Class:
Name:
19
(
) Date:
Biodiversity
19.1 Diversity of life forms (Book 3, p. 19-5)

(1) _______________ (生物多樣性) refers to the wide variety of life forms on earth.

The place where an organism lives is called its (2) _______________ (生境).
19.2 Classification (Book 3, p. 19-6)
Why do we need to classify organisms? (Book 3, p. 19-6)
A

(1) _______________ (分類) means sorting things into groups.

Classifying organisms helps us:
1
study organisms in a
2
identify an organism by matching it with
the characteristics of one of the groups
(2) _______________ (有系統的) way
It is easier to
study them after
grouping.
It has dry hard
scales. It should
be a reptile.
3
understand the (3) _______________
4
make (4) _______________
history (進化歷史) of organisms
The more similar
two groups are,
the more closely
related they are
likely to be.
Is this drug
suitable for
humans?
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
We can test it on
mice first. Mice
and humans are
both mammals.
The result should
be similar.
1
B

How are organisms classified? (Book 3, p. 19-7)
Carolus Linnaeus introduced a system in which organisms are classified into many groups at
different levels. For example, humans are classified as follows:
(5) _________ _________ _________ in groups increasing
e.g.
Animalia
(動物界)
Chordata
(脊索動物門)
Mammalia
(哺乳綱)
Primates
(靈長目)
Hominidae
(人科)
Homo
(人屬)
Sapiens
(智慧人種)
(6) _______________ within groups increasing
 The level of classification

(7) _______________ is the basic unit of classification.

Organisms of the same species can interbreed to produce (8) _______________ offspring
(可生育的後代).
C

How are organisms named? (Book 3, p. 19-8)
Organisms are named under a system called (9) _______________ _______________ (雙名法)
which was developed by Linnaeus.

Each species is given a two-word (10) _______________ _______________ which is
universal. The first word is the (11) _______________ name while the second word is the
species name, e.g. the scientific name for humans is (12) ______________ ______________:
in printed words: italics
when handwritten: underlined
capital letter
capital letter
Homo sapiens
small letter
Homo sapiens
small letter
 Go to …
Quick check
2
(Book 3, p. 19-9)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
19.3 The six kingdoms and three domains (Book 3, p. 19-10)

In Carl Woese’s (1) _______________ system, organisms are classified into six kingdoms.

Later, biologists unite the six kingdoms into three (2) _______________ based on the
similarities of their (3) _______________ material.
(4) _______________ (原核生物)
Eukaryotes (真核生物)
(5) _______________
(真核)
 The six kingdoms and three domains
A
Eubacteria (Book 3, p. 19-10)

This kingdom refers to (6) _______________.

Structure of a bacterium:
cell wall made of
(7) __________ (被膜)
(10) ___________ (肽聚糖)
circular ring of
cytoplasm
(8) __________
cell membrane
(9) __________ (鞭毛)
for locomotion

Bacteria are very small, single-celled prokaryotes with no true (11) _______________. Their
genetic material is in the form of a (12) _______________ ring of DNA. They have no
(13) _______________ organelles, e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.

Some bacteria can cause diseases, e.g. (14) _______________ (霍亂) and tetanus (破傷風).
Some are (15) _______________, e.g. cyanobacteria (氰細菌).

Bacteria have different shapes. For example:

Rod-shaped
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010

(16) __________-shaped 
(17) ___________-shaped
3
B
Archaebacteria (Book 3, p. 19-11)

Archaebacteria are single-celled (18) _______________.

Their cell walls have no peptidoglycan and the (19) _______________ in their cell
membranes have a different structure than those in all other organisms.

C

They mainly live in (20) _______________ environments, e.g. hot springs.
Protista (Book 3, p. 19-12)
(21) _______________ (原生生物) are small eukaryotes with a true nucleus and other
(22) ______________________ organelles.

Most are single-celled. Some are plant-like and some are animal-like.

They live mainly in (23) _______________ or inside other organisms.

Examples:
(24) ____________________, (25) _________________ and Paramecium (草履蟲).
D
Fungi (Book 3, p. 19-12)

Most fungi (真菌) (singular: fungus) are made up of (26) _______________ (菌絲).

They have a (27) _______________ _______________ which is not made up of cellulose.

They have no chlorophyll and are usually (28) _______________ (腐生的) or
(29) _______________ (寄生的).

They produce (30) _______________ (孢子) for reproduction.

Examples:
(31) ________________ (酵母), bread moulds (霉菌) and (32) ________________ (菇類).
4
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
E

Plantae (Book 3, p. 19-13)
Plant cells have (33) _______________ for photosynthesis and a cell wall made up of
(34) _______________.

Plants are classified into vascular plants (維管植物) and non-vascular plants (非維管植物).
Vascular plants have (35) _______________ _______________ while non-vascular plants do
not.
1
Vascular plants (Book 3, p. 19-14)

Vascular plants have true roots, stems and (36) _______________. They are divided into
three main groups:
i)
Ferns (蕨)

They have large and (37) _______________ leaves.

They produce (38) _______________ for reproduction.

Examples: bird-nest ferns (巢蕨), wood-ferns (華南毛蕨).
 Wood-fern
spore-bearing structure
located on the lower side
of leaves
ii)
Conifers (松柏)

Most are trees with (39) _______________ leaves.

They produce naked seeds found in (40) _______________ (毬果).

Examples: firs (杉), pines (松), and cypresses (柏).
cone
 Pine
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
5
iii) Flowering plants

Flowering plants (有花植物) produce (41) _______________ for reproduction. Their seeds are
protected inside (42) _______________.

They are divided into (43) ___________________ plants (monocots 單子葉植物) and
(44) ___________________ plants (dicots 雙子葉植物):
Monocots
Dicots
One
Two
Leaf veins
(45) _______________
Net-like
No. of petals in
Usually three or multiples of three
Usually four or five or their
No. of seed leaves
(cotyledons 子葉)
flowers
Examples
multiples
Most are herbs (草本植物), e.g.
Can be herbs, shrubs (灌木) or
grass and sugar cane
trees, e.g. sunflowers, roses
 Grass
 Sunflower
 Sugar cane
2
Non-vascular plants (Book 3, p. 19-15)

They have no (46) _______________ _______________.

Most are small and grow in damp places.

They have simple stems and leaves, but no (47) _______________.

They have (48) _______________ (假根) for anchorage and water
 Rose
absorption.

They produce (49) _______________ for reproduction.

Example: mosses.
6
 Moss
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
Animalia (Book 3, p. 19-16)
F

Animal cells do not have a (50) _______________ _______________.

Animals are divided into vertebrates (脊椎動物) and (51) _______________ (無脊椎動物).
1
Vertebrates (Book 3, p. 19-17)

Vertebrates have a (52) _______________ (also called vertebral column 脊柱) which is made
up of (53) _______________ (椎骨).

They can be divided into five groups:
Fish
Body features
 Slimy scales
Amphibians
Reptiles
(兩棲動物)
(爬行動物)
 Moist naked
(黏滑的鱗)
skin
 (54) _______
 Gills in
(鰭)
 Gills (鰓)
Birds
 (55) ______  Feathers
________
(羽毛)
Mammals
(哺乳動物)
 Hair
 Lungs
scales
 Wings
 Four limbs
larvae; lungs
 Lungs
 Lungs
 Mammary
in adults
 Four limbs
 Beaks (喙)
glands (乳腺)
 Dry scales on
 Four limbs
legs
Control of body
temperature
Reproduction
 (56) ______________
 Embryos develop outside
fertilization
 (58) ________
fertilization
 Embryos develop outside
mother’s body; inside
mother’s body; in water
(57) ______________
develop inside
______________ on land
mother’s body
 Embryos
 (59) _______________
 Poikilotherms (變溫動物)
(恆溫動物)
 Seahorses
 Goldfish
Examples
 Internal fertilization
 Salamanders
(蠑螈)
 Frogs
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
 Turtles
 Penguins
 Dolphins
(海龜)
(企鵝)
 Monkeys
 Snakes
 Eagles
7
Misconception
Some students have the following misconceptions:
(a)


Sea horses are mammals.
Sea horses have gills. They are fish.
(b)


Salamanders are reptiles.
Salamanders have moist naked skin. They are amphibians.
(c)


Crocodiles are amphibians.
The body of crocodiles is covered with dry hard scales. They are reptiles.
(d)


Bats are birds.
Though bats have wings, they have hair rather than feathers. They are
mammals.
(e)


Whales and dolphins are fish.
Both whales and dolphins have mammary glands. They are mammals.
(f)


Penguins are mammals.
Penguins have no mammary glands but they have beaks. They are birds.
2
Invertebrates (Book 3, p. 19-21)

Invertebrates do not have a (60) ______________. Examples include:
 Jellyfish
 Earthworm
 Snail
 Grasshopper
 Go to …
Quick check
(Book 3, p. 19-23)
19.4 Classification can change (Book 3, p. 19-24)

The early classification systems (like the two-kingdom system) are mainly based on the
(1) _______________ similarities among organisms.

With the advancement of technology, new information about organisms is being discovered.
The classification system changes to include the new information. For example,
a new kingdom, (2) _______________, was added to the two-kingdom system to classify
organisms which are both plant-like and animal-like, e.g. Euglena (眼蟲).
8
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010

The modern systems (like the six-kingdom system) are based on the (3) _______________
relationships (系統發生的關係). They reflect the (4) _______________ history of organisms.

Biologists believe that all organisms come from a common ancestor (共同祖先).
 The modern classification system reflects the evolutionary history of organisms
19.5 Biological keys (Book 3, p. 19-26)
A
How do we use a biological key to identify organisms? (Book 3, p. 19-26)

Biological (1) _______________ (檢索表) are tools for identifying organisms.

A (2) _______________ _______________ (二叉式檢索表) provides a way to identify
organisms by choosing between two alternative features at each step of the key. For example:
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
9
The key can be presented in statements:
1
2
3
4
5
a
With a long cylindrical body ………………………………………… 2
b
Without a long cylindrical body …………………………………… 3
a
Yellowish brown body ……………………………………………… Swampy eel
b
Greyish body ………………………………………………………… Japanese eel
a
With barbels ………………………………………………………… 4
b
Without barbels ……………………………………………………… 5
a
With a flat head ……………………………………………………… Chinese catfish
b
Without a flat head ……………………………………….………. … Common carp
a
Body with black spots ……………………………………………. … Spotted snakehead
b
Body without black spots …………………………………………… Grass carp
(3) ___________ ____________ (4) ___________ ___________ (5) ___________ ___________
(6) ___________ ____________ (7) ___________ ___________ (8) ___________ ____________
 Go to …
Practical 19.1 Using a key to identify organisms from a local habitat
(Book 3, p. 19-27; Practical Workbook for SBA 3, p. 19-1)
B
How do we construct a dichotomous key? (Book 3, p. 19-28)
Fix the
List the
(9) ____________
(10) _____________
of organisms to be
similarities and differences
identified.
of all of them.
Choose one external feature
that can divide the organisms
into two groups.
For each group, repeat this procedure
until all the organisms are sorted.
 Go to …
Practical 19.2 Constructing a dichotomous key for leaves
(Book 3, p. 19-28; Practical Workbook for SBA 3, p. 19-4)
Quick check
10
(Book 3, p. 19-29)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
Exercise
A student is trying to classify the following organisms into different groups.
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
All the organisms shown above are in the same domain and the same kingdom. State the
domain and kingdom they belong to.
(2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
b
Two of the above organisms belong to the same group. Name the animal group to which they
belong to and give one distinctive body feature they possess.
(2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
c
The student thinks that C and D belong to the same group. Explain why he is wrong. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________________
d
State two structural differences between B and F which explain why they are sorted in different
groups.
(2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
e
The amount of daily food intake per unit mass of A is much greater than that of C. Explain.
(4 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Total: 11 marks
－ END －
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
11
Answers
Ch 19 Biodiversity
19.1
1
Biodiversity
2
habitat
1
Classification
2
systematic
3
evolutionary
4
predictions
6
similarities
7
Species
8
fertile
9
binomial nomenclature
10
scientific name
11
genus
12
Homo sapiens
1
six-kingdom
2
domains
3
genetic
4
Prokaryotes
5
Eukarya
6
bacteria
7
capsule
8
DNA
9
flagellum
10
peptidoglycan
11
nucleus
12
circular
13
membrane-bound 14
cholera
15
producers
16
spherical
17
spiral
18
prokaryotes
19
lipids
20
extreme
21
Protists
22
membrane-bound 23
water
24
Amoeba
25
algae
26
hyphae
27
cell wall
28
saprophytic
29
parasitic
30
spores
31
yeast
32
mushrooms
33
chlorophyll
34
cellulose
35
vascular tissues
36
leaves
37
feathery
38
spores
39
needle-shaped
40
cones
41
flowers
42
fruits
43
monocotyledonous 44
dicotyledonous
45
Parallel
46
vascular tissues
47
roots
48
rhizoids
49
spores
50
cell wall
51
invertebrates
52
backbone
53
vertebrae
54
Fins
55
Dry hard
56
External
57
hard shells
58
Internal
59
Homoiotherms
60
backbone
structural
2
Protista
3
phylogenetic
4
evolutionary
1
keys
2
dichotomous key
3
Spotted snakehead 4
Chinese catfish
5
Japanese eel
6
Swampy eel
7
Common carp
8
Grass carp
number
10
external
19.2
5
number of species
19.3
19.4
1
19.5
9
Exercise
a
Domain: Eukarya
b
Mammals
1m
They have mammary glands.
1m
C is a vertebrate (amphibian) while D is an invertebrate./ C has a backbone while D does not.
1m
c
12
Kingdom: Animalia
1m+1m
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
d
B breaths with lungs while F breaths with gills.
1m
F has fins while B does not.
1m
The body of F covers with slimy scales while the body of B does not.
1m
(Any two)
e
A is a homoiotherm while C is a poikilotherm, thus A has a higher body temperature than C.
1m
A has a higher metabolic rate
1m
and a faster heat loss to the surroundings.
1m
Therefore, A needs more food for respiration to release more energy.
1m
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
 Oxford University Press 2010
13