topic includes four core readings. Some are available online (E) and some have been
provided in a study pack. Readings with a (RP) are included in the study packs. There is also
a sub-section with highly recommended readings that complement core readings in different
ways. Supplementary readings cover a wide range of issues relevant to the topic and can be
a valuable source for essay writing as well.
2
Term II: Key Topics of PED (con’t)
Date
Lecturer
11
11 Jan
Alessandra Mezzadri
Global Commodity Chains and Production Networks
The rise and establishment of the neoliberal agenda in both developed and developing countries
significantly altered the international division of labour, and triggered a process of profound
industrial restructuring. A number of developing regions started being incorporated in what are
today known as global commodity chains (GCCs) or global value chains (GVCs). This lecture
reviews the literature on global production networks, it highlights its contribution to development
debates, but it also underlines its methodological and analytical weaknesses. Theoretical and
methodological debates are presented and discussed by making reference to different case
studies and examples, by focusing on different sectors and by drawing from the experience of
different developing regions.
CORE READINGS
(E) Bair J. (2005) ‘Global capitalism and commodity chains: looking backward, going forward’, in
Competition and Change, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 163-180
[Available from EBSCO]
(E) Gilbert C. (2008) ‘Value chain analysis and market power in commodity processing with
application to the cocoa and coffee sectors’, in Commodity Market Review, Rome: FAO.
Available online at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1487e/a1487e00.pdf.
(E) Ponte, S. (2002) ‘The Latte Revolution? Regulation Markets and Consumption in the Global
Coffee Chain’, in World Development, 30(7): 1099-1122es
[Available from ScienceDirect]
(E) Tewari, M., (2008) ‘Varieties of Global Integration: Navigating Institutional Legacies and
Global Networks in India’s Garment Industry’ in Competition & Change, Vol. 12, No. 1, 49–67
[Available from EBSCO]
ESSAY QUESTION
The incorporation of developing regions into global production networks can reinforce the NorthSouth divide. Discuss with reference to concrete cases/examples.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
Arrighi G. Silver B. and Brewer B. (2003) ‘Industrial Convergence, Globalization, and the
Persistence of the North-South Divide’, in Studies in Comparative International Development,
38(1): 3-31
[Available from EBSCO]
Bernstein and Campling (2006) ‘Commodity Studies and Commodity Fetishism I: Trading
Down’, in Journal of Agrarian Change, 6(2): 239 – 264
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Cramer, C., (1999), ‘Can Africa Industrialise by Processing Primary Commodities? The Case of
Mozambican Cashewnuts’, in World Development, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 1247-1266
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Fafchamps M. and Vargas Hill R. (2008) ‘Price Transmission and Trader Entry in Domestic
Commodity Markets, in Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(4):729–766
[Available from EBSCO]
Gereffi G. (1994) ‘The organisation of buyer driven commodity chains: how US retailers shape
3
overseas production networks’ in Gereffi G. and Korzeniewicz M. Commodity Chains and Global
Capitalism (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers)
[Available from the SOAS library]
Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains, in Review of
International Political Economy,
[Available from IngentaConnect]
Hopkins Terence and Wallerstein Immanuel (1986) ‘Commodity Chains in the World Economy
prior to 1800’, Review 10, 1: 157-170
Kiely R. (2008) ‘Poverty through 'Insufficient Exploitation and/or Globalization'? Globalized
Production and New Dualist Fallacies’, in Globalizations, 5(3): 419 – 432
[Available from EBSCO]
Krivonos E. (2004) ‘The Impact of Coffee Market Reforms on Producer Prices and Price
Transmission’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3358
[Available from the World Bank website]
Milberg W. (2008) ‘Shifting sources and uses of profits: sustaining US financialisation within
global value chains’, in Economy and Society 37(3): 420-451
[Available from EBSCO]
Shepherd B. (2004) ‘Market Power in International Commodity Processing Chains: Preliminary
Results from the Coffee Market’, EconWPA series on International Trade no. 0511013
[Available from the EconPapers website]
Talbot J. M. (2002) 'Tropical Commodity Chains, Forward Integration Strategies and
International Inequality: Coffee, Cocoa and Tea’, Review of International Political Economy,
9(4): 701-734
[Available from the SOAS library]
Wade R. (2005) ‘Failing States and Cumulative Causation in the World-System’ in International
Political Science Review, 26(1): 17-36
[Available from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies library]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Appelbaum R. P. (2008) ‘Giant Transnational Contractors in East Asia: Emergent Trends in
Global Supply Chains’, in Competition & Change, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2008 69–87
[Available from EBSCO]
Bair J. (2002) ‘Beyond the Maquila model? NAFTA and the Mexican Apparel Industry’, in
Industry and Innovation, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 203-225
[Available from the LSE library]
Bair J., and Gereffi, G. (2001) ‘Local clusters in global chains: the causes and consequences of
export dynamism in Torreon’s blue jeans industry’, World Development 29(11), 1885-1903
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Bridge G. (2008), Global production networks and the extractive sector: governing resourcebased development, in Journal of Economic Geography 8 pp. 389-419
[Available from the Senate House library
Daviron and P Gibbon (eds.), (2002), ‘Global Commodity Chains and African Export Agriculture’,
special issue of Journal of Agrarian Change Vol. 2 No 2
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Daviron, B. and Ponte, S. (2005), ‘The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and
4
the Elusive Promise of Development’, London: Zed Books
[Available from the SOAS library]
Dolan, C., and Tewari, M. (2001) ‘From what we wear to what we eat: upgrading in global value
chains’, IDS bulletin, 32(3) pp. 94-104
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Fold N. (2002) ‘Lead firms and competition in bi-polar commodity chains: grinders and branders
in the global cocoa chocolate industry’, Journal of Agrarian Change, 2 (2), pp. 228-247.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Gereffi, G. (1999) ‘International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain’,
in Journal of International Economics, 48, 1 (June): 37-70
[Available from the SOAS library]
Gereffi, Gary, Bair, Jennifer, and Spener, David (2002) ‘Free Trade and Uneven Development:
The North American Apparel Industry after NAFTA’, Temple University Press
[Available from the Senate House Library]
Gibbon, P. (2008) ‘Governance, Entry Barriers, Upgrading: A Re-Interpretation of Some GVC
Concepts from the Experience of African Clothing Exports’, in Competition & Change, Vol. 12,
No. 1, 29–48
[Available from EBSCO]
Gibbon, P. and Ponte, S. (2005), Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy’,
Philadelphia: Temple University Press
[Available from the SOAS library]
Gibbon P. (2001) ‘Upgrading Primary Production: A Global Commodity Chain Approach’, in
World Development Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 345-363,
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Humphrey, J., (2003) ‘Globalisation and supply chain networks: the auto industry in Brazil and
India’, in Global Networks, Vol. 3, 2, pp. 121-141
[Available from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies library]
Humphrey J. (2006) ‘Policy Implications of Trends in Agribusiness Value Chains’, The European
Journal of Development Research, Vol.18, No.4, pp.572–592
[Available from EBSCO]
Humphrey J. and Schmitz, H. (2000) ‘Governance and Upgrading: Linking Industrial Clusters
and Global Value Chain Research’, IDS working paper 120, Brighton, Institute of Development
Studies
[Available from the SOAS library]
Kaplinsky, R. and J. Kimmis (2006), ‘Competitions policy and the global coffee and cocoa value
chains’, mimeo, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies
[Available from the IDS website]
Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M., (2008) ‘Do the Asian Drivers Undermine Export-oriented
Industrialization in SSA?’ in World Development Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 254–273, 2008
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Leslie, D., and Reamer, S., (1999), ‘Spatialising Commodity Chains’, in Progress in Human
Geography, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 401-420
[Available from the Senate House library]
Ludema, R.D. (2001) The Return of Dependency Theory: Is Primary Commodity Specialization
Bad for Development?, International Economic Review, September-October, pp.17-24
[Available from CiaoNet]
McMichael, P., (1995), ‘Review of commodity chains and global capitalism’, Contemporary
Sociology, 24(3), pp. 348-349
[Available from JSTOR]
Ponte S. and Gibbon P. (2005) ‘Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global
value chains’, in Economy and Society, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-31
5
[Available from EBSCO]
Raikes P., Friis Larsen M. and Ponte S. (2000) ‘Global Commodity Chain Analysis and the
French Filière Approach: Comparison and Critique’, Working Paper, Centre for Development
Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[Available from the INTI website]
Rammohan, K.T., and Sundaresan, R. (2003) ‘Socially embedding the commodity chain: an
exercise in relation to coir yarn spinning in southern India’, World Development, 31(5), pp. 903923
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Schmitz, H., (2006) Learning and Earning in Global Garment and Footwear Chains, The
European Journal of Development Research, Vol.18, No.4, pp.546–571
[Available from EBSCO]
Sturgeon T., Van Biesebroeck J and Gereffi, G., (2008) ‘Value chains, networks and clusters:
reframing the global automotive industry’ in Journal of Economic Geography 8 pp. 297–321
[Available from the Senate House library]
Swyngedouw, E. (1996) ‘Neither Global nor Local-Globalisation and the Politics of Scale’, in Cox
K. R. (ed.) ‘Spaces of Globalisation: Reasserting the Power of the Local’, Guildford Press:
Surrey, UK
[Available from the SOAS library]
Thévenot, L. (2001) ‘Conventions of coordination and the composition of economic
arrangements’, in European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 4, issue 4, pp.405-425
[Available from the UCL library]
12
Political Economy of Space and Regional
Development
18 Jan
Adam Hanieh
CORE READINGS
(E) Saskia Sassen (2002). 'Locating cities on global circuits'. Environment and Urbanization,
April 14: 13-30.
(RP) Harvey, D. (1985). ‘The Geopolitics of Capitalism,’ in Gregory, D., & Urry, J. (Eds.). Social
Relations and Spatial Structures. London: Macmillan. pp.128-163.
(RP) Swyngedouw, Erik. (1997). ‘Neither Global nor Local: “Glocalization” and the Poltiics of
Scale’ in Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local, edited by Kevin R. Cox
(1997): 137-66.
(E) Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2002) ‘Neoliberalizing space’, Antipode, 34 (3):380–404.
ESSAY QUESTION
With reference to a particular case study, explain how an understanding of spatial processes
can better inform our understanding of political economy.
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Agnew, J. “Representing space: Space, scale and culture in social science.” In Duncan, J.
and Ley, D., eds, Place/culture/representation, London: Routledge, 1993: 251–271.
Brenner, Neil. "Between Fixity and Motion: Accumulation, Territorial Organization and the
Historical Geography of Spatial Scales." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16
6
(1998): 459-81.
Delaney, David, and Helga Leitner. "The Political Construction of Scale." Political Geography 16,
no. 2 (1997): 93-97.
Harvey, D. 1999., The Limits to Capital. London: Verso.
Harvey, D., 2001. Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Herod, Andrew. “Scale: The Local and the Global.” In Sarah L. Holloway, Stephen P. Rice and
Gill Valentine, eds., Key Concepts in Geography, London: Sage, 2003: 229-243.
Jonas, A. “The scale politics of spatiality.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12,
3 (1994): 257–264.
Lipietz, A. (1980). “The Structuration of Space, the Problem of Land and Spatial Policy,” in
Carney, J., Hudson, R., & Lewis, J. (Eds.). Regions in Crisis. London: Croom Helm.
Massey, D., 1984. Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of
Production. London: MacMillan Education.
Massey, D. 1988. Global Restructuring, Local Responses. Worcester, Mass.: Graduate School
of Geography, Clark University.
Meyer, William B., Derek Gregory, B. L. Turner, and Patricia F. McDowell. “The Local-Global
Continuum.” In Geography's Inner Worlds, R. Abler, M. Marcus, and J. Olson, eds., Rutgers
Univ. Press, 1992, 255-79.
McMaster, Robert and Eric Sheppard. “Introduction: Scale and Geographic Inquiry.” In E.
Sheppard and R. McMaster, eds., Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society and
Method. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003: 1-22.
Paasi, Anssi. "Place and Region: Looking through the Prism of Scale." Progress in Human
Geography 28, 4 (2004): 536-46.
Smith, N. (1990). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell.
Smith, Neil. “Geography, Difference and the Production of Scale,” in J. Donerty et al.,
eds., Postmodernism and the Social Sciences, Macmillan, 1992
Soja, E. (1989). Postmodern Geographies. London: Verso.
Swyngedouw, Erik. "Excluding the Other: The Production of Scale and Scaled
Politics." In Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Wills, 167-76, 1997.
13
The State and Development: Growth Strategies and
Late Industrialization in Developing Countries
25 Jan
Jonathan Di John
This lecture will focus on the problem of late industrialization and its relationship to economic
nationalism in historical perspective. It will consider the variety of political/economic paths to
industrial development as well the logic of industrial policy and the developmental state. This
unit also reviews the most important growth and accumulation strategies implemented in LDCs,
particularly the contrast between import-substituting industrialisation and export-oriented
industrialisation It will also cover the political and economic implications of late development for
the current debates on governance.
7
CORE READINGS
(RP) Gerschenkron, A. 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press. (chap 2, p. 31-51 essential as well), Pages: 5-30.
(RP) Amsden, A. 2001. The Rise of the Rest: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing
Countries. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1.
Sheffadin, M. 2000. ‘ What Did Frederick List Actually Say? Some Clarifications on the Infant
Industry Argument’, UNCTAD Discussion Paper 149. pp.1-23.
[Available from the UNCTAD website.]
Hayek, F. 1945. ‘The Use of Knowledge in Society’. American Economic Review, Vol 35, No. 4
(September, 1945). Pages 519-530.
[Available from EBSCOhost]
ESSAY QUESTION
What are some of the main economic and political challenges in implementing effective
industrial strategies?
RECOMMENDED READINGS
Hirschman, A.O. (1968) ‘The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialisation in Latin
America’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 82 (1), pp.1-32.
[Available from EBSCOhost, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
Kohli, A. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global
Periphery. Cambridge University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Lin, J. and HJ Chang (2009). ‘Should Industrial Policy in Developing Countries Conform to
Comparative Advantage or Defy it? A Debate Between Justin Lin and Ha-Joon Chang’,
Development Policy Review, 27 (5): 483-502.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Amsden, A. and Hikino, T. 1994. ‘Staying Behind, Stumbling Back, Sneaking Up and Soaring
Ahead: Late Industrialization in Historical Perspective’, in Baumol, W., Nelson R.R. and Wolff,
E. (eds.), Convergence of Productivity: cross-national studies and historical evidence, Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1994.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Amsden, 1997. A. ‘Editorial: Bringing Production Back In- Understanding Government’s
Economic Role in Late Industrialization’, World Development, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 469-480.
[Available from ScienceDirect, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
Aoki, M., Murdock, K., and Okuno-Fujiwara, M. (eds.) 1997. ‘Beyond The East Asian Miracle:
Introducing the Market-Enhancing View’, in Aoki, M., Kim, H-K., and Okuno-Fujiwara, M. (eds.),
The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development: Comparative Institutional
Analysis, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Kay, C. (2002) ‘Why East Asia Overtook Latin America: Agrarian Reform, Industrialisation and
Development’, Third World Quarterly 23 (6), pp.1073-1102.
[Available from EBSCOhost, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
8
Woo-Cumings, M. 1999. Introduction: Chalmers Johnson and the Politics of Nationalism and
Development, in Woo-Cumings, M. ed. 1999. The Developmental State. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Bruton, H.J. (1998) ‘A Reconsideration of Import Substitution’. Journal of Economic Literature,
36, June, pp.903-936.
[Available from EBSCOhost, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
Fine, B. (2006) ‘The Developmental State and the Political Economy of Development’, in Jomo
K.S. and B. Fine (eds.) The New Development Economics after the Washington Consensus,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Palma, G. (2003) ‘The Latin American Economies During the Second Half of the Twentieth
Century – From the Age of ‘ISI’ to the Age of ‘The End of History’’, in H.-J. Chang (ed.)
Rethinking Development Economics, London: Anthem Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Amsden, A. 1994. ‘Why Isn’t the Whole World Experimenting with the East Asian Model to
Develop? Review of the East Asian Miracle’, World Development, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 627-633.
[Available from ScienceDirect, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
Amsden, A. 1989. Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Chang, H-J. 2002. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective.
London: Anthem Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Chang, H-J. 2005. ‘Why Developing Countries Need Tariffs?’
[Available from the South Centre website.]
Cole A. H. ed. 1928. Industrial and Commercial Correspondence of Alexander Hamilton:
Anticipating His Report on Manufactures. Chicago: A.W. Shaw Society (especially p. 247-320)
[Available from UCL Library.]
Evans, P. 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Khan M.H. and S. Blankenburg (2009). ‘The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Asia and
Latin America’ forthcoming in Giovanni Dosi and Mario Cimoli, eds. Industrial Policy and
Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kohli, A. 1999. ‘Where Do High Growth Political Economies Come From? The Japanese
Lineage of Korea’s Developmental State’, in Woo-Cummings, M.(ed.) The Developmental State.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
List, F. 1841. The National System of Political Economy. London: Longman (especially pp.
119-194).
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Palma. J.G. 1987. ‘Structuralism’ in Eatwell, J. Milgate, M. and P. Newman. eds. New
Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. London: Macmillan Press. pp. 528-531
9
[Available from SOAS Library.]
R.Wade 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of the Government in East
Asian Industrialization. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chs. 1-4 and esp. Chs. 10 and
11.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Rodrik, D. 2006. ‘Industrial development: stylized facts and policies’, mimeo, Harvard University.
[Available from the Harvard University website.]
Rodrik, D. 2007. ‘Normalizing Industrial Policy’, mimeo, Harvard University
[Available from the Harvard University website.]
Rodrik, D. and Hausmann, R. 2006. ‘Doomed to Choose: industrial policy as predicament’,
mimeo, Harvard University
[Available from the Harvard University website.]
Shin, J-S. 1996. The Economics of the Latecomers: catching up, technology transfer and
institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea,. London: Routledge, 1996. (excellent
discussion of the theory and application of Gerschenkron’s ideas on late development).
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Weiss, L. and Hobson, J.M. 1995. States and Economic Development: A Comparative
Historical Analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Jenkins, R. (1991) ‘The Political Economy of Industrialization: A Comparison of Latin American
and East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries’, Development and Change 22, pp.197-231.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Jenkins, R. (1995) ‘The Political Economy of Industrial Policy: Automobile Manufacture in the
Newly Industrializing Countries’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 19, pp.625-645.
[Available from Oxford Journals Archive, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re offcampus.]
Kenny, C. and Williams, D. (2001) ‘What Do We Know About Economic Growth? Or, Why Don’t
We Know Very Much?’, World Development 29 (1), pp.1-22.
[Available from ScienceDirect, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re off-campus.]
Mkandawire, T. (2001) ‘Thinking about Developmental States in Africa’, Cambridge Journal of
Economics 25, pp.289-313.
[Available from Oxford Journals Archive, you will need an Athens account to login if you’re offcampus.]
Bhaduri, A. (2000) Nationalism and Economic Policy in the Era of Globalization, WIDER
Working Paper no.188, WIDER website.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Thorp, R. (1998) Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the
20th Century. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank, ch.9.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
Unctad (2003) Trade and Development Report, ch.6
[Available from the UNCTAD website.]
UNCTAD (2006) Least Developed Country Report, Geneva.
[Available from the UNCTAD website.]
10
14
Education and Development
01 Feb
Deborah Johnston
This lecture focuses on the economic arguments for investment in education in developing
countries. The various perspectives on the role of education in development processes will be
critically analysed. The lecture will investigate the extent to which evidence suggests that
educational investments have had the desired economic effects and what supply and demand
factors appear to mediate the impact of educational policy on economic development. In
particular, there will be emphasis on unequal access to education and a discussion of the
economic arguments for allocating a high proportion of education expenditure to women.
CORE READINGS
(E) Pritchett L. (1997), ‘Where Has All the Education Gone?’, Policy Research Working Paper
No. 1581, World Bank.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
(RP) Rose P. (2006). ‘From Washington to Post-Washington Consensus: The Triumph of
Human Capital’, in Jomo KS and B. Fine (eds.) The New Development Economics: After the
Washington Consensus, London: Zed Books.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
(E) Bennell, P. (2002), ‘Hitting the Target: Doubling Primary School Enrolments in Sub-Saharan
Africa by 2015’, World Development, 30,7, July.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
(E) Schultz, T. Paul (2002), ‘Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls’, World
Development, 30 (2), pp. 207-225.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
ESSAY QUESTION
Examine the reasons why education provision might not be a ‘magic bullet’ for development and
poverty reduction.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
- * Glewwe P. (2002), ‘Schools and Skills in Developing Countries: Education Policies and
Socio-Economic Outcomes’, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol XL, June.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- * Filmer D. and L. Pritchett (1999) ‘The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment:
Evidence from 35 Countries’, Population and Development Review 25 (1), March.
[Available from JSTOR.]
- * Fine B. y P. Rose (2001), ‘Education and the post-Washington consensus’, in Fine B.,
C.Lapavitsas and J.Pincus (eds) Development Policy in the Twenty-first Century: Beyond the
post-Washington consensus, pp155-181, London & New York: Routledge.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- * Lloyd C. B. y Paul C. Hewett (2003), ‘Primary Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent
Trends and Current Challenges’. Population Council Policy Research Division Working Paper,
nº 176.
[Available from the Population Council Policy Research Division website.]
- * Ainsworth M. et al, (1995), ‘The Impact of Female Schooling on Fertility and Contraceptive
Use’, Living Standards Measurement Study, Working Paper No. 110, World Bank, Washington.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
11
- * Thin, Neil (2006) Beyond basic education: how post-basic learning can make education
sustainable and valuable. Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa and India. Overview Policy Brief.
[Available from CAS]
- * Curtin T. (1993). ‘The Political Economy of Education in South Africa’ African Affairs Vol. 92,
No. 368, pp. 417-430.
[Available from JSTOR.]
- See also comment by Linda Chisholm and Ben Fine in issue no. 371.
[Available from JSTOR.]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
- www.campaignforeducation.org
- Action Aid (2005). Contradicting Commitments: How the Achievement of Education For All is
Being Undermined by the International Monetary Fund
[Available from the ActionAid website.]
- ADEA (2003), The challenge of learning: Improving the quality of basic education in subSaharan Africa, Association for the Development of Education in Africa, Paris.
- [Available from the ADEA website.]
- Al-Samarrai, S. y Bennell, P. (2003), Where Has All the Education Gone in Africa?:
Employment Outcomes among Secondary School and University Leavers, Research Paper,
August, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
[Available from the IDS website.]
- Amin S., S. Quayes and JM. Rives (2006). ‘Market Work and Household Work as Deterrents to
Schooling in Bangladesh’ World Development Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 1271–1286
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Barasa, F. y E.S.M. Kaabwe (2001), ‘Fallacies in Policies and Strategies of Skills Training for
the Informal Sector: Evidence from the Jua Kali Sector in Kenya’, Journal of Education and
Work, 14(3).
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Bennell P. (1996), ‘Rates of Return to Education: Does the Conventional Pattern Prevail in
Sub-Saharan Africa?’, World Development, Vol. 24, No. 1.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Berthelemy, J.C. (2004), To what Extent are African Education Policies Pro-Poor?, Centre for
the Study of African Economies, Oxford.
[Available from the Journal of African Economies website.]
- Bils, Mark y Peter Klenow (2000), ‘Does Schooling Cause Growth?’ American Economic
Review, 90 (5).
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Birdsall, Nancy, David Ross and Richard Sabot (1995), ‘Inequality and Growth Reconsidered:
Lessons from East Asia’, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol.9, No.3, pp.477-508.
[Available from JSTOR.]
- Buchmann, C. y A. Hannum (2001), ‘Education and Stratification in Developing Countries: A
Review of Theories and Research’ Annual Review of Sociology 27: pp. 77–102.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
12
- Kattan, R. and Bunett, N (2004), User fees in primary education, Human Development
Network, June, World Bank. – a presentation
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Colclough, C. (1993), Educating all the Children: Strategies for Primary Schooling in the South,
OUP, pages 1 to 77.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Colclough, C. and S. Al-Samarrai (2000), ‘Achieving Schooling for All: Budgetary Expenditures
on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia’, World Development, Vol.28, No.11.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Colclough, Christopher (1994), Under-enrolment and low quality in African primary schooling:
towards a gender-sensitive solution, IDS Working Paper 7, Institute of Development.
[Available from IOE Library]
- Easterly W. (2002), The elusive quest for growth: economists' adventures and misadventures
in the tropics, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Ch.4.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Filmer D., (1999), ‘The Structure of Social Disparities in Education: Gender and Wealth’, World
Bank Background Paper
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- King E. M. and M. A. Hill ed. (1993), Women's Education in Developing Countries: Barriers
Benefits and Policies, John Hopkins University Press for World Bank, Chapters 1 and 3.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- King, K. and P. Rose (2005) 'Transparency or tyranny?: Achieving international development
targets in education' International Journal of Educational Development Vol 25 No 4.
[Available from IOE.]
- Lassibille, Gerard & Jee-Pen Tan, (2005), ‘The Returns to Education in Rwanda’, Journal of
African Economies, 14(1):92-116.
[Available from Oxford Journals]
- Mukudi, E. (2003) ‘Education and nutrition linkages in Africa: evidence from national level
analysis’ International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 23 Issue 3.
[Available from IOE.]
- OXFAM (2005), Beyond Access for Girls and Boys, Education and Gender Equality Series,
Programme Insights, Oxford.
[Available from the Oxfam website.]
- Psacharopoulos G. and H.A. Patrinos (2002), ‘Returns to Investment in Education: A Further
Update’, World Bank Working Paper n. 2881, September
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Schultz T. Paul, (2004), ‘Evidence of returns to schooling in Africa from Household Surveys:
Monitoring and restructuring the market for education’, Journal of African Economies, 13
(Supplement 2): pp. 95-148.
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
- Sender, John, Christopher Cramer and Carlos Oya (2005), Unequal Prospects: Disparities in
the Quantity and Quality of Labour Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa, Social Protection Discussion
Paper No.0525, Washington: World Bank.
[Available from the SOAS website.]
- Subbarao K. and L. Raney, (1993), ‘Social Gains from Female Education: a Cross-National
Study’, World Bank Discussion Paper 194.
13
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- UNESCO (2006), Education for all (EFA) global monitoring report, United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
[Available from the UNESCO website.]
- UNESCO (2008), Overcoming inequality: why governance matters, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
[Available from the UNESCO website.]
- UNICEF (2004), Girls, HIV/AIDS and Education
[Available from the UNICEF website.]
- World Bank (2006), World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation.
Washington DC: World Bank.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- World Bank (2009) Accelerating catch-up: tertiary education for growth in SSA, Washington
DC, World Bank.
[Available from the World Bank]
15
Political Economy of Privatization
08 Feb
Thomas Marois
Privatization is a defining feature of neoliberal strategies of development. Since the 1980s,
advocates have argued that private ownership leads to more rapid levels of development,
increased efficiency, and greater accountability. Privatization is even regarded as the basis of
democracy. Critics of privatization are often more sceptical about these claims that market
discipline and private ownership can resolve most developmental challenges. Yet the idea that
the state ownership implies more equitable and just forms of development must also be
questioned historically. Indeed, under neoliberalism many state owned enterprises have been
quite willing to re-organize in a way that they begin to act as-if they were private, profit-seeking
businesses. In this sense, the lecture will explore how privatization not only implies the formal
sale of a state-owned enterprise, but how it may also imply the internalization of market
discipline and profit imperatives within still-state owned firms.
CORE READINGS
(E) Boubakri, Narjess, Jean-Claude Cosset, and Omrane Guedhami (2008). “Privatisation in
Developing Countries: Performance and Ownership Effects”, Development Policy Review, 26, 3:
275-308.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
(RP) Fine, Ben (2008). “Privatization’s Shaky Theoretical Foundations”, Privatization and
Alternative Public Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on Electricity and Water, ed.
by Kate Bayliss and Ben Fine, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
[Available from the SOAS library]
(RP) Weizsäcker, Ernest Ulrich von, Oran R. Young, and Matthias Finger (2005). “Limits to
Privatization“, Limits to Privatization: How to Avoid too Much of a Good Thing: A Report to the
Club of Rome, eds. by Weizsäcker, E.U. von, O. R. Young, and M. Finger, London: Earthscan.
(RP) Spronk, Susan (2007). “Roots of Resistance to Urban Water Privatization in Bolivia: The
‘New Working Class,’ the Crisis of Neoliberalism, and Public Services”, International Labour and
Working-Class History, 71: 8-28.
14
ESSAY QUESTION
Examine a case of privatization in a developing country of your choice. Ensure you make
reference to the neoclassical/liberal/NIE case for privatization and EITHER an
institutionalist/Keynesian or a Marxian critique of privatization.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
“Privatization Trends 2007”, Viewpoint, No. 321, World Bank: pgs. 1-4.
[Available from the World Bank website
(E) McDonald, David and Greg Ruiters (2006). “Rethinking Privatization: Towards a Critical
Perspective”, Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, Ed. by Daniel Chavez,
Amsterdam: TNI/Public Services International Research Unit.
[Available from the Municipal Service Project website
Bayliss, Kate and Ben Fine (eds.) (2008) Privatization and Alternative Public Sector Reform in
Sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on Electricity and Water, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
[Available from the SOAS library]
Weizsäcker, E.U. von, O. R. Young, and M. Finger eds. (2005) Limits to Privatization: How to
Avoid too Much of a Good Thing: A Report to the Club of Rome, London: Earthscan.
[Available from the SOAS library]
(E) Shirley, Mary M. “Bureaucrats in Business: The Roles of Privatization versus Corporatization
in State-owned Enterprise Reform”, World Development, 27, 1: 115-36.
[Available from ScienceDirect
Shleifer, Andrei (1998). “State versus Private Ownership”, Journal of Economic Perspectives,
12, 4: 133-50.
[Available from JSTOR]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Ariyo, Ademola and Afeikhena Jerome (1999). “Privatization in Africa:
An Appraisal”, World Development, 27. 1: 201-13.
[Available from ScienceDirect]
Bennell, Paul (1997). “Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and Prospects during the
1990s”, World Development, 25, 11: 1785-1803.
[Available from the ScienceDirect]
Bortolotti, Bernardo and Enrico Perotti (2007). “From Government to Regulatory Governance:
Privatization and the Residual Role of the State”, The World Bank Research Observer, 22, 1:
53-66.
[Available from the SOAS library]
Cook, P. (2002). “Competition and its Regulation: Key Issues”, Annals of Public ad Cooperative
Economics, 73, 4: 541-58.
Cramer, Christopher (2001). “Privatisation and Adjustment in Mozambique: a ‘Hospital Pass’?”,
Journal of Southern African Studies, 27, 1: 79-103.
[Available from JSTOR]
Harvey, David (2003). Chapter Four, “Accumulation by Dispossession”, The New Imperialism,
New York: Oxford University Press.
[Available from the SOAS library]
Hentz, James Jude (2000). “The two faces of privatisation: political and economic logics in
15
transitional South Africa”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38, 2: 203-23.
[Available from JSTOR]
RP) Mkandawire T. (1994). “The Political Economy of Privatisation in Africa” en G.A. Cornia y G.
Helleiner (ed.) From Adjustment to Development in Africa, London: Macmillan.
[Available from the SOAS library]
Petras, James and Henry Veltmeyer (2001). Chapter Five. “The Labyrinth of Privatization”,
Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood
Publishing.
[Available from the SOAS library]
Paczynska, Agnieszka (2007). “Confronting Change: Labor, State, and Privatization”, Review of
International Political Economy, 14, 2: 333-56.
[Available from IngentaConnect
READING WEEK 14-18 February
16
Labour Markets and Poverty
22 Feb
Chris Cramer
First, we start with a critical overview of some influential theoretical/empirical approaches to
labour markets in developing countries, especially a contrast between neo-classical and political
economy analyses of labour relations with a focus on the relationship between wages and
employment. Second, the lecture introduces a discussion of the data and measurement
problems involved in employment studies and policies, distinguishing the un-enumerated from
the enumerated sectors of the economy in developing countries. We will particularly stress the
inadequacy of standard statistical labour categories particularly in the case of rural labour
markets in developing countries. Third, we will focus on ‘invisible’ labour markets and ‘footloose
labour’, poverty and mobility in LDCs with special emphasis on rural India and Africa. Finally, the
importance of labour market institutions and workers’ organizations will be emphasised in terms
of implications for poverty reduction.
CORE READINGS
(RP) Standing, G. (2006) ‘Labour markets’ in Clark D.A. (ed.) The Elgar Companion to
Development Studies, pp. 323-328, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
(E) Damiani O. (2003). ‘Effects on Employment, Wages, and Labor Standards of Non-traditional
Export Crops in Northeast Brazil’, Latin American Research Review 38 (1): 83-112.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
(E) Ghose A. (2004) ‘The Employment Challenge in India’, Economic and Political Weekly
(November 27th).
[Available from the Economic and Political Weekly website.]
(E) Sender, John, Carlos Oya and Christopher Cramer (2006), ‘Women Working for Wages:
Putting Flesh on the Bones of a Rural Labour Market Survey in Mozambique’, Journal of
Southern African Studies, 32, (2): 313-333.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
16
ESSAY QUESTION
"Active labour market policy in developing countries is inefficient and inequitable in theory and
practice." Discuss.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
-* Breman J., (2006). ‘Informal Sector Employment’, in Clark D.A. (ed.) The Elgar Companion to
Development Studies, pp. 281-85, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- * Byres, T.J. (1999), ‘Rural Labour Relations in India: Persistent Themes, Common Processes
and Differential Outcomes’, Journal of Peasant Studies, Special issue on Rural Labour Relations
in India, vol. 26 (2/3): 10-24. Also read Introduction By K. Kapadia and J. Lerche and the article
by R. Srivastava ‘Rural Labour in Uttar Pradesh’.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- * Van der Hoeven and C. Saget (2004) ‘Labour market institutions and income inequality: what
are the new insights after the Washington Consensus?’ in G.A. Cornia (ed) Inequality, Growth
and Poverty in and Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: OUP and UNU-WIDER and
UNDP.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- * Breman J. (2003). The Labouring Poor in India. Patterns of Exploitation, Subordination and
Exclusion. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- * Reardon, T. (1997), ‘Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of
the rural non-farm labour market in Africa’, World Development, 25, 5.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- * Fields, G. (2007). ‘Labor market policy in developing countries: a selective review of the
literature and needs for the future ’, Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research Working
Paper 4362.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- *Sender, John, Christopher Cramer and Carlos Oya (2005), Unequal Prospects: Disparities in
the Quantity and Quality of Labour Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa, Social Protection Discussion
Paper No.0525, Washington:World Bank.
[Available from the SOAS website.]
- * Cramer C., C. Oya and J. Sender (2008). ‘Lifting the blinkers: a new view of power, diversity
and poverty in Mozambican rural labour markets’. Journal of Modern African Studies, 46, 3: 361392.
[Available from Cambridge Journals.]
- * World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development, Washington
D. C., the World Bank (see especially chap. 9).
[Available from the World Bank]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
- Adams J. (1991), ‘Female wage labour in rural Zimbabwe’ World Development, 19 (2/3): 16377.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Amin S. and M. van der Linden (eds.) (1997). “Peripheral” Labour? Studies in the History of
Partial Proletarianization. Insternationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis and Press
17
Syndicate of Cambridge University, Cambridge.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bardhan P. and C. Udry (1999), Development Microeconomics. Oxford: OUP. Chapter 4
‘Fragmented markets: labour’, pp. 33-48
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Basu, Arnab, Nancy Chau and Ravi Kanbur, (2005). ‘The National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act of India’, entry for the Oxford Companion to Economics in India
[Available from the Cornell University website.]
- Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and Ravi Kanbur (Ed.) Informal Labour Markets and Development
Oxford: OUP.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Berg J. and D. Kucera (eds.) (2008). In Defence of Labour Market Institutions: Cultivating
Justice in the Developing World. ILO: Geneva, Basingstoke: Macmillan. Especially chapters 2,
6, and 8.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bhalla S. (1993), ‘The Dynamics of Wage Determination and Employment Generation in Indian
Agriculture’ Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 48 (3).
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bhaskar V., A. Manning and T. To (2002), ‘Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in
Labour Markets’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16 (2): 155-174.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Breman J., (1995) ‘Labour Get Lost: A Late Capitalist Manifesto’, Economic and Political
Weekly, (September 16).
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Breman J. (1996) Footloose Labour: Working in India’s informal economy. CUP. Chapters 1
and 8.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bryceson D., C. Kay and J. Mooij (eds.) (2000), Disappearing Peasantries? Rural labour in
Africa, Asia and Latin America. Especially chapters 2, 7, 13 and 17. London: ITDG Publishing.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Davis M. (2004) ‘Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the Informal Proletariat’ New Left
Review, n. 26, March-April 2004, pp. 5-34.
[Available from New Left Review, access to this website is available on-campus only.]
- Datt, G. (1996). Bargaining Power, Wages and Employment: an analysis of agricultural labour
markets in India. New Delhi: Sage.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Devereux S. (2005). ‘Can minimum Wages Contribute to Poverty Reduction in Poor
Countries?’, Journal of International Development, 17, pp. 899-912.
[Available from Wiley InterScience.]
- Du Toit, A. and F. Ally (2003). ‘The externalisation and casualisation of farm labour in Western
Cape horticulture’ Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape
Cape Town: Research report; no. 16.
[Available from the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies website.]
- Evans A. (1995), ‘Contracted Out- Gender, Labour Markets and Agrarian Institutions’, Institute
of Development Studies Bulletin, Vol. 25.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
18
- FAO-ILO-IUF (2005). Agricultural Workers and their Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture
and Rural Development, Rome: FAO.
[Available from the FAO website.]
- Fine B. (1998). Labour market theory: a constructive reassessment Routledge: London. Ch 1
and ch. 7.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Freund B. (1988). The African Worker. Cambridge University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Ghose A.K. (2003) Jobs and Incomes in a Globalizing World ILO: Geneva. Especially chapters
4 and 5.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Glyn A. (2006) ‘Marx's reserve army of labour is about to go global’ Guardian April 5th.
[Available from the Guardian Online website.]
- Godfrey, M. 2003. ‘Youth employment policy in developing and transition countries : prevention
as well as cure’, Washington, DC: World Bank, Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0320.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Guha-Khasnobis B., Ravi Kanbur and E. Ostrom (2006). ‘Beyond Formality and Informality’ in
Linking the Formal and Informal Economy Concepts and Policies , edited by Guha-Khasnobis
B., Ravi Kanbur and E. Ostrom
[Available from UCL Library. Sample chapter available from the OUP website.]
- Harriss-White B. (2003) ‘Inequality at work in the informal economy: Key issues and
illustrations’ International Labour Review, 142 (4).
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Harriss-White B. (2003). India Working: Essays on Society and Economy, chapter 2. Delhi:
Cambridge University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Heintz J. (2008). ‘Revisiting Labour Markets: Implications for Macroeconomics and Social
Protection’ IDS Bulletin, 39 (2): 11-17. See also other articles in the special issue of IDS Bulletin
39 (2), especially papers by Toye and Cook.
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
- ILO, Global Employment Trends, and World Employment Report (latest issues).
[Available from the ILO website, GET and WER.]
- ILO (2007). The Decent Work Agenda in Africa: 2007-2015. Geneva: ILO.
[Available from the ILO website.]
- Johnston , Deborah and Le Roux, H. (2007), 'Leaving the Household out of Family Labour?
The Implications for the Size-Efficiency Relationship of Unreconstructed Thinking about the
Households.' European Journal of Development Research, 19 (3). pp. 355-71
[Available from EBSCO.]
- Kao, Anschel and Eicher (1964), ‘Disguised Unemployment in Agriculture: A Survey’, in CK
Eicher and LW Witt (eds) Agriculture in Economic Development, New Yorl: McGraw hill.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Kaufman, Bruce (2007) ‘The Impossibility of a Perfectly Competitive Labour Market’,
Cambridge Journal of Economics 31: 775–87.
[Available from Oxford University Press.]
19
- Kevane M. (1994) ‘Village labor markets in Sheikan District: Sudan’ World Development 22 (6):
839-57.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Kraus J. (ed.) (2007). Trade Unions and the Coming of Democracy in Africa. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Lerche, J. (2010), ‘From ‘rural labour’ to ‘classes of labour’: Class fragmentation, caste and class
struggle at the bottom of the Indian labour hierarchy’ in B. Harriss-White and J. Heyer (eds.) The
Comparative Political Economy of Development: Africa and South Asia, London: Routledge,
chapter 4.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Maloney W.F. (1998) ‘Are labour markets in developing countries dualistic?’ Policy Research
Working Paper 1941, World Bank: Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Meagher, K., (1995). ‘Crisis, Informalization and the Urban Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan
Africa’. Development and Change, 26 (2), pp. 259-84.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Munck R. (2004). Labour and Globalisation. Results and Prospects. Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Ocampo J.A. and K.S. Jomo (eds.) (2007). Towards Full and Decent Employment. London:
Zed Books. It contains several good chapters from excellent authors.
[Available from LSE Library.]
- Olin Wright, Erik (2000) ‘Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class
Compromise’, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 957-1002
[Available from JSTOR]
- Ortiz, S. and S. Aparicio (2007), ‘How Labourers Fare in Fresh Fruit Export Industries: Lemon
Production in Northern Argentina’, Journal of Agrarian Change 7 (3): 382-404.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
- Oya, C. and Sender, J. , 2009, ‘Divorced, Separated and Widowed Female Workers in Rural
Mozambique’. Feminist Economics 15(2): 1-31
[Available from InformaWorld]
- Palmer R. (2001) ‘Off the map: Farm workers in Southern Africa: Some Partly Historical
Thoughts on their Invisibility and Vulnerability’ Southern African Regional Conference on Farm
Workers’ Human Rights and Security, Harare 10-14 September 2001.
[Available from the Oxfam website.]
- Ponte, S. (2000), ‘From Social Negotiation to Contract: Shifting Strategies of Farm Labour
Recruitment in Tanzania Under Market Liberalization’ World Development, 28, 6.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Ramachandran V.K. (1990). Wage Labour and Unfreedom in Agriculture. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Reardon Thomas et al. (2000), ‘Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in
Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective’, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2): 266288
[Available from Wiley]
20
- Rutherford, B. (2001), Working on the margins: Black workers, white farmers in postcolonial
Zimbabwe, London: Zed.
[available from the SOAS library]
- Rutherford, Blair and Addison, Lincoln (2007). 'Zimbabwean Farm Workers in Northern South
Africa', Review of African Political Economy,34:114, pp. 619-635.
[Available from Informaworld.]
- Schaffner J.A. (1993), ‘Rising incomes and the shift from self-employment to firm-based
employment’, Economics Letters 41: pp. 435-440.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Sender J. and S. Smith (1986), The Development of Capitalism in Africa, Methuen, Chapter 3.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Selwyn, B. (2007). ‘Labour Process and Workers' Bargaining Power in Export Grape
Production, North East Brazil’, Journal of Agrarian Change, 7 (4): 526 – 553.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
Solow, Robert (1990). The Labor Market as a Social Institution, Oxford: Blackwell
- Standing G., J. Sender and J.Weeks, (1996), Restructuring the Labour Market: The South
African Challenge, especially chapter 4. An ILO Country Review, Geneva.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Swindell, K., (1985) Farm Labour, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Wells, M. (1996) Strawberry fields Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture, Cornell
University Press
[Available from LSE Library]
- White H. and J. Leavy (2003) ‘Labour Markets in Rural Africa: What Do Models Need to
Explain?’
[Available from the Eldis website.]
- World Bank (1995) World Development Report 1995. Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- World Bank (2001), The impact of labour market policies and institutions on economic
performance, Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
17
Agriculture, Agrarian Change, and Development
01 Mar
Hannah Bargawi
In this topic the main focus is on the role/place of agriculture in economic development over the
long run and processes of agrarian change in capitalist development. The lecture will give an
overview of different analytical approaches to agrarian issues. Other relevant questions to be
addressed include: What do we mean by agrarian change and agrarian transitions? How do we
measure the performance of agriculture? How can agricultural growth affect rural poverty? What
are agrarian structures like in LDCs and how have they changed? How has globalization shaped
processes of agrarian and rural change/development? What policy measures should be taken to
increase incentives for agricultural producers? How did market reforms impact on farmers in
developing countries? These questions will be discussed in the light of competing views on the
role of agriculture and of broader processes of change at global, national and local level.
21
CORE READINGS
(E) Rigg J. (2006), ‘Land, Farming, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Rethinking the Links in the Rural
South’ World Development, Vol. 34 (1): pp. 180-202.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
(E) Dorward, A., J. Kydd, J. Morrison and I. Urey (2004). ‘A Policy Agenda for Pro-Poor
Agricultural Growth’ World Development 32 (1): pp. 73-89.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
(E) Bahiigwa, G., N. Mdoe and F. Ellis, 2005, 'Livelihoods Research Findings and Agriculture-led
Growth', IDS Bulletin, Vol.36, No.2.
(RP) Oya, C. (2005) ‘Sticks and Carrots for Farmers in Developing Countries: Agrarian
Neoliberalism in Theory and Practice’, in A.Saad Filho & D.Johnston (eds) Neoliberalism: A
Critical Reader, ch. 14. London: Pluto.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
(RP) Bernstein H. (2008). ‘Agrarian Questions from Transition to Globalization’, In A.H. AkramLodhi and C. Kay (ed.) Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, rural transformation and
the agrarian question, chapter 10, London Routledge.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
ESSAY QUESTION
‘Using agriculture as the basis for economic growth in the agriculture-based countries requires a
productivity revolution in smallholder farming’. Discuss
RECOMMENDED READINGS
- * Byres, Terence J., (2003). ‘Agriculture and Development: the Dominant Orthodoxy and an
Alternative View’, in H-J. Chang (ed) Rethinking Development Economics London: Anthem
Press. Chapter 11.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- * World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008: agriculture for development.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- * UNCTAD, Trade and Development Report, (1998) UNCTAD, Geneva. Part Two, Chapters II
and III, pp.133-180.
[Available from the UNCTAD website.]
- * Karshenas M. (2001). ‘Agriculture and Economic Development in SSA and Asia’
Cambridge Journal of Economics 25: pp. 315-42.
[Available from Oxford Journals.]
-* Chang H.J. (2009) 'Rethinking Public Policy in Agriculture – Lessons from History, Distant and
Recent', Journal of Peasant Studies, 2009, vol. 36, no. 3.
[Available from the Cambridge Economics Faculty website or Informaworld JPS]
- *Kay C., (2002), ‘Why East Asia overtook Latin America: agrarian reform, industrialisation and
development’ Third World Quarterly 23 (6): pp. 1073-1102.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- * Oya, C. (2007). ‘Stories of Rural Accumulation in Africa: Trajectories and Transitions Among
Rural Capitalists in Senegal’, Journal of Agrarian Change, 7 (4): 453-493.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
22
- * Havnevik, K., D. Bryceson, L.E. Birgegard, P. Matondi and A. Beyene (2007) ‘African
Agriculture and The World Bank: Development of Impoverishment?’ Policy Dialogue n. 1, The
Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
- * Weis T. (2007) The Global Food Economy: The Battle for the Future of Farming. London: Zed
Books.
[Available from Dawsonera.]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
- Aggarwal, Rimjhim M. (2006). Resource-Poor Farmers in South India: On the Margins or
Frontiers of Globalization? WIDER Research Paper n. 97/2006.
[Available from the WIDER website.]
- Akram-Lodhi and C. Kay (ed.) (2008). Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, rural
transformation and the agrarian question, London: Routledge. Especially chapters 10 (in RP), 2,
8, 9 and 11.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Amanor, K.S. (2005), ‘Agricultural Markets in West Africa: Frontiers, Agribusiness and Social
Differentiation’, IDS Bulletin, 36 (2), pp. 58-62.
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
- Anderson, K. and Associates (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: A Global
Perspective,1955 to 2007, London: Palgrave Macmillan and Washington DC: World Bank.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Barrett, C. B., M. Bezuneh, D. C. Clay y T. Reardon (2001), Heterogeneous Constraints,
Incentives and Income Diversification Strategies in Rural Africa, Department of Applied
Economics and Management Working Paper, WP 2001-25, Ithaca, Cornell University.
[Available from the Cornell University website.]
- Berry, S., (1993) No Condition Is Permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in SubSaharan Africa, University of Wisconsin Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bhaduri A. (2003) ‘Structural Change and Economic Development: on the relative roles of
effective demand and the price mechanism in a dual economy’ in H-J. Chang (ed) Rethinking
Development Economics London: Anthem Press. Chapter 10.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Bryceson, D., (2000). ‘African Peasants’ Centrality and Marginality: Rural Labour
Transformations’. In Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America,
eds. D. Bryceson, C. Kay and J. Mooij, 37-63. London: ITDG Publishing.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Byres, Terence J. (1979). ‘Of Neo-Populist Pipe Dreams: Daedalus in the Third World and the
Myth of Urban Bias’. Journal of Peasant Studies, January, 6(2): 210-244.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Byres, T. J., (2003). ‘Paths of Capitalist Agrarian Transition in the Past and in the
Contemporary World’. In Agrarian Studies: Essays on Agrarian Relations in Less Developed
Countries, eds. V.K. Ramachandran and M. Swaminathan, 54-83. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Cowen, M. P. and Shenton, R. W. (1998) 'Agrarian doctrines of development: Part I', Journal of
Peasant Studies, 25:2, 49 – 76 and 'Agrarian doctrines of development: Part II', Journal of
Peasant Studies, 25:3, 31 – 62
[Available from SOAS Library.]
23
- Deaton, A. and Drèze, J. (2008) ‘Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations’,
[Available from SSRN]
- Ellis F. (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford: OUP.
Especially chapter 4.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Ellis F. and S. Biggs (2001) ‘Evolving Themes in Rural Development 1950s-2000s’
Development Policy Review Vol. 19 (4): pp. 437-448.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Friedmann, H., 2004. ‘Feeding the Empire: The Pathologies of Globalized Agriculture’. In The
Socialist Register 2005, eds L. Panitch and C. Leys, 124–43. London: The Merlin Press.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Ghai, D. and S. Radwan (1983) ‘Agrarian change, differentiation and rural poverty in Africa: a
general survey’, in Agrarian policies and rural poverty in Africa, Ghai, D. and Radwan, S. (eds.)
Geneva: ILO, 1-30.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Gibbon, P., y S. Ponte (2005), Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy,
Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Hill, P. (1968), ‘The Myth of the Amorphous Peasantry: A Northern Nigerian Case Study’.
Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 10, pp. 239-60.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Ishikawa, S. (1967), Economic Development in Asian Perspective, Tokyo: Kinokuniya.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Jayne, T. S., T. Yamano, M. Weber, D. Tschirley, R. Benfica, A. Chapoto and B. Zulu (2003),
‘Smallholder income and land distribution in Africa: implications for poverty reduction strategies’,
Food Policy 28, pp. 253-75.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Johnston, B.F. & J.W. Mellor (1961), ‘The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development,
American Economic Review. Reprinted in Karl F.Fox & D.Gale Johnson (eds) Readings in the
Economics of Agriculture, London:Allen & Unwin, 1970.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Kautsky, Karl (1988). The Agrarian Question, London: Zwan Publications.
- Kitching G. (1989) Development and Underdevelopment in Historical Perspective, London:
Routledge. Especially chapters 1 and 3.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Lang T. and M. Heasman (2004). Food Wars: The Global Battle for Mouths, Minds and
Markets. London: Earthscan.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Lewis, A.W. (1954), ‘Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour’, The
Manchester School, May, vol 22, no 2.
[Available from Wiley InterScience.]
- Little P. and M. Watts, eds., (1994). Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian
Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
24
- Maxwell S., (2001). ‘Agricultural issues in food security’. In Food Security in Sub-Saharan
Africa, ed.s S. Devereux and S. Maxwell, 32-66. London: ITDG.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Mortimore, M. (2003) ‘The future of family farms in West Africa: What can we learn from longterm data?’, Issue paper no. 119, International Institute for Environment and Development,
Drylands Programme, Kent.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Mundle, Sudipto (1985) ‘The Agrarian Barrier to Industrial Growth’, Journal of Development
Studies, 22, No. 1, October.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Murray C. (2002), ‘Livelihoods Research: Transcending Boundaries of Time and Space’,
Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 28 (3): pp. 489-509.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Oya, C. (2007). ‘Agricultural Maladjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Have We Learned
After Two Decades of Liberalization?’ Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 25 (2): 275-297.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Oya, Carlos (2009), 'The World Development Report 2008: inconsistencies, silences, and the
myth of 'win-win' scenarios', Journal of Peasant Studies, 36:3, 593 — 601.
[Available from the Informaworld JPS site]
See also special debate in Journal of Agrarian Change 9 (2).
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
- Pardey, P.G., Roseboom, J. and Beintema, N.M. (1997) ‘Investments in African Agricultural
Research’, World Development 25 (3): 409-423.
[Available from ScienceDirect]
- Patnaik, Utsa (2005). ‘Lenin and the Agrarian Question’, in Jomo K.S. (ed.) The Pioneers of
Development Economics: Great Economists on Development, London: Zed Books, pp. 74-92.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Peters, P. (2004), ‘Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa’, Journal of Agrarian
Change, 4, 3, pp. 269–314.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Sender J. and S. Smith (1989) Poverty, Class and Gender in Rural Africa, Routledge, Chapter
6.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
- Shatz, S.P. (1986) ‘African Food Imports and Food Production: an Erroneous Interpretation’,
Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (1): 177-78.
[Available from JSTOR]
- Special issue of the Journal of Agrarian Change on Redistributive Land Reform, volume 4 (1
and 2), 2004.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
Toulmin C. and B. Gueye (2005). ‘Is There a Future for Family Farming in West Africa?’ IDS
Bulletin Vol 36 No 2.
- [Available from IngentaConnect.]
- von Braun J., H.E. Bouis, S.K. Kumar and R. Pandya-Lorch (1992), ‘Improving food security of
the poor : concept, policy and programs’, International Food Policy Research Institute
Occasional Papers
[Available at the IFPRI website.]
25
- Weatherspoon and T. Reardon, 2003. ‘The Rise of Supermarkets in Africa: Implications for
Agrifood Systems and the Rural Poor’. Development Policy Review, 21 (3): 333-355.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Wiggins S. (2000), ‘Interpreting Changes from the 1970s to the 1990s in African Agriculture
through Village Studies’, World Development, Vol.28, No. 4.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Wiggins S. (2005), ‘Success Stories from African Agriculture: What are the Key Elements of
Success? IDS Bulletin Vol 36 No 2.
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
Special selection on the World Food Crisis
Agriculture, Agrarian Change and Development
- FAO (2008). ‘Soaring Food Prices: Facts, Perspectives, Impacts and Actions Required’ High
Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bionergy,
Rome, 3-5 June 2008.
[Available from the FAO website.]
- Ghosh, J. (2010), ‘The Unnatural Coupling: Food and Global Finance’, Journal of Agrarian
Change, 10 (1): 76-91.
[Available from Wiley InterScience]
- Ivanic M. and W. Martin (2008). ‘Implications of Higher Global Food Prices for Poverty in LowIncome Countries’, Policy Research Working Paper n. 4594, World Bank, Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Jomo K.S. (2008). ‘The 2008 World Food Crisis’ in IDEAS network
[Available from the IDEAS website.]
- See also other papers by Tabb and Shafaeddin
[Available from the IDEAS website]
- Magdorf, Fred (2008), ‘The World Food Crisis: Sources and Solutions’, Monthly Review, May.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Mitchell D. (2008). ‘A Note on Rising Food Prices’ Policy Research Working Paper n. 4682
World Bank, Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Tickner, Vincent (2008). 'Africa: International Food Price Rises & Volatility', Review of African
Political Economy, 35:117,508-514.
[Available from Informaworld.]
- UN (2007). Press Conference by the UN Special Rapporteur on Right to Food, Dept. of Public
Information, New York, 26 October 2007.
[Available from the UN website.]
- Von Braun J. (2008). ‘High Food Prices: The What, Who and How of Proposed Policy Actions’,
IFPRI Policy Brief, May, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DS
[Available from the IFPRI website.]
26
18
Poverty and Poverty Reduction Strategies
08 Mar
Chris Cramer
This lecture will discuss the new poverty agenda in development studies with initial emphasis on
(a) the various approaches to the measurement of poverty and (b) conceptualising and
identifying the characteristics of the ‘poor’. A critical appraisal of current methodologies to count
the poor in the world and within countries will be presented. Then, we will proceed with a critical
review of the assumptions on the characteristics of the poor in developing countries and their
policy implications, as they are reflected in current mainstream policy packages like the PRSPs
(Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers). Alternative approaches to identifying the poorest people
will be discussed throughout the lecture, with special emphasis on aspects of rural poverty and
gender.
CORE READINGS
(E) World Bank (2000), World Development Report, 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, Washington
D.C. Chapter 1.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
(RP) Stewart F., R. Saith and B. Harriss-White (eds.) (2007). Defining Poverty in the Developing
World. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Chapters 1 and 9 (pp. 1-35, 217-237).
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
(RP) Sender J. (2003) ‘Rural Poverty and Gender: Analytical Frameworks and Policy Proposals’
in Chang (ed) Rethinking Development Economics. Anthem Press. Chapter 18.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
(E) Toye J. (2007), ‘Poverty Reduction’, Development in Practice, vol. 17, n. 4
[Available from EBSCO]
ESSAY QUESTION
To what extent do internationally comparable single monetary indicators of poverty - such as the
number or share of the population living below a $1.25 a day poverty line - help in understanding
and designing policy responses to poverty?
RECOMMENDED READINGS
- * Sen, Abhijit and Jayati Ghosh, (1993), ‘Trends in Rural Employment and the Poverty
Employment Linkage’, ILO ARTEP Working Papers, December.
[Will be posted on BLE or emailed to students]
- * Lanjow, P. and R. Murgai (2008), ‘Poverty Decline, Agricultural Wages, and Non-Farm
Employment in Rural India 1983–2004’ Policy Research Working Paper 4858, World Bank
[Available from Ideas website]
- * Sahn, David E., and David C. Stifel, (2000), ‘Poverty Comparisons Over Time and Across
Countries in Africa’, World Development, Vol.28, No.12: 2123-55.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- * Dercon S. (2006), “Poverty Measurement”, in D. Clark (ed.), The Companion to Development
Studies, E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK
[Available from the SOAS library]
- * Devereux S. (2005). ‘Can Minimum Wages Contribute to Poverty Reduction in Poor
Countries?’, Journal of International Development, 17, pp. 899-912.
27
[Available from Wiley InterScience.]
- * O’Laughlin, B., (2007). ‘A Bigger Piece of a Very Small Pie: Intrahousehold Resource
Allocation and Poverty Reduction in Africa’, Development and Change, 38, 1: 21-44.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- *Sundaram K. and S. Tendulkar (2004) ‘The Poor in the Indian Labour Force: Scenario in the
1990s’, Economic and Political Weekly Novermber 27.
[Available from SOAS Library.]
* Breman J. and G. Wiradi (2002). Good Times and Bad Times in Rural Java. KITLV Press:
Leiden. Especially Epilogue and Prologue.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- *Peters P., (2006). ‘Rural income and poverty in a time of radical change in Malawi’ Journal of
Development Studies 42 (2): pp. 322-345.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- *Pincus J., J. Sender (2008), ‘Quantifying Poverty in Vietnam: Who Counts?’, Journal of
Vietnamese Studies, vol. 3, n. 1
[Available from Caliber]
Debate on methodology and measuring global poverty (counting the poor):
- *Reddy and Pogge (2003) ‘How not to count the poor’. Processed, Columbia University.
[Available from the Social Analysis website.]
- Martin Ravallion, ‘How Not to Count the Poor! A Reply to Reddy’. Processed.
[Available from the Social Analysis website.]
- Sanjay Reddy and Thomas Pogge, ‘How Not to Count the Poor! A Reply to Ravallion’.
Processed.
[Available from the Social Analysis website.]
More recent instalments of the debate:
- Chen S. and M. Ravallion (2008). ‘The Developing World Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No
Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty’ Policy Research Working Paper 4703, World
Bank, Washington DC.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Reddy, S. (2008). ‘The New Global Poverty Estimates – Digging Deeper into a Hole’ One
Pager # 65. International Poverty Centre. September 2008.
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
- Ravallion M. (2008). ‘Global Poverty Reassessed: A Reply to Reddy’, One Pager # 66.
International Poverty Centre. September 2008.
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
- Pogge T. (2008) ‘Where the Line is Drawn. A Rejoinder to Ravallion’ One Pager # 69,
International Poverty Centre. October 2008.
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
See also:
- Deaton, Angus, 2001, ‘Counting the World’s Poor: Problems and Possible Solution,’ World
Bank Research Observer 16, 125-148, or Deaton, A. (2005), ‘Measuring Poverty in a Growing
World (or Measuring Growth in a Poor World)’, Review of Economics and Statistics, v.87 # 1,
pp. 119
28
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
- International Poverty Centre (2006). ‘What is poverty? Concepts and measures’. In Focus.
IPC, Brasilia.
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
- Banerjee, Abhijit V., Roland Benabou, and Dilip Mookherjee (eds.) (2006).Understanding
Poverty. Oxford University Press.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Bardhan P. (2006) ‘Globalization and Rural Poverty’ World Development 34 (8): 1393-1404.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Boysen F., S. Van der Berg, R. Burger, M. von Maltitz, G. Du Rand (2008), ‘Using an Asset
Index to Assess Trends in Poverty in Seven Sub-Saharan African Countries’, World
Development, vol. 36, n. 6
[Available from ScienceDirect]
- Cantillon S. and B. Nolan (2001) ‘Poverty Within Household: Measuring Gender Differences
Using Non-monetary Incomes’ Feminist Economics 7 (1): 5-23.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Carr, M. and Chen, M.A. (2002). Globalization and the Informal Economy: How Global Trade
and Investment Impact on the Working Poor, Employment Sector 2002/1, Geneva: ILO.
[Available from the ILO website.]
- Carter MR and J May (1999). ‘Poverty, Livelihood and Class in Rural South Africa’ World
Development, 27 (1): 1-21.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Carter, M. R., and C. B. Barrett (2006). ‘The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty:
An asset-based approach.’ Journal of Development Studies Vol 42 (2): pp. 178-199.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Chang H.J. (2009) 'The Microfinance Illusion', with M. Bateman, March 2009, mimeo,
University of Juraj Dobrila Pula, Croatia, and University of Cambridge, UK
[Available from the Cambridge Economics faculty]
- Davis M. (2004) ‘Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the Informal Proletariat’ New Left
Review, n. 26, March-April 2004, pp. 5-34.
[Available from New Left Review, access via this website is available on-campus only.]
- Dercon, S. (2009) ‘Rural Poverty: Old Challenges in New Contexts’, World Bank Research
Observer, vol. 24, no. 1
[Available from Oxford Journals]
- Drèze, J. y P.V. Srinivasan (1997), ‘Widowhood and poverty in rural India: Some inferences
from household survey data’, Journal of Development Economics, 54, pp. 217-234.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Ferguson, J. (2007) “Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal
South Africa”, African Studies Review, vol 50, no 2, pp. 71-86.
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Foster James, Joel Greer, Erik Thorbecke (1984) ‘A Class of Decomposable Poverty
Measures’ Econometrica, Vol. 52, No. 3: pp. 761-766.
[Available from JSTOR.]
29
- Hanmer, L., G. Pyatt, y H. White (1999), ‘What do the World Bank’s Poverty Assessments
teach us about Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa?’, Development and Change, 30, pp. 795-823.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Hickey S. (2005), ‘The Politics of Staying Poor: Exploring the Political Space for Poverty
Reduction in Uganda’, World Development, vol. 33, n. 6
[Available from ScienceDirect]
- Howes S. and J.O. Lanjow, 1997. ‘Poverty Comparisons and Household Survey Design’ LSMS
Working Paper 129. Washington: World Bank.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Islam R. (2006). ‘The Nexus of Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: An
Empirical Analysis’, in R. Islam (ed.) Fighting Poverty: The Development-Employment Link, ILO,
London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 31-62.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- International Poverty Centre (2005). ‘Poverty and the City’. In Focus. IPC, Brasilia.
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
- Kabeer N. and S. Mahmud (2004) ‘Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women
workers in export and local markets’ Journal of International Development, Vol. 16 (1): pp. 93 –
109.
[Available from Wiley InterScience.]
- Kay C. (2006). ‘Rural Poverty and Development Strategies in Latin America’ Journal of
Agrarian Change, Vol. 6 (4): pp. 455-508.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Khan A. R. (2006). ‘Employment Policies for Poverty Reduction’, in R. Islam (ed.) op. cit., pp.
63-105.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Lanjouw P., M. Ravallion (1995), ‘Poverty and Household Size’, Economic Journal, n. 105, pp.
1415-1434
[Available from JSTOR]
- McKinley T. (2007). ‘Pro-Poor Growth: Though a Contested Marriage, Still a Premature
Divorce’, International poverty Centre One Pager #45
[Available from the International Poverty Centre website.]
- Narayan D., N. Dudwick (2009), Moving Out of Poverty: Success from the bottom up, World
Bank, Washington DC
- Nelson, P. (1999), ‘Urban Poverty in Africa: A Historical Perspective’ en Urban Poverty in
Africa, in S. Jones y N. Nelson (eds.) Urban Poverty in Africa: From Understanding to
Alleviation, London, IT Publications, pp. 1-8.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Nolan P. and J. Sender (1992), ‘Death Rates, Life Expectancy and China’s Economic Reforms:
A Critique of A.K. Sen’, World Development, September.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- O’Laughlin, B. (1995) ‘Myth of the African Family in the World of Development’, Ch. 4 in ed. D.
Bryceson, Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and
Development Practice, Berg, Oxford.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Osmani S.R. (2006). ‘Exploring the Employment Nexus: The Analytics of Pro-Poor Growth’, in
30
Islam (ed.), op. cit., pp. 9-30.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Download a previous version from the ILO website.
[Available from the ILO website.]
- Quisumbing, Agnes R., Lawrence Haddad and Christine Pena, (2001), ‘Are Women
Overrepresented Among the Poor? An Analysis of Poverty in Ten Developing Countries’,
Discussion Paper 115, IFPRI, Washington DC
[Available from the IFPRI website.]
- Palmer, Kim and Sender, John (2006) 'Prospects for On-Farm Self-Employment and Poverty
Reduction: An Analysis of the South African Income and Expenditure Survey 2000', Journal of
Contemporary African Studies, 24:3, 347 — 376. And ensuing debate with Atkinson in the same
Journal.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Ramphele M. (2006), “Characteristics of Poverty”, in D. Clark (ed.), The Companion to
Development Studies, E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK
[Available from the SOAS library]
- Ravallion, Martin, 2001, ‘Growth, Inequality and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages,’ World
Development, 29(11), 1803-1815.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- Ravallion, M. (2004), ‘Pro-poor Growth: A Primer’, World Bank Policy Research Working
Papers n. 3242.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Satterthwaite D. (2004), The Under-estimation of Urban Poverty in Low and Middle-income
Nations, IIED Working Paper on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas, n. 14
[Available from UNDP]
- Sen A. and Himanshu (2004). ‘Poverty and Inequality in India: Getting Closer to the Truth’
[Available from the IDEAS website.]
- Sender, J., (2002), ‘Women’s Struggle to Escape Rural Poverty in South Africa’, Journal of
Agrarian Change, vol. 2, 1.
[Available from Wiley InterScience.]
- Sender, John and Sheila Smith, (1990), Poverty Class and Gender in Rural Africa: A
Tanzanian Case Study, London, Routledge. Especially chapters 2-4.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- Srinivasan, T.N., (2000), ‘Growth, Poverty Reduction and Inequality’, World Bank Annual
Conference on Development Economics, June,
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Stewart F. and B. Harriss-White (eds.) (2007). Defining Poverty in the Developing World.
London: Palgrave MacMillan.
[Available from the SOAS Library.]
- White H. (2002) ‘Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in Poverty Analysis’
World Development 30 (3): 511-522.
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- World Bank (2000), World Development Report, 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, Washington
D.C. Other chapters.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
31
- Wuyts, M. (2001), ‘Inequality and Poverty as the Condition of Labour’, Draft paper prepared for
the discussion at the UNRISD meeting on ‘The Need to Rethink Development Economics’, 7-8
September 2001, Cape Town, South Africa.
[Available from the UNRISD website.]
Specific readings on PRSPs:
Gottschalk, Ricardo (2005), "The Macro Content of PRSPs: Assessing the Need for a More
Flexible Macroeconomic Policy Framework", Development Policy Review, 23, 4, pp.419-442.
Booth, D., A. Grigsby, and C. Toranzo (2006), "Politics and Poverty Reduction Strategies:
Lessons from Latin American HIPCs", Working Paper 262, London: ODI.
- * Craig and Porter (2003) ‘Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A New Convergence’, World
Development, 31 (1): 56-6
[Available from ScienceDirect.]
- *Cling JP, M Razafindrakoto and F Roubaud (2002) ‘The PRSP Initiative: Old Wine in New
Bottles? ABCDE-Europe Conference paper, 24-26 June Oslo.
[Available from the DIAL website.]
- * Stewart F. and M. Wang (2003) ‘Do PRSPs Empower Poor Countries And Disempower The
World Bank, or is it the Other Way Round? Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper, University
of Oxford.
[Available from the Department of International Development website.]
- * McKinley T. (2004). ‘Economic Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction: PRSPs,
Neoliberal Conditionalities and ‘Post-Consensus’ Alternatives’ Paper Presented at the IDEAs
International Conference ‘The Economics of the New Imperialism’ JNU, Delhi, 22-24 January
2004.
[Available from the IDEAS website.]
- Booth D. (2003) ‘PRSPs in Africa: Introduction and Overview’, Development Policy Review,
Special Issue 21 (2): 131-59.
[Available from EBSCOhost.]
- Brock K, A. Cornwall and J Gaventa (2001) ‘Power, knowledge and political spaces in the
framing of poverty policy’ IDS Working Paper 143.
[Available from the IDS website.]
- Egulu L. (2004) ‘Trade Union Participation in the PRSP Process’ Social Protection Discussion
Paper Series n. 0417, August, World Bank
[Available from the World Bank website.]
- Fraser, A. (2005). ‘Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: Now Who Calls the Shots?’, Review of
African Political Economy, 104/5: 317-340.
[Available from IngentaConnect.]
- Gottschalk R. (2004) ‘The Macroeconomic Policy Content of the PRSPs: How Much ProGrowth, How much Pro-Poor?’ Institute of Development Studies
[Available from the IDS website.]
- Harrison G. (2007). ‘The World Bank and Africa: Afterthoughts’, IPEG papers in Global Political
Economy, N. 25.
[Available from the British International Studies Association website.]
IMF/World Bank (2005), 2005 Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach: Balancing
Accountabilities and Scaling Up Results, Washington DC.
[Available from the IMF website.]
32
- Piron LH and A. Evans (2004) ‘Politics and the PRSP approach’ ODI Working Paper 237.
[Available from the ODI website.]
- UNCTAD (2002) The Least Developed Countries Report, ch.5: ‘National Development
Strategies, the PRSP Process and Effective Poverty Reduction’. New York: Unctad.
[Available from UNCTAD website.]
- Wilks A. and Lefrancois F. (2002) Blinding with Science or Encouraging Debate? How World
Bank Analysis determines PRSPS policies. Bretton Woods Project.
[Available from the Bretton Woods Project website.]
- World Bank (2004) The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent Evaluation of
the World Bank’s support through 2003. World Bank: OED.
[Available from the World Bank website.]
19
Political Economy of Crisis and Recovery
15 Mar
Thomas Marois
This lecture explores the problem of crisis and recovery under neoliberal and financialized
strategies of development – as they are understood differently from the three schools of political
economic thought discussed in this course. Special attention is given to the current global
financial crisis with reference to how developing countries have recovered from financial crises
in the past.
CORE READINGS
(E) IMF (2010), “Executive summary”, World Economic Outlook 2010, Recovery, Risk, and
Rebalancing, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/index.htm
(pgs. 1-3).
(E) Halsey Rogers, F. (2010). “The global financial crisis and development thinking”, Policy
Research Working Paper, No. 5353, World Bank, available online at:
http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=
64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000158349_20100629111506
(E) Acemoglu, Daron (2009). “The Crisis of 2008: Lessons for and from Economics” Critical
Review, 21, 2-3: 185-94.
(RP) Albo, Greg, Sam Gindin, and Leo Panitch (2010). In and Out of Crisis: The Global
Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives, “Neoliberalism, Finance, and Crises”, Oakland, CA:
PM Press. (27-42).
(RP) Marois, Thomas (forthcoming 2011). “Emerging Market Bank Rescues in an Era of
Finance-led Neoliberalism: A Comparison of Mexico and Turkey”, Review of International
Political Economy.
ESSAY QUESTION
How has neoliberal financial crisis impacted development in a country of your choice? Make
reference to different political economic perspectives in your answer.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
Socialist Register 2011: The Crisis this Time, Ed. by Leo Panitch, Greg Albo, and Vivek Chibber,
Merlin Press. (pgs. 1-20). Available online on campus:
http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/issue/current
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Cambridge Journal of Economics (2010). Special Focus: Globalisation, Institutional
Transformation and Equity, 34, 2.
Demirgüç-Kunt, Aslı and Luis Servén (2009) “Are All the Sacred Cows Dead? Implications of the
Financial Crisis for Macro and Financial Policies”, Policy Research Working Paper, 4807: World
Bank. [Available from World Bank]
Albo, Greg, Sam Gindin, and Leo Panitch (2010). In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial
Meltdown and Left Alternatives, Oakland, CA: PM Press. (27-42).
McKinley, Terry (2010). “Has the IMF Abandoned Neoliberalism?”, Development Viewpoint, No.
51. Available online at http://www.soas.ac.uk/cdpr/publications/dv/.
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Cerny, Philip G. (2009). Introduction: Financial crisis and renewal? Diversity and convergence in
emerging markets”, Review of International Political Economy, 16, 3: 371-81. [Available from
SOAS library]
Harvey, David (2009). “Why the US Stimulus Package in Bound to Fail”, Socialist Project, 184,
[Available from Socialist Project]
Lapavitsas, Costas (2009). “Financialised Capitalism: Crisis and Financial Expropriation”,
Historical Materialism, 17, 2: 114-48. [Available from SOAS library]
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Alternative Strategies of Development
22 Mar
Thomas Marois
This lecture explores radical developmental alternatives as well as the possibilities for and the
limits to such strategies of development. Special attention will be paid to problems of democracy
and ownership, making reference to actually existing examples.
CORE READINGS
(E) DESA (2010). World Economic and Social Survey 2010: Retooling Global Development,
“Ch. VI: A feasible globalization” (pgs. 133-150) available online at:
http://www.un.org/esa/policy/wess/
(RP) Devine, Pat (1988). Democracy and Planning, “The Socialization of Production”, Polity
Press: Cambridge. (pgs. 114-37)
(RP) Harvey, David (2010). The Enigma of Capital, “What is to be Done? And Who is Going to
Do It?”, London: Profile Books. (215-60)
(RP) Lebowitz, Michael A. (2006). Build it Now: Socialism for the Twenty-First Century, New
York: Monthly Review Press. (pgs. 61-84).
ESSAY QUESTION
What defines a radical alternative to neoliberal development? Make reference to a specific case
study or example in the developing world.
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SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Socialist Register 2008: Global Flashpoints: Reactions to Imperialism and Neoliberalism, ed. by
Panitch, Leo and Colin Leys, London: The Merlin Press.
http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/issue/current
Bayliss, Kate and Ben Fine, “Conclusion and Alternatives”, Privatization and Alternative Public
Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on Electricity and Water, ed. by Bayliss, Kate
and Ben Fine, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Devine, Pat (1988). Democracy and Planning, Polity Press: Cambridge.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). “Another World is Possible”, Making Globalization Work. Penguin
Books: London. (pgs. 1-24)
Evans, Peter (2008). “Is an Alternative Globalization Possible?” Politics & Society, 36, 2: 271305.
Biewener, Carole (2000). “The Promise of Finance: Banks and Community Development”,
Political Economy and Contemporary Capitalism: Radical Perspectives on Economic Theory,
ed. by Ron Baiman, Heather Boushey, and Dawn Saunders, London: M.E. Sharpe.
[Available from Senate House library]
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