Name: ____________________________ Date: _________________ HONORS
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1. The Quick Guide to In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations:
There is no need to include the author’s last name in the parenthetical citation if:
 it is clear who is the author of the direct quote or paraphrased information.
 the text has no author.
Examples:
 Dr. Archie Bleyer asserts that “[t]eenagers fall into a cancer gap—a real no-man’s land”
(10).
 According to Historian Ellen Rosen, “The election of 2008 was monumental because there was dancing and singing in the streets. Harlem came alive in a way it hadn’t in years” (111).
Include the author’s last name in the parenthetical citation if it would be otherwise unclear who provided the information for the direct quote or paraphrased information.
Examples:
 It is unfortunate that “[t]eenagers fall into a cancer gap—a real no-man’s land” (Bleyer
10).
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After the 2008 election, “Harlem came alive in a way it hadn’t in years” (Rosen 111).
2. How to Feature Direct Quotes and Paraphrased Material:
Use ellipses (…) marks to indicate words that your source said/wrote, but that you are not including in the paper. Use four ellipses marks to indicate the previous sentence ending.
Use three ellipses to indicate that the thoughts are part of the same sentence.
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Original Quote: Ms. Pastor said, “My dad is a great professor, but now he is thinking about retiring. He has been teaching for over thirty years. He is excited to relax and vacation” (2).
Example: Ms. Pastor said, “My dad is a great professor but now… he is excited to relax
and vacation” (2).
Example: Ms. Pastor said, “My dad is a great professor…. He is excited to relax and
vacation” (2).
Use square brackets [ ] to add your own clarification, comment, or correction.
Original Quote: Ms. Pastor said, “My dad is a fantastic professor, but now he is thinking
about retiring. She is excited to have him at home” (2).
Example: Ms. Pastor said, “My dad is a fantastic professor, but now he is thinking about
retiring. [My mom] is excited to have him at home” (2).
Formatting Long (Direct) Quotes—SPECIAL PERMISSION REQUIRED
If your quotation is more than three lines long, quote it as a block quotation.
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Indent a block quotation 10 spaces, without quotation marks, and place the parentheses after the final period.
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Like the rest of your paper, the block quotation should be double-spaced.
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Use long quotations sparingly, only when they are really needed to advance your argument.
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Make sure to introduce (explain why the quote is important) all long quotes. A colon (:) should connect the introduction to the direct quote. You may want to explain who the quote is from and give that source’s credentials.
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After you include the quote, make sure to provide some analysis of the quote by explaining how it relates to your thesis . See the above example as a reference.
Example:
Seidler believes that it is difficult for many men to overcome their upbringing and share their emotions:
In the middle class, men have often grown up to be reticent, even scared, of sharing emotions and feelings, lest they threaten the control which sustains our very sense of masculinity… We fear that others will see us as weak and unmasculine. Male figures throughout literature and history have asserted the opinion that the public would regard their sensitivity as a feminine trait. (635)
This strong but buried sense of masculine fear plays a very important role in A Raisin in the Sun .
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Introducing Quotes
Introducing a quote is not only required, but is also fairly easy to do. Below are some examples of how to introduce a quote. The words in bold are examples of words that are commonly used to introduce a quote, and you are encouraged to use the same words/techniques.
 Redding writes , "In an ideal classroom, both gifted children and learning disabled children should feel challenged" (12).
 Dr. Patel observes that "Most people tend to respond well to hypnotherapy" (618).
 The reader views this self doubt again in the second scene, when Agatha asserts , "Oh, times like this I just don't know whether I am right or wrong, good or bad" (Lester 47).
 The author declares , "All people, rich or poor, should pay the same taxes to the government" (Burdine 341).
 The article
87).
discusses the qualities of a good American housewife in the 1950s (Kelser
 Johnston argues that "subjecting non-smokers to toxic second-hand smoke is not only unfair, but a violation of their right to a safe environment" (Johnston 214).
Neutral Verbs: When used to introduce a quote, the following verbs basically mean
" says ."
The author says . . .
The author notes . . .
The author believes . . .
The author observes . . .
The author comments . . .
The author relates . . .
The author declares . . .
The author remarks . . .
The author discusses . . .
The author reports . . .
The author explains . . .
The author reveals . . .
The author expresses . . .
The author states . . .
`The author mentions . . .
The author acknowledges . . .
The author suggests . . .
The author thinks . . .
The author points out . . .
The author responds . . .
The research shows . . .
The research confirms . . .
Stronger Verbs: These verbs indicate that there is some kind of argument, and that the quote shows either support of or disagreement with one side of the argument.
The author agrees . . .
The author argues . . .
The author asserts . . .
The author
The author
The author rejects . . .
compares admits . . .
the two studies . . .
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The author cautions . . .
The author disputes . . .
The author emphasizes . . .
The author contends . . .
The author insists . . .
The author denies . . .
The author maintains . . .
The author insists . . .
The author claims . . .
The author refutes . . .
The author endorses . . .
The author agrees . . .
Explaining Quotes
After you include a quote, provide an explanation of the quote which states what the quote means or why it is important.
3. Include and UNDERLINE at least one counterclaim (a reference to a statement with which you disagree).
Here are some examples of how to use a counterclaim in your research paper:
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Literary Critic Louis Owens asserts that the greatest act of commitment in the novella occurs when George shoots Lennie (87). However, this is not the case because Candy’s commitment to his dog was even stronger.
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Scholar Jean Emery describes the relationship between Lennie and George as that between “lord and vassal, owner and owned” (71), but this is untrue. George was a father figure to Lennie, but never regarded his companion as a possession.
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Some may say that Steinbeck is a misogynist. However, this interpretation is incorrect.
The author actually uses Curley’s Wife to illustrate the reasons why women should be appreciated and included.
4. Format for the Heading on Your First Page:
Your Name
Ms. Pastor
English I
22 May 2014
Title
________________________________________
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5. At the top right corner of each page, include your last name and the page number.
You can do this by clicking on: INSERT
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HEADER and then INSERT
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PAGE NUMBER
6. About the Works Cited:
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It should be the last page in your research paper.
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The words Works Cited should be centered on this last page.
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All sources should be listed utilizing the hanging indent.
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Alphabetize your sources based on the last name of the author.
You MUST include the following citation in your Works Cited!
Works Cited
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet . Elements of Literature: Third Course . Ed. Sime,
Richard, et al. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. 734-851. Print.
---. Twelfth Night or, What You Will . Ed. Manis, Jim. Hazleton: The Electronic Classics Series,
1997. PDF file.
MORE ON CITING A SOURCE:
A Book with One Author
Last name, First name. Title of Book . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Medium of Publication.
Examples:
Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead, 1998. Print.
A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection
Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:
Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection . Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication.
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Examples:
Kahn, Coppélia. “Choosing the Right Mate in
Twelfth Night
.”
Modern Critical Interpretations:
William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night.
Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House,
1987. 41-45. Print.
Stoll, Elmer Edgar. “Shakespeare’s Young Lovers.” Twentieth Century Interpretations of Romeo and Juliet . Ed. Douglas Cole. Englewood Cliffs: Spectrum, 1970. 40-48. Print.
An Article from an Online Database or Other Electronic Subscription Service
(These instructions come directly from Purdue Owl)
Cite articles from online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources. Since these articles usually come from periodicals, be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited: Periodicals page, which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page. In addition to this information, provide the title of the database italicized, the medium of publication, and the date of access.
Junge, Wolfgang, and Nathan Nelson. “Nature's Rotary Electromotors.” Science 29 Apr. 2005:
642-44. Science Online . Web. 5 Mar. 2009.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical
Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest . Web. 27 May 2009.
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