Objectives
The objectives that we emphasized, and that will be emphasized on the exam, are bolded.
1. Define science.
* a. Be able to use the PLORNT criteria to evaluate whether a claim is scientific, pseudoscientific, or
non-science.
* b. Distinguish between different kinds of scientific explanations (facts, hypotheses, laws,
theories).
2. Design a scientific investigation.
* a. Ask a scientific question.
* b. Propose a prediction and hypothesis. Know the difference between a prediction and a
hypothesis.
* c. Design a fair test of the prediction.
* d. Identify variables as independent, dependent, or control.
3. Carry out a scientific investigation. Science involves keeping track of data and presenting it in a way
that is easily understood.
* a. Make and interpret a data table.
* b. Make and interpret a line and bar graph. Know which one should be used for a given test.
4. Communicate findings in a way that will be easily understood by other scientists. Write procedures that
are clear and replicable. Prepare informal and formal lab reports.
5. Use mathematical operations to assist in scientific analysis.
* a. Distinguish between precision and accuracy.
* b. Use significant figures.
* c. Calculate percent error.
* d. Use scientific notation.
* e. Perform unit conversions (dimensional analysis) within the metric system. Know what units
measure volume, length, mass, density, and surface area.
6. Explain density and specific gravity. Be able to use the density formula to solve for missing
values.
7. Be able to use several methods to find the density of solids and liquids.
8. Be able to correctly use scientific instrumentation such as triple beam balances, electronic balances, and
calipers to obtain sound data.
9. Define indirect measurement.
* Explain why indirect measurement is used.
* Be able to use different methods of indirect measurement to calculate the thickness of a page,
the height of a tree, and the circumference of the earth.
10. Compare and contrast the models of the universe from Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Brahe
& Kepler, and Newton.
11. Define a wave.
* Explain what travels in waves and how waves move.
* Know the two kinds of waves.
* Define and understand the relationships between frequency, wavelength, period, and speed.
* Calculate and solve for frequency, wavelength, period, and speed.
12. Explain the electromagnetic spectrum.
13. Explain how the composition of stars is determined.
14. Explain how it is determined that stars may be moving away or towards the Earth.
* Explain which one is what most stars are doing, and Big Bang Theory's explanation for this.
15. Describe Earth's position during summer and winter solstice and autumnal and vernal equinox.
* Explain why seasons occur.
16. Explain the formation of the sun and planets.
17. Be able to label and characterize the layers of the internal Earth.
* Explain how density affects layering of the Earth.
18. Describe magnetism on and around the Earth, and how it affects the Earth.
Key Vocabulary
Accuracy
Aphelion
Bright-line spectra
Constructive interference
Crest
Crust
Dark-line spectra
Density
Destructive interference
Doppler Effect
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic wave
Emission spectra
Fact
Frequency
Geocentrism
Gram
Heliocentrism
Hertz
Hypothesis
Indirect measurement
Inner core
Law
Liter
Longitudinal wave
Mass
Magnetosphere
Mantle
Mechanical wave
Meter
Metric system
Observation
Outer core
Percent error
Perihelion
Precision
Prediction
Redshift
Scientific notation
Significant figures
Specific gravity
Theory
Transverse wave
Trough
Variable (Independent, Dependent, Control)
Wave medium
Wave period
Wave speed
Wavelength
Use the right hand diagram with the sun in the middle to answer 1-2.
1. Which number represents the summer solstice for the
Northern hemisphere?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2. Which number represents the autumnal equinox for
the Northern hemisphere?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3. The basic unit of mass in the metric system is
a. gram
c. liter
b. kilogram
d. pound
4.
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The above wave is known as a
a. Transverse wave
b. Transfer wave
c. Ocean wave
d. Longitudinal wave
Use the following to answer questions 5-7.
A
B
D
C
5. The wavelength of the above wave is from
a. point A to point B
b. point C to point B
c. point A to point C
d. point D to point C
6. The trough of the above wave is labeled
a. A
b. B
c. C
7. The above wave is a
a. longitudinal wave
b. transfer wave
c. a wave “hello!”
d. a transverse wave
d. D
8. An object has a mass of 34 g and a volume of 2 cm3. What is its density?
a. 17
c. 0.05 g/cm3
b. 68 g/ml
d. 17 g/cm3
9. Object 1 has a density of 12 g/cm3. Object 2 has a mass of 7 g and a volume of 84 cm3. Based on this
information,
Object 1 is DENSER than Object 2.
Object 2 is DENSER than Object 1.
Object 1 has the same density as Object 2.
The density relationship between Objects 1 and 2 cannot be determined
51. An ocean wave is an example of a
a. transverse wave
b. longitudinal wave
c. standing wave
d. stationary wave
52. Looking at a light wave, if the frequency increases
a.
the wavelength increases
b.
the amplitude increases
c.
the wavelength decreases
d.
the wave height decreases
53. If a light wave increases its energy level the color may change from
a.
red to blue
b.
green to yellow
c.
yellow to red
d.
green to red
10. In a scientific experiment, the independent variable
a.
stays the same
b.
is manipulated directly by the experimenter
c.
is changed as a result of the dependent variable
d.
affects the controls, not the dependent variable
11. In a scientific experiment, the dependent variable
a. stays the same
b.
is manipulated directly by the experimenter
c.
is changed as a result of the independent variable
d.
affects the controls, not the dependent variable
12. A theory is
a.
an educated guess
b.
a massive and powerful explanation of a how or why in nature
c.
an idea that has been disproved
d.
the same thing as a hypothesis
53. The Doppler effect describes the movement of a wave through a medium. It says
a.
the wavelength of a wave moving toward you will get progressively shorter
b.
the wavelength of a wave moving toward you will get progressively longer
c.
the wavelength of a wave moving away from you will get progressively shorter.
d.
the wavelength of a wave will stay the same in either direction.
54. Which of the following lists the colors of the visible light spectrum in order of LOW to HIGH
frequency?
a.
Red, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue Violet
b.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet
c.
Violet, Blue, Green, Orange, Yellow, Red
d.
Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
56. Day and night occur because of
a.
the rotation of the earth
b.
the revolution of the earth around its axis
c.
the revolution o the earth around the sun and its tilt on its axis.
d.
the distance of the earth from the sun
57. The seasons occur because of
a.
the rotation of the earth and the tilt of the earth on its axis.
b.
the revolution of the earth around its axis.
c.
the revolution o the earth around the sun and its tilt on its axis.
d.
the distance of the earth from the sun.
58. The earth, when at closest point to the sun, is in
a.
aphelion
b.
perihelion
c.
autumnal equinox
d. summer solstice
60. The layer of the earth with the lowest density is the
a.
Crust
b.
mantle
c.
d.
outer core
inner core
64. Which of the following best describes the inner core?
a.
Highly dense, and liquid
b.
Not very dense, and solid
c.
Not very dense, and liquid
d. Highly dense, and solid
70. All of the following are considered physical properties EXCEPT
density
rust forming on metal
hardness
solubility
Do the following calculations showing all work and placing your final answer in the box to the
right.
1 .How many milligrams is 327.8 kilograms?
Set this up using the factor label method.
2. Show how Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth using the knowledge that say, the
distance between City A and B is 1644.4 km and they are separated by 12.8 degrees in the
globe.
C = meters/second F = waves/second P = seconds/wave
L = meters/wave
3. What is the speed of a wave that has a length of 6.23 m/w and a frequency of 18 w/s?
39. Object A has a density of 4.18 g/cm3. Object 2 has a mass of 359.5 g and a
volume of 84 cm3. Based on this information,
a.
Object 1 is DENSER than Object 2.
b.
Object 2 is DENSER than Object 1.
c.
Object 1 has the same density as Object 2.
The density relationship between Objects 1 and 2 cannot be determined.