The Animal Kingdom
Name:_____________________
Fill out this Packet as we go through our tour of the Animal Phyla. There are links
to videos and powerpoints on the class website that you will find useful, you can
also use your text book and the internet. All coloring pages should be neatly
colored. This packet will be due on the day of your final and will count as a test
grade.
Intro to the Animal Kingdom
List 4 characteristics shared by all animals.
Animal Functions
Variations and examples
What is the difference between:
Quadrupedal and Bipedal
Terrestrial and Aquatic
Sessile and Motile
Body Plans
Define the terms
Asymmetry
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Cephalization
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Segmentation
Examples and sketch
“SIMPLE” Animal matching
Match the phylum with the description or example. Some have more than one answer,
which is indicated by a number in paranthesis.
A. Porifera
9. ___ amebocytes
B. Cnidaria
10. ___ osculum
C. Platyhelminthes
11. ___ all are sessile
D. Nematoda
12. ___ hydra
13. ___ tapeworm
1. ___ Stinging cells
14. ___ anus
2. ___ flatworms
15. ___ cnidocytes
3. ___ bilateral symmetry (2)
16. ___ tentacles
4. ___ gastrovascular cavity (2)
17. ___ trichinella
5. ___ roundworms
18. ___ fluke
6. ___ complete digestive tract
19. ___ filter feeders
7. ___ planarian
20. ___ many are parasitic (2)
8. ___ jellyfish
Hydra and Other Cnidarians
A common organism to study in a biology lab is the hydra. The
hydra belongs to a group of organisms known as cnidarians or
sometimes called coelenterates. This phylum also includes animals
such as the jellyfish and sea anemone and the organisms that
make up coral reefs. The common characteristic to all of these
animals is that they have stinging cells located, known as cnidocytes, on their tentacles.
Because they belong to the animal kingdom, you can also assume that all cnidarians
are multicellular and heterotrophic - meaning they must consume their food in some
way. Many cnidarians spend their lives attached to objects where they wait for fish or
other organisms to swim by them and become trapped by their tentacles.
Let's compare the main types of cnidarians. Sea anemones belong to the
phylum Anthozoa, which translates to mean "flower animal". Anemones are often very
colorful and have hundreds of tentacles that wave in the water currents while the main
part of their body remains attached to a surface. They are pretty to look at, but deadly to
fish that swim too close. The fish becomes paralyzed by the stinging cells and
eventually is pushed into the anemone's mouth, which is at the center of the tentacles.
The main body area contains a gastrovascular cavity, which is like a stomach, where
the fish is digested.
Coral is also related to the sea anemone, though organisms in this group tend to be
smaller and live in colonies. Coral reefs are actually made from the skeletons of
cnidarians that have build up for many years. A coral reef provides a home to many
other ocean organisms, such as fish, octopus, crustaceans and even sharks. The Great
Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia is the largest coral reef on the planet.
The next group of cnidarians are the Scyphozoans, or jellyfish. These animals can
move freely in the water. Basically, if you imagine a sea anemone upside down, then
you have a jellyfish. In fact, because cnidarians can come in two forms, they have
names for their body plans. The ones that sit on a surface with their
tentacles pointing up are called polyps. The ones that swim with their
tentacles pointing downward are called medusas. Jellyfish obtain their
food in the same way as other cnidarians, by capturing smaller
animals with their tentacles. Unfortunately, sometimes swimmers can
accidentally come into contact with a jellyfish. In most cases, the sting
from their tentacles is painful to humans, but not fatal.
The last group of cnidarians is the Hydrozoans, which includes the
hydra. This little organism is found in freshwater and can easily be
grown and studied in a biology laboratory. It is large enough to be
seen with the naked eye, but if you want to see greater detail, place the hydra on a
concave slide and view it under a microscope. You will notice five or six tentacles
surrounding the hydra's mouth. Even under low power, you can see the individual
bumps on the tentacles that mark the location of the cnidocytes. Like all over cnidarians,
the hydra has venom within these stingers used to capture and paralyze prey. At the
bottom of the hydra is its basal disk, which secretes a sticky substance for attaching to
surfaces. The hydra can still move by floating and also by doing a characteristic
cartwheel where it flips over onto its tentacles and then pops back to its original
orientation.
You may even be able to see the hydra eat by placing a small organism, such as
daphnia or brine shrimp on the slide. When these organisms swim close to the hydra,
they will immediately be grabbed by the tentacles and consumed. Because the hydra
does not have a separate opening for waste, any material that cannot be digested is
regurgitated out of its mouth.
Cnidarians do not have a head or a brain or other organs that we find familiar to
animals. It is amazing that they can live, eat, and respond to their environment. Instead
of a brain, their bodies have a nerve net, which is used to coordinate their movements
and respond to the environment. Most cnidarians can regenerate their tentacles or other
damaged body parts. In fact, they can even grow a whole new body attached to their
main body. This smaller version of themselves is called a bud and is a form of asexual
reproduction.
QuestionsPart A: - Citation. For each question below, make a notation within the
article for where the answer is found. Use the same number as the question. Circle the
correct answer.
1. To what kingdom do cnidarians belong? a. Animalia b. Porifera c. Cnidaria
2. What could a hydra eat? a. algae b. brine shrimp c. jellyfish
3. Which of the following remains mostly stationary, attached to surfaces? a.
jellyfish b. sea anemone c. hydra
4. A "bud" is formed by a hydra as a means of: a. defense b. swimming c. reproduction
5. Anthozoans were named such because: a. they looked like flowers b. they were
found near Anthoa c. they have stingers
6. Which cnidarians is most likely to be studied in a biology class? a. jellyfish b. sea
anemone c. hydra
7. Which of the following characteristics are common to ALL cnidarians?
a. stinging cells b. live in oceans c. medusa body form
8. How does a hydra remove wastes or undigested material?
a. exits through an anus b. regurgitated from the mouth c. absorbed through the
tentacles
9. Jellyfish belong to the Phylum ______ and the Class ______.
a. Cnidaria, Anthozoa b. Scyphozoa, Cnidaria c. Cnidaria, Scyphozoa
10. What structure allows a jellyfish (and other cnidarians) to respond to its
environment? a. central nervous system b. nerve net c. gastrovascular cavity
Part B: Summarizing
11. In a single sentence, identify the MAIN POINT of the article.
12. Create a VENN diagram of two organisms mentioned in the article which compares
and contrasts the characteristics of each.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
What is a Planarian?
Planaria are free-living flatworms that live in quiet ponds or bodies of water. In some
areas you can even catch a few planarian by attaching a piece of liver to a fish hook
and a sinker and dropping it into the water. Wait a few minutes and pull the liver out and
you may find tiny little black worms feasting on the meat. Like all flatworms, planaria
belong to the Kingdom Animalia, and the Phylum Platyhelminthes. This phylum also
contains parasitic flatworms, like the tapeworm and the liver fluke.
Free-living flatworms like the planaria are grouped into the Class Turbellaria. The most
common species studied in the lab is the brown planaria, Dugesia. The animal has an
acoelomate body (no internal cavity to hold organs), no anus and lacks a circulatory
system. Most are scavengers and will eat other animals that have sank to the bottom of
their ponds, hence why you can use liver to capture them.
The Dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its
anterior region to serve as a brain. As such, the dugesia exhibits
the trait of cephalization, where the majority of its sense organs are
located in the anterior region. It has a triangular head with two
prominent eyespots. Upon closer inspection of the eyes, you can
see that they have a curious cross-eyed expression to them. The
presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate
that the planarian has bilateral symmetry.
The planarian will swim in a shallow petri dish by undulating its
body across the surface of the dish. Most will stay close to the
bottom or the edge of the dish. If given a choice, the planarian will
actively seek an area of the dish that is dark or has some kind of
cover. The eyespots can in fact, detect changes in light in the
planarian's environment. If you shine a flashlight on the planarian, it will attempt to move
out of the light.
The planarian does not have gills or lungs, it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over
its flat body. The dugesia cannot survive outside of the water, so biologists studying it
must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated. The dugesia
does have an excretory system to remove wastes. Tiny cells, called flame cells, line the
lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste.
The dugesia can reproduce sexually, and all dugesia are hermaphrodites. Two dugesia
will pair up and fertilize each other's eggs. Those eggs are then released in a cocoon. If
there is not another dugesia present, one can reproduce asexually through a process
called transverse fission. The organism will pull itself in half and the tail portion
willregenerate a new head, and the head portion will regenerate a new tail. This process
can be replicated in the lab by using a razor blade or scalpel to cut the dugesia in half.
In a couple of weeks, you should have two dugesia swimming around in your petri dish.
1. What type of symmetry does the dugesia have?
radial
bilateral
asymmetry
2. What term is used to describe how a planarian can regrow its body parts?
regeneration
fission cephalization
3. Which of the following is associated with the planarian's nervous system?
flame cells diffusion ganglia
4. Asexual reproduction can occur through a process called:
transverse fission
binary fission cocoooning
5. A hermaphrodite is an animal that:
can asexually reproduce can regenerate
6. The dugesia belongs to the phylum:
has both male and female parts
platyhelminthes
planaria
turbellaria
7. How could a a person catch a dugesia?
using a net to siphon them from the
surface of the water using a hook and raw liver to attract them
8. An animal that has no internal body cavity to hold organs is called a(n):
turbellarian
hermaphrodite acoelomate
9. How does the dugesia obtain oxygen?
cells
diffusion
10. The dugesia will tend to stay in what areas?
dark
through gills
light
with its flame
warm
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
List the different characteristics of roundworms. Give an example.
Identify one disease caused by a parasitic roundworm, describe its symptoms, risk
factors and treatment.
Phylum Annelida
Virtual Earthworm Dissection
Website: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_14/BL_14.html
A. Initial Question & Introduction
1. What is the purpose of studying and dissecting an earthworm?
2. To what phylum do earthworms belong? ______________________ What is their
species name? ___________________________________
3. What is a coelom? __________________________________________________
4. What is a hermaphrodite? _______________________________________________
5. What do earthworms eat? _______________________________________________
B. Click the Lab Manual to read about the external anatomy of the earthworm.
1. How can you tell the dorsal side from the vental side?
___________________________________________
2. What are the setae used for? _______________________________________
3. Where is the clitellum located and what is it used for?
__________________________________________
4. What is the purpose of the excretory openings?
_________________________________________________
C. Close the Lab Manual and go to the main page. Drag and drop the labels to the
picture. Label the picture below.
D. Click on the "Internal Anatomy" Button and open the lab manual to read about
the internal structures.
1. The mouth leads to what structure:
___________________________________________
2. Why is the esophagus hidden in the drawing (and on the real earthworm)?
_________________________________________
3. After the esophagus, food passes through what three structures:
_______________________________________________
4. Undigested particles are eliminated through the
________________________________
5. The ventral nerve cord consists of a chain of ________________________ and three
pairs of ______________________ in each segment.
6. What is the purpose of the nephridium?
________________________________________
.....Where are they located? __________________________________________
7. What is the purpose of the seminal vesicles?
_________________________________________
.....Where are they located? _______________________________________________
8. Where are the seminal receptacles located?
____________________________________________
E.. Close the Lab Manual and go to the main page to view the internal anatomy
picture. Drag and drop the labels to the picture. Label the picture below. Note that
not all of the structures are indicated on this picture.
F. Click on the "Journal" button. You will be given a series of questions to
answer. Answer them on this sheet instead. You can reference the lab manual to
help you answer the questions.
1. What part of the digestive system would you see in a cross-section anterior to the
gizzard?
2. What structure in the earthworm has a similar function as the human heart? Explain
your answer.
3. What do two earthworms exchange during mating? Explain your answer.
4. Describe the difference between a closed and an open circulatory system.
5. Do earthworms have a front and a back end? Explain your answer.
6. What characteristics distinguish an annelid from other worms?
Phylum Mollusca
What characteristics are found in the phylum Mollusca?
What are the 3 major classes of mollusks? Give an example of each and explain how they are
classified.
Echinoderms
Starfish, sand dollars, and sea urchins all belong to a group (phylum) of
invertebrates known as echinoderms. The word "echinoderm" means spiny
skin, which describes most of the organisms in this phylum. Echinoderms
all live in water and are predators or scavengers, the underside of the
animal has a mouth and their arms are used to pry open shelled prey such
as mollusks.
One of the more unusual aspects of echinoderms is their ability to regenerate lost arms.
A starfish that loses an arm can grow a new one if just a couple of weeks. Echinoderms
are radially symmetrical, which is obvious from the way their stars (which can vary in
number) radiate from the mouth opening.
Echinoderms are usually found in the shallow water near the shore. They spend much
of the time resting in the sand or on rocks. Starfish can move using specialized
structures called tube feet. Each arm of the starfish has hundreds of tubes with suckers
on them to help them navigate over rocks and sand. The suction of the tube feet is
powerful enough to open even the most stubborn clam shell. The movement and
circulation of a sea star is accomplished by canals within the animal that fill with water, a
system called the water vascular system.
Echinoderms do not have a highly developed nervous system, but they
do have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth and helps to coordinate
their movements and responses. Sensory cells on their arms gather
information about their surroundings, such as light and temperature to
help the organism respond to its environment.
Starfish are an important part of shoreline ecosystems. In one
experiment, a starfish (Pisaster ochraceous) was removed from an area. This starfish
was a predator of many mussel species in that location. With the starfish removed, it
was thought that the mussels would achieve greater diversity. On the contrary, with the
top predator gone, one particular species of mussel came to dominate the community
and crowded out all of the other species. In this sense, the starfish is known as a
"keystone" species, which is an animal that is important for maintaining a community's
biodiversity. A relative of the starfish, the sea urchin, is an important part of kelp
communities where sea otters live.
There are several distinct groups of echinoderms related to sea stars
(also known as starfish). Sea urchins and sand dollars are grouped
together because they have large solid plates that form around their
soft bodies. Sea urchins have hundreds of spines sticking off of their
bodies, which can serve as a defense against predators. Sand dollars
tend to be flat and will spend most of their time submerged under the sand in shallow
waters.
Brittle stars are a group of echinoderms found mainly on coral reefs. They have very
long flexible arms that can break off (and regenerated later). These broken arms will
continue to wiggle and move to distract a predator and allow the organism to escape.
Sea cucumbers are odd little creatures that resemble a cucumbers, hence their name.
Sea cucumbers usually feed on dead or decaying organic matter on the ocean floor.
Anatomy of a Starfish - match the letter to the description
1. The anus is found on the top of a starfish, this is where wastes are removed. _____
2. The mouth is on the opposite side of the anus, food is taken in here: _____
3. Large and centrally located between the mouth and anus is the stomach, where food
is digested: ____
4. The ring canal surrounding the stomach, part of the starfish's water vascular system:
____
5. The radial canal extends from the ring canal and into the starfish's arms, also part of
the vascular system: ____
6. Attached to the radial canal are the tiny tube feet with suckers: ____
7. Digestive glands are located within the arms of the starfish, chemicals help break
down food: _____
Questions:
___ 1. What type of echinoderm has flexible arms that are easily broken to escape
predators:
a) Brittle Stars b) Sea Stars
c) Sea Cucumbers
d) Sea Urchins
___ 2. Sea stars belong to what Phylum? a) Invertebrata b) Arthropoda
d) Echinodermata
___ 3. How do most star fish get their food?
a) Filter feeding
b) Scavenging
Eating plants and algae
c) Nematoda
c) Predation of small animals
___ 4. Which echinoderm is grouped with a sea urchin? a) sea cucumber
dollar c) sea star d) brittle star
d)
b) sand
___ 5. An echinoderm that has a large number of spines attached to it is probably a:
a) sand dollar b) brittle star c) sea star d) sea urchin
___ 6. Ring canals and radial canals are both part of the ______ system. a) circulatory
b) water vascular c) muscular d) digestive
___ 7. The process of regrowing body parts is called: a) regeneration
c) vasculation d) biodiversity
___ 8. What type of symmetry does a brittle star have? a) bilateral
c) radial d) oblong
___ 9. Where is the anus of a starfish located?
a) At the end of an arm
b) on its underside
do not have an anus
___ 10. A "keystone" species is often a(n):
a) top predator
b) endangered species
parasite
b) homeostasis
b) open-ended
c) on its top side
c) dominant species
d) starfish
d)
___ 11. Sea otters share their habitat with what other important organisms?
a) starfish & brittle stars
b) kelp & sea urchins
c) sea cucumbers &
mussels
d) whales & sharks
___ 12. If you remove the starfish from a shoreline area, what happens to the mussel
populations:
a) they become extinct
b) one species crowds out all of the others
c)
the area becomes more biodiverse
___ 13. The word "echinoderm" means: a) big foot
spiny skin
b) hairy toe
c) tube feet
d)
Phylum Chordata
Chordates have a dorsal, hollow ___________ __________ and a ______________.
Chordates have ________________(become gills) and ____________ (extends
beyond anus)
Most chordates are ___________________, examples of chordates that are not
vertebrates are __________________.
Vertebrates are animals with a ____________________ (and endoskeleton), they have
a spinal cord and its front end develops into a ______________.
The seven classes of vertebrates are:
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
6. ____________________________
7. ____________________________
FISH:
Circulation and Respiration
Fish have a ______ chambered heart. Blood picks up oxygen in the _____________.
Some fish have gill covers called _______________.
Excretion:
Salt water fish tend to ________________ water.
Fresh water fish tend to _________________ water.
Nervous system:
Cerebrum:______________
Cerebellum:_____________
Medulla Oblongata:__________________
Lateral Line System:____________________
Other fish adaptations:
Swim Bladder:
Fins:
Scales:
Reproduction:
Most fish have _______________ fertilization and development
Types of reproduction: give an example of each
Oviparous:
Ovoviviparous:
Viviparous:
Amphibians:
What is an amphibian?
What do we mean when we say they lead a “double life”?
1. How many chambers does the heart of a frog have? ____
2. The opposite of terrestrial is ___________
3. A series of changes that occur from birth to adulthood (tadpole → frog) is called
_______________
4. Tadpoles breathe using _______.
5. The main organ of excretion is the _____________
6. Urine, eggs, and other wastes exit through the __________
7. The opposite of carnivorous is _____________
8. A caecilian is an amphibian that does not have ________
9. The study of reptiles and amphibians is ___________
10. To what kingdom do frogs belong? _________
what phylum? ____________
what class ? _____________
Reptiles:
List the 7 main characteristics of reptiles:
order
Representative
organism
Fun fact!
Crocodilia
How can you tell an alligator and a crocodile apart?
Class Aves: Birds
List 8 characteristics of birds:
What different types of feathers are there?
How are birds adapted for flight?
Birds have ________________fertilization and ________________development.
Class Mammalia:
List the 6 main characteristics of Mammals
What is the purpose of the placenta?
What are mammary glands?
Mammals have a _____ chambered heart and ____________loop circulation.
Mammals are ___________________, meaning they have 4 limbs. Some are
_______________ which means that they walk on two legs.
Most mammals give birth to live young. There are two exceptions
__________________ & ___________________.
Why do animals like the flying squirrel and the sugar glider look alike even though they
are not closely related?
Class Mammalia - View the mammal presentation and complete the chart below with
information about each group of mammals.
Animal
Order
Description (special traits)
Members