U.S. ARMY TEXAS A&M
INFANTRY PLATOON
TACSOP
L
“AGGIES LEAD THE WAY”
TAMU 2008
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE;
DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED.
2
FOREWORD
By MSG Ramsey (2008)
This SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) is based on the five principles of patrolling
(Planning, Reconnaissance, Security, Control, and Common Sense), TLPs (Troop Leading
Procedures), and a leader’s span of control. A leader’s span of control is three to five soldiers. This
means that a squad leader leads two fire team leaders, and platoon leader leads a platoon sergeant and
four squad leaders. For example during a leader’s recon the best situation is to bring just enough
soldiers to provide security to keep the element small and stealthy. This SOP uses the whole lead fire
team as the leader’s recon. This ensures everyone always knows what to do when a leader’s recon is
needed. This may cause an “extra” soldier or two that has no specific task to accompany the leader’s
recon. These “extra” soldiers can be stealthy and be positioned away from the objective of the
mission, which allows the leadership to reduce the signature at the vantage point looking onto the
objective area. These “extra” soldiers can immediately support the leadership if they are
compromised by the enemy.
The planning portion of this SOP is very detailed; it would be very difficult for a squad leader
to complete all of the planning products without support. This SOP is based on real combat units’
SOPs. A good combat unit uses everyone possible during the planning process. For example
planning where the unit will move the casualties after the objective is complete to have them
medically evacuated (MEDEVAC) is vital to the lives of your soldiers. The leader can have the
soldier carrying the CLS bag (Combat Life Saver) take information from the warning order and a
map and plan this evacuation site. The MEDEVAC site can be coordinated with the units higher
head quarters and issued by the leader during the OPORD (Operations Order). This ensures all
soldiers understand this information before the mission begins. Other planning products that help the
unit are building a terrain and objective model, planning mortar and artillery targets, and a chart that
displays the unit’s task organization. The leader will take all of this information and compile it into
the OPORD. An OPORD is an information presentation, not a bland monotone list of information
spoken to the unit. The ultimate goal for every planning phase is every soldier understands their
specific tasks during every phase of the mission. During squad OPORDs, the squad leader names
individual soldiers during any tasks and purposes given in the OPORD. During platoon OPORDs,
the platoon leader names specific squads during any tasks and purposes given in the OPORD.
Soldiers during continuous operations have difficulty learning the specifics of any mission. The
leadership has a responsibility to display strong confident leadership, create a presentation that is
stimulating to the soldiers. The OPORD has visual components and aspects that need to moved
around during the presentation to ensure understanding. Soldiers should always write down as much
as possible to stimulate the memory process. The leader must use confirmation briefs to ensure
understanding and accountability.
Rehearsals are extremely valuable to clear up any
misunderstandings.
The execution portions of this SOP are the simplest ways to conduct the battle drills and
combat missions. This guide still holds a tremendous amount of information that must be studied by
unit members. It is extremely difficult to teach classes during the mission timeline. Combat is an
ugly situation that produces wounded and dead American soldiers. Supervision of simple tasks is the
key to success. If the unit is compromised and soldier’s die, it does not matter whose fault it is. An
untrained undisciplined unmotivated soldier is deadly to any unit. The American military forces have
been all volunteer forces since the 1970s. Our soldiers deserve the best leadership, which will train,
discipline, and motivate them to achieve greatest in combat. Treat every training event like real
combat to train yourself and your soldiers for the mental and physical rigors of combat. Poorly
conducted training is worse then conducting no training at all. Do not let yourself or your soldiers
create bad habits in training.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forward…………………………………………..................................................................................................2
Squad Movement Formations……………………………………………………………………………………4
Platoon Movement Formations…………………………………………………………………………………..5
Movement Techniques…………………………………………………………………………………………...5
STX Planning…………………………………………………………………………………………………...10
Five Principles of Patrolling……………………………………………………………………………………10
METT-TC………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
OAKOC………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12
Occupying the Assembly Area…………………………………………………………………………………13
STX OPORD…………………………………………………………………………………………………...16
Crossing Linear Danger Areas………………………………………………………………………………….22
Attack!..................................................................................................................................................................25
Ambush…………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Recon…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...41
Movement to Contact…………………………………………………………………………………………...45
React to IED and UXO…………………………………………………………………………………………46
Hasty Traffic Control Point…………………………………………………………………………………….47
Variables (to STX Lanes)………………………………………………………………………………………48
Rules of Engagement…………………………………………………………………………………………...52
General Orders………………………………………………………………………………………………….53
Platoon Duties and Responsibilities…………………………………………………………………………….53
Patrol Bases……………………………………………………………………………………………………..58
Patrol Base Occupation…………………………………………………………………………………………59
Patrol Base Activities…………………………………………………………………………………………...61
Link-Up…………………………………………………………………………………………………………63
Battle Drills……………………………………………………………………………………………………..64
Platoon Size Operations ………………………………………………………………………………………..78
Route Reconnaissance………………………………………………………………………………………….95
Urban Operations……………………………………………………………………………………………….96
General Drill & Ceremony…………………………………………………………………………………….111
Declination Diagram (Map Reading and Land Navigation)…………………………………………………..120
Intersection…………………………………………………………………………………………………….124
Resection………………………………………………………………………………………………………126
Modified Resection……………………………………………………………………………………………127
Polar Coordinates……………………………………………………………………………………………...128
Terrain Features……………………………………………………………………………………………….129
Interpretation of Terrain Features……………………………………………………………………………..133
Navigation Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………...135
Land Navigation Smart Section……………………………………………………………………………….140
Contour Intervals……………………………………………………………………………………………...144
Communications…………………………………………………………………………………...………….146
Basic First Aid………………………………………………………………………………………………...152
Heat / Cold Injuries……………………………………………………………………………………………154
MEDEVAC……………………………………………………………………………………………………156
MEDEVAC Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………...157
Call for Fire……………………………………………………………………………………………………158
Call for Fire Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………...160
Ranger Creed………………………………………………………………………………………………….163
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SQUAD MOVEMENT FORMATIONS
Squad Column. The squad column is the squad's most common formation. It provides good
dispersion laterally and in depth without sacrificing control, and facilitates maneuver. The lead fire
team is the base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rear element of the
platoon, the rifleman in the rear position guards the rear of the unit. THE SQUAD COLUMN IS
NOT THE FORMATION USED DURING BATTLE DRILL 1A (Squad Attack).
Alpha Team
Leader (ATL)
1
SQUAD COLUMN
FIRE TEAM
WEDGE
2
Compass
Automatic Riflemen
3
4
AT-4
Pace
Squad Leader (SL)
Bravo Team
Leader (BTL)
1
2
Compass
Automatic Riflemen
4
3
CLAYMORE
Combat Life
Saver (CLS)
Pace
5
Squad File. When not traveling in a column or line, squads travel in file. The squad file has the same
characteristics as the fire team file. If the squad leader desires to increase his control over the
formation, exert greater presence by leading from the front, and be immediately available to make
key decisions, he will move forward to the first or second position. Additional control over the rear of
the formation can be provided by moving a team leader to the last position.
SQUAD FILE
ATL
2
ATL
SQUAD
STAGGERED
FILE
2
SL
1
SL
1
4
4
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
BTL
BTL
5
5
5
PLATOON MOVEMENT FORMATIONS
Platoon Column. This formation is the platoon's primary movement formation. It provides good
dispersion both laterally and in depth, and simplifies control. The lead squad is the base squad.
PLATOON COLUMN
First Squad
Platoon RATELO
(Radio Telephone
Operator)
Platoon Leader
Assistant Machine
Gunner
Platoon Sergeant
Machine Gunner
Second Squad
MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES
A movement technique is the manner a platoon uses to traverse terrain. There are three movement
techniques: traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch. The selection of a movement
technique is based on the likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed. Factors to consider for
each technique are control, dispersion, speed, and security. Movement techniques are not fixed
formations. They refer to the distances between soldiers, teams, and squads that vary based on
mission, enemy, terrain, visibility, and any other factor that affects control. Soldiers must be able to
see their fire team leader. The squad leader must be able to see his fire team leaders. The platoon
leader should be able to see his lead squad leader. Leaders control movement with arm-and-hand
signals. They use radios only when needed. Any of the three movement techniques (traveling,
traveling overwatch, bounding overwatch) can be used with any formation.
Movement techniques and characteristics.
6
Techniques of Squad Movement. The platoon leader determines and directs which movement
technique the squad will use.
(1) Traveling. Traveling is used when contact with the enemy is not likely and speed is needed.
ATL
1
SQUAD
TRAVELING
2
3
4
SL
+/- 20 METERS
BTL
1
2
4
3
5
Squad traveling.
(2) Traveling overwatch. Traveling overwatch is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons
move near the squad leader and under his control so he can employ them quickly.
ATL
1
SQUAD
TRAVELING
OVERWATCH
2
3
4
SL
+/- 50 METERS
BTL
1
2
4
3
5
Squad traveling overwatch.
7
(3) Bounding overwatch. Bounding overwatch is used when contact is expected, when the squad
leader feels the enemy is near (movement, noise, reflection, trash, fresh tracks, or even a hunch),
or when a large open danger area must be crossed.
(a) The lead fire team overwatches first. Soldiers scan for enemy positions. The squad leader
usually stays with the overwatch team.
Example of squad leader’s order to bound.
(b) The trail fire team bounds and signals the squad leader when his team completes its bound
and is prepared to overwatch the movement of the other team.
(c) Both team leaders must know if successive or alternate bounds will be used and which team
the squad leader will be with. The overwatching team leader must know the route and
destination of the bounding team. The bounding team leader must know his team's destination
and route, possible enemy locations, and actions to take when he arrives there. He must also
know where the overwatching team will be, and how he will receive his instructions. The
cover and concealment on the bounding team's route dictates how its soldiers move.
(d) Teams can bound successively or alternately. Successive bounds are easier to control;
alternate bounds can be faster.
8
Squad successive and alternate bounds.
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10
STX PLANNING
Five Principles of Patrolling:
Planning: Create a primary and alternate plan for everything and create a contingency and
emergency plan if possible. Good SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) can help with this. Before
pitching the OPORD (Operations Order), check your plan with your second in charge to ensure
nothing is missed. Don’t just react to a situation. During enemy contact, take a few seconds to
develop the situation and give clear and concise orders. Lead through your subordinate leaders. Do
not try to control every individual in the patrol.
Reconnaissance: Use recon throughout all phases of the operation. During the planning process use
maps, sand table, and high ground to conduct micro-terrain analysis of the area the patrol will
conduct the mission in. Micro-terrain analysis is the focus on the immediate area along the route and
around the OBJ (Objective) that will provide a military advantage to the patrol. During execution,
conduct a leader’s recon and emplace elements to the best advantage. During consolidation and
reorganization, a quick area sweep can reveal important information to the squad’s survival.
Security: Simply remain flexible and have the ability to place effective fire on the enemy in all
directions. The fire team wedge formation is the best for this. The fire team wedge can be noisy
through thick terrain which will alert the enemy to your patrol. The file formation is best for thick
terrain, but it has limited fire power to the front. Stealthy movement through a covered and
concealed route using heightened situational awareness is good security. Speed can also limit your
exposure time to danger situations, but fast movement usually compromises a patrol visually.
Scanning 360 degrees is 360 degree security even if the actual soldier positions on the ground are in a
circle. A file has 360 degree security. Anything that gives your squad a military advantage is
security (like being well fed, using good camouflage techniques, and staying well hydrated). During
any halt, the Soldier’s on the perimeter should be at the same height as the leadership; if the
leadership is in the prone then the perimeter should be in the prone, if the leadership is on a knee then
the perimeter should be on a knee. A Soldier facing thick vegetation in the prone is ineffective.
Control: Keep It Simple Stupid. Don’t use overly complicated plans or drills. Always be aware of
dangerous situations like a break in contact or fratricide. This is usually caused by poor formation
choice, attack method, or no use of fire control measures. Lead your squad leaders and team leaders;
do not try to lead individual Soldiers. A leader’s span of control is 3-5 soldiers.
Common Sense: Don’t over think the situation. Combat patrols are meant to be many simple tasks
that can be accomplished after little sleep and food. If a situation presents an opportunity, take
advantage of it. Don’t do anything stupid. A good standing order is for any second in charge to stop
and huddle with the commander if he/she sees something that does not meet the common sense
principle.
Troop Leading Procedures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Receive the mission
Issue the warning order
Make a tentative plan
Initiate movement
5.
6.
7.
8.
Reconnoiter
Complete the plan
Issue the order
Supervise
The TLPs can be done simultaneously and out of order. One way to remember the TLPs is to
associate them with mission phases. TLP 1 (Receive the mission) is when the higher head quarters
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issue the unit its mission. TLP 2 (Issue the warning order) is when the unit leader issues their own
warning order to subordinate leaders within the unit. TLP 3 (Make a tentative plan) is when the
leader creates the plan and ends when the OPORD is given and rehearsals are complete. TLP 4
(Initiate movement) is the movement to objective area. TLP 5 (Reconnoiter) is the leader’s recon to
visually confirm the objective and planning assumptions. TLP 6 (Complete the plan) is the
leadership confirming the OPORD or changing the OPORD according to the actual situation on the
objective. TLP 7 (Issue the order) is the leader’s dissemination of the actual plan before the
execution of the mission. TLP 8 (Supervise) is the conduct of the actual mission and consolidation
and reorganization after the mission. As a further example, TLP 5 (Reconnoiter) can be used during
all phases of the mission. The TAC can be questioned about the route to the objective and objective
area. Maps and satellite photos are a form of reconnoiter. A small patrol around the assembly area
can provide important information to the OPORD about trails, danger areas, and how the vegetation
will effective the mission.
METT-TC
Mission
• Duration of the operation.
• Mission
complexity
and
difficulty/clarity of the plan. (Is the
plan well-developed and easily
understood?)
• Proximity
and
number
of
maneuvering units.
Enemy
• Knowledge of the enemy situation.
• Enemy capabilities.
• Availability of time and resources to
conduct reconnaissance.
Terrain and Weather
• Visibility conditions including light,
dust, fog, and smoke.
• Precipitation and its effect on
mobility. Consider all aspects of the
terrain as well as weather and
trafficability.
• Extreme heat or cold.
• Additional natural hazards such as
broken ground, steep inclines, or
water obstacles.
Troops and Equipment
• Experience the units conducting the
operation have working together.
• Danger areas associated with the
platoon’s weapons systems.
• Soldier/leader proficiency.
• Soldier/leader rest situation.
• Degree
of
acclimatization
to
environment.
• Impact
of
new
leaders
or
crewmembers.
• Friendly unit situation.
• NATO or multinational military
actions combined with U.S. forces.
Time Available
• Time available for TLP (Troop
Leading Procedures) and rehearsals
by subordinates.
• Time available for precombat checks
and inspections.
Civil Considerations
• Applicable
ROE
(Rules
Of
Engagement) or ROI (Rules Of
Interaction).
• Potential operations that involve
contact with civilians.
• Potential for media contact and
inquiries.
• Interaction with host nation or other
participating nation support.
The military aspects of terrain observation are used to analyze the ground. The sequence used
to analyze the military aspects of terrain can vary. The platoon leader may prefer to determine
obstacles first, avenues of approach second, key terrain third, observation and fields of fire fourth,
and cover and concealment last. For each aspect of terrain, the platoon leader determines its effect on
both friendly and enemy forces.
Micro-terrain analysis: Micro-terrain analysis is the study of the three dimensional battlefield to
determine a military advantage to friendly or enemy forces. The easiest way to start is from the
ground up. Determine if the ground can support movement by foot or vehicle. Then find the line of
sight from points of interest. (Can the enemy see me if I move along this ravine?) Next consider
vegetation for cover and concealment. Finally, assess how much noise your element will make
moving toward the OBJ. Use this knowledge with projected enemy patterns like chow time or rest
plan, and the position of the sun or moon to determine the best way to approach the objective.
Halts: A short halt is whenever the squad stops for a few seconds; everyone can stay in their
position and scan their sector of fire. After about five seconds the element needs to take a knee and
make room for the leadership to meet in the center and after about a minute everyone should go to the
prone (if the terrain is thick stay on a knee to conduct proper security). A squad with heavy
rucksacks should stay on a knee as long as possible. The dropping of and putting on rucksacks takes
a long time and the squad is very vulnerable at this time. Look to the leadership when they drop their
rucksacks the rest of the element will drop theirs in buddy teams. The short halt becomes a long halt
only when the leadership commands it. During a long halt the element will create buddy teams to
cover the perimeter. Each buddy team or strong point will be given a sector of fire. A soldier laying
in the prone with very limited visibility has a tendency to fall asleep. If the leadership is on a knee in
the center then the perimeter should also be on a knee. Security sometimes can be conducted
standing or by roving patrols. A strong point perimeter allows one soldier to conduct security while
the other plans for the mission or conducts priorities of work like weapon maintenance, personal
hygiene, camouflage, water, food, and rest. A long halt can be several hours long. During the
mission the leader may call for an ORP (Objective Rally Point) which is the last halt for the whole
element before the mission is executed. In the SOP there are specific ORP formations for certain
missions. This expedites the mission timeline by moving directly into the ORP formation during the
final approach towards the objective.
13
SHORT HALT
LONG HALT / STRONG POINT ASSEMBLY AREA
1
2
4
AT-4
AUTO R
2
AA SECURITY HAND
G
1
4
3
ATL
3
ATL
SL
1
BTL
SL
4
AA SECURITY
CLS
BTL
1
HAND G
5
2
AA SECURITY
3
4
5
CLAYMORE
3
2
AUTO R
AA SECURITY
OCCUPYING THE ASSEMBLY AREA
(1) Occupying the Assembly Area (AA) using the strong point method.
(2) Designate team leaders and delegate
(a) Security: A team 9 o'clock to 3 o'clock by way of 12 o’clock, B team 3 to 9 by way of 6
(b) Look over SOP cards / reload ammo / resupply water / eat / re-camo
(c) Account for special equipment and sensitive items
(d) Start rehearsal of special teams
SQUAD LEADER ASKS TAC ABOUT PRIORITIES OF WORK
(1) May squad members utilize latrine and top off water?
(2) Reconfirm location of AA, and confirm the LD (Line of Departure)
HAVE TEAM LEADERS (TLs) EXECUTE PRIORITIES OF WORK WHILE THE SQUAD
LEADER (SL) IS RECEIVEING THE OPORD FROM THE TAC
(1) Emplace perimeter toward 12:00.
(2) Synchronize time
(3) Assign sectors of fire
14
(4) Get count of ammo and re-distribute (Bravo Team Leader)
(5) Supervise latrine, water top off
(6) All re-camo
(7) Make Team Leaders finalize team positions and duties prior to completion of OPORD
(8) Once the mission is known assist with the terrain and objective models, place squad names on
the objective model.
(9) RECORDER (Alpha Compass / A2) Immediately after the mission statement. The A2 returns
to the AA and plots out the azimuth and distances from the AA to ORP (Objective Rally
Point) to OBJ and back azimuth back to ORP. A2 informs TLs of type of mission. The A2
gives the initial time hack from TAC and starts work on terrain model
UPON COMPLETION OF OPORD SL IMMEDIATELY ASKS PERTINENT QUESTIONS
(1) First rule, read your TAC’s personality and learn from the previous AARs (After Action
Reviews). Do not ask for any items or information that has been previously covered several
times in AARs.
(2) Confirm azimuth and distance
(3) Confirm LD time
(4) Request security for OPORD and rehearsals( not available during platoon patrolling lanes)
(5) Repeat anything not understood or not written down during OPORD
(6) Confirm assembly area grid, objective grid, and mission statement & time of departure.
(7) Ask for binoculars, fragmentation and smoke grenades, LAW, AT-4, claymore, flex cuffs,
and gags, etc. See rule No 1.
(8) MEDEVAC (Medical Evacuation) Procedures, freqs, call signs and unit. Can the CCP
(Causality Collection Point) be preplanned?
(9) Fire support procedures, freqs, call signs and unit ( to include caliber 60mm, 81mm, 105mm,
120mm, or 155mm)
(10)
MSD (Minimum Safe Distance): 100 meters - M203 & 40mm, 200 meters- 60mm
mortars, 300 meters - 81mm, 400 meters - 105 mm, 500 meters - 155 mm
(11)
Coordinate for a target / TRP (Target Reference Point) from the FO (Forward
Observer), place a target on the OBJ at a minimum.
(12)
Ask for the PIR (Priority Information Requirements) if not covered in the OPORD.
(13)
General and special ROE (Rules Of Engagement)
(14)
Ask for an interpreter on variable lanes.
15
SL IMMEDIATELY ISSUES WARNO (Warning Order) TO TEAM LEADERS
1. SITUATION – just enemy and friendly forces.
2. MISSION – who, what, when, where, why
3. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Identify the current squad location, the OBJ, and company trains in case of contact during
planning to the team leaders.
A) REQUEST NAMES FOR ALL TEAM POSITIONS
B) TIME LINE
OPORD time
_______(H+27)
Confirmation Brief _______(H+37)
Rehearsal time
________(H+38)
Ruck up/Spot check PCIs____(H+43)
LD time
_________(H+45)
OBJ NLT time
__________(H+80)
1. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.
INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBORDINATE LEADERS:

Disseminate this WARNO to team members immediately—take no longer than 3 minutes to
complete.

Ensure planning products are completed in a timely manner [terrain and objective models, 9-Line,
fire plan, and movement chart (wedge/file)]

Ensure squad is topped off with water, re-camo, and ammo redistributed prior to OPORD which
will begin in 12 minutes

Help out with terrain and objective model if necessary.
WHILE TLs DISSEMINATE, SL GATHERS OPORD INFORMATION AND WRITES THE
OPORD. DO NOT ASK FOR INFORMATION DURING OPORD.
16
STX OPORD
Ensure from TLs that the entire squad is present. If security is not provided, ensure 360 degree
security is in place during the OPORD. Never go below 33% man power in the four cardinal
directions for security for the OPORD. If a security person was on the perimeter during the planning
then they should be replaced, so they can receive the OPORD.
SL tells the squad to take out pencil, paper, and map and prepare to take detailed notes, hold all
questions to the end
TASK ORGANIZATION: Review special teams. Quickly name all the squad positions, or display
the squad positions so that the whole squad can see it. A reproduction of the chart below with names
will meet this criteria.
ATL / RS 2 / KOB
ROUTES
2
1
AR
RP/ST / KOB
HG
RS 1 / COMPASS / KOB
TERRAIN MODEL
TIME HACK
AA SECURITY
3
4
RS 2 / EPW LEADER/
AA SECURITY ALT A&L
AT-4
RP/ST PACE
FIRES PLAN
SL
PARA 2,3
BTL / SECURITY / KOB
PREP SQUAD
FOR MISSION
1
COMPASS / KOB
HG
AR
OBJ MODEL
MOVEMENT CHART
WEDGE AND FILE
KOB
TIME HACK
AA SECURITY
3
CLAYMORE
2
4
A&L LEADER /
CLS
9-LINE
ALT EPW
PACE / DEMO /
EPW / A&L
5
AA SECURITY
EPW / A&L
1. Situation:
a. Light/Weather Data:_______(hot weather watch for heat injures)
b. Terrain:_______(thick terrain modify movement for command and control, and create
contingency plan for compromise in Para 3)
c.
-
Enemy
Strength:_____________________________________________
Number:_____________________________________________
Equipment:___________________________________________
Most Likely Course Of Action:___________________________
Most Dangerous:_______________________________________
d. Friendly Forces:
- Higher Unit Mission:____________________________________
17
e. ADJACENT UNITS / ATTACHMENTS / DETACHMENTS
________________________________________________________
2. Mission:
WHO: ________ SQD,
_________ PLT __________ CO
WHAT: Conducts a (circle one) Move To Contact, Ambush, Recon, Attack,
other________________(Knock Out Bunker and Clear Building are battle drills not missions)
WHEN: DTG_________________________(Real Time not H+80)
WHERE: (from to) Grid coordinates: AA _________ OBJ________________
WHY: in order to ____________________________(to provide information for follow on
assaults, to prevent effective enemy command and control)
(Must have complete mission statement even if it was not given in OPORD)
3. Execution:
a. INTENT-----------IT IS MY INTENT TO_________________(3 to 4 Sentences)
b. CONCEPT OF OPERATION. (Briefed using Terrain model)
Let me orient you to my terrain model, (N arrow, AA, Objective,) We are here and we
will be moving generally north for 500 meters across rolling hilly terrain and cross one
linear danger area to the objective to conduct an attack. We will move back to the ORP to
receive a follow on mission.
This mission will be conducted in ____ phases.
PHASE 1----Rehearsals PCCs, PCIs
PHASE 2----Movement
PHASE 3----Actions on contact or on the objective
PHASE 4----Consolidation and preparation for follow on mission
1) MANEUVER (UTILIZE TERRAIN MODEL AND OBJECTIVE MODEL NOW)
 Orient squad (show N, E, S, & W)
 Show north arrow and explain legend (if there)
 Brief the routes primary and alternate. Use micro-terrain analysis to choose
tactically sound routes.
 Explain actions on the objective from AA through dissemination of information.
The standard is that every individual soldier knows what they are specifically
tasked with during each phase of the mission. The soldier must also know where
their position is during each phase, for example third soldier from the left on the
ambush line and second on the left of bravo team wedge. The objective model and
movement charts with names will cover these criteria.
 Explain GOTWA right after actions on objective to save time during execution
and cover contingencies. This a good place to brief your MEDEVAC site during
the mission.
18
2) FIRES (IF APPLICABLE)
 If you have fire support put all info given to you during FRAGO here except freqs
and call signs. This includes unit ID and TRPs and call for fire procedures. Give a
task and purpose for each TRP. (Target AB001 is the OBJ ET 12345678, troops
in bunker, task is to kill the enemy and disrupt command and control prior to the
attack, purpose to facilitate movement to the OBJ and rapidly secure and clear the
OBJ)
c. Tasks to maneuver units
(Fire team tasks)
Alpha team
First in order of march
You will be ____________(assault, support, or security) on the objective.
Primary point __________________________ (name/ATL Alpha Team Leader). You are
responsible for frontal security during movement. Choose En-route Rally Points (ERPs) during
movement. Do not travel more then 200 meters with out an ERP. The short halt before crossing
a Linear Danger Area is an easy ERP to remember. During the execution of the mission you are
to assist me on the OBJ (focus on EPW)
Primary compass ___________________________ (name/A2)
You are responsible to keep us on azimuth to OBJ.
Primary pace _____________________________ (name/A4/AT-4)
You are responsible for giving me pace count every 100 meters to OBJ. Position yourself at the
highest enemy vehicle threat on OBJ.
Primary EPW search leader ___________ (name/A3)
First priority is reducing threat on the OBJ, then assisting aid and litter until triage is done. You
are then responsible for searching all enemy EPW and gathering all PIR.
Alternate aid and litter _____________________ (name/A3/any other alpha team member)
If called by me you are responsible for 1st aid treatment for friendly casualties after all threats
are reduced. First priority is movement to casualty collection point on OBJ (next to SL).
Second priority is triage and treatment. Always reassure and check vitals of your patients.
Knock out bunker team _____________________(names/ATL/A1-AR /A2-HG) clear all
bunkers in alpha team’s lane. Use the automatic rifleman to establish local support by fire while
the ATL and A2 clear the bunker.
All of alpha team is considered the breach team, civilians on the battlefield team, media team
and leader’s recon team.
Bravo team
Second in order of march
You will be ________ on the objective
19
Alt point __________________________ (name/BTL). You are responsible for 3, 6, and 9
o’clock security during movement. Remain oriented during movement. During the mission you
are to assist me on the OBJ (focus on aid and litter).
Alt compass ___________________________ (name/B1)
You are responsible to keep us on azimuth to OBJ.
Alt pace / demo ___________________________ (name/B3/claymore)
You are responsible for giving me pace count every 100 meters to OBJ.
responsible for demolitions on OBJ.
You are also
Primary EPW search _________________ (names/B3/B5)
First priority is reducing threat on the OBJ, then assisting aid and litter until triage is done. You
are then responsible for searching all enemy EPW and gathering all PIR.
Primary aid and litter leader________________ (name/B4) you are responsible for 1st aid
treatment for friendly wounded and casualties after all threats are reduced. First priority is
moving all casualties to the casualty collection point on OBJ (next to SL). Second priority is
triage and treatment. Always reassure and check vitals.
Knock out bunker team _____________________(names/BTL/B1-HG/B2-AR) clear all bunkers
in bravo team’s lane. Use the automatic rifleman to establish local support by fire while the
BTL and B1 clear the bunker
d. Tasks to combat support units
_____________________________________________________(none usually)
e. Coordinating instructions
Specified tasks that pertain to more than one unit
Time line
Rehearsals
Inspection
LD time
ORP (optional)
OBJ
Conduct PCIs (PreCombat Inspections) before departing the LD. Sterilize the AA.
Formation: Team wedges in traveling
Actions on halts: 15 seconds, take a knee; 1 minute, prone
Take ORP by force: Alpha Tm 9-3, Bravo Tm 3-9
Actions on enemy contact: Sniper, Indirect Fire, Near ambush, Far ambush, Chance contact
Linear Danger Areas: Scroll the road.
20
Reporting instructions (DDD (Distance Direction Description), LACE, SALUTE passed to TM
leaders as soon as possible after enemy contact)
ROE_____________________(Any mission specific instructions like threat is high for
suicide vest or S-2 reports civilians are known to be in the area.)
f. SAFETY: All protective equipment will be worn during the mission.
4. Service and Support:
a. GENERAL: Resupply will be conducted in the patrol bases at night by the company first
sergeant, and all damaged equipment will be replaced as soon as possible during mission
timeline. If any sensitive items are lost or damaged IMMEDIATELY inform your chain of
command.
b. MATERIALS AND SERVICES
1)
Supply--_________ rounds of ammo per soldier
_________ 2 full canteens of water
_________ 1 MRE per soldier
2) Transportation---by foot
3) Services--------------- if applicable
4) Maintenance------ if applicable
5) MEDEVAC-procedures for calling in and unit in support-STANDARD 9 line in effect
(Location for planned MEDEVAC site ET 12345678)
(do not give call signs and freqs)
2. Command and Signal:
a. COMMAND
1) Location of higher unit commander and CP______________
2) Location of unit leader or CP_________________________
3) Succession of command_________________(SL, ATL, BTL, and then alphabetically by
fire team)
b. SIGNAL
1) SOI (Special Operating Instructions) is in effect. (This means standard call signs and
radio procedures will be used during the mission.)
2) Methods of commo in priority (hand &arm –internal, radio-external)
3) Call signs and freqs within unit (PL – T16, PSG – T17, FO – T15, . . . )
4) Fire support
RED LEG (common name for fire support) ___________ Freq_____________
(Probably just call PLT FO)
5) Emergency signals (MEDEVAC call signs and freqs)
DUST-OFF (common name for MEDEVAC) __________ Freq____________
Red Star Cluster / Red Smoke for markings, even a pt belt will work.
(Probable just call PLT SGT)
6) Code words: Words that can be used to relay information quickly and accurately. The
words should not telegraph your commands to English speaking enemy.
For Example:
Flank attack left
LA
Flank attack right
NYC
21
Orient on enemy and conduct frontal assault
TURN
AND
BURN
Break contact
MEXICO
Establish LOA
LOA
Call out EPW team
EPW
All threats have been reduced on OBJ
CLEAR
Call out Aid and Litter team
AID AND LITTER
Casualties at CCP and triage complete and ready to
move when order is given
BANDAID COMPLETE
# Friendly KIAs
# Friendly WIAs
# Enemy KIAs
# Enemy WIAs
# EPWs
# EAGLES DOWN
# EAGLES CLIPPED
# BOGIES DOWN
# BOGIES CLIPPED
# BOGIES SECURED
Anyone that is being protected by the element (local
mayor, defecting general, trusted partisan . . . )
PACKAGE
Withdraw Alpha Team off OBJ
RED
Withdraw Bravo Team off OBJ
WHITE
Withdraw Demo Team (SL, BTL, and B3)
BLUE
Suicide vest or explosives on OBJ
DYNAMITE
Mission complete prepared for FRAGO
JACKPOT
Challenge and password __________
Number combo
__________
Running password
__________
(inside friendly lines)
(behind enemy lines)
(behind enemy lines)
QUESTIONS
CONFIRMATION BRIEF
(Ensure overall mission understanding and ensure understanding of individual tasks)
TIME HACK
PRIORITY OF REHEARSALS
- Actions on objective
- Actions on enemy contact (front, left/right, rear), indirect fire, sniper,
near/far ambush.
- Actions at danger areas
- ROE
- Actions during variables
(priority)
(if time permits)
(if time permits)
(if time permits)
(if time permits)
INSPECTIONS
- Team leader inspects teams
- Squad leader spot checks anyone and checks on special equipment
CROSSING THE LD
- Call higher and ask for permission to cross the LD and give number of soldiers and interpreters.
22
CROSSING LINEAR DANGER AREAS
During a squad’s movement to the objective, there are chances that it will have to cross a linear
danger area (LDA); road, trail, or stream. How you will cross a linear danger area will depend on the
time you have to reach your objective.
Crossing the LDA when time is a factor (Scroll to the Road):
Lead Team Leader (Point man) – come up on a linear danger area (road/trail).
Point man – halts the squad.
Every squad member passes the halt sign back.
Point man – give sign for linear danger area.
All members take a knee seeking cover and concealment.
SL – moves forward, confirms the danger area, and makes the decision to scroll the road.
SL – informs squad of the situation and designates far side and near side rally points (usually 50
meters on either side on azimuth). The near side rally point makes a good en-route rally point.
SL – selects the crossing point. (The narrowest location in the road/trail that provides the best cover
and concealment and the location everyone will cross at.)
Point man – moves to the edge of the road/trail and takes a knee; point down the road/trail to the
squad’s left (with your right shoulder to the road, the shoulder you would have your combat ranger
regiment scroll, hence the name.) Having the right shoulder towards the road gives any advantage to
right handed shooters.
Compass man – moves up and taps the point man and takes one knee in the position the point man
just left.
Point man – moves to the opposite side of the road/trail, takes a knee, and points down the road/trail
to the squad’s right. The point man will have their right shoulder towards the road.
Next man – moves up and replaces the compass man, and point his/her weapon in the same direction
the compass man was pointing.
Compass man – moves across the road and replaces the point man, and points his/her weapon in the
same direction as the point man.
Point man – moves farther into the woods, 10 meters, and wait, for the compass man in order to move
forward to clear enough room for the squad.
The remaining squad members continue crossing the linear danger area using the same method and
move forward to point man location. As the squad members move into place they will begin forming
a cigar shape perimeter.
23
SL – crosses linear danger area after the lead team members and before the trail team members.
Trail Team Leader – crosses linear danger area last to ensure all members of the squad have cleared
the LDA, and reports to the SL that everyone has crossed.
SL – get accountability once the squad has cleared the danger area.
Compass man – get back on azimuth.
SL – directs lead team to move and continues on with mission.
ATL
SCROLL THE ROAD METHOD
2
ATL
SL
2
SL
1
LDA
1
ATL
2
4
4
SL
1
3
3
1
1
4
2
2
3
3
3
1
4
4
2
3
BTL
BTL
5
5
Crossing the LDA when time is not a factor:
ATL (Point man) – come up on a linear danger area (road/trail).
Point man – halts the squad.
Every squad member passes the halt sign back and all members get down seeking cover and
concealment.
Point man – give sign for linear danger area.
SL – moves forward and confirms the danger area.
SL – informs squad of the situation and designate far side and near side rally points.
SL – selects the crossing point. (The narrowest location in the road/trail that provides the best cover
and concealment and the location everyone will cross at.)
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SL – calls forward left and right near-side security (B3/B4) from the trail team and show them
where he/she wants them.
BTL – readjust rear security to maintain 360-degrees of security.
SL - Once near-side security is in place sends lead team across as far-side security element.
The far-side security element clears the far side using the clearing method determined by the SL.
It is recommended that you use the Heart methodThe intent is to clear an area on the far side that is sufficient size so that the entire squad (when reformed) will fit in there when in their normal wedge formation
ATL (Far-side) – clears far-side and establish an OP on the far-side.
This is accomplished by sending all of Alpha Team, ATL stays put on the far side in view of near
side security.
A1 and A3 clears the left side of the far side area (goes out approx 50 meters) and then turns into the
center (approx 25 meters)
A2 and A4 do the same on the right side. The teams meet up in the center and move back to the
ATL.
The ATL gives the thumbs up to the near side security.
The Alpha Team forms a wedge and moves (at a slow pace) in the direction of movement. Bravo
Team crosses the LDA they form back into their wedge and follow.
The last members across would be the near side security (covered by the first two member of the
Bravo Team who cross the LDA). Once everyone is across the LDA the team forms the wedge and
signals the SL that the squad is formed. The squad moves out at a regular pace.
1
2
1
2
4
3
4
3
ATL
1
2
4
3
LDA
2
4
1
BTL
5
HEART METHOD
SL
3
25
ATTACK
Types of Attack. An attack is an offensive action characterized by movement supported by fire.
There are two types of attack: hasty and deliberate. They are distinguished chiefly by the time
available for preparation. Additionally, special-purpose attacks include raids and ambushes.
Successful attack depends on concentrating the maximum possible shock and violence against the
enemy force. Infantry forces combine shock and violence with surprise. The objective is to shatter the
enemy's nerve, ruin his synchronization, unravel his plan, and destroy his unit's cohesion and the
willingness of his soldiers to fight. A successful attack combines a scheme of maneuver with a
coordinated plan of direct and indirect fire support. The focus of an attacking platoon's fire and
maneuver is a weak point, a vulnerable flank, or the rear of an enemy. Once he has identified the
point of attack, the leader establishes a base of fire to kill, fix, or suppress the enemy at that point. He
then maneuvers the rest of his force to a position from which it can assault.
(1) Hasty attack. A hasty attack is conducted with the forces immediately available to maintain
momentum or to take advantage of the enemy situation. It does not normally allow for extensive
preparation.
(2) Deliberate attack. A deliberate attack is carefully planned and coordinated. More time is
available to perform thorough reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence and
relative combat strength, analysis of various courses of action, and other factors affecting the
situation. It is generally conducted against a well-organized defense when a hasty attack is not
possible or has been conducted and failed.
(3) Raid. A raid is an operation involving a swift penetration of hostile territory to secure
information, to confuse the enemy, or to destroy his installations. It ends with a planned
withdrawal after completion of the assigned mission.
(4) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack by fire from concealed positions on a moving or
temporarily halted enemy unit. It combines the advantages and characteristics of the offense with
those of the defense.
Initiative in the Attack. Seizing and retaining the initiative involves more than just achieving
tactical surprise. It involves a process of planning and preparing for combat operations, finding the
enemy first, avoiding detection, fixing the enemy, locating or creating a weakness, and maneuvering
to exploit that weakness with a quick and violent assault.
(1) Plan and prepare. Leaders use the troop-leading procedure to make sure that all necessary steps
are taken to prepare for an operation. Leaders use the estimate of the situation to analyze the
factors of METT-TC and to determine the best course of action and to ensure that leaders,
soldiers, and their equipment can perform the tasks necessary to accomplish the mission.
(2) Find the enemy. Platoon leaders find the enemy by knowing how he fights, by analyzing the
terrain in light of this knowledge, and by actively reconnoitering to locate him.
(3) Avoid detection. Platoons avoid detection by moving along the least expected, generally the
most difficult, route. They use the terrain to mask their movements. They use proper camouflage
techniques and move with stealth. This allows platoons to capitalize on surprise. All of this
requires imagination in leaders and stamina in all soldiers.
26
(4) Fix the enemy. Platoons and squads fix enemy forces by employing suppressive fires that kill
exposed enemy soldiers and destroy their weapons. As a minimum, they render the volume and
accuracy of the enemy's fire ineffective.
(5) Find or create a weakness. Leaders look for vulnerable flanks, gaps in lines, or lulls in enemy
fire. When they cannot readily find a weakness, they create one with suppressive fire and the
surprise effect of it suddenly coming from an unexpected direction.
(6) Maneuver to exploit the weakness. Leaders must exploit this weakness by moving to the best
covered and concealed position and then assaulting to destroy, defeat, or capture the enemy.
(7) Consolidate and reorganize. Finally, platoons and squads must quickly consolidate the position
to defend it against an enemy counterattack. Units then reorganize themselves and prepare to
continue the mission.
Control Measures. Leaders use control measures to regulate or direct the platoon's movement,
positions, and fire.
(1) Control measures are not intended to restrict the exercise of initiative (the function of command).
Leaders use control measures to clarify their intent, focus the platoon or squad effort, and ensure
synchronization. Each control measure should have a specific purpose that contributes to mission
accomplishment. If a control measure fails the purpose test, leaders should not use it.
(2) Control measures can be drawn on a map, overlay, sketch, or a terrain model. Leaders should
strive to keep control measures easily identifiable and simple. Graphic control measures in the
offense include assembly area, attack position, line of departure, boundaries, route, release point,
start point, axis of advance, direction of attack, phase line, checkpoint, assault position,
objective, contact point, linkup point, infiltration lane, probable line of deployment, and limit of
advance.
EXECUTION:
Depart assembly area and move 100 meters conduct SLLS (Stop, Look, Listen, and Smell).
Perform security halt and do not remove headgear to get accustomed to sounds and smells of the
battlefield. Take a knee and remain quiet (cigar shape perimeter with squad leader in the middle,
SQD members facing out towards perimeter).
Move on route to the ORP. Once, the ATL finds a good ORP about 100 meters away from the OBJ,
the SL will confirm it and move into the ORP formation below to save time on the leader’s recon
leaving the ORP.
27
ORP FOR AN
ATTACK
2
4
BTL
AR
CLS
ATL
1
2
AR
HG
1
5
HG
3
4
AT-4
SL
3
CLAYMORE
ACTIONS IN ORP
SL tells TLs to get the leader’s recon ready: prep mission essential equipment, place all of the
leader’s recon rucksacks in the center of the ORP single file towards the OBJ. SL issues the
GOTWA to the BTL. Once the leader’s recon is ready to leave the BTL moves to the 12:00 o’clock
position and counts the leader’s recon out.
G - going (to recon OBJ, 100 m, on a 320 degree azimuth)
O - others I am taking with me (Alpha Team for a total of six)
T - time I will be gone ( ______ mikes)
W - what if I do not return (move towards the OBJ cautiously to support the leader’s recon) if
have 2nd radio call higher
A - action if you get hit actions if I get hit (If I get hit I will conduct appropriate battle drill and
return to the security halt. If I blow a long whistle blast come to me and support as best you
can. If you get hit go back to last en-route rally point, I will link-up with you there.)
LEADER’S RECON: ORDER OF MARCH, MEMBERS AND EQUIPMENT (6 Soldiers)
SL (ASSAULT LDR)
RADIO, BINOS,
ATL (SUPPORT LDR)
BINOS, PEN & PAPER,
A2,A3
SECURITY AND LAND NAV
RELEASE POINT/SURVEILLANCE TEAM
A1
BINOS, M 249
A4
PEN&PAPER, LAW OR AT-4
ACTIONS AT ORP WHILE PATROL IS GONE
BRAVO TL:
 Readjusts perimeter with no less than 50% security and prep any equipment if necessary.
 Executes rucksack plan, the rest of the patrol will create another single file line with their
rucksacks next to the leader’s recon’s rucksacks.
 Pull security; be prepared to move toward the OBJ to assist the leader’s recon.
28
LEADER’S RECON
The leader’s recon moves in wedge formation to the release point.
SL and ATL take the RELEASE POINT/SURVEILLANCE (RP/ST) team, and pinpoint the objective
and place them in area that allows for the best field of view. The best case is for the surveillance
position to be the support position if it fits the criteria. The surveillance position can also be the
release point if it is far enough away from the OBJ to hide the squad and whisper without
compromise.
SL gives GOTWA to RP/ST.
SL and Alpha Team (-) move to recon the support position.
SL and ATL lay down in support position and war-game the plan and determine SL’s intent, sectors
of fire, direction of shift, and actions if hit while moving in to position.
Support position must have good grazing fire with OBJ (if not possible then plunging fire).
Grazing fire- 1 meter off ground (knee high)
Plunging fire- high ground firing to low ground
Once the support position is reconnoitered, SL will then look for a route to the assault position (if it is
different from where surveillance is now), and then reconnoiter the assault position.
SL and Alpha Team (-) move back to the RP/ST to update the GOTWA, never parallel the OBJ while
reconnoitering. This occurs when soldiers travel across the enemy forces’ field of view. This greatly
increases your chance of compromise.
SL and Alpha Team (-) moves back to ORP. Another option is to move SL and the A2 compass man
back as a buddy team. ATL will occupy the support position while the SL is gone.
LOA
ATTACK (FLANK)
5
4
CLS / A&L LEADER / ALT EPW
2
AR
KOB
BTL
OBJECTIVE
LOA
EPW / A&L
1
3
SL
ASSAULT
HG
CLAYMORE / EPW / A&L
ATL
3
1
AR
EPW LEADER /
ALT A&L
2
4
HG
AT-4
KOB
MOVE ANYWHERE FOR BEST SHOT
SUPPORT
29
ATTACK (FRONTAL)
OBJECTIVE
BTL
ATL
3
1
2
AR
HG
2
HG
AR
4
3
AT-4
CLAYMORE
EPW / A&L
EPW LEADER
ALT A&L
SUPPORT
1
4
5
CLS / A&L LEADER /
ALT EPW
SL
BOTH ELEMENTS MOVE
SIMULTANOUESLY
EPW / A&L
ASSAULT
BTL counts in leader’s recon
SL disseminates information and changes
Order of march:
SUPPORT (-) element:
ASSAULT element:
Alpha Team, SL near front
Bravo Team
Move out in the best formation - at RP they conduct a security halt and then the SL and BTL moves
to Surveillance Team and checks in.
SL gives ATL (Support TL) GOTWA, briefs hard time, when to be in position, and when fire will
initiate. ATL then takes control of Surveillance Team.
The assault team (SL and Bravo Team) starts moving to the assault position.
When Support by Fire initiates fire (use the AT-4 or the LAW) the assault element moves forward to
the last covered and concealed position from the OBJ. The assault will not open fire until last cover
and concealed position. Once, the assault is in position, the assault opens fire on the OBJ with a
heavy volume of fire. The SL or BTL then signals shift fire (usually one whistle blast) and the
assault element starts movement across the OBJ using IMT and 3 to 5 second bounds. Ensure all
soldiers stay in their lanes and do not converge on the center of the OBJ. If there is a bunker on the
OBJ approximately 5-15meters before the bunker the assault will halt, and the Knock Out the Bunker
(KOB) Team will move forward to clear the bunker. KOB (BTL, B1, and B2) will continue forward
(using IMT) to blind side of the bunker (beware of friendly fire). The automatic rifleman, B2, posts
security on the most dangerous side of the bunker, and actively suppresses the bunker until the rest of
the KOB moves to the bunker.
30
The BTL takes up a covered position near the exit, while B1 creeps up along side to the front of the
bunker. B1 cooks off (two seconds max) a grenade. Shouts “FRAG OUT!!!” while throwing it
through the aperture and rolls away.
When the grenade detonates, the BTL fires short bursts into the bunker to destroy the enemy.
KOB team takes up positions along side the bunker and signals the SL that the bunker has been
cleared.
The SL and BTL must give the lift fire signal (usually two whistle blasts) before any of the assault
element is in danger of fratricide (usually 20-30 meters out).
SL maneuvers the rest of the assault element across the objective, using 3-5 second buddy rushes,
picking up the KOB team as they assault.
If the assault element comes across an enemy soldier and they are no threat, then kick their weapons
away; if they are a threat, engage. Then they assume positions on the Limit of Advance (LOA). The
LOA should be at least 5-10 meters past the last enemy soldier on the OBJ. The LOA does not need
to be a circle around the OBJ. It should be an L shaped security position with the ends facing the
direction the assault and support came into the OBJ. The ATL gets a solid LACE report.
LOA
LOA
ATL
3
1
2
4
5
4
SL
2
OBJECTIVE
BTL
ASSAULT
1
3
LOA
SUPPORT
The support element engages the enemy on the OBJ as the assault moves into position. The fire must
be heavy and accurate to hold the enemy in position. The support element is not rooted in place.
Some minor movement is sometimes necessary to fix and kill the enemy. Once the SL signals shift
fires (usually a short whistle blast), the support element moves their engagement area to the opposite
direction of the assault element. When the SL signals lift fire (usually two short whistle blasts) the
support stops firing and starts a close hold firing posture. Lift fire means you can fire upon positively
identified enemy only if the soldier KNOWS there is no chance of fratricide. Immediately after the
shots are fired the firing soldier must sound off loudly with “SHOT” to inform everyone it was not
enemy fire upon the squad. The support begins preparation to move onto the OBJ. ATL gets a good
31
LACE report and treats any friendly wounded. The support should move to the OBJ with its
wounded and place them at the casualty collection point CCP (close to the SL). The support element
can start movement towards the OBJ right after lift fire is given if the terrain is thick or the distance is
large. The intent is that the support quickly conducts a sweep of the OBJ as it deposits its casualties
and links up with the assault on the LOA. If the support element comes across the enemy and the
enemy is of no threat, they kick enemies weapon away. If the enemy is a threat, engage.
The TLs gives the SL an accurate LACE report.
L – iquid: Only said if black on water (little or none left)
A – mmo: Average number of full magazines per soldier
C – asualties: Name, location, and injury if known or up.
E – quipment: Weapons that are broken or used (AT-4), lost sensitive items, or up.
ESTABLISH 360o SECURITY, CONSOLIDATE & REORGANIZE
This is the most time consuming and chaotic part of the whole mission, because friendly casualties
create too many variables to include in ten minute OPORD. Primary and Alternate Teams are created
during planning and a by name chain of command for the squad is used to control the chaos. A list of
priorities is issued so all soldiers understand the steps needed to consolidate and reorganize quickly to
accomplish the mission, survive a counter attack, and effectively treat friendly and enemy causalities.
1. Secure OBJ of all enemy threats
The Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) team is ATL, A3, B3, B5, and alternate B4.
The ATL and A3 lead the effort to clear OBJ of all enemy threats. Check all enemy soldiers
for life, and roll them if they are on their stomach for grenade. If the enemy is still living note
it and do a quick search to ensure there is no hidden weapons on their person. Do not treat at
this time, but ensure the enemy can not escape. The B4 and B5 personnel will join the efforts
as soon as possible after their LACE reports are given to their BTL. The ATL will secure as
many soldiers as needed to accomplish this task starting with B3, B5, and alternate B4. The
automatic riflemen (A1 and B2) should never be recruited, so security can be maintained
during these activities. If A1 or B2 are wounded their positions needs to be replaced before
clearing the OBJ. Good LACE reports will identify this. If an enemy is off the OBJ at least
four personnel are required to leave the squad perimeter and the ATL should sound off loudly
with “MOVING TO THE # O’CLOCK, ## METERS TO CLEAR # ENEMY.” The actual
clearing of the enemy will be conducted in this manner. The security member will take a
knee just out of arms reach of the enemy and aim into the enemy’s head. The search member
will pass off his/her weapon to the security member, just in case any grappling is needed. The
searcher will then groin strike or eye thump the enemy to see if they are living. If they are on
their stomach then roll the enemy soldier so the exposed side is away from most of the squad
members. If a grenade is seen by the security member he/she shouts, “GRENADE” and rolls
away. Everyone takes cover and the searcher pushes the enemy soldier back onto the grenade
and rolls away. If the enemy is dead immediately move to the next enemy, do not start
searching of the pockets of the enemy soldiers for intelligence. Once, all enemy are cleared
then the ATL sounds loudly with “OBJ CLEAR.”
2. Treat causalities and process enemy
The Aid and Litter team is BTL, B4, B3, B5, and alternate A3.
The BTL and B4 lead the effort of treating casualties with friendly casualties being priority.
B3 and B5 are both primary EPW and Aid and Litter team. B3 and B5 clear the OBJ first and
then start on aid and litter. If the BTL does not need the B3 and B5 they can help secure and
search the enemy for intelligence or move back to the LOA to pull security. The primary Aid
32
and Litter team will move all casualties to the CCP, keep the US Soldiers away from the enemy.
Once, the causalities are all moved to the CCP the triage will start. Airway, Bleeding, and
Circulation are the priorities. Once, the casualties are stabilized they are never to be left
alone. Continuously reassure the injured and check their vitals. Keep the SL informed of the
casualties’ status and keep friendly and enemy separate.
Standing Order: All US Soldiers injured during mission will immediately get out of the line of
fire and find cover. Then start self aid to stop bleeding. When the bleeding is stopped,
conduct a self assessment to decide if they can move to OBJ. If the injure soldier can move to
the OBJ, wait until the LOA is sounded and then move to the OBJ sounding off with the
running password until recognized. If the injured soldier can not move without passing out,
stay in place. Continue to monitor the bleeding and listen for the EPW or Aid and Litter team
looking for you. Sound off loudly when tactically feasible. Be prepared to defend yourself
from enemy fire.
BTL’s first priority is to maintain the security perimeter and then manage the treatment of the
casualties. Soldiers have a strong urge to move to the CCP (or focus on the CCP) to aid their
buddies. The BTL always ensures the squad has 360 degree security. At this time the ATL or
A3 is processing any living enemies that are not seriously injured. This is done using the 5 Ss
and T.
Search: Confiscate weapons and items of intelligence value or items that might assist
the detainee to escape. Let the detainee keep protective clothing, equipment,
identification and personal items. All confiscated items must be tagged.
Silence: Direct the detainees not to talk, or make facial or hand gestures. They may be
gagged.
Segregate: Leaders are separated from the rest of the population. Separate hostile
elements such as religious, political, or ethnic groups. Separate women and minors
from adult male detainees.
Safeguard: Ensure detainees are provided adequate food, potable water, clothing,
shelter, medical attention, and that they are not exposed to unnecessary danger. Do not
use coercion to obtain information. Immediately report allegations of abuse through
command channels.
Speed to a safe area/rear: Evacuate detainees from the battlefield to a holding area or
facility as soon as possible. Transfer captured documents and other property to the
forces assuming responsibility for the detainees.
Tag: Before evacuating an EPW detainee, he must be tagged by field expedient means.
Field expedient means should include tagging with date and time of capture, location
of capture, capturing unit, and circumstances of capture. Tagging is critical. If it does
not happen the ability of higher headquarters to quickly obtain pertinent tactical
information is greatly reduced.
The SL should have enough information at this time to send up a good 9-line MEDEVAC
report.
33
3. Search the enemy thoroughly for intelligence and tactically question live enemy
This is accomplished by the ATL or A3 with whomever is not needed on the Alpha team at
the time. This could be a very brief step or take as long as needed if the area is secure. The
SL should have enough information at this time to send up a good SALUTE report. Size
Activity Location Uniform Time Equipment.
4. Prepare to move squad off the OBJ
The BTL will then task out personnel to carry casualties and prep the squad for movement.
The ATL will plot the squad’s route and assist in assigning personnel to pull security during
movement. Dead enemy will stay in place, but wounded enemy will be moved with squad.
All dead US soldiers will also be moved with the squad. The SL may have to make some
hard decisions if there is not enough man power and/or the squad receives enemy contact
during this vulnerable time. No sensitive items will be stored in the rucksacks during any
mission to allow the option to jettison the rucksacks. Leave the wounded enemy soldiers, if
unable to control.
5. Withdraw from the OBJ (Demo Team)
Caveat for the Demo Team-rarely is a demo team needed. They should only be used for items
too large to be carried off the OBJ that give aid to the enemy. All other items should be
secured for the intelligence value.
First Option. If the squad has casualties then everyone but the Demo team will move on
“RED” and “WHITE”, which will be called together. The Demo team is B3 or alternate, SL,
and BTL. The B3 pops the M60 fuse igniter upon “BLUE” and when the demo charge is
confirmed to be burning the Demo team catches up with the squad.
Second Option. If no casualties then on “RED” Alpha Team moves out on azimuth past BTL
for accountability. On “WHITE” Bravo Team moves out behind Alpha Team past the BTL.
On “BLUE” the demo is initiated and the SL, BTL, and B3 move out together to catch up
with the squad.
Once the ORP is located and the rucksacks are secured, then the squad moves one kilometer
away or next terrain feature, disseminate info and calls higher.
34
FRONTAL ATTACK VS FLANK ATTACK
The frontal attack has many advantages over the flank attack. The biggest advantage is control and
speed. The execution is simple to understand and the easiest to control, because all the squad
members can see each other and there is very little chance of fratricide. It is the quickest to deploy.
The assault and support elements move together toward and across the OBJ. During the chaos of
combat this is the most reliable attack. This should always be the contingency plan if a deliberate
attack that is using a flank is compromised while moving into position. The frontal attack can easily
be turned into a break contact drill if necessary.
The flank attack has only one advantage over the frontal attack. The element of surprise achieved on
the enemy from the assault element can be devastating to the enemy. If the terrain is not conducive
to gaining the element of surprise or time is limited do not use this attack. If the assault element is
compromised moving into their attack position then this attack has no advantages. The chance of
fratricide during this attack is much larger then the frontal assault.
The flank attack offers a classic 90 degree angle of fire onto the OBJ that seems like an obvious
advantage. The frontal attack also offers this classic 90 degree angle of fire. It just happens later
during the attack when both fire teams IMT toward and through the OBJ.
NOTES:
35
AMBUSH
An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position on a moving or temporarily halted
target. It can include an assault to close with and destroy the target, or only an attack by fire. An
ambush need not seize or hold ground. The purpose of an ambush is to destroy or harass enemy
forces. The ambush combines the advantages of the defense with the advantages of the offense,
allowing a smaller force with limited means the ability to destroy a much larger force. Ambushes are
enemy-oriented. Terrain is only held long enough to conduct the ambush and then the force
withdraws. Ambushes range from very simple to complex and synchronized; short duration of
minutes to long duration of hours; and within hand grenade range, to maximum standoff. Ambushes
employ direct fire systems as well as other destructive means, such as command-detonated mines and
explosives, and indirect fires on the enemy force. The attack may include an assault to close with and
destroy the enemy or may just be a harassing attack by fire. Ambushes may be conducted as
independent operations or as part of a larger operation.
There are countless ways for leaders to develop an ambush. To assist the leader clarify what he
wants, he develops the ambush based on its purpose, type, time, and formation.
The purpose of an ambush is either harassment or destruction. A harassing ambush is one in
which attack is by fire only (meaning there is no assault element). A destruction ambush includes
assault to close with and destroy the enemy.
The two types of ambushes are point, and area. In a point ambush, Soldiers deploy to attack a
single kill zone. In an area ambush, Soldiers deploy as two or more related point ambushes. These
ambushes at separate sites are related by their purpose.
Based on the amount of time available to set an ambush, ambushes are hasty and deliberate.
A hasty ambush is conducted based on an unanticipated opportunity. It is used when a patrol sees
the enemy before the enemy sees them, and the patrol has time to act. The leader gives the
prearranged signal to start the action and all Soldiers move to concealed firing positions, prepared to
engage the enemy. Depending on the mission, the patrol may allow the enemy to pass if the enemy
does not detect the patrol.
A deliberate ambush is conducted against a specific target at a location chosen based on
intelligence. With a deliberate ambush, leaders plan and prepare based on detailed information that
allows them to anticipate enemy actions and enemy locations. Detailed information includes: type
and size of target, organization or formation, routes and direction of movement,
36
EXECUTION:
Depart assembly area and move 100 meters conduct SLLS (Stop, Look, Listen, and Smell).
Perform security halt and do not remove headgear to get accustomed to sounds and smells of the
battlefield. Take a knee and remain quiet (cigar shape perimeter with squad leader in the middle,
SQD members facing out towards perimeter).
Move on route to the ORP. Once, the ATL finds a good ORP about 100 meters away from the OBJ,
the SL will confirm it and move into the ORP formation below to save time on the leader’s recon
leaving the ORP.
ORP FOR AN
AMBUSH
2
BTL
AR
ATL
1
2
AR
HG
1
4
HG
SL
3
4
CLS
AT-4
3
CLAYMORE
5
ACTIONS IN ORP
SL tells TLs to get the leader’s recon ready: prep mission essential equipment, place all of the
leader’s recon rucksacks in the center of the ORP single file towards the OBJ. SL issues the
GOTWA to the BTL. Once the leader’s recon is ready to leave, the BTL moves to the 12:00 o’clock
position and counts the leader’s recon out.
LEADER’S RECON: ORDER OF MARCH, MEMBERS AND EQUIPMENT (7 Soldiers)
SL (ASSAULT LDR)
RADIO, BINOS,
ATL (SUPPORT LDR)
BINOS, PEN & PAPER,
A2,A3
SECURITY AND LAND NAV
RELEASE POINT/SURVEILLANCE TEAM
A1
BINOS, M 249
A4
PEN&PAPER, LAW OR AT-4
B3
CLAYMORE
ACTIONS AT ORP WHILE PATROL IS GONE
BRAVO TL:
 Readjusts perimeter with no less than 50% security and prep any equipment if necessary.
37
 Executes rucksack plan, the rest of the patrol will create another single file line with their
rucksacks next to the leader’s recon’s rucksacks.
 Pull security; be prepared to move toward the OBJ to assist the leader’s recon.
LEADER’S RECON
The leader’s recon moves in wedge formation to the release point.
SL and ATL take the RELEASE POINT/SURVEILLANCE (RP/ST) team, and pinpoint the objective
and place them in the area that allows for the best field of view. The best case is for the surveillance
position to be in the center of the ambush line if it fits the criteria. The surveillance position can also
be the release point if it is far enough away from the Kill Zone to hide the squad and whisper without
compromise.
SL gives GOTWA to RP/ST.
SL and Alpha Team (-) move to recon the ambush line. The claymore is the center of the ambush
line with a big tree in between the claymore and the ambush line. A1 and A4 will conduct security
around B3, while the claymore is emplaced.
SL and ATL lay down in all of the firing positions and ensure the squad can efficiently cover the Kill
Zone.
SL and Alpha Team (-) move back to the RP/ST to update the GOTWA.
SL and Alpha Team (-) moves back to ORP. Another option is to move SL and the A2 compass man
back as a buddy team. ATL will occupy the ambush line while the SL is gone.
BTL counts in the leaders recon
SL disseminates information and changes.
Order of march:
SL and A2 in the lead followed by Bravo Team (-) using the best formation for the terrain.
Move up in the appropriate formation - at the RP they conduct a security halt and then the SL and
BTL moves to Surveillance Team and checks in.
SL issues orders to the TLs to put the soldiers in the ambush line and move the RP/ST into the
ambush line if necessary. TLs will emplace Soldiers and issue sectors of fire. TLs will ensure all
positions are well camouflaged. This is CRITICAL to mission success. The SL will ensure the TLs
are well camouflaged.
All of the individual Soldiers will have a loaded magazine out and ready to reload. Soldiers will load
a fresh magazine before assaulting across the OBJ. TLs designate who will be on semi and who on
auto (every other one).
38
AMBUSH
Kill Zone
CLAYMORE
COVER
3
1
2
4
3
1
ATL
AR
EPW LEADER /
ALT A&L
2
4
5
BTL
HG
HG
AT-4
SL
CLAYMORE
EPW / A&L
AR
EPW / A&L
CLS
A&L LEADER /
ALT EPW
As the enemy moves into the Kill Zone the SL will initiate the claymore or have B3 initiate. The
goal is to kill as many enemies as possible with the claymore, looking for a 3 to 1 ratio. Claymore
(M18A1); 700 steel balls and 692 grams of C-4, 60 degree fan of death that is 2 meters high which is
50 meters wide at the range of 50 meters. After 50 meters the blast effect is much less, but it can kill
up to 250 meters. ALWAYS HAVE COVER BETWEEN THE CLAYMORE AND ALL THE
SOLDIERS, THE FIRST 18 METERS IS THE MOST DANGEROUS.
39
If there is a vehicle in the enemy patrol try to fire the AT-4 simultaneously with the firing of the
claymore. The AT-4 is also a very effective, but dangerous weapon. The tactical engagement range
is 250 meters. 84 mm High Explosive Anti-Armor warhead packed with 440 grams of high explosive
that will penetrate more then 35 centimeters of armor. The arming range is 10 meters.
When SL initiates fire (use the AT-4 or the claymore). The squad fires for at least 15 seconds,
depending on amount of ammunition the squad has. Always save some ammunition for follow on
operations. After the first volley of heavy fire the SL will call out “LIFT FIRE.” Look and listen for
any enemy movement, automatically engage any threat. The SL will repeat this until the area is as
secure as possible.
The SL orders the squad to reload, and the Soldiers tactically load a fresh magazine. Take the light or
empty magazine and quickly put it inside your ACU top. Once, both teams are prepared to move the
SL will order the assault.
The squad will IMT to the edge of the Kill Zone if the ambush line was more than one bound away.
When the squad is at the edge of the Kill Zone, they can assault in the best fashion to meet the enemy
threat. Moving the whole squad across slowly at the high ready with everyone staying in their lanes
is tactically sound. Assaulting one fire team at a time using dynamic IMT is also tactically sound.
Once the squad is across the SL will call, “LOA.” Everyone moves across the Kill Zone, because of
the threat of an enemy vehicle. An enemy vehicle with a machine gun can use the road as a long kill
zone, which will split the squad, if members are on both sides.
TLs get good LACE reports to the SL as the automatic riflemen move to the edge of the road to pull
security. The AT-4 gunner, if the AT-4 has not been fired, moves to automatic riflemen in the
direction the enemy came from (this is the highest enemy threat location).
If a vehicle is in the Kill Zone the KOB closest to the vehicle will clear the vehicle before the squad
assaults across the road. KOB should use the automatic riflemen as local security while the other two
40
members work as a buddy team to clear the front and back. Be cautious of fratricide possibilities;
work the clearing from near side to far side. Allowable techniques are:
One opens the door/flap as the other clears the cab/cargo area.
If the glass is not a factor a hand grenade can be tossed in from a distance.
If the AT-4 has hit the vehicle maybe just a quick visual inspection is necessary.
If the vehicle is on fire let it burn. Vehicle fires spread very quickly and the squad is now in danger
of secondary explosions. The SL should expedite the reconsolidation and exit the area.
1
ATL
2
4
AMBUSH
BTL
1
3
2
3
4
5
SL
AMBUSH
4 AT-4
1
2
1 AUTO R
AUTO R 2
SL
3
ATL BTL
3
4
5
ESTABLISH 360o SECURITY, RECONSOLIDATE & ORGANIZE. Same SOP as Attack.
41
RECON
A reconnaissance patrol collects information to confirm or disprove the accuracy of information
previously gained. The intent for this type of patrol is to move stealthily, avoid enemy contact, and
accomplish its tactical task without engaging in close combat. Reconnaissance patrols always try to
accomplish their mission without being detected or observed. Because detection cannot always be
avoided, a reconnaissance patrol carries the necessary arms and equipment to protect itself and break
contact with the enemy. A reconnaissance patrol normally travels light, with as few personnel, arms,
ammunition, and equipment as possible. This increases stealth and cross-country mobility in close
terrain. Regardless of how the patrol is armed and equipped, the leader always plans for the worst
case: direct-fire contact with a hostile force. Leaders must anticipate where they may possibly be
observed and control the hazard by emplacing measures to lessen their risk. If detected or
unanticipated opportunities arise, reconnaissance patrols must be able to rapidly transition to combat.
Types of reconnaissance patrols follow
Area Reconnaissance Patrol
The area reconnaissance patrol focuses only on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or
enemy activity within a prescribed area.
Route Reconnaissance Patrol
The route reconnaissance patrol obtains detailed information about a specified route and any
terrain where the enemy could influence movement along that route.
Zone Reconnaissance Patrol
Zone reconnaissance patrols involve a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes,
obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries.
Point Reconnaissance Patrol
The point reconnaissance patrol goes straight to a specific location and determines the situation
there. As soon as it does so, it either reports the information by radio or returns to the larger unit to
report. This patrol can obtain, verify, confirm, or deny extremely specific information for the
commander. These patrols are often used in stability or civil support operations. Normally, the patrol
leader is the individual responsible for making the assigned assessment. This may involve interacting
with the local populace. To allow this, interpreters or local civil leaders might accompany the patrol.
The patrol leader may be required to participate in lengthy discussions or inspections with individuals
at the site. During that time he is vulnerable to attack. The assistant patrol leader should not become
involved in these talks, but should remain focused on external security to prevent attack from outside
and on the personal security of the patrol leader. One or two specially-designated members of the
patrol may be needed to protect the patrol leader while his attention is focused on discussions.
Leader’s Reconnaissance Patrol
The leader’s reconnaissance patrol reconnoiters the objective just before an attack or prior to
sending elements forward to locations where they will support by fire. It confirms the condition of the
objective, gives each subordinate leader a clear picture of the terrain where he will move, and
identifies any part of the objective he must seize or suppress. The leader’s reconnaissance patrol can
consist of the unit commander or representative, the leaders of major subordinate elements, and
(sometimes) security personnel and unit guides. It gets back to the main body as quickly as possible.
EXECUTION:
Depart assembly area and move 100 meters conduct SLLS (Stop, Look, Listen, and Smell).
Perform security halt and do not remove headgear to get accustomed to sounds and smells of the
battlefield. Take a knee and remain quiet (cigar shape perimeter with squad leader in the middle,
SQD members facing out towards perimeter).
42
Move on route to the ORP. Once, the ATL finds a good ORP about 100 meters away from the
OBJ, the SL will confirm it and move into the ORP formation below to save time on the recon
leaving the ORP.
ORP FOR AN
RECON
2
4
BTL
AR
CLS
ATL
1
2
AR
HG
1
5
HG
3
4
AT-4
SL
3
CLAYMORE
ACTIONS IN ORP
SL tells TLs to get the recon ready: prep mission essential equipment, place all of the leader’s recon
rucksacks in the center of the ORP single file towards the OBJ. SL issues the GOTWA to the BTL.
Once the leader’s recon is ready to leave the BTL moves to the 12:00 o’clock position and counts the
leader’s recon out.
LEADER’S RECON: ORDER OF MARCH, MEMBERS AND EQUIPMENT (6 Soldiers)
RECON/SURVEILLANCE TEAM ONE (RS1)
SL
RADIO, BINOS,
A2
PEN & PAPER
RECON/SURVEILLANCE TEAM TWO (RS2)
ATL
BINOS, PEN & PAPER
A3
RELEASE POINT/SURVEILLANCE TEAM (RP/ST)
A1
BINOS, M 249
A4
PEN&PAPER, LAW OR AT-4
ACTIONS AT ORP WHILE PATROL IS GONE
BRAVO TL:
 Readjusts perimeter with no less than 50% security and prep any equipment if necessary.
 Executes rucksack plan, the rest of the patrol will create another single file line with their
rucksacks next to the recon’s rucksacks.
 Pull security; be prepared to move toward the OBJ, to assist the leader’s recon.
43
RECON
The recon moves in wedge formation to the release point.
SL and ATL take the RP/ST team, and pinpoint the objective and place them in area that allows for
the best field of view. The surveillance position can also be the release point if it is far enough away
from the OBJ to hide the squad and whisper without compromise.
Gives GOTWA to Surveillance TM and ATL (RS2 TL for mission), hard time to be back at release
point and Limit of Advance (LOA)
Then SL and ATL moves back to the release point
All teams must move back to RP prior to hard time, if not GOTWA executed to the letter
Once both teams are back at RP and full accountability of personnel and equipment the SL and A2
retrieve Surveillance TM
All move back to ORP and grab rucksacks and go back to original place in perimeter and disseminate
information and SL calls higher.
If either RS team are compromised on the OBJ the surveillance position will fire both AT-4 and
LAWs on OBJ and will fire a large volume of fire for 15 seconds and break straight back to ORP (Do
not fire into other squad members)
The RS team that was compromised will conduct appropriate battle drill (break contact) and move
straight back to ORP
The other RS team upon hearing fire will fire a large volume of fire into the OBJ for 15 seconds and
break straight back to ORP (Do not fire into other squad member)
At the ORP, immediately account for personnel and equipment (LACE REPORT!), call higher, and
move a terrain feature or one km away and disseminate information.
Any long whistle blast is a call for support. All elements RS1, RS2, RP/ST, and ORP will move to
whistle blast and support.
SL, ATL, and one man from surveillance will consolidate, compare notes, and produce a SALUTE
report.
Then disseminate the information to the squad, and report to higher.
44
RECON
LOA
RS TM 1
VP
2
VANTAGE
POINT(VP)
OBJECTIVE
SL
4
VP
RS TM 2
1
AT-4
AR
ATL 3
RELEASE
POINT
ORP
B TM
45
MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
The movement to contact (MTC) is one of the five types of offensive operations. A MTC
gains or regains contact with the enemy. Once contact is made, the unit develops the situation.
Normally a platoon conducts a MTC as part of a larger force. Speed and violence of action are critical
to the success once enemy contact is made. The moving squad will usually receive enemy contact and
then react to enemy contact. The fastest way to close with and destroy the enemy is to orient the
squad abreast towards the enemy. The squad then using cover and concealment with good dynamic
IMTs conducts a hasty frontal assault through the enemy. There are two techniques of conducting a
movement to contact: Approach march and search & attack.
Search and Attack (S&A). This technique is utilized when the enemy is dispersed, is expected to
avoid contact, disengage or withdraw, or you have to deny his movement in an area. The search and
attack technique involves the use of multiple platoons, squads, and fire teams coordinating their
actions to make contact with the enemy. Platoons typically attempt to find the enemy and then fix and
finish him. They combine patrolling techniques with the requirement to conduct hasty or deliberate
attacks once the enemy has been found. Planning considerations include:
• The factors of METT-TC.
• The requirement for decentralized execution.
• The requirement for mutual support.
• The length of operations.
• Minimize soldier’s load to facilitate stealth and speed.
• Resupply and MEDEVAC.
• Positioning key leaders and equipment.
• Employment of key weapons.
• Requirement for patrol bases.
• Concept for entering the zone of action.
• The concept for link-ups while in contact.
Approach March. The concept of the approach march is to make contact with the smallest element,
allowing the commander the flexibility of destroying or bypassing the enemy. A platoon uses the
approach march method as part of a larger unit. It can be tasked as the advance guard, move as part of
the main body, or provide flank or rear security for the company or battalion. They may also receive
on-order missions as part of the main body.
Fundamentals common to all movements to contact.
Make enemy contact with smallest element possible.
Rapidly develop combat power upon enemy contact.
Provide 360 degree security for the unit.
Support higher unit’s concept.
Reports all information rapidly and accurately and strives to gain and maintain
contact with the enemy.
Requires decentralized execution.
The following issues should be considered heavily for MTC operations:
 Factors of METT-TC.
 Reduced soldier’s load.
Task Standards. The platoon moves NLT the time specified in the order. The platoon makes contact
with the smallest element possible, and the main body is not surprised by the enemy. Once the
platoon makes contact, it maintains contact. The platoon destroys squad and smaller-sized elements,
46
and fixes elements larger than a squad. The platoon maintains sufficient fighting force capable of
conducting further combat operations. Reports of enemy locations and contact are forwarded. If not
detected by the enemy, the PL initiates a hasty attack. The platoon sustains no casualties from
friendly fire. The platoon is prepared to initiate further movement within 25 minutes of contact, and
all personnel and equipment are accounted for.
Critical Performance Measures (Search and Attack).
The platoon locates the enemy without being detected.
Once engaged, fixes the enemy in position and maneuvers against the enemy.
Maintains security throughout actions to avoid being flanked.
Critical Performance Measures (Approach March).
PL selects the appropriate movement formation based on likelihood of enemy contact.
Maintains contact, once contact is made, until ordered to do otherwise.
REACT TO IED and UXO
Standing Order: Any Soldier that sees any possible IED on an OBJ must sound off loudly with
description and location immediately. The squad will then seek cover and report their status to their
TLs.
1. React to IED and UXO - UXO or Unexploded Ordinance are munitions that have been fired,
thrown or failed to detonate, and should be treated with care as they are still live and in a very
volatile state. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES should untrained soldiers attempt to de-mine,
defuse, or neutralize UXOs unless absolutely necessary. CALL EOD using the IED/UXO Report
via the IED/UXO Battle Drill:
Step 1. Clear- Leave the immediate area: detonation may be imminent, secondary devices
may be present.
Step 2. Cordon- Establish a perimeter (100m small device up to van-size/ 2000m water truck
or semi)
Step 3. Control- Maintain visual (Binoculars/scopes) observation to ensure no one tampers
with the device; maintain security.
Step 4. Call EOD- Immediately or contact your supporting EOD to respond (9 – line
IED/UXO Spot Report)
2. IED/UXO Report
Line 1. Date-Time Group (DTG): DTG Item was discovered.
Line 2. Reporting Activity (unit identification code (UIC) and location (grid of UXO).
Line 3. Contact Method: Radio frequency, call sign, point of contact (POC), and telephone
number.
47
Line 4. Type of Ordinance: Dropped, projected, placed, or thrown. If known, give the size
of the hazard area and number of items. Without touching, disturbing, or approaching
(tripwire) the item, include details about size, shape, color and condition (intact or leaking).
Line 5. NBC Contamination: If present, be as specific as possible.
Line 6. Resources Threatened: Report any threatened equipment, facilities, or other assets.
Line 7. Impact on Mission: Provide a short description of your current tactical situation and
how the presence of the UXO affects your status.
Line 8. Protective Measures:
equipment.
Describe any measures taken to protect personnel and
Line 9. Recommended Priority: Recommend a priority for response by EOD technicians or
engineers.
(1) Immediate: Stops unit’s maneuver and mission capability or threatens critical
assets vital to the mission.
(2) Indirect: Slows the unit’s maneuver and mission capability or threatens critical
assets important to the mission.
(3) Minor: Reduces the unit’s maneuver and mission capability or threatens noncritical assets of value.
(4) No Threat: Has little or no effect on the unit’s capabilities or assets.
HASTY TRAFFIC CONTROL POINT
Materials: Stop signs, Sandbags, Mirrors, Signaling Devices (whistles, megaphone, sirens, etc.),
Binoculars; request translators. Set up signs and barriers 100 to 200m on both sides of the TCP. Set
up barriers on alternating sides of the road in order to slow vehicles down (Reality: Use concertina
wire, concrete barriers, sandbags; For Cadet STX: Use rucksacks, dead trees, E-tools; be sure to
coordinate and get approval from TAC).
Establish a Vehicle Search Area and Personnel Search Area off of the road. Ensure there is 360
degree security all around TCP, beware of fratricide. Do not emplace security in the sector of fire of
the machine gun. Use one crew served weapon to cover Vehicle Search Area and approaching
vehicles from a covered position.
If possible use another crew served weapon to cover alternate avenue of approach. If no other crew
served weapon available use 2-3 riflemen.
Try to find cover for every position, to protect from small arms and explosions. Use the minimum
amount of soldiers for any task. Plan for a vehicle explosion. Try to reduce the amount of casualties.
Allocate two soldiers to search the vehicles in the Vehicle Search Area. Allocate two soldiers to
search incoming personnel in the Personnel Search Area.
Place a soldier in a visible location in order to signal the vehicle to stop and direct vehicle to the
Vehicle Search Area.
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Sign
Crew Served Weapon
Riflemen
Barriers
Sign
Vehicle Search Area
Personnel Search Area
Ensure that approaching vehicles can readily identify the TCP and all instructions; use signage if
possible.
As vehicle approaches, inspect for positive identification of hostile intent, use audible warning and
visuals aids to alert the vehicle to slow down.
If vehicle does not stop, follow ROE
 Have the visible soldiers show weapons demonstrating intent to use force
 Fire warning shots
 Fire disabling shots (tires, engine block)
 Finally proportional lethal force
If vehicle does slow down, direct vehicle to move to the vehicle search area and to stop. Cover
vehicle and occupants with direct fire (watch following vehicles for indication of remote detonation
of target vehicle.
Maintain standoff and have VSA soldiers direct occupants to exit the vehicle
Direct occupants to open all doors, trunk, and hood. Once complete, direct occupants to the personnel
search area. Cover vehicle and occupants with direct fire. Watch for suicide bomber (vest) indicators
Have the 2 VSA soldiers thoroughly search vehicle using mirrors to check underneath. Have the 2
PSA soldiers search/apprehend the occupants, if required. Refer to any intelligence on suspected or
wanted individuals.
VARIABLES
Encounter Media on the Battlefield
 Use all of Alpha Team to manage the media and conduct local security. Use Bravo Team to
conduct the squad’s operations.
 Attempt to direct them to PAO (Public Affairs Officer).
 Check Credentials.
 Be polite.
 Never speak outside of your area of expertise.
 Don’t show camera anything on the map or draw a sand table that shows location.
 “You are on a military mission, sanctioned by the U.N. in support of the government
of……..”
49






Try to find a compromise that satisfies everyone. Use interviews and security as the
squad’s bargaining chips to deal with the media.
Time is of the essence!
Only appointed spokesman talks to media have A3 focus on the camera man (towards
spokesperson).
Be creative.
Call higher, attempt to leave the area, if followed, get guidance from higher (Negative Media
Crew).
If media does not cooperate, detain and report (Negative Media Crew). LAST RESORT
Encounter Civilians on the Battlefield
 Never run after civilians (baited ambush).
 Ensure squad maintains good security
 Follow ROE.
 Use all of Alpha Team to manage the civilians and conduct local security. Use Bravo Team
to conduct the squad’s operations.
 .
 Call higher, give SITREP
 Request interpreter.
 Be polite.
 If mobbed;
 Follow ROE and use deadly force if necessary
 Get into a circle (back to back).
 Hold equipment tight.
 Move out of the area.
 Give food or water to civilians if needed to accomplish your mission.
 Never lie (erodes trust)
 Be creative.
Mitigate a War Crime Situation
 Follow ROE. Separating the two parties is the key to success.
 Call higher, give SITREP
 Remember as American’s, we follow the Geneva-Hague Convention (do NOT execute
prisoners)
 Gain trust BE CALM, BE in Control (use positive body language / open-handed gesturing)
 Secure area (A TM), set-up where someone is always covering you
 Without getting into the line of fire, attempt to gain control of prisoner (EPW)
 Don’t get in prone with weapons aimed (offensive). Have squad take a knee with rifles at the
ready.
 Promote that international community values due process.
 The Army has facilities to handle EPW (takes the burden of the capture).
 Be creative.
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Rescue Downed Pilot(s)
 Request pilot’s personal Intel info for link-up and near & far recognition signals.
 Set up ORP (by force) on top of grid given for last known location of pilot.
 Search pattern to locate pilot or use low voice to call for him.
 Wait for recognition from the pilot, but if no response approach cautiously. Use all of Alpha
Team with Bravo Team in overwatch.
 Secure area, have Bravo Team process the pilot and care for the injuries.
 Be calming.
 Administer basic first aid. Keep checking vitals during transport.
 Transport to Medevac LZ or friendly lines ASAP.
 Be creative.
 If a partisan (red shirt) tries to lead element to downed pilot, do not let him/her run the show.
 Be kind, but firm. Comply with any reasonable request for food, water, or anything else.
Hostage Scenario
 Stay calm.
 Call higher, give SITREP.
 Have squad designated marksmen move to a concealed location in order for him to take a
clear shot on the hostage taker.
 Engage in negotiations in order to distract hostage taker so that the squad designated
marksmen has an opportunity to find a concealed location.
 Once squad designated marksmen has a clear shot, he takes out the hostage taker (if
negotiations fail).
 Be creative.
Mass Casualties
 Secure the area.
 Move all of the casualties to the CCP and start triage.
 Call higher, give SITREP.
 Alpha Team secures the perimeter and provides land navigation to MEDEVAC site. Alpha
will spare as many members as possible to help Bravo Team care and move the casualties.
 Bravo Team prepares to move casualties.
 Be prepared to break contact during movement.
 Send Bravo Team forward toward the MEDEVAC site and Alpha Team conducts a fighting
withdraw (a slow break contact drill) to buy time for Bravo Team.
 All equipment and dead personnel is expendable, compared to American lives.
Hunters
 If civilians are annotated in the OPORD, positively identify all enemy (black shirts not red
shirts) before firing.
 If you shot the hunters, apologize and render aid as best that you can. DO NOT CLEAR THE
AREA LIKE AN OBJ. The hunters are armed and will be very scared and are likely to fire
on the squad.
 Offer food to the hunters and their family for information and cooperation.
 Do not offer what you do not have.
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Defecting General
 Protect the General and ask him to unload and surrender his/her weapon. If the General
refuses it is not a deal breaker.
 Be prepared to evacuate the General’s family.
 Call higher, give SITREP.
 Keep trying to reach a compromise and be polite.
 Do not take any orders from the General; you are equals on the battlefield.
 Use the danger the General against him/her as a bargaining chip.
 Be creative.
Minefield
 Do not separate the fire teams across the minefield. Keep everyone together for better or
worse.
 Know the hand and arms signal for freeze.
 Probe the ground with a wooden stake every few inches to get out of minefield.
 Prepare a call for fire mission to help break contact, if received enemy contact in the
minefield.
 Be creative and be ready to mark a lane through the minefield or mark individual mines.
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) Soldiers
 The PTSD soldiers are still American soldiers with an injury.
 Try to gentle command them and give them tasks that will occupy them.
 The soldiers may become violate and need to be subdued. Do not use excessive force.
 WATCH all weapons involved. Do not grapple with soldiers while you are armed.
 The PTSD soldiers are very unlikely to engage another American element with weapons.
 Call higher, give SITREP, and call in a MEDEVAC.
Partisan Link-Up, React to Sniper
 Sometimes when the American element is negotiating with another civilians or partisans, the
enemy will use this opportunity to engage with small arms fire.
 Large perimeters are very difficult to control and it is hard to initiate any fire and maneuver
with the fire teams.
 Keep perimeters as small as possible and keep fire teams in fighting formations positioned on
the perimeter.
 Be prepared to break contact or attack at a moments notice. Have a call for fire mission
prepared to facilitate break contact or attack.
 If pinned down, send small a flanking assault off the back of the perimeter. Call Higher, give
SITREP, and call for assistance.
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RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
1. GENERAL
a. Security and law enforcement personnel will only use force when they cannot otherwise fulfill
their duties.
b. Minimum force is to be used at all times.
c. Deadly force may only be used under conditions of extreme necessity and only as a last resort.
2. EVALUATING DEGREES OF FORCE: The following are examples or options, in increasing
levels of force response that security and law enforcement personnel should consider using for
specific situations.
a. Verbal persuasion
b. Unarmed defense techniques
c. Deadly force
3. DEADLY FORCE
a. Deadly force is force directed at another, which can reasonably be expected to cause death or
serious bodily harm.
b. Serious bodily harm does not include minor injuries such as a black eye
or a bloody nose,
but does include fractured or dislocated bones, deep
cuts, torn members of the body, serious
injury to internal organs and other life threatening injuries.
c. Only extreme necessity justifies the use of deadly force. Deadly force is to be used only when
lesser means have failed or cannot be reasonably used.
d. The use of deadly force is justifiable under the following conditions:
-
In self-defense. Self-defense is an action to protect oneself when there is a reasonable
belief that there is imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm.
-
To protect others, to include US and non US personnel, when there is a reasonable belief
that there is imminent danger to them of death or serious bodily harm.
-
When there is reasonable belief that deadly force must be used to prevent the commission
of a serious offense involving violence and threatening death or serious bodily harm (e.g.
murder).
-
When there is a reasonable belief that deadly force must be used to prevent the actual theft
or sabotage of US government property which could cause deadly harm to others or pose a
threat to national security (e.g. operable weapons and ammunition, explosive devices,
nuclear weapons nuclear control, and communications facilities sensitive codes).
-
When there is a reasonable belief that deadly force is necessary to arrest, apprehend, or
prevent the imminent escape of a person under US military custody who is reasonably
believed to have committed a serious offense.
-
Whenever practical, an order to halt will be given before using deadly force.
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GENERAL ORDERS
1. I will guard everything within the limits of my post and quit my post only when
properly relieved.
2. I will obey my special orders and perform all of my duties in a military manner.
3. I will report violations of my special orders, emergencies, and anything not covered in
my instructions to the commander of the relief.
PLATOON DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
To complete all assigned tasks, every soldier in the platoon must do his job. Each soldier must
accomplish his specific duties and responsibilities and be a part of the team.
a. Rifle Platoon Leader. He is responsible for all that the platoon does or fails to do. This
includes the tactical employment, training, administration, personnel management, and
logistics of his platoon. He must know his men and how to employ the platoon's weapons.
He is responsible for positioning and employing all assigned or attached crew-served
weapons. He must also know how to employ supporting weapons. The rifle platoon
leader—
(1) Sets the example and the standards.
(2) Leads the platoon in support of company and or battalion missions.
(3) Informs his commander of his actions when operating without orders.
(4) Plans with the help of the platoon sergeant, squad leaders, and other key personnel
(FO (Forward Observer), leaders of attachments, and so on).
(5) Stays abreast of the situation and goes where he is needed to supervise, issue
FRAGOs, and accomplish the mission.
(6) Requests more support for his platoon from the company commander to perform
its mission, if needed.
(7) Assists the platoon sergeant in planning and coordinating the platoon's CSS
(Combat Service and Support) effort.
(8) During planning, receives on-hand status reports from the platoon sergeant, squad
leaders, or both.
(9) Reviews platoon requirements based on the tactical plan.
(10) Develops a casualty evacuation plan.
(11) During execution, checks the work of the platoon sergeant and squad leaders.
(12) Ensures the soldier's load is reasonable.
b. Rifle Platoon Sergeant. This soldier is the senior NCO in the platoon and second in
succession of command. He helps and advises the platoon leader, and leads the platoon in
the platoon leader's absence. He supervises the platoon's administration, logistics, and
maintenance. He may prepare and issue paragraph 4 of the platoon OPORD. The rifle
54
platoon sergeant is responsible for individual training. He must ensure that soldiers can
perform their individual MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) tasks. He advises the
platoon leader on appointments, promotions and reductions, assignments, and discipline
of NCOs and enlisted soldiers in the platoon. The rifle platoon sergeant—
(1) Organizes and controls the platoon CP (Command Post) IAW (In Accordance
With) the unit SOP, platoon leader guidance, and METT-T factors.
(2) Trains the crews and employs the platoon's machine guns IAW the platoon leader's
orders, appropriate field manuals, unit SOP, and METT-TC factors.
(3) Receives squad leaders' requests for rations, water, and ammunition. Works with
the company's first sergeant or XO to request resupply. He also directs the routing
of supplies and mail.
(4) Directs the platoon aidman and platoon aid and litter teams in moving casualties to
the rear.
(5) Maintains platoon strength information, consolidates and forwards the platoon's
casualty reports, and receives and
orients replacements.
(6) Monitors the morale, discipline, and health of platoon members.
(7) Takes charge of task-organized elements in the platoon during tactical operations.
This can include, but is not limited to, the following:
(8) Quartering parties.
(9) Security forces in withdrawals.
(10) Support elements in raids or attacks.
(11) Security patrols in night attacks.
(12) Coordinates and supervises company-directed platoon resupply operations.
(13) Ensures that supplies are distributed IAW the platoon leader's guidance and
direction.
(14) Ensures that ammunition, supplies, and loads are properly and evenly distributed
(a critical task during consolidation and reorganization).
(15) Ensures the casualty evacuation plan is complete and executed properly.
c. Rifle Squad Leader. This soldier is responsible for all that the rifle squad does or fails to
do. He is a tactical leader and, as such, leads by example. The rifle squad leader—
(1) Controls the maneuver of his squad and its rate and distribution of fire.
(2) Trains his squad on the individual and collective tasks required to sustain combat
effectiveness.
(3) Manages the logistical and administrative needs of his squad. He requests
and
issues ammunition, water, rations, and special equipment.
(4) Maintains accountability of his soldiers and equipment.
(5) Completes casualty feeder reports and reviews the casualty reports completed by
squad members.
(6) Submits requests for awards and decorations.
(7) Directs the maintenance of the squad's weapons and equipment.
55
(8) Inspects the condition of soldiers' weapons, clothing, and equipment.
(9) Ensures that material and supplies are distributed to the soldiers in the squad.
(10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on squad supply status and squad
requirements.
(11) Ensures supplies and equipment are internally cross-leveled within the squad.
d. Weapons Squad Leader (Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Divisions Only). This
soldier is responsible for all that the weapons squad does or fails to do. His duties are the
same as the rifle squad leader. He also controls the machine guns and MAWs (Medium
Anti-armor Weapons) in support of the platoon's mission. He advises the platoon leader
on employing his squad.
e. Machine Gun Squad Leader. This soldier is responsible for all that the machine gun
squad does or fails to do. His duties are the same as the rifle squad leader, and he also
controls the machine guns in support of the platoon's mission. He advises the platoon
leader on employing the squad.
f.
Team Leader. This soldier is a fighting leader who leads by personal example and helps
the squad leader as required. He controls the movement of his fire team and the rate and
placement of fire by leading from the front and using the proper commands and signals.
He maintains accountability of his soldiers and equipment. He ensures his soldiers
maintain the unit standards in all areas.
g. Platoon Aidman. This soldier helps the platoon sergeant direct aid and litter teams; he
monitors the health and hygiene of the platoon. The platoon aidman—
(1) Treats casualties and assists in their evacuation under the control of the platoon
sergeant.
(2) Aids the platoon leader/sergeant in field hygiene matters, personally checks the
health and physical condition of platoon members.
(3) Requests Class VIII (medical) supplies through the platoon sergeant.
(4) Provides technical expertise and supervision of the combat lifesavers.
(5) Carries out other tasks assigned by the platoon leader and platoon sergeant.
h. Platoon Radiotelephone Operator. The platoon RATELO must know the use and care
of the radio to include waterproofing and presetting frequencies, the use of the SOI, and
how to construct and erect field-expedient antennas.
i.
Fire Support Team. The company has a fire support team attached from the DS (Direct
Support) FA (Field Artillery) battalion. This team provides each platoon with a twosoldier FO party - an FO and his RATELO.
(1) NOTE: FO party for a ranger rifle company is assigned not attached.
j.
Forward observer. The FO acts as the eyes of the FA and mortars. He works for the
platoon leader. The FO's main responsibilities are to locate targets and to call for and
56
adjust indirect fire support. The FO must be familiar with the terrain that the platoon is
operating in and the tactical situation. He must know the mission, the concept, and the
platoon's scheme of maneuver and priority of fires. The FO must-1) Inform the FIST (FIre Support Team) headquarters of platoon activities and the fire
support situation.
i. Prepare and use situation maps, overlays, and terrain sketches.
ii. Call for and adjust fire support.
iii. Operate as a team with the RATELO.
iv. Select targets to support the platoon's mission based on the company OPORD,
platoon leader's guidance and an analysis of METT-TC factors.
2) Select OPs (Observation Points) and movement routes to and from them.
3) Maintain communications as prescribed by the FSO (Fire Support Officer).
4) Operate the digital message device.
5) Maintain the six-digit grid coordinates of his location.
k. Radiotelephone operator. The RATELO's main duties are to set up, operate, and
maintain the FO party's communications equipment. At times, he must also perform the
duties of the FO for the platoon.
l.
Aid and Litter Team. Aid and litter teams are responsible for treating and evacuating
casualties.
m. Enemy Prisoner of War Team. EPW teams are responsible for controlling enemy
prisoners. IAW the five S's and the leader's guidance.
n. Surveillance Team. The surveillance team keeps watch on the objective from
the
time that the leader's reconnaissance ends until the unit deploys for actions on the
objective. They then join their element.
o. En Route Recorder. The en route recorder records all information collected during
the
mission.
p. Compass Man. The compass man assists in navigation by ensuring the lead fire team
leader remains on course at all times. Instructions to the compass man must include an
initial azimuth with subsequent azimuths provided as necessary. The compass man should
preset his compass on the initial azimuth before moving out, especially if the move will be
during limited visibility conditions. The platoon or squad leader should also designate an
alternate compass man.
q. Pace Man. The pace man maintains an accurate pace at all times. The platoon or squad
leader should designate how often the pace man is to report the pace to him. The pace man
should also report the pace at the end of each leg. The leader should also designate an
alternate pace man. Besides these common elements, combat patrols also have the
following elements and teams:
(1) Assault Element. The assault element seizes and secures the objective and
protects special teams as they complete their assigned actions on the objective.
57
(2) Security Element. The security element provides security at danger areas,
secures the ORP, isolates the objective, and supports the withdrawal of the rest of
the platoon once it completes its assigned actions on the objective. The security
element may have separate security teams, each with an assigned task or sequence
of tasks.
(3) Support Element. The support element provides direct fire support and may
control indirect fires for the platoon.
(4) Breach Element. The breach element breaches the enemy's obstacles when
required.
(5) Demolition Team. Demolition teams are responsible for preparing and exploding
the charges to destroy equipment, vehicles, or facilities on the objective. Demo
teams are rarely used.
(6) Search Team. The assault element may comprise two-man (buddy teams) up to
four-man (fire team) search teams to search bunkers, buildings, or tunnels on the
objective. These teams may search the objective or kill zone for casualties,
documents, or equipment.
58
PATROL BASES
A PATROL BASE IS A POSITION SET UP WHEN A SQUAD OR PLATOON CONDUCTING A PATROL
HALTS FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD. PATROL BASES SHOULD BE OCCUPIED NO LONGER THAN 24
HOURS EXCEPT IN AN EMERGENCY. THE PLATOON OR SQUAD NEVER USES THE SAME PATROL
BASE TWICE. PLATOONS AND SQUADS USE PATROL BASES--
To stop all movement to avoid detection.

To hide during a long, detailed reconnaissance of an objective area.

To eat, clean weapons and equipment, and rest.

To plan and issue orders.

To reorganize after infiltrating an enemy area.

To have a base from which to conduct several consecutive or concurrent operations such as ambush, raid
reconnaissance, or security.
SITE SELECTION
The leader selects the tentative site from a map or by aerial reconnaissance.
 The site’s suitability must be confirmed;
 It must be secured before occupation.
 Plans to establish a patrol base must include selecting an alternate patrol base site.
 The alternate site is used if the first site is unsuitable or if the patrol must unexpectedly evacuate the first patrol
base.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Leaders planning for a patrol base must consider the mission and passive and active security measures.
A. Mission. A patrol base must be located so it allows the unit to accomplish its mission.
B. Security measures. Security measures involve the following:
1) The leader selects-- Terrain that the enemy would probably consider of little tactical value.
 Terrain that is off main lines of drift.
 Difficult terrain that would impede foot movement such as an area of dense vegetation, preferable bushes and trees
that spread close to the ground.
 Terrain nears a source of water.
 Terrain that can be defended for a short period and that offers good cover and concealment.
2) The leader plans for—
 Observation posts.
 Communication with observation posts.
 Defense of the patrol base.
 Withdrawal from the patrol base to include withdrawal routes and a rally point, or rendezvous point or alternate patrol
base.
 A security system to make sure that specific soldiers are awake at all times.
 Enforcement of camouflage, noise, and light discipline.
 The conduct of required activities with minimum movement and noise.
3) The leader avoids—
 Known or suspected enemy positions.
 Built-up areas.
 Ridges and hilltops, except as needed for maintaining communication.
 Roads and trails.
 Small valleys.
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PATROL BASE OCCUPATION
FOR SQUAD STX
A patrol base is established using the following steps.
 Move to security halt in a wedge formation (about 100 meters from tentative patrol base)
 Assume cigar shape perimeter
 Squad leaders give members interlocking sectors of fire
 PSG checks perimeter
 If on knee more than 1 minute go to prone
 Squad leaders and PSG come to center to link up with PL
 PL tells SLs to get leader’s recon personnel and place them at 12:00 position
Leader’s recon consists of seven personnel. (PL, RTO, and Lead Fire Team)
PL gives PSG GOTWA: (MUST MAKE SENSE AND BE REALISTIC)
G - going (to recon PB)
O - others I am taking with me (Alpha Team)
T - time I will be gone ( ______ mikes)
W - what if I do not return (move towards the ORP cautiously to support the ORP clearing team)
if have 2nd radio call higher
A - action if you get hit actions if I get hit (If I get hit I will conduct appropriate battle drill and
return to the security halt. If I blow a long whistle blast come to me and support as best you
can. If you get hit go back to last en-route rally point, I will link-up with you there.)
Leaders recon moves out in small wedge 100 meters and confirms/clears tentative patrol base (they
are counted out by PSG)
 When tentative patrol base is found stop at 06:00 position.
 PL gives clearing team 2 GOTWA contingency plans.
 They will separate twice:
 One for when the clearing teams clear the patrol base.
 Next for when PL and RTO goes back to security halt.
 ATL and A1 clear the left side and the far side area (goes out approx 50 meters) and then turn
into the center (approx 25 meters).
 A2 and A4 do the same on the right side. The teams meet up in the center and move back to the
PL.
 PL and RTO remain at 6 o’clock position
 A2 and A4 identify the 2:00 position and A1 and A3 identify the 10:00 position.
 The clearing team takes most expeditious route back to the 6:00 position.
 A1 and A4 establish the LP/OP (Listening Post Observation Post).
 ATL and A2 remain at the 6:00 position to guide squads to the 2:00 and 10:00 positions.
If time warrants the PL checks positions, if not PL and RTO head back to the security halt.
When PL and RTO arrive back at the security halt they are counted in by the PSG at 12:00 position.
PL puts out distance & direction from 6:00 to 2:00, 2:00 to 10:00, & 6:00 to 10:00 positions and any
FRAGOs to PSG and SQD leaders. They disseminate information to personnel.
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Order of march: 1st SQD, PL and RTO, MG and AG, 2nd SQD, 3rd SQD, PSG, 4th SQD.
Hand and arm signal given for column formation just prior to “dog leg”.
Each person gives the signal at the same spot given by the previous person.
When close to tentative patrol base the PSG makes way to front of wedge and counts personnel in.
Squad leaders move to the front of their squads and guide into positions
The patrol base is now occupied, but not yet active. Security is now the priority.
SLs give interlocking sectors of fire and PSG perimeter.
10:00 posn
Guide
1st SQD order of mvmt
3d SQD
order of mvmt
2:00 posn
Guide
2d SQD
order of mvmt
movement
6:00
posn
The personnel of 4th SQD occupies the center of the PB, to serve as R&S teams and QRF (Quick
Reaction Force).
FOR PLATOON PATROLLING
During platoon patrolling the platoon is made up of two squads.
The clearing teams use the same clearing techniques, and the leader’s recon task organization is
the same.
Instead of using a triangle formation during platoon patrolling use a cigar shaped formation.
The order of march: 1st SQD, PL and RTO, MG and AG, 2nd SQD A TM and SL, PSG, 2nd
SQD B TM.
The machine gun crew is emplaced at the highest enemy threat. 1st SQD takes the 6 to 9 to
12:00 position, and the 2nd SQD takes the 6 to 3 to 12:00.
Beware of fratricide between the patrol base and the LP/OP, sometimes there is no good
position for a LP/OP.
Use only one R&S team.
After the platoon leader has checked each squad’s sector, the squad leader and another squad member
reports to the CP as an R&S team.
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The platoon leader issues the three R&S teams a contingency plan and reminds them that they are
looking for the enemy, water, built-up areas or human habitat, roads and trails, and any possible rally
points. (SQDs occupying a patrol base on their own do not send out R&S teams at night.)
 The R&S team departs from the left flank of their squad’s sector and moves out a given distance,
as stated by the platoon leader in his instructions.
 The team moves in a clockwise direction and reenters the patrol base at the right flank of their
squad’s sector.
 The R&S team, if at all possible, should prepare a sketch of the squad’s front and report to the
CP.
Note 1: the distance the R&S team moves away from the squad’s sector will vary depending on the
terrain and vegetation (anywhere from 200 to 400 meters).
All members of the platoon are on 100 percent alert during this time.
The R&S team is of little value at night without the use of night vision devices.
The RTO must be able to establish communications with higher headquarters using a directional
antenna.
Note 2: if the platoon leader feels that the platoon may have been tracked, he may elect to maintain
100 percent security and wait awhile in total silence before sending out the R&S teams.
Once all squad leaders (R&S teams) have completed their reconnaissance, they report back to the
platoon leader at the CP.
The platoon leader gathers the information from his three R&S teams and determines if the platoon is
going to be able to use the location as a patrol base.
PATROL BASE ACTIVITIES
If the platoon leader determines that he will be able to use the location as a patrol base, he gives the
following information to his platoon sergeant and squad leaders.
Platoon leader also disseminates other info - such as daily challenge and password, frequencies, call
signs.
Squad leaders return to their squads, give out information, and begin the priorities of work as stated
by the platoon leader.
The patrol base must be sterilized upon departure.
A.
SECURITY:
 Only one point of entry and exit is used.
 Noise & light discipline are maintained at all times.
 Everyone is challenged.
 Squad leaders supervise the placement of aiming stakes and ensure claymores are put out.
 Each squad establishes an OP and may quietly dig hasty fighting positions.
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 Squad leaders prepare and turn in sector sketches to include range cards.
ALERT PLAN:
 The platoon leader states the alert posture (for example, 50 percent or 33 percent) and the
stand-to time for day and night.
 He sets up the plan to ensure positions are checked periodically, and ensure that at least one
leader is up at all times.
B.
WITHDRAWAL PLAN:
 Platoon leader designates which signal to use if the contact is made (for example, colored star
cluster); the order of withdrawal if forced out (for example, squads not in contact will move
first); and the rendezvous point for the platoon (if the platoon is not to link up at an alternate
patrol base).
C.
MAINTENANCE PLAN:
 Platoon leader ensures that machine-guns, other weapon systems, are not broken down at the
same time for maintenance. Not all machine guns are broken down at the same time; when a
machine gun is off line, everyone is at 100% security.
 Redistribute ammunition.
Note: weapons are not disassembled at night. Unless it is critical for mission success.
D.
E.




F.
G.
SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE PLAN:
The platoon sergeant ensures the platoon slit trench is dug and marked at night with a
chemical light inside the trench.
Squad leaders designate squad urine areas.
All soldiers accomplish the following daily: shave; brush teeth; wash face, hands, armpits,
groin, and feet.
Soldiers ensure that no trash is left behind.
MESS PLAN: no more than half the platoon eats at one time.
WATER RESUPPLY:
 Platoon sergeant organizes a watering party.
 They carry canteens in an empty rucksack.
Note: squads have the same requirements with their squad patrol base as platoons.
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LINK-UP
A link-up is a meeting of friendly ground forces. Link-ups depend on control, detailed planning,
communications, and stealth. Assign tasks by fire team level. A fire team is the smallest elements to
use during link-up.
Task Standard. The units link up at the time and place specified in the order.
The enemy does not surprise the main bodies. The link-up units establish a consolidated chain of
command.
Link-up Site Selection. The leader identifies a tentative link-up site by map reconnaissance or higher
headquarters designates a link-up site. The link-up site should have the following characteristics:






Easy to recognize.
Provides cover and concealment.
Has no tactical value to the enemy.
Away from natural lines of drift.
Defendable.
Provides multiple access and escape routes.
Execution. Link-up procedure begins as the unit moves to the link-up point. The steps of this
procedure are:
The stationary unit performs link-up actions.
 Occupies the link-up rally point NLT the time specified in the order.
 Establishes all-around security, establishes commo, and prepares to accept the moving unit.
 The security team clears the immediate area around the link-up point. It then marks the linkup point with the coordinated recognition signal. The unit moves to a covered and concealed
position and observes the linkup point and immediate area around it.
The moving unit performs link-up actions.
 If using radio communications, the unit reports its location using phase lines, checkpoints, or
other control measures.
 Halts at a safe distance from the link-up point in a covered and concealed position (the link-up
rally point).
 The PL and a contact team prepare to make physical contact with the stationary unit.
Issue a contingency plan to the PSG.
Maintain commo with the platoon; verify near and far recognition signals for link-up (Good Visibility
and Limited Visibility).
Exchange far and near recognition signals with the link-up unit; conduct final coordination with the
link-up unit.
The stationary unit guides the patrol from its link-up rally point to the stationary unit link-up rally
point.
Link-up is complete by the time specified in the order.
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The main body of the stationary unit is alerted before the moving unit is brought forward.
The patrol continues its mission IAW the order.
Coordination Checklist. The PL coordinates or obtains the following information from the unit that
his patrol will link-up with:
 Exchange frequencies, call signs, codes, and other communication
information.
 Verify near and far recognition signals.
 Exchange fire coordination measures.
 Determine command relationship with the link-up unit; plan for consolidation of chain of
command.
 Plan actions following link-up.
 Exchange control measures (contact points, phase lines, contact points, and others as
appropriate).
BATTLE DRILLS
Infantry battle drills describe how platoons and squads apply fire and maneuver to commonly encountered situations.
They require leaders to make decisions rapidly and to issue brief oral orders quickly.
1. Definition.
process."
Battle drill as "a collective action rapidly executed without applying a deliberate decision-making
a. Characteristics of a battle drill are(1) They require minimal leader orders to accomplish and are standard throughout the Army.
(2) Sequential actions are vital to success in combat or critical to preserving life.
(3) They apply to platoon or smaller units.
(4) They are trained responses to enemy actions or leader's orders.
(5) They represent mental steps followed for offensive and defensive actions in training and combat.
b. A unit's ability to accomplish its mission often depends on soldiers, leaders, and units executing key actions
quickly. All soldiers and their leaders must know their immediate reaction to enemy contact as well as follow-up
actions. Drills are limited to situations requiring instantaneous response; therefore, soldiers must execute drills
instinctively. This results from continual practice. Drills provide small units with standard procedures essential for
building strength and aggressiveness.
(1) They identify key actions that leaders and soldiers must perform quickly.
(2) They provide for a smooth transition from one activity to another; for example, from movement to offensive
action to defensive action.
(3) They provide standardized actions that link soldier and collective tasks at platoon level and below.
(4) They require the full understanding of each individual and leader, and continual practice by the unit.
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Battle Drills are excerpt for ARTEP 7-1-Drill
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PLATOON SIZE OPERATIONS
Platoon level attack mission is the same a raid mission without a planned withdraw. After the attack
is complete then platoon usually defends the ground. So, the platoon mission attack is not
specifically addressed in the TACSOP. The following missions of raid, reconnaissance, and ambush
are from the Ranger Handbook SH 21-76, because that is the baseline school for infantry tactics and
leadership.
COMBAT PATROLS. Units conduct combat patrols to destroy or capture enemy soldiers or
equipment; destroy installations, facilities, or key points; or harass enemy forces. Combat patrols also
provide security for larger units. The two types of combat patrol missions are ambush and raid. This
section describes overall combat patrol planning considerations, task considerations for each type of
combat patrol, and finally actions on the objective for each type.
A. Planning Considerations (General). In planning a combat patrol, the PL considers the
following:
(1) Tasks to Subordinate Units. Normally the platoon headquarters element controls the
patrol on a combat patrol mission. The PL makes every attempt to maintain squad and
fire team integrity as he assigns tasks to subordinates units.
(2) The PL must consider the requirements for assaulting the objective, supporting the
assault by fire, and security of the entire unit throughout the mission.
(3) For the assault on the objective, the PL considers the required actions on the objective,
the size of the objective, and the known or presumed strength and disposition of the
enemy on and near the objective.
(4) The PL considers the weapons available, and the type and volume of fires required to
provide fire support for the assault on the objective.
(5) The PL considers the requirement to secure the platoon at points along the route, at
danger areas, at the ORP, along enemy avenues of approach into the objective, and
elsewhere during the mission.
(6) The PL will also designate engagement/disengagement criteria.
(7) The PL assigns additional tasks to his squads for demolition, search of EPWs,
guarding of EPWs, treatment and evacuation (litter teams) of friendly casualties, and
other tasks required for successful completion of patrol mission (if not already in the
SOP).
(8) The PL determines who will control any attachments of skilled personnel or special
equipment.
B. Leader's Reconnaissance of the Objective. In a combat patrol, the PL has additional
considerations for the conduct of his reconnaissance of the objective from the ORP.
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(1) Composition of the leader's reconnaissance party. The platoon leader will normally
bring the following personnel.
 Squad Leaders to include the Weapons Squad Leader.
 Surveillance team.
 Forward Observer.
 Security Element (dependent on time available).
(2) Conduct of the leader's reconnaissance. In a combat patrol the PL considers the
following additional actions in the conduct of the leader's reconnaissance of the
objective.
(3) The PL designates a release point approximately half way between the ORP and this
objective. The PL posts the surveillance team. Squads and fire teams separate at the
release point and move to their assigned positions.
(4) The PL confirms the location of the objective or kill zone. He notes the terrain and
identifies where he can place mines or claymores to cover dead space. Any change to
his plan is issued to the squad leaders (while overlooking the objective if possible).
(5) If the objective is the kill zone for an ambush, the leader's reconnaissance party should
not cross the objective; to do so will leave tracks that may compromise the mission.
(6) The PL confirms the suitability of the assault and support positions and routes from
them back to the ORP.
(7) The PL issues a five-point contingency plan before returning to the ORP.
C. Task Standards.
(1) Hasty Ambush. The platoon moves quickly to concealed positions. The ambush is not
initiated until the majority of the enemy is in the kill zone. The unit does not become
decisively engaged. The platoon surprises the enemy. The patrol captures, kills, or
forces the withdrawal of the enemy within the kill zone. On order, the patrol
withdraws all personnel and equipment in the kill zone from observation and direct
fire. The unit does not become decisively engaged by follow-on elements. The platoon
continues follow-on operations.
(2) Deliberate (Point/Area) Ambush. The ambush is emplaced NLT the time specified
in the order. The patrol surprises the enemy and engages the enemy main body. The
patrol kills or captures all enemy in the kill zone and destroys equipment based on the
commander’s intent. The patrol withdraws all personnel and equipment from the
objective, on order, within the time specified in the order. The patrol obtains all
available PIR from the ambush and continues follow-on operations.
(3) Perform Raid. The patrol initiates the raid NLT the time specified in the order,
surprises the enemy, assaults the objective, and accomplishes its assigned mission
within the commander’s intent. The patrol does not become decisively engaged. The
patrol obtains all available PIR from the raid objective and continues follow-on
operations.
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(4) Planning Considerations (Ambush). An ambush is a surprise attack from a
concealed position on a moving or temporarily halted target. Ambushes are classified
by category--hasty or deliberate; type--point or area; and formation—linear or Lshaped. The leader uses a combination of category, type, and formation in developing
his ambush plan. The key planning considerations include:
 Cover the entire kill zone by fire.
 METT-TC
 Use existing or reinforcing obstacles (Claymores and other mines) to keep the
enemy in the kill zone.
 Security teams are typically equipped with hand held AT weapons (AT-4 or
LAW) and claymores.
 Protect the assault and support elements with mines, claymores, or explosives.
 Use security elements or teams to isolate the kill zone.
 Assault into the kill zone to search dead and wounded, assemble prisoners, and
collect equipment. (The assault element must be able to move quickly through
its own protective obstacles.)
 Time the actions of all elements of the platoon to preclude loss of surprise.
 When the ambush must be manned for a long time, use only one squad to
conduct the entire ambush and determining movement time of rotating squads
from the ORP to the ambush site.
(2) Categories
 Hasty ambush. A unit conducts a hasty ambush when it makes visual contact
with an enemy force and has time to establish an ambush without being
detected. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well rehearsed so that
soldiers know what to do on the leader's signal. They must also know what
action to take if the unit is detected before it is ready to initiate the ambush.
 Deliberate ambush. A deliberate ambush is conducted against a specific target
at a predetermined location. The leader requires the following detailed
information in planning a deliberate ambush: size and composition of the
targeted enemy, and weapons and equipment available to the enemy.
(3) Types
 Point ambush. In a point ambush, soldiers deploy to attack an enemy in a
single kill zone.
 Area ambush. In an area, soldiers deploy in two or more related point
ambushes.
(4) Formations
 Linear. In an ambush using a linear formation, the assault and support
elements deploy parallel to the enemy's route. This positions both elements on
the long axis of the kill zone and subjects the enemy to flanking fire. This
formation can be used in close terrain that restricts the enemy's ability to
maneuver against the platoon, or in open terrain provided a means of keeping
the enemy in the kill zone can be effected.
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 L-Shaped. In an L-shaped ambush the assault element forms the long leg
parallel to the enemy's direction of movement along the kill zone. The support
element forms the short leg at one end of and at right angles to the assault
element. This provides both flanking (long leg) and enfilading fires (short leg)
against the enemy. The L-shaped ambush can be used at a sharp bend in a trail,
road, or stream. It should not be used where the short leg would have to cross a
straight road or trail.
Ambush Formations
(5) Planning Considerations (Raid). A raid is a combat operation to attack a position or
installation followed by a planning withdrawal. Squads do not conduct raids. The
sequence of platoon actions for a raid is similar to those for an ambush. Additionally,
the assault element of the platoon may have to conduct a breach of an obstacle. It may
have additional tasks to perform on the objective; for example, demolition of fixed
facilities. Fundamentals of the raid include:
 Surprise and speed. Infiltrate and surprise the enemy without being detected.
 Coordinated fires. Seal off the objective with well-synchronized direct and
indirect fires.
 Violence of action. Overwhelm the enemy with fire and maneuver.
 Planned withdrawal. Withdraw from the objective in an organized manner,
maintaining security.
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D. Actions on the Objective (Deliberate Ambush)
(1) The PL prepares the patrol for the ambush in the ORP.
(2) The PL prepares to conduct a leader’s recon.
 Designates the members of the leader’s recon party (typically includes squad
leaders, surveillance team, RTO/FO, and possibly the security element.
 Issues a contingency plan to the PSG.
(3) The PL conducts his leader's recon.
 Ensures the leader’s recon party moves undetected.
 Confirms the objective location and suitability for the ambush.
 Selects a kill zone.
 Posts a surveillance team at the site and issues a contingency plan.
 Confirms suitability of assault and support positions and routes from them to
the ORP.
(2) The PL adjusts his plan based on info from the recon.
 Assigns positions.
 Designates withdrawal routes.
 Designates necessary control measures.
 The PL confirms the ambush formation.
(3) The security team(s) occupy first, securing the flanks of the ambush site, and
providing early warning. The security element must be in position before the support
and assault elements move forward of the release point. A security team remains in the
ORP if the patrol plans to return to the ORP after actions on the objective.
(4) Support element leader assigns sectors of fire.
 Emplaces mines and obstacles as designated.
 Identifies sectors of fire and emplaces limiting stakes to prevent friendly fires
from hitting other elements.
 Overwatches the movement of the assault element into position.
(5) Once the support element is in position, or on the PLs order, the assault element
departs the ORP and moves into position. Actions of the assault element should
include:
 Identify individual sectors of fire as assigned by the PL. Emplace aiming
stakes.
 Emplace claymores and other protective devices.
 Emplace claymores, mines, or other explosives in dead space within the kill
zone.
 Camouflage positions.
(6) The security element spots the enemy and notifies the PL, reporting the direction of
movement, size of the target, and any special weapons or equipment carried. The
security element must also keep the platoon leader informed if any enemy forces are
following the lead force.
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(7) The PL alerts other elements, and determines if the enemy force is too large, or if his
ambush can engage successfully.
(8) The PL initiates the ambush using the highest casualty-producing device. He may use
a command-detonated claymore. He must also plan backup method for initiating the
ambush should the primary means fail. This should also be a casualty-producing
device such as his individual weapon. This information must be passed out to all
soldiers and practiced during rehearsals.
(9) The PL ensures that the assault and support elements deliver fire with the heaviest,
most accurate volume possible. The patrol must have a means of engaging the enemy
in the kill zone during period of limited visibility if it becomes necessary to initiate the
ambush under this situation. Use of tracers must be weighed against how it might help
the enemy to identify friendly positions. The platoon leader may use handheld or
indirect illumination flares to illuminate the kill zone.
(10)
The PL gives the signal to lift or shift fires if the target is to be assaulted. The
PL directs lift or shift prior to any assault.
(11)
The assault element assaults before the remaining enemy can react.
 Kills or captures enemy in the kill zone.
 Uses individual movement techniques or bounds by fire teams to move.
 Establishes security for special teams along a designated limit of advance
(LOA) and gives ACE reports to higher.
(12)
The PL directs special teams (EPW search, aid and litter, demo) to accomplish
their assigned task once the assault element has established its LOA.
 Once the kill zone has been cleared collect and secure all EPWs and move
them out of the kill zone before searching bodies. Establish a location for
EPWs and enemy wounded who will not be taken out that provides them
cover, yet allows them to be found easily by their units.
 Search from one side to the other and mark bodies that have been searched to
ensure the area is thoroughly covered. Search all dead enemy personnel using
two-man search techniques. [As the search team approaches a dead enemy
soldier, one man guards while the other man searches. First, he kicks the
enemy weapon away. Second, he rolls the body over (if on the stomach) by
lying on top and when given the go ahead by the guard (who is positioned at
the enemy's head), the searcher rolls the body over on him. This is done for
protection in case the enemy soldier has a grenade with the pin pulled
underneath him. The searchers then conduct a systematic search of the dead
soldier from head to toe removing all papers and anything new (different type
rank, shoulder boards, different unit patch, pistol, weapon, or NVD). They
note if the enemy has a fresh or shabby haircut and the condition of his
uniform and boots. They take note of the radio frequency, SOI, and maps.
Once the body has been thoroughly searched, the search team will continue in
this manner until all enemy personnel in and near the kill zone have been
searched.]
 Identify, collect, and prepare all equipment to be carried back or destroyed.
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 The demolition team prepares dual-primed explosives (C4 with two M60
fuse lighters and time fuse) or incendiary grenades and awaits the signal to
initiate. This is normally the last action performed before the unit departs the
objective and may signal the security elements to return to the ORP.
 Evacuate and treat friendly wounded first, then enemy wounded, time
permitting.
ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – DELIBERATE AMBUSH
E. Actions on the Objective (Hasty Ambush)
(1) Using visual signals, any soldier alerts the unit that an enemy force is in sight. The
soldier continues to monitor the location and activities of the enemy force until his
team or squad leader relieves him, and gives the enemy location and direction of
movement.
(2) The platoon or squad halts and remains motionless.
(3) The PL gives the signal to conduct a hasty ambush, taking care not to alert the enemy
of the patrol’s presence.
(4) The leader determines the best nearby location for a hasty ambush. He uses arm-andhand signals to direct the unit members to covered and concealed positions.
(5) The leader designates the location and extent of the kill zone.
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(6) Teams and squads move silently to covered and concealed positions, ensuring
positions are undetected and have good observation and fields of fire into the kill zone.
(7) Security elements move out to cover each flank and the rear of the unit. The leader
directs the security elements to move a given distance, set up, and rejoin the unit on
order or, after the ambush (the sound of firing ceases). At squad level, the two outside
buddy teams normally provide flank security as well as fires into the kill zone. At
platoon level, fire teams make up the security elements.
(8) The PL assigns sectors of fire and issues any other commands necessary (control
measures, etc.).
(9) The PL initiates the ambush, using the greatest casualty-producing weapon available,
when the largest percentage of enemy is in the kill zone.
 Controls the rate and distribution of fire.
 Employs indirect fire to support the ambush.
 Orders cease-fire.
(10)
The PL designates personnel to conduct a hasty search of enemy personnel and
process enemy prisoners and equipment.
(11)
The PL orders the platoon to withdraw from the ambush site along a covered
and concealed route.
(12)
The PL gains accountability, reorganizes as necessary, disseminates
information, reports the situation, and continues the mission as directed.
ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – HASTY AMBUSH
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F. Actions on the Objective (Raid)
(1) The patrol moves to and occupies the ORP IAW the patrol SOP. The patrol prepares
for the leader’s recon.
(2) The PL, squad leaders, and selected personnel conduct a leader’s recon.
 PL leaves a contingency plan with the PSG.
 PL establishes the RP, pinpoints the objective, observes the objective, and
verifies and updates intelligence information.
 Leader’s recon verifies location of and routes to security, support, and (4)
assault positions.
 Leader’s recon conducts the recon without compromising the patrol.
 Leader's recon normally recons support first, then assault.
 PL leaves a surveillance team to observe the objective.
 If the security teams were brought forward on the leader's reconnaissance, the
security leader can begin moving security into position while the platoon
leader and the remainder of the leader’s reconnaissance party move back to the
ORP.
(2) The PL updates his plan and issues instructions to his squad leaders.
 Assigns positions and withdrawal routes to all elements.
 Designates control measures on the objective (element objectives, lanes, limits
of advance, and assault line).
 Allows SLs time to disseminate information, and confirm that their elements
are ready.
(3) Security elements occupy designated positions, moving undetected into positions that
provide early warning and can seal off the objective from outside support or
reinforcement.
(4) The support element leader moves the support element to designated positions. The
support element leader ensures his element can place well-aimed fire on the objective.
(5) The PL moves with the assault element into the assault position. The assault position
is normally the last covered and concealed position before reaching the objective. As it
passes through the assault position the platoon deploys into its assault formation; that
is, its squads and fire teams deploy to place the bulk of their firepower to the front as
they assault the objective.
 Makes contact with the surveillance team to confirm any enemy activity on the
objective.
 Ensures that the assault position is close enough for immediate assault if the
assault element is detected early.
 Moves into position undetected, and establish local security and fire control
measures.
(6) Element leaders inform the PL when their elements are in position and ready.
(7) The PL directs the support element to fire.
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(8) Upon gaining fire superiority, the PL directs the assault element to move towards
the objective.
 Assault element holds fire until engaged, or until ready to penetrate the
objective.
 PL signals the support element to lift or shift fires. The support element lifts or
shifts fires as directed, shifting fire to the flanks of targets or areas as directed
in the FRAGO.
(9) The assault element attacks and secures the objective. The assault element may be
required to breech a wire obstacle. As the platoon or its assault element moves onto
the objective, it must increase the volume and accuracy of fires. Squad leaders assign
specific targets or objectives for their fire teams. Only when these direct fires keep the
enemy suppressed can the rest of the unit maneuver. As the assault element gets closer
to the enemy, there is more emphasis on suppression and less on maneuver.
Ultimately, all but one fire team may be suppressing to allow that one fire team to
break into the enemy position. Throughout the assault, soldiers use proper individual
movement techniques, and fire teams retain their basic shallow wedge formation. The
platoon does not get "on-line" to sweep across the objective.
 Assault element assaults all the way through the objective to the designated
LOA.
 Assault element leaders establish local security along the LOA, and
consolidate and reorganize as necessary, providing ACE reports to the PL and
PSG. The platoon establishes security, mans key weapons, provides first aid
and prepares wounded soldiers for MEDEVAC, redistributes ammunition and
supplies, relocates selected weapons to alternate positions if leaders believe
that the enemy may have pinpointed them during the attack, adjusts other
positions to maintain mutual support and squad and team leader provide
ammunition, casualty, and equipment (ACE) reports to the platoon leader. The
PL/PSG reorganize the patrol based on the contact.
(10)
On order, special teams accomplish all assigned tasks under the supervision of
the PL, who positions himself where required to maintain control of the patrol.
(11)
Special Team Leaders report to PL when assigned tasks are complete.
(12)
On order or signal of the PL, the assault element withdraws from the objective.
Using prearranged signals the assault line begins an organized withdrawal from the
objective site maintaining control and security as the withdrawal is conducted. The
assault element will bound back in the vicinity of the original assault line and will
begin a single file withdrawal through the APLs choke point. It is critical for all men
to move through the choke point to maintain an accurate count. Once the assault
element is a safe distance from the objective and the headcount is confirmed, the
platoon can withdraw the support element. If the support element were a part of the
assault line they will withdraw together and the security would be given the signal to
withdraw. Once the support is a safe distance off the objective they will notify the
platoon leader and the platoon leader will contact the security element and give them
the signal to withdraw. All security teams will link-up at the release point and notify
the platoon leader prior to moving to the ORP. As personnel return to the ORP, they
immediately secure their equipment and establish 360-degree security. Once the
security element returns, the platoon will move out of the objective area as soon as
possible, normally within 2 – 3 minutes.
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 Prior to withdrawal, demo team activates demo devices and charges.
 Support element or designated personnel within the assault element maintain
local security during withdrawal.
 Leaders report updated accountability and status (ACE report) to the PL and
PSG.
(13)
Squads withdraw from the objective in the order designated in the FRAGO to
the ORP.
 Account for personnel and equipment.
 Disseminate information.
 Redistribute ammunition and equipment as required.
(14)
The PL reports mission accomplishment to higher and continues the mission.
 Reports raid assessment to higher.
 Informs higher of any IR/PIR gathered.
ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE - RAID
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RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS. Recon patrols provide timely and accurate information on the
enemy and terrain. They confirm the leader’s plan before it is executed. Units on reconnaissance
operations collect specific information [Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR)] or general
information [Information Requirements (IR)] based on the instructions from their higher commander.
The two types of recon patrols discussed here are area and zone. This section discusses the
fundamentals of reconnaissance, task standards for the two most common types of recon, and actions
on the objective for those types of recon.
A. Fundamentals of Reconnaissance. In order to have a successful area reconnaissance, the platoon
leader must apply the fundamentals of the reconnaissance to his plan during the conduct of the
operation.
(1) Gain all Required Information: The parent unit tells the patrol leader (PL) what
information is required. This is in the form of the IR (Intelligence Requirements) and PIR
(Priority Intelligence Requirements). The platoon’s mission is then tailored to what
information is required. During the entire patrol, members must continuously gain and
exchange all information gathered, but cannot consider the mission accomplished unless
all PIR has been gathered.
(2) Avoid Detection by the Enemy: A patrol must not let the enemy know that it is in the
objective area. If the enemy knows he is being observed, he may move, change his plans,
or increase his security measures. Methods of avoiding detection are:





Minimize movement in the objective area (Area Recon).
Move no closer to the enemy than necessary.
If possible use long range surveillance devices or night observation devices.
Camouflage, stealth, noise and light discipline.
Minimize radio traffic.
(3) Employ security measures: A patrol must be able to break contact and return to the
friendly unit with what information is gathered. If necessary, break contact and continue
the mission. Security elements are emplaced so that they can overwatch the
reconnaissance elements and suppress the enemy so the reconnaissance element can break
contact.
(4) Task Organization: When the platoon leader receives the order, he analyzes his mission to
ensure he understands what must be done. Then he task organizes his platoon to best
accomplish the mission IAW METT-TC. Recons are typically squad-sized missions.
B. Task Standards.
(1) Area Recon. The area recon patrol collects all available information on PIR and other
intelligence requirements specified in the order for the area. The patrol completes the
recon and reports all information by the time specified in the order. The patrol is not
compromised.
(2) Zone Recon. The zone recon patrol determines all PIR and other intelligence
requirements specified in the order for its assigned zone. The patrol reconnoiters without
detection by the enemy. The patrol completes the recon and reports all information by the
time specified in the order.
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C. Actions on the Objective (Area Recon)
(1) The element occupies the ORP as discussed in the section on occupation of the ORP. RTO
calls in spare for occupation of ORP. The leader confirms his location on map while
subordinate leaders make necessary perimeter adjustments.
(2) The PL organizes the platoon in one of two ways: separate recon and security elements, or
combined recon and security elements.
(3) The PL takes subordinates leaders and key personnel on a leader’s recon to confirm the
objective and plan.
 Issues a 5 point contingency plan before departure.
 Establishes a suitable release point. That is out of sight and sound distance from
the objective (if possible), but (at a minimum) definitely out of sight of the
objective, and should also possess good rally point characteristics.
 Allows all personnel to become familiar with the release point and surrounding
area.
 Identifies (pinpoints) the objective and emplaces surveillance. The surveillance
team is positioned with one man facing the objective, and one facing back in the
direction of the release point.
 Takes subordinate leaders forward to pinpoint the objective, establish a limit of
advance, and choose vantage points.
 Maintains commo with the platoon throughout the leader’s recon.
 Designates a surveillance team to keep the objective under surveillance.
 Issues a contingency plan to the senior man remaining with the surveillance team.
(4) The PSG maintains security and supervises priorities of work in the ORP.
 Reestablishes security at the ORP.
 Disseminates the PLs contingency plan.
 Oversees preparation of recon personnel (Personnel re-camouflaged, NODs and
Binos prepared, Weapons on safe with a round in the chamber).
(5) The PL and his recon party return to the ORP.
 Confirms the plan or issues a FRAGO.
 Allows subordinate leaders time to disseminate the plan.
(6) The patrol conducts the recon by long-range observation and surveillance if possible.
 R&S elements move to observation points that offer cover and concealment, and
that are outside of small-arms range and range of local security measures.
 Establishes a series of OPs if information cannot be gathered from one location.
 Gathers all PIR using the acronym SALUTE.
(7) If necessary, the patrol conducts its recon by short-range observation and surveillance.
 Moves to an OP near the objective.
 Passes close enough to the objective to gain information.
 Gathers all PIR using the acronym SALUTE.
(8) R&S teams move using a technique such as the cloverleaf method to move to successive
OP’s. In this method, R&S teams avoid paralleling the objective site, maintain extreme
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stealth, do not cross the limit of advance, and Maximize the use of available cover and
concealment.
(9) During the conduct of the recon, each R&S team will return to the release point when any
of the following occurs:
 They have gathered all their PIR.
 They have reached the limit of advance.
 The allocated time to conduct the recon has elapsed.
 Contact has been made.
(10) At the release point, the leader will analyze what information has been gathered and
determine if he has met the PIR requirements.
(11) If the leader determines that he has not gathered sufficient information to meet the PIR
requirements, or if the information he and the subordinate leader gathered differs
drastically, he may have to send R&S teams back up to the objective site. Before doing
this, he will issue new five-point contingency plans all around and may even have to
return to the ORP to alert the PSG of the change.
(12) The R&S element returns undetected to the ORP by the specified time.
 Disseminates information to all patrol members through key leaders at the ORP,
or moves to a position at least one terrain feature or one kilometer away to
disseminate. To disseminate, the leader has the RTO prepare three sketches of the
objective site based on his (the leader's) sketch and provides the copies to the
subordinate leaders to assist in dissemination.
 Reports any information requirements and/or any information requiring
immediate attention to higher headquarters, and departs for the designated area.
(13) If contact is made:
 Moving to the release point: the recon element will attempt to break contact and
return to the ORP, secure rucksacks, and quickly move out of the area. Once they
have moved a safe distance away, the leader will inform higher HQ of the
situation and take further instructions from them.
 While emplacing surveillance: These individuals will withdraw through the
release point to the ORP and follow the same procedures as above.
 While conducting the recon: All personnel will fire a full magazine on to the
objective site. Surveillance will fire a LAW on the biggest weapon on the
objective. All elements will pull off the objective and move to the release point.
The senior man will quickly account for all personnel and return to the ORP.
Once in the ORP, the procedures as outlined in (1) above will be followed.
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ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – AREA RECON
D. Actions on the Objective (Zone Recon)
(1) The element occupies the initial ORP as discussed in the section occupation of the ORP.
RTO calls in spare for occupation of ORP. The leader confirms his location on map while
subordinate leaders make necessary perimeter adjustments.
(2) The recon team leaders organize their recon elements.
 Designate security and recon elements.
 Assign responsibilities (point man, pace man, enroute recorder, and rear security),
if not already assigned.
 Designates easily recognizable rally points.
 Ensure local security at all halts.
(3) The patrol recons the zone.
 Moves tactically to the ORP’s.
 Occupies designated ORP’s.
 Follows the method designated by the PL:
o Fan Method. Utilizes a series of ORP’s. The patrol establishes security at the
first ORP. Each recon element moves from the ORP along a different fanshaped route that overlaps with others to ensure recon of the entire area. The
leader typically maintains a reserve at the ORP. When all recon elements
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have returned to the ORP, the PL collects and disseminates all information
before moving to the next ORP.
o Converging Routes Method. The PL selects routes from the ORP through the
zone to a link-up point at the far side of the zone from the ORP. Each recon
element moves and recons along a specified route, and all elements converge
at one time and place to link-up.
o Box Method. The PL sends his recon elements from the first ORP along routes
that form a box. He sends other elements along routes through the area
within the box. All teams link-up at the far side of the box from the ORP.
(4) The recon teams perform reconnaissance.
 During movement the squad will gather all PIR specified by the order.
 Recon team leaders will ensure sketches are drawn of all enemy hardsites, roads,
and trails.
 When the squad arrives at new rendezvous point or ORP, the recon team leaders
report to the PL with all information gathered.
 Return to the ORP, or link up at the rendezvous point on time.
(5) The PL continues to control the recon elements.
 PL moves with the recon element that establishes the link-up point.
 PL changes recon methods as required.
 PL designates times for the elements to return to the ORP or to link-up.
 PL collects all information and disseminates it to the entire patrol. PL will brief
all key subordinate leaders on information gathered by other squads, establishing
one consolidated sketch if possible, and allow team leaders time to brief their
teams.
 PL and PSG account for all personnel.
(6) The patrol continues the recon until all designated areas have been reconned, and returns
undetected to friendly lines.
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ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – ZONE RECON: BOX
METHOD
ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – ZONE RECON: CONVERGING ROUTES METHOD
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ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE – ZONE RECON: FAN METHOD
ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
A route reconnaissance is conducted to obtain detailed information about one route and all the
adjacent terrain or to locate sites for emplacing obstacles. A route reconnaissance is oriented on a
road; a narrow axis, such as an infiltration lane; or a general direction of attack. Normally engineers
are attached to the infantry unit for a complete route reconnaissance. Infantry can conduct a hasty
route reconnaissance without engineer support. A route reconnaissance results in detailed information
about trafticability, enemy activity, NBC contamination, and aspects of adjacent terrain from both the
enemy and friendly viewpoint. In planning a route reconnaissance the leader considers the following.
1. The preferred method for conducting a route reconnaissance is the fan method described above.
The leader must ensure that the fans are extensive enough to reconnoiter intersecting routes
beyond direct-fire range of the main route.
2. The platoon should use a different return route.
3. If all or part of the proposed route is a road, the leader must treat the road as a danger area. The
platoon moves parallel to the road using a covered and concealed route. When required,
reconnaissance and security teams move close to the road to reconnoiter key areas.
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URBAN OPERATIONS
GENERAL. Urban operations are defined as all military actions that are planned and conducted on
terrain where man-made construction affects the tactical options available. Urban terrain is likely to
be one of the most significant future areas of operations for American forces throughout the world.
Expanding urban development affects military operations as the terrain is altered. The increasing
focus on stability and support operations, urban terrorism, and civil disorder emphasizes that combat
in urbanized areas is unavoidable. Urban areas are the power centers, the centers of gravity, and thus
the future battlefield. References for further study are: FM 90-10-1, FM 90-10, FM 90-1,
FM 7-8, 75th Ranger Regiment Advanced MOUT SOP, Ranger Training Circular 350-1-2.
TYPES OF URBAN OPERATIONS
1. High-Intensity Conditions of Urban Combat. Infantry units must be trained to conduct urban
combat under high-intensity conditions. High-intensity urban combat requires the employment of
combat power of the joint combined arms team. An Infantry unit’s mission is normally to recon,
isolate, penetrate, systematically clear; defend the urban area, and engaging and defeating the
enemy with decisive combat power. Although the changing world situation may have made urban
combat under high-intensity conditions less likely for US forces, it represents the high end of the
combat spectrum, and units must be trained for it. High-intensity urban operations can be
casualty-intensive for both sides. With the integrated firepower of the joint, combined arms team,
leaders must make every attempt to limit unnecessary destruction of critical infrastructure and
casualties among noncombatants.
2. Precision Conditions of Urban Combat. Infantry units train to defeat an enemy that is mixed with
non-combatants in precision urban combat. Leaders plan to limit civilian casualties and collateral
damage through the establishment of strict rules of engagement (ROE) and the employment of
precision weapons and munitions. The ROE provides the focus for the use and restraint of combat
power. The ROE may be significantly more restrictive than under high-intensity conditions.
3. Surgical Conditions of Urban Combat. Operations conducted under surgical conditions include
special-purpose raids, small precision strikes, or smallscale personnel seizure or recovery
operations in an urban environment (for example, hostage rescue). Joint special operation forces
usually conduct these operations. They may closely resemble US police operations performed by
Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams. They may even involve cooperation between US
forces and host nation police. Though regular units may not usually be involved in the actual
surgical operation, they may support it by isolating the area, by providing security or crowd
control, or providing search and rescue teams.
4. Leaders must always be prepared to transition rapidly from one type of urban combat to another,
and back. Lessons learned from combat demonstrate that urban operations can rapidly deteriorate
with little or no forewarning to combatants. It is quite possible for a force involved in stability
and support operations, to suddenly find themselves in a high-intensity combat situation.
PRINCIPLES OF MOUT.
1. Surprise. Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Key to
success: gives the assaulting element the advantage.
2. Security. Never permit the enemy to acquire unexpected advantage.
a. Maintain during all phases of the operation.
b. Four-dimensional battlefield (height, depth, width, subterranean).
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c. Always maintain 360 degree security (include elevated and subterranean areas).
d. Mission is never complete as long as you remain in the urban environment. The status of
actors in the urban environment does not afford the sense of security offered by “open”
terrain. The key to survivability is a constant state of situational awareness.
3. Simplicity. Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans, and provide subordinates with concise orders to
ensure thorough understanding.
a. Always keep plans simple.
b. Ensure everyone understands the mission and the commander’s intent.
c. Plan and prepare for the worst.
4. Speed. Rate of military action.
a. Acts as security.
b. Move in a careful hurry.
c. Smooth is fast and fast is smooth.
d. Never move faster than you can accurately engage targets.
e. Exercise tactical patience.
5. Violence of Action. Eliminate the enemy with sudden, explosive force.
a. Combined with speed gives surprise.
b. Prevents enemy reaction.
c. Both physical and mental.
METT-TC CONSIDERATIONS. To effectively plan combat operations in urban environments,
leaders must utilize Troop Leading Procedures and conduct a thorough analysis utilizing METT-TC
factors. The following lists specific planning guidance that must be incorporated when planning for
urban operations. For more specifics on mission planning, refer to Chapter 2, Ranger Handbook.
1. Mission: Know correct Task Organization to accomplish the mission (Offense, Defense, or
Stability and Support Operations).
2. Enemy.
a. Disposition. Analyze the arrayal of enemy forces in and around your objective, known
and suspected. Example: Known or suspected locations of minefields, obstacles, and
strong points.
b. Composition and Strength. Analyze the enemy's task organization, troops available,
suspected strength, and amount of support from local civilian populace based on
intelligence estimates. Is the enemy a conventional or unconventional force?
c. Morale. Analyze the enemy's current operational status based on friendly intelligence
estimates. Example: Is the enemy well supplied, have they had recent success against
friendly forces, taken many casualties, current weather?
d. Capabilities. Determine what the enemy can employ against your forces. Example:
Enemy's weapons, artillery assets, engineer assets, air defense assets, NBC threats,
thermal/NVG capabilities, close air support, armor threat, etc.
e. Probable Course(s) of Action. Based on friendly intelligence estimates, determine how
the enemy will fight within his area of operation (in and around your area of
operation).
3. Time
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4. Terrain.
a. Leaders conduct a detailed terrain analysis of each urban setting, considering the types
of built-up areas and composition of existing structures
b. Utilize OCOKA when analyzing terrain, in and around the area of operation.
i. Observation and Fields of Fire: Always be prepared to conduct urban
operations under limited visibility conditions. This includes the effects of
reduced illumination, as well as natural and manmade obscuration. Leaders
should ensure that soldiers are equipped with adequate resources, which allow
them to successfully operate in the urban environment under these types of
conditions.
ii. Cover and Concealment: Leaders must perform a thorough analysis of
peripheral as well as intra-urban areas. Leaders should identify routes to
objectives, which afford assault forces with the best possible cover and
concealment. Additionally, leaders should take advantage of limited visibility
conditions, which would allow for forces to move undetected to their final
assault / breaching positions. When in the final assault position, forces should
move as rapidly as tactically possible to access structures, which afford
additional cover and concealment. Leaders must learn to properly employ
obscurants and exercise “tactical patience” to fully take advantage of these
effects. Finally, all members of the urban force must practice noise and light
discipline. Soldiers must avoid unnecessary voice communications, learn the
proper use of white light, and limit contact with surfaces that may alert the
enemy of their presence.
iii. Obstacles: There are many manmade and natural obstacles on the periphery, as
well as within the urban environment. Leaders should conduct a detailed
reconnaissance of routes and objectives (this must include subterranean
complexes), taking into consideration route adjustments and special equipment
needs.
iv. Key Terrain: Analyze which buildings, intersections, bridges, LZ/PZ, airports,
and elevated areas that provide a tactical advantage to you or the enemy.
Additionally, the leader must identify critical infrastructure within his area of
operations, which would provide the enemy with a tactical advantage on the
battlefield. These may include, but are not limited to, communication centers,
medical facilities, governmental facilities, and facilities that are of
psychological significance.
v. Avenues of Approach: Consider roads, intersections, inland waterways, and
subterranean constructions (subways, sewers, and basements). Leaders should
classify areas as go, slow go, or no-go based on the navigability of the
approach. NOTE: Military maps may not provide enough detail for urban
terrain analysis or reflect the underground sewer systems, subways, water
systems, or mass transit routes.
5. Troops: Analyze your forces utilizing their disposition, composition, strength, morale,
capabilities, etc. Leaders must also consider the type and size of the objective to plan effective
use of troops available.
a. Operations in an urban environment have a slower pace and tempo. Leaders must
consider the amount of time required to secure, clear, or seize the urban objective and
stress and fatigue soldiers will encounter. Additional time must also be allowed for
area analysis efforts; these may include, but are not limited to:
i. Maps and urban plans Recon and analysis
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ii. Hydrological data analysis
iii. Line-of-sight surveys
iv. Long Range Surveillance and Scout reconnaissance similar to the conduct of
other military operations, leaders need to designate time for rehearsals. Urban
operations require a variety of individual, collective, and special tasks, which
are not associated with operations on less complex terrain. These task require
additional rehearsal time for clearing, breaching, obstacle reduction, casualty
evacuation, and support teams. Additionally, rehearsal time must be identified
for rehearsals with combined arms elements. These may include, but are not
limited to:
1. Artillery
2. Armor
3. Aviation
4. Armor
5. Engineers
6. Civilians: Authorities such as the National Command will establish the Rules of Engagement.
Commanders at all levels, may provide further guidance regarding civilians occupying the
area of operations (AO). Leaders must daily reiterate the ROE to subordinates, and
immediately inform them of any changes to the ROE. Rangers must have the discipline to
identify the enemy from noncombatants and ensure civilians understand and follow all
directed commands.
NOTE: Civilians may not speak English, may be hiding (especially small children), or dazed from a
breach. Civilians must not be given the means to resist. Rehearse how clearing/search teams will
react to these variables. Never compromise the safety of your Rangers.
CLOSE QUARTERS COMBAT (CQC).
1. Due to the very nature of a CQC encounter, engagements will be very close (within 10
meters) and very fast (targets exposed for only a few seconds). Most close quarter's
engagements are won by who hits first and puts the enemy down. It is more important to
knock a man down as soon as possible than it is to kill him. In order to win a close quarters
engagement, Rangers must make quick, accurate shots by mere reflex. This is accomplished
by reflexive fire training. Remember, no matter how proficient you are, always fire until the
enemy goes down. All reflexive fire training is conducted with the eyes open. Note: Research
has determined, that on average, only three individuals out of ten actually fire their weapons
when confronted by an enemy during room clearing operations. Close quarters combat
success for the Ranger begins with the Ranger being psychologically prepared for the close
quarter’s battle. The foundation for this preparedness begins with the Ranger’s proficiency in
basic rifle marksmanship. Survival in the urban environment does not depend on advanced
skills and technologies. Rangers must be proficient in the basics.
2. Stance. Feet are shoulder width apart, toes pointed straight to the front (direction of
movement). The firing side foot is slightly staggered to the rear of the non-firing foot. Knees
are slightly bent and the upper body leans slightly forward. Shoulders are not rolled or
slouched. Weapon is held with the butt stock in the pocket of the shoulder. The firing side
elbow is kept in against the body. The stance should be modified to ensure the Ranger
maintains a comfortable boxer stance.
a. Low Carry Technique. The butt stock of the weapon is placed in the pocket of the
shoulder. The barrel is pointed down so the front sight post and day optic is just out of
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the field of vision. The head is always up identifying targets. This technique is
safest and is recommended for use by the clearing team once inside the room.
b. High Carry Technique. The butt stock of the weapon is held in the armpit. The barrel
is pointed slighted up with the front sight post in the peripheral vision of the
individual. Push out on the pistol grip and thrust the weapon forward and pull straight
back into the pocket of the shoulder to assume the proper firing position. This
technique is best suited for the line –up outside the door. Exercise caution with this
technique always maintaining situational awareness, particularly in a multi-floored
building.
NOTE: Muzzle awareness is critical to the successful execution of close quarter’s
operations. Rangers must never point their weapons or cross the bodies of their fellow
Rangers at any time. Additionally Rangers should always avoid exposing the muzzle
of their weapons around corners; this is referred to as “flagging”.
c. Malfunction. If a Ranger has a malfunction with his weapon during any CQC training,
he will take a knee to conduct immediate action. Once the malfunction is cleared there
is no need to immediately stand up to engage targets. Rangers can save precious
seconds by continuing to engage from one knee. Whenever other members of the team
see a Ranger down, they must automatically clear his sector of fire. Before rising to
his feet, the Ranger warns his team members of his movement and only rises after they
acknowledge him. If a malfunction occurs once committed to a doorway, the Ranger
must enter the room far enough to allow those following him to enter and move away
from the door. This drill must be continually practiced until it is second nature.
d. Approaching the Building or Breach Point. One of the trademarks of ranger operations
is the use of limited visibility conditions. Whenever possible, breaching and entry
operations should be executed during hours and conditions of limited visibility.
Rangers should always take advantage of all available cover and concealment when
approaching breach and entry points. When natural or manmade cover and
concealment is not available, Rangers should employ obscurants to conceal their
approach. There are times when Rangers will want to employ obscurants to enhance
existing cover and concealment. Members of the breach / entry team should be
numbered for identification, communication, and control purposes.
i. The number one man should always be the most experienced / mature member
of the team, next to the team leader. The number one man is responsible for
frontal and entry / breach point security.
ii. The number two man is directly behind the number one man in the order of
movement and is normally responsible as an entry or clearing team member.
iii. The number three man is normally the team leader and is responsible for
initiating all voice and physical commands. The team leader must exercise
situational awareness at all time with respect to the task, friendly force, and
enemy activity. One technique would be to use the number three man as the
breach man. The breach man may employ one of the three breaching
techniques, which are:
1. Ballistic (Shotgun, Rifle, etc…)
2. Mechanical (Hooligan Tool, Prybar, Sledge Hammer, etc…)
3. Explosive (Door Knob Charge, Chain-link Ladder Charge, E-Silhouette
Charge, etc…)
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3. The number four man is normally the automatic rifleman and is usually equipped with an
M249 Squad Automatic Weapon. He is responsible for rear security and is normally the last
man into the room and can respond with a tremendous amount of firepower, should the team
leader require him to do so. Another technique is to utilize the number four man as the breach
man.
4. Actions Outside the Point of Entry. Entry point position and individual weapon positions are
important. The clearing team members should stand as close to the entry point as possible,
ready to enter. Weapons are oriented in such a manner that the team provides itself with 360
degree security at all times. Team members must signal to one another that they are ready at
the point of entry. This is best accomplished by sending up a "squeeze". If a tap method is
used, an inadvertent bump may be misunderstood as a tap.
5. Actions Upon Entry. Non-lethal grenades can be used prior to entering any type of structure.
If an enemy force is known to occupy a room, fragmentation grenades can be used if the walls
and foundations are suitable. A fragmentation grenade has tremendous overpressure and
missile hazard and may severely damage lightly constructed buildings. Team members must
exercise fire control and discriminate between enemy and noncombatant targets. Rooms are
never entered with less than two men. The #1 or #2 man may shout "Short Room" if the room
is too small for the whole team.
6. Clearing the Entry Point. Team members must clear the point of entry to eliminate the enemy
threat and allow remaining team members to move into the room. An entry point acts as a
fatal funnel since it is the focal point for enemy weapon acquisition.
7. Clear the Room. Team members move away from the entry point and assume positions within
the room where the threat can be best eliminated. Any threat is eliminated or neutralized as
individual team members move to their points of domination, not once you get there. Never
move faster than you can accurately engage targets.
8. Four-Man Stack: example (Figures 14-5-1 through 14-5-9). To be effective, team members
are numbered #1 through #4. The #1 man must act the quickest and make immediate
decisions. The #1 Man enters the room eliminating the immediate threat and has the option of
moving left or right, moving to one of two corners. His ability to move to a corner will be
determined by obstacles, size of the room, and the enemy situation. As he enters through the
entry point, he can visually check one of the corners and determine if there is an immediate
threat. If there is a threat he moves to the threat, eliminating it as he moves to the corner. If no
immediate threat exists in the first corner, he should consider "button-hooking" to the other
corner to avoid being shot in the back. The #2 Man moves along the wall in the opposite
direction of the #1 Man. Both the #1 and #2 Man clear the breach point, their immediate
threat areas all while moving to their dominating corner in the room. The #3 Man goes the
opposite direction of the #2 Man inside the room and at least one meter from the door. The #4
Man moves in the opposite direction of the #3 Man. All team members stop when they have
cleared the door and have reached their point of domination within the room. NOTE: All team
members must be prepared to perform the duties of all positions (#1-4) after initial room is
cleared. All team members must be cross trained in each position.
NOTE: Room clearing procedures are techniques or SOPs and not doctrine. Rangers are
encouraged to establish SOPs when they get to their units. However, SOPs for the urban
environment need to be well thought out, and may not fit all conditions that the force may
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encounter. For example, ROE will impact the munitions employed and techniques utilized during
urban clearing operations.
9. Sectors of Fire. The number one man enters and goes left or right based on immediate threat
location. The number two man goes the opposite direction of the number one man and
engages all targets of opportunity in his sector. These actions normally result in the room
being “divided” in half and 100% of the room being scanned except for the upper levels. The
number three man enters, clears the fatal funnel to the left or the right, and primarily scans
overhead areas. The number four man enters and goes opposite the number three man and
continues to provide rear security as the situation dictates.
10. Locking Down the Room.
a. Control the situation within the room.
b. Use clear, concise arm and had signals. Voice commands should be kept to a
minimum to reduce the amount of confusion and to prevent the enemy (which may be
in the next room) from discerning what is going on. This enhances the opportunity for
surprise and allows the assault force the opportunity to detect any approaching force.
c. Physically and psychologically dominate.
d. Establish security / report status.
e. Cursory search of the room to include the ceiling (3 Dimensional Fight).
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GENERAL DRILL & CEREMONY
Excerpt: FM 3-21.5
FORMATIONS
The platoon has two prescribed formations—line and column (Figure 7-1). However, the platoon may
be formed into a file or a column of twos from a column formation. When in a line formation, the
elements (squads) of a platoon are numbered from front to rear; in a column formation, from left to
right. (Appendix G contains an explanation of the symbols used in figures.)
BASIC INFORMATION
For the most part, platoon drill merely provides the procedures for executing drill movements in
conjunction with other squads formed in the same formation. Individual drill movements and the
manual of arms are executed as previously described while performing as a squad member during the
conduct of platoon drill. For continuity purposes in this chapter, "platoon sergeant" may also denote
"platoon leader" when the platoon sergeant is executing drill from his post.
Figure 7-1. Platoon formations.
1. During all drill and ceremonies, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant carry their rifles at
Sling Arms. When the platoon drills as part of a larger unit, the platoon leader and platoon
sergeant remain at Sling Arms during all manual of arms movements except when executing
the Hand Salute while at Sling Arms.
2. When the platoon drills as a separate unit or as part of a larger unit in a line formation,
without officers present, the post for the platoon sergeant is three steps in front of and
centered on the platoon. When in column formation, the post for the platoon sergeant is three
steps to left flank of and centered on the platoon.
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3. The post for the platoon sergeant with the platoon leader present is one step to the rear and
centered on the platoon in line or column formation.
4. When assuming his post in column from a line formation with the platoon leader present, the
platoon sergeant faces to the left in marching (on the command of execution FACE) and
marches in the most direct route to his post. He then halts and faces to the right. When
assuming his post in line from a column formation, he faces to the right in marching (on the
command of execution FACE) and marches in the most direct route to his post, halts centered
on the platoon, and faces to the left.
NOTE:
When the files (columns) are uneven, the platoon sergeant normally directs the men in
longer files to move to another file to balance the formation; or he may fill the vacancy
himself as the last man in the right file.
5. When control of the formation is being exchanged between the platoon sergeant and the
platoon leader, the platoon sergeant will always travel around the right flank (squad leader) of
the formation when marching from post to post. The platoon leader will always travel around
the left flank of the formation when marching post to post.
6. On the command Open Ranks, MARCH; Backward, MARCH; Right (Left) Step, MARCH;
Forward, MARCH and on commands that cause the platoon to change interval in line, he
moves at the same time (with the appropriate step) so as to maintain proper position.
7. The leader of the first squad serves as the base when the platoon is a line formation. The
leader of the fourth squad serves as the base when the platoon is in a column formation.
8. If for some reason the platoon is authorized a guidon or phase banner (in training units for
example), the bearer’s post is one step in front of and two 15-inch steps to the right of and
facing the person forming the platoon. When the formation is faced to the right for a marching
movement, he executes in the same manner as explained in Appendix H, except that his post
is three steps in front of and centered on the squad leaders. If the platoon leader is present and
at his post, the bearer’s post is one step to the rear and two 15-inch steps to the left of the
platoon leader.
9. When the platoon drills as a separate unit, in a line formation, the post for the platoon leader
is six steps in front of and centered on the platoon; when in a column formation, the platoon
leader is six steps to the left flank and centered on the platoon. When marching as part of a
larger formation, his post is one step in front of and centered on the squad leaders.
10. When the platoon leader commands Open Ranks, MARCH; Backward, MARCH; Right (Left)
Step, MARCH; Forward, MARCH or causes the platoon to change interval, he moves at the
same time (with the appropriate step) so as to maintain proper position.
a. When assuming his post in column from a line formation, the platoon leader faces to
the right in marching (on the command of execution FACE) and marches in the most
direct route to his post, halts, and faces to the left.
b. When assuming his post in line from a column formation, the platoon leader faces to
the left in marching (on the command of execution FACE) and marches in the most
direct route to his post, halts perpendicular to the formation, and faces to the right.
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FORMING THE PLATOON
The platoon normally forms in a line formation; however, it may re-form in a column when each man
can identify his exact position (equipment grounded) in the formation.
1. The platoon forms basically the same as a squad. The platoon sergeant assumes the Position
of Attention and commands FALL IN (At Close Interval, FALL IN or In Column, FALL IN).
On the command FALL IN (At Close Interval, FALL IN), the squad leader and the first squad
(when formed) is three steps in front of and centered on the platoon sergeant. Other squad
leaders cover on the first squad leader at the correct distance, which is obtained by estimation.
The members of the first squad fall in on their squad leader as prescribed for squad drill.
Members of the other squads fall in on their squad leader, assume the Position of Attention,
and turn their heads and eyes to the right. They obtain correct distance by taking short steps
forward or backward and align themselves on the man to their right. They then sharply turn
their heads and eyes to the front as in the Position of Attention and obtain proper interval by
taking short steps left and right to cover on the man to their front. Members of all squads,
other than the first squad, will not raise their left arms unless the man to their immediate left
has no one to his front in the formation on which to cover.
2. When armed, members fall in at Order Arms or Sling Arms. For safety, the commands
Inspection, ARMS; Ready, Port, ARMS; Order (Sling), ARMS are given at the initial
formation of the day and just before the last command, DISMISSED.
3. When a report is appropriate, the platoon sergeant commands REPORT. The squad leaders, in
succession from front to rear, turn their heads and eyes toward the platoon sergeant and salute
(holding the Salute until returned) and report. The squad leaders do not state the unit. For
example:
a.
Situation 1. When all squad members are in formation, the report is "All present."
b. Situation 2. When squad members are absent, the soldiers and reasons for absence are
reported:
Pvt. Smith - CQ runner.
Pvt. Jones - sick call.
Pvt. Williams –AWOL.
4. The platoon sergeant turns his head and eyes toward the reporting squad leader, receives the
report, and returns the salute. After receiving the report from the squad leaders, the platoon
sergeant faces about and awaits the arrival of the platoon leader or a directive from the first
sergeant to REPORT. When the platoon leader has halted at his post, the platoon sergeant
salutes and reports, "Sir, All present"; or "Sir, All accounted for"; or "Sir, (so many) men
absent." The platoon leader returns the Salute. After the Salute has been returned, the platoon
sergeant faces to the right in marching, inclines around the squad leaders, halts at his post, and
faces to the right. If reporting to the first sergeant, the platoon sergeant turns his head and eyes
toward the first sergeant, salutes, and reports.
5. If the platoon leader is not present for the formation, and the commander is in charge of the
formation, the platoon sergeant steps forward three steps (after receiving the squad leader’s
report) and, on the command POST, assumes the duties of the platoon leader.
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6. When appropriate, the platoon may be formed by the platoon leader rather than by the
platoon sergeant. The procedures are the same as previously described except that the first
squad forms six steps in front of and centered on the platoon leader, and the platoon sergeant
forms at his post to the rear of the platoon. For continuity purposes in this chapter, "platoon
sergeant" may also denote "platoon leader" when the platoon leader is executing drill from his
post.
BREAKING RANKS
When the situation requires one or more individuals to leave the formation or to receive specific
instructions from the platoon sergeant, the platoon sergeant directs: "Private Doe (pause), front and
center"; or, "The following personnel front and center—Private Doe (pause), Private Smith." When
the individual’s name is called, he assumes the position of attention and replies, "Here, Sergeant
(Sir)." He then takes one (15-inch) step backward, halts, faces to the right (left) in marching, and
exits the formation by marching to the nearest flank. The soldier does not look left or right. Once the
individual has cleared the formation, he begins to double-time and halts two steps in front of and
centered on the platoon sergeant.
NOTE:
When a group of individuals are called from the formation, the group forms centered on
the platoon sergeant. The platoon sergeant should direct (point) the first man into position
so that the rank will be centered when the last man has joined the group.
When space is limited and the platoon sergeant wants to march his unit in the opposite direction
(reverse), with the squad leaders at the head of their squads, he commands Counter Column,
MARCH. On the command of execution MARCH (at the Halt), the first squad marches forward three
steps, executes a Column Right, marches across the front of the platoon, and executes another
Column Right just beyond the fourth squad. The second squad steps forward one step, executes a
Column Right, marches forward, and executes another Column Right between the third and fourth
squads. The third squad executes two short Column Lefts from the Halt and marches between the
remainder of the third squad and the second squad. The fourth squad marches forward two steps,
executes a Column Left, marches across the front of the platoon, and executes another Column Left
between the first and second squads (Figure 7-2).
Figure 7-2. Counter-Column March at the Halt.
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1. As the third squad leader marches past the last man in the third squad, he and his squad begin
to march at the Half Step. After marching past the last man in each file, all other squads
incline to the right and left as necessary, obtain Normal Interval on the third squad, and begin
to march with the Half Step. When all squads are abreast of each other, they begin marching
with a 30-inch step without command.
2. During the movement, without the platoon leader present, the platoon sergeant marches
alongside the first squad. With the platoon leader present, the platoon sergeant marches one
step to the rear and centered between the second and third squads (Figure 7-1) and the platoon
leader marches alongside the first squad.
3. When marching, the preparatory command Counter-Column is given as the left foot strikes
the marching surface and the command of execution MARCH is given the next time the left
foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution MARCH, the platoon
executes the movement basically the same as from the Halt, except that the squad takes one
additional step to ensure that the pivot foot is in the correct position to execute the movement.
NOTE:
1. When there are only three squads in the column, the first squad takes two steps
before executing.
2. When the platoon leader and platoon sergeant are marching at their posts as part of
a larger formation, the platoon leader takes three steps forward and executes a
column right, marches across the front of the platoon, executes another column
right (just beyond fourth squad), marches to his post in the most direct manner,
takes up the Half Step, and then steps off with a 30-inch step when the squad
leaders come on line. The platoon sergeant inclines to the right, follows the third
squad until the movement is completed, and then resumes his post.
REST POSITIONS AT THE HALT
Any of the positions of rest may be commanded and executed from the Position of Attention.
1. Parade Rest. Parade Rest is commanded only from the Position of Attention. The command for
this movement is Parade, REST.
a. On the command of execution REST, move the left foot about 10 inches to the left of the
right foot. Keep the legs straight without locking the knees, resting the weight of the body
equally on the heels and balls of the feet.
b. Simultaneously, place the hands at the small of the back and centered on the belt. Keep
the fingers of both hands extended and joined, interlocking the thumbs so that the palm of
the right hand is outward (Figure 4-2).
c. Keep the head and eyes as in the Position of Attention. Remain silent and do not move
unless otherwise directed. Stand at Ease, At Ease, and Rest may be executed from this
position.
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NOTE:
Enlisted soldiers assume this position when addressing all noncommissioned officers or
when noncommissioned officers address noncommissioned officers of superior rank.
Figure 4-2. Parade Rest.
d. Stand At Ease. The command for this movement is Stand at, EASE. On the command of
execution EASE, execute Parade Rest, but turn the head and eyes directly toward the
person in charge of the formation. At Ease or Rest may be executed from this position.
e. At Ease. The command for this movement is AT EASE. On the command AT EASE, the
soldier may move; however, he must remain standing and silent with his right foot in
place. The soldier may relax his arms with the thumbs interlaced. Rest may be executed
from this position.
f. Rest. The command for this movement is REST. On the command REST, the soldier may
move, talk, smoke, or drink unless otherwise directed. He must remain standing with his
right foot in place. AT EASE must be executed from this position to allow soldiers to
secure canteens, other equipment, and so forth.
NOTE:
On the preparatory command for Attention, immediately assume Parade Rest when at the
position of Stand at Ease, At Ease, or Rest. If, for some reason, a subordinate element is
already at attention, the members of the element remain so and do not execute parade rest
on the preparatory command, nor does the subordinate leader give a supplementary
command.
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IN-RANKS INSPECTION
To conduct in-ranks inspections, use the following procedures:
a. With the platoon in line formation, the platoon sergeant commands Count, OFF. On the
command of execution OFF, all personnel with the exception of the right flank personnel
turn their head and eyes to the right and the right flank personnel count off with "ONE."
After the right flank soldiers have counted their number, the soldiers to their left count off
with the next higher number and simultaneously turn their head and eyes to the front. All
other members of the formation count off in the same manner until the entire formation
has counted off.
b. After the platoon has counted off, the platoon sergeant commands Open Ranks, MARCH.
On the command of execution MARCH, the front rank takes two steps forward, the
second rank takes one step forward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes
two steps backward. If additional ranks are present, the fifth rank takes four steps
backward, and the sixth rank takes six steps backward.
NOTE:
After taking the prescribed number of steps, the men do not raise their arms. If the platoon
leader wants exact interval or alignment, he commands At Close Interval (At Double
Interval), Dress Right, and DRESS. (See paragraph 7-6 for more information on aligning
the platoon.)
c. At this point, the platoon is ready to be inspected. Typically, the squads are inspected by
the squad leaders; however they may be inspected by the platoon sergeant or platoon
leader. (See paragraphs 7-17 and 7-18.)
SQUAD LEADERS’ INSPECTION
If the platoon sergeant wants the squad leaders to inspect their squads, he will direct INSPECT
YOUR SQUADS. Salutes are not exchanged.
a. The squad leader marches forward and to the left, inclines as necessary until he is at a
point 15 inches in front of and centered on the first man.
NOTE:
If the members of the platoon are armed, the squad leaders will sling their weapons
diagonally across the back with the muzzle down and to the right. This movement will be
executed without command and prior to the squad leader stepping off. (For more
information on how to inspect personnel with weapons and how to manipulate the
weapon, see paragraph 8-19, c-f.)
b. The squad leader remains at a modified Position of Attention moving his head and eyes
only. After inspecting at the center position, he takes a short step forward and to the left
and inspects, returns to the center and steps forward and to the right and inspects, and
returns to the center position.
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c. Having inspected the first man, the squad leader faces to the right as in marching and
takes one (two if at normal interval) step, halts, and faces the next man at the appropriate
distance. The squad leader conducts the inspection for the rest of the soldiers in the squad.
d. After inspecting the last soldier in the squad, the squad leader faces to the right as in
marching and marches around behind the squad, inclining as necessary. While the squad
leader marches back to his post, he inspects the squad from the rear.
e. After resuming his post, the squad leader turns his head and eyes over his left shoulder
and commands his squad to assume At Ease.
f. The platoon sergeant remains at his post (inspects the guidon bearer if appropriate). After
the last squad has been inspected and is at At Ease, the platoon sergeant commands the
platoon to Attention.
g. After commanding the platoon to Attention, the platoon sergeant commands Close Ranks,
MARCH. On the command of execution MARCH, the first rank takes four steps
backward, the second rank takes two steps backward, the third rank stands fast, and the
fourth rank takes one step forward. On the command of execution MARCH, the platoon
leader and platoon sergeant take the appropriate number of steps to maintain their posts.
h. If the platoon is being inspected as part of a larger formation and control of the platoon
has not been turned over to the platoon sergeant, he faces about, executes At Ease, and
awaits further instructions from the first sergeant.
PLATOON SERGEANT’S/PLATOON LEADER’S INSPECTION
If the platoon sergeant is not going to inspect the entire platoon, he directs the squad leaders of the
appropriate squads to inspect their squads. All others will be inspected by the platoon sergeant. When
armed, the platoon sergeant slings his weapon in the same manner as the squad leaders.
a. The platoon sergeant faces to the Half Left as in marching and marches by the most direct
route to a point 15 inches in front of and centered on the first squad leader (or the squad
leader of the squad to be inspected). As soon as the platoon sergeant halts in front of the
squad leader, he commands the other squads to At Ease and inspects the squad leader.
b. The platoon sergeant remains at a modified Position of Attention moving his head and
eyes only. After inspecting at the center position, he takes a short step forward and to the
left and inspects, returns to the center and steps forward and to the right and inspects, and
returns to the center position.
c. Having inspected the squad leader, the platoon sergeant faces to the right as in marching
and takes one (two if at normal interval) steps, halts, and faces the next man at the
appropriate distance. After the platoon sergeant steps off, the squad leader takes a half
step forward and faces about. When moving from man to man, the squad leader and
platoon sergeant move simultaneously.
d. Having inspected the last soldier in the squad, the platoon sergeant faces to the right as in
marching and marches around behind the squad, inclining as necessary, and inspects the
squad from the rear.
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e. As the platoon sergeant begins to inspect the first squad from the rear, he commands the
next squad to Attention. The squad leader returns to his post. After the platoon sergeant
arrives in front of the next squad leader, he commands the first squad to At Ease over the
right shoulder.
f. The platoon sergeant and squad leader execute in the same manner as in inspecting the
first squad until the entire platoon has been inspected. After inspecting the rear of the last
squad, the platoon sergeant marches by the most direct route to his post, halts, faces to the
left and commands the platoon to Attention.
g. After commanding the platoon to Attention, the platoon sergeant commands Close Ranks,
MARCH. On the command of execution MARCH, the first rank takes four steps
backward, the second rank takes two steps backward, the third rank stands fast, and the
fourth rank takes one step forward. On the command of execution MARCH, the platoon
leader and platoon sergeant take the appropriate number of steps to maintain their posts.
h. If the platoon is being inspected as part of a larger formation and control of the platoon
has been not been turned over to the platoon sergeant, he faces about, executes At Ease,
and awaits further instructions from the first sergeant.
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6-6. DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Excerpt: FM 3-25.26, Map Reading and Land Navigation
Declination is the angular difference between any two norths. If you have a map and a compass, the
one of most interest to you will be between magnetic and grid north. The declination diagram (Figure
6-8) shows the angular relationship, represented by prongs, among grid, magnetic, and true norths.
While the relative positions of the prongs are correct, they are seldom plotted to scale. Do not use the
diagram to measure a numerical value. This value will be written in the map margin (in both degrees
and mils) beside the diagram.
Figure 6-8. Declination diagrams.
a. Location. A declination diagram is a part of the information in the lower margin on most
larger maps. On medium-scale maps, the declination information is shown by a note in the
map margin.
b. Grid-Magnetic Angle. The G-M angle value is the angular size that exists between grid
north and magnetic north. It is an arc, indicated by a dashed line that connects the gridnorth and magnetic-north prongs. This value is expressed to the nearest 1/2 degree, with
mil equivalents shown to the nearest 10 mils. The G-M angle is important to the map
reader/land navigator because azimuths translated between map and ground will be in
error by the size of the declination angle if not adjusted for it.
c. Grid Convergence. An arc indicated by a dashed line connects the prongs for true north
and grid north. The value of the angle for the center of the sheet is given to the nearest full
minute with its equivalent to the nearest mil. These data are shown in the form of a gridconvergence note.
d. Conversion. There is an angular difference between the grid north and the magnetic
north. Since the location of magnetic north does not correspond exactly with the gridnorth lines on the maps, a conversion from magnetic to grid or vice versa is needed.
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e. With Notes. Simply refer to the conversion notes that appear in conjunction with the
diagram explaining the use of the G-M angle (Figure 6-8). One note provides instructions
for converting magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth; the other, for converting grid azimuth to
magnetic azimuth. The conversion (add or subtract) is governed by the direction of the
magnetic-north prong relative to that of the north-grid prong.
f. Without Notes. In some cases, there are no declination conversion notes on the margin of
the map; it is necessary to convert from one type of declination to another. A magnetic
compass gives a magnetic azimuth; but in order to plot this line on a gridded map, the
magnetic azimuth value must be changed to grid azimuth. The declination diagram is used
for these conversions. A rule to remember when solving such problems is this: No matter
where the azimuth line points, the angle to it is always measured clockwise from the
reference direction (base line). With this in mind, the problem is solved by the following
steps:
(1) Draw a vertical or grid-north line (prong). Always align this line with the vertical
lines on a map (Figure 6-9).
Figure 6-9. Declination diagram with arbitrary line.
(2) From the base of the grid-north line (prong), draw an arbitrary line (or any azimuth
line) at a roughly right angle to north, regardless of the actual value of the azimuth
in degrees (Figure 6-9).
(3) Examine the declination diagram on the map and determine the direction of the
magnetic north (right-left or east-west) relative to that of the grid-north prong.
Draw a magnetic prong from the apex of the grid-north line in the desired direction
(Figure 6-9).
(4) Determine the value of the G-M angle. Draw an arc from the grid prong to the
magnetic prong and place the value of the G-M angle (Figure 6-9).
(5) Complete the diagram by drawing an arc from each reference line to the arbitrary
line. A glance at the completed diagram shows whether the given azimuth or the
desired azimuth is greater, and thus whether the known difference between the two
must be added or subtracted.
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(6) The inclusion of the true-north prong in relationship to the conversion is of
little importance.
g. Applications. Remember, there are no negative azimuths on the azimuth circle. Since 0
degree is the same as 360 degrees, then 2 degrees is the same as 362 degrees. This is
because 2 degrees and 362 degrees are located at the same point on the azimuth circle.
The grid azimuth can now be converted into a magnetic azimuth because the grid azimuth
is now larger than the G-M angle.
(1) When working with a map having an east G-M angle:
To plot a magnetic azimuth on a map, first change it to a grid azimuth
(Figure 6-10).
(a)
Figure 6-10. Converting to grid azimuth.
To use a magnetic azimuth in the field with a compass, first change the
grid azimuth plotted on a map to a magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-11).
(b)
Figure 6-11. Converting to magnetic azimuth.
Convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is
greater than a grid azimuth (Figure 6-12).
(c)
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Figure 6-12. Converting to a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater.
(2) When working with a map having a west G-M angle:
To plot a magnetic azimuth on a map, first convert it to a grid azimuth
(Figure 6-13).
(a)
Figure 6-13. Converting to a grid azimuth on a map.
To use a magnetic azimuth in the field with a compass, change the grid
azimuth plotted on a map to a magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-14).
(b)
Figure 6-14. Converting to a magnetic azimuth on a map.
Convert a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater than the
magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-15).
(c)
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Figure 6-15. Converting to a grid azimuth when the G-M angle is greater.
(3) The G-M angle diagram should be constructed and used each time the conversion
of azimuth is required. Such procedure is important when working with a map for
the first time. It also may be convenient to construct a G-M angle conversion table
on the margin of the map.
NOTE:
When converting azimuths, exercise extreme care when adding and
subtracting the G-M angle. A simple mistake of 1° could be
significant in the field.
6-7. INTERSECTION
Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two (preferably
three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown location. It is used to
locate distant or inaccessible points or objects such as enemy targets and danger areas. There are two
methods of intersection: the map and compass method and the straightedge method (Figures 6-16 and
6-17).
Figure 6-16. Intersection, using map and compass.
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Figure 6-17. Intersection, using a straightedge.
a. When using the map and compass method—
(1) Orient the map using the compass.
(2) Locate and mark your position on the map,
(3) Determine the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position using the compass.
(4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth.
(5) Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth.
(6) Move to a second known point and repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
(7) The location of the unknown position is where the lines cross on the map.
Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.
b. The straight edge method is used when a compass is not available. When using it—
(1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain association method.
(2) Locate and mark your position on the map.
(3) Lay a straight edge on the map with one end at the user’s position (A) as a pivot
point; then, rotate the straightedge until the unknown point is sighted along the edge.
(4) Draw a line along the straight edge
(5) Repeat the above steps at position (B) and check for accuracy.
(6) The intersection of the lines on the map is the location of the unknown point (C).
Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy (Figure 6-17).
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6-8. RESECTION
Resection is the method of locating one's position on a map by determining the grid azimuth to at
least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the desired
method of resection would be to use three or more well-defined locations.
a. When using the map and compass method (Figure 6-18)—
(1) Orient the map using the compass.
(2) Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark them on the
map.
(3) Measure the magnetic azimuth to one of the known positions from your location
using a compass.
(4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
(5) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using a protractor, draw a line for
the back azimuth on the map from the known position back toward your unknown
position.
(6) Repeat 3, 4, and 5 for a second position and a third position, if desired.
(7) The intersection of the lines is your location. Determine the grid coordinates to
the desired accuracy.
Figure 6-18. Resection with map and compass.
a. When using the straightedge method (Figure 6-19)—
(1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain association method.
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(2) Locate at least two known distant locations or prominent features on the ground
and mark them on the map.
(3) Lay a straightedge on the map using a known position as a pivot point. Rotate the
straightedge until the known position on the map is aligned with the known position
on the ground.
(4) Draw a line along the straightedge away from the known position on the ground
toward your position.
(5) Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known position.
(6) The intersection of the lines on the map is your location. Determine the grid
coordinates to the desired accuracy.
Figure 6-19. Resection with straightedge.
6-9. MODIFIED RESECTION
Modified resection is the method of locating one's position on the map when the person is located on
a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream (Figure 6-20). Proceed as follows:
a. Orient the map using a compass or by terrain association.
b. Find a distant point that can be identified on the ground and on the map.
c. Determine the magnetic azimuth from your location to the distant known point.
d. Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
e. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using a protractor, draw a line for the back
azimuth on the map from the known position back toward your unknown position.
f. The location of the user is where the line crosses the linear feature. Determine the grid
coordinates to the desired accuracy.
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Figure 6-20. Modified resection.
6-10. POLAR COORDINATES
A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known point by giving a direction and a
distance along that direction line is called polar coordinates. The following elements must be present
when using polar coordinates (Figure 6-21).

Present known location on the map.

Azimuth (grid or magnetic).

Distance (in meters).
Figure 6-21. Polar plot.
Using the laser range finder to determine the range enhances your accuracy in determining the
unknown position's location.
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10-6. TERRAIN FEATURES
All terrain features are derived from a complex landmass known as a mountain or ridgeline (Figure
10-16). The term ridgeline is not interchangeable with the term ridge. A ridgeline is a line of high
ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides from which a total
of 10 natural or man-made terrain features are classified.
Figure 10-16. Ridgeline.
a. Major Terrain Features.
(1) Hill. A hill is an area of high ground. From a hilltop, the ground slopes down in
all directions. A hill is shown on a map by contour lines forming concentric circles.
The inside of the smallest closed circle is the hilltop (Figure 10-17).
Figure 10-17. Hill.
(2) Saddle. A saddle is a dip or low point between two areas of higher ground. A
saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may be simply a dip
or break along a level ridge crest. If you are in a saddle, there is high ground in two
opposite directions and lower ground in the other two directions. A saddle is normally
represented as an hourglass (Figure 10-18).
Figure 10-18. Saddle.
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(3) Valley. A valley is a stretched-out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or rivers. A
valley begins with high ground on three sides, and usually has a course of running
water through it. If standing in a valley, three directions offer high ground, while the
fourth direction offers low ground. Depending on its size and where a person is
standing, it may not be obvious that there is high ground in the third direction, but
water flows from higher to lower ground. Contour lines forming a valley are either Ushaped or V-shaped. To determine the direction water is flowing, look at the contour
lines. The closed end of the contour line (U or V) always points upstream or toward
high ground (Figure 10-19).
Figure 10-19. Valley.
(4) Ridge. A ridge is a sloping line of high ground. If you are standing on the
centerline of a ridge, you will normally have low ground in three directions and high
ground in one direction with varying degrees of slope. If you cross a ridge at right
angles, you will climb steeply to the crest and then descend steeply to the base. When
you move along the path of the ridge, depending on the geographic location, there may
be either an almost unnoticeable slope or a very obvious incline. Contour lines
forming a ridge tend to be U-shaped or V-shaped. The closed end of the contour line
points away from high ground (Figure 10-20).
Figure 10-20. Ridge.
(5) Depression. A depression is a low point in the ground or a sinkhole. It could be
described as an area of low ground surrounded by higher ground in all directions, or
simply a hole in the ground. Usually only depressions that are equal to or greater than
the contour interval will be shown. On maps, depressions are represented by closed
contour lines that have tick marks pointing toward low ground (Figure 10-21).
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Figure 10-21. Depression.
b. Minor Terrain Features.
(1) Draw. A draw is a less developed stream course than a valley. In a draw, there is
essentially no level ground and, therefore, little or no maneuver room within its
confines. If you are standing in a draw, the ground slopes upward in three directions
and downward in the other direction. A draw could be considered as the initial
formation of a valley. The contour lines depicting a draw are U-shaped or V-shaped,
pointing toward high ground (Figure 10-22).
Figure 10-22. Draw.
(2) Spur. A spur is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting
out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two rough parallel streams,
which cut draws down the side of a ridge. The ground sloped down in three directions
and up in one direction. Contour lines on a map depict a spur with the U or V pointing
away from high ground (Figure 10-23).
Figure 10-23. Spur.
(3) Cliff. A cliff is a vertical or near vertical feature; it is an abrupt change of the
land. When a slope is so steep that the contour lines converge into one "carrying"
contour of contours, this last contour line has tick marks pointing toward low ground
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(Figure 10-24A). Cliffs are also shown by contour lines very close together and, in some
instances, touching each other (Figure 10-24B).
Figure 10-24A. Cliff.
Figure 10-24B. Cliff.
c. Supplementary Terrain Features.
(1) Cut. A cut is a man-made feature resulting from cutting through raised ground,
usually to form a level bed for a road or railroad track. Cuts are shown on a map when
they are at least 10 feet high, and they are drawn with a contour line along the cut line.
This contour line extends the length of the cut and has tick marks that extend from the
cut line to the roadbed, if the map scale permits this level of detail (Figure 10-25).
Figure 10-25. Cut and fill.
(2) Fill. A fill is a man-made feature resulting from filling a low area, usually to form
a level bed for a road or railroad track. Fills are shown on a map when they are at least
10 feet high, and they are drawn with a contour line along the fill line. This contour
line extends the length of the filled area and has tick marks that point toward lower
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ground. If the map scale permits, the length of the fill tick marks are drawn to scale
and extend from the base line of the fill symbol (Figure 10-25).
10-7. INTERPRETATION OF TERRAIN FEATURES
Terrain features do not normally stand alone. To better understand these when they are depicted on a
map, you need to interpret them. Terrain features (Figure 10-26) are interpreted by using contour
lines, the SOSES approach, ridge lining, or streamlining.
Figure 10-26. Terrain features.
a. Contour Lines. Emphasizing the main contour lines is a technique used to interpret the
terrain of an area. By studying these contour lines, you able to obtain a better understanding
of the layout of the terrain and to decide on the best route.
(1) The following description pertains to Figure 10-27. Running east to west across
the complex landmass is a ridgeline. A ridgeline is a line of high ground, usually with
changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides. The changes in
elevation are the three hilltops and two saddles along the ridgeline. From the top of
each hill, there is lower ground in all directions. The saddles have lower ground in two
directions and high ground in the opposite two directions. The contour lines of each
saddle form half an hourglass shape. Because of the difference in size of the higher
ground on the two opposite sides of a saddle, a full hourglass shape of a saddle may
not be apparent.
(2) There are four prominent ridges. A ridge is on each end of the ridgeline and two
ridges extend south from the ridgeline. All of the ridges have lower ground in three
directions and higher ground in one direction. The closed ends of the U's formed by
the contour lines point away from higher ground.
(3) To the south lies a valley; the valley slopes downward from east to west. Note
that the U of the contour line points to the east, indicating higher ground in that
direction and lower ground to the west. Another look at the valley shows high ground
to the north and south of the valley.
(4) Just east of the valley is a depression. There is higher ground in all directions
when looking from the bottom of the depression.
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(5) There are several spurs extending generally south from the ridgeline. They, like ridges, have
lower ground in three directions and higher ground in one direction. Their contour line
U's point away from higher ground.
(6) Between the ridges and spurs are draws. They, like valleys, have higher ground in
three directions and lower ground in one direction. Their contour line U's and V's
point toward higher ground.
(7) Two contour lines on the north side of the center hill are touching or almost
touching. They have ticks indicating a vertical or nearly vertical slope or a cliff.
(8) The road cutting through the eastern ridge depicts cuts and fills. The breaks in the
contour lines indicate cuts, and the ticks pointing away from the roadbed on each side
of the road indicate fills.
b. SOSES. A recommended technique for identifying specific terrain features and then
locating them on the map is to make use of five of their characteristics known by the
mnemonic SOSES. Terrain features can be examined, described, and compared with each
other and with corresponding map contour patterns in terms of their shapes, orientations,
sizes, elevations, and slopes.
(1) Shape. The general form or outline of the feature at its base.
(2) Orientation. The general trend or direction of a feature from your viewpoint. A
feature can be in line, across, or at an angle to your viewpoint.
(3) Size. The length or width of a feature horizontally across its base. For example,
one terrain feature might be larger or smaller than another terrain feature.
(4) Elevation. The height of a terrain feature. This can be described either in absolute
or relative terms as compared to the other features in the area. One landform may be
higher, lower, deeper, or shallower than another.
(5) Slope. The type (uniform, convex, or concave) and the steepness or angle (steep
or gentle) of the sides of a terrain feature.
Through practice, you can learn to identify several individual terrain features in the
field and see how they vary in appearance.
c. Ridge lining. This technique helps you to visualize the overall lay of the ground within the
area of interest on the map. Follow these steps:
(1) Identify on the map the crests of the ridgelines in your area of operation by
identifying the close-out contours that lie along the hilltop.
(2) Trace over the crests so each ridgeline stands out clearly as one identifiable line.
(3) Go back over each of the major ridgelines and trace over the prominent ridges
and spurs that come out of the ridgelines.
The usual colors used for this tracing are red or brown; however, you may use any
color at hand. When you have completed the ridge lining process, you will find that
the high ground on the map will stand out and that you will be able to see the
relationship between the various ridgelines (Figure 10-27).
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d. Streamlining. This procedure (Figure 10-27) is similar to that of ridge lining.
(1) Identify all the mapped streams in the area of operations.
(2) Trace over them to make them stand out more prominently.
(3) Then identify other low ground, such as smaller valleys or draws that feed into
the major streams, and trace over them.
This brings out the drainage pattern and low ground in the area of operation on the
map. The color used for this is usually blue; but again, if blue is not available, use any
color at hand so long as the distinction between the ridgelines and the streamlines is
clear.
11-6. NAVIGATION METHODS
Staying on the route is accomplished through the use of one or two navigation techniques—dead
reckoning and terrain association. These methods are discussed in detail below.
a. Moving by Dead Reckoning. Dead reckoning consists of two fundamental steps. The first
is the use of a protractor and graphic scales to determine the direction and distance from one
point to another on a map. The second step is the use of a compass and some means of
measuring distance to apply this information on the ground. In other words, it begins with the
determination of a polar coordinate on a map and ends with the act of finding it on the ground.
(1) Dead reckoning along a given route is the application of the same process used by
a mapmaker as he establishes a measured line of reference upon which to construct the
framework of his map. Therefore, triangulation exercises (either resection or
intersection) can be easily undertaken by the navigator at any time to either determine
or confirm precise locations along or near his route. Between these position-fixes,
establish your location by measuring or estimating the distance traveled along the
azimuth being followed from the previous known point. You might use pacing, a
vehicle odometer, or the application of elapsed time for this purpose, depending upon
the situation.
(2) Most dead reckoned movements do not consist of single straight-line distances
because you cannot ignore the tactical and navigational aspects of the terrain, enemy
situation, natural and man-made obstacles, time, and safety factors. Another reason
most dead reckoning movements are not single straight-line distances is because
compasses and pace-counts are imprecise measures. Error from them compounds over
distance; therefore, you could soon be far afield from your intended route even if you
performed the procedures correctly. The only way to counteract this phenomenon is to
reconfirm your location by terrain association or resection. Routes planned for dead
reckoning generally consist of a series of straight-line distances between several
checkpoints with perhaps some travel running on or parallel to roads or trails.
(3) There are two advantages to dead reckoning. First, dead reckoning is easy to
teach and to learn. Second, it can be a highly accurate way of moving from one point
to another if done carefully over short distances, even where few external cues are
present to guide the movements.
(4) During daylight, across open country, along a specified magnetic azimuth, never
walk with the compass in the open position and in front of you. Because the compass
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will not stay steady or level, it does not give an accurate reading when held or used this way.
Begin at the start point and face with the compass in the proper direction, then sight in
on a landmark that is located on the correct azimuth to be followed. Close the compass
and proceed to that landmark. Repeat the process as many times as necessary to
complete the straight-line segment of the route.
(5) The landmarks selected for these purposes are called steering marks, and their
selection is crucial to success in dead reckoning. Steering marks should never be
determined from a map study. They are selected as the march progresses and are
commonly on or near the highest points that you can see along the azimuth line that
you are following when they are selected. They may be uniquely shaped trees, rocks,
hilltops, posts, towers, and buildings—anything that can be easily identified. If you do
not see a good steering mark to the front, you might use a back azimuth to some
feature behind you until a good steering mark appears out in front. Characteristics of a
good steering mark are:
(a) It must have some characteristics about it, such as color, shade of color,
size, or shape (preferably all four), that will assure you that it will continue to
be recognized as you approach it.
(b) If several easily distinguished objects appear along your line of march, the
best steering mark is the most distant object. This procedure enables you to
travel farther with fewer references to the compass. If you have many options,
select the highest object. A higher mark is not as easily lost to sight as is a
lower mark that blends into the background as you approach it. A steering
mark should be continuously visible as you move toward it.
(c) Steering marks selected at night must have even more unique shapes than
those selected during daylight. As darkness approaches, colors disappear and
objects appear as black or gray silhouettes. Instead of seeing shapes, you begin
to see only the general outlines that may appear to change as you move and see
the objects from slightly different angles.
(6) Dead reckoning without natural steering marks is used when the area through
which you are traveling is devoid of features, or when visibility is poor. At night, it
may be necessary to send a member of the unit out in front of your position to create
your own steering mark in order to proceed. His position should be as far out as
possible to reduce the number of chances for error as you move. Arm-and-hand
signals or a radio may be used in placing him on the correct azimuth. After he has
been properly located, move forward to his position and repeat the process until some
steering marks can be identified or until you reach your objective.
(7) When handling obstacles/detours on the route, follow these guidelines:
(a) When an obstacle forces you to leave your original line of march and take
up a parallel one, always return to the original line as soon as the terrain or
situation permits.
(b) To turn clockwise (right) 90 degrees, you must add 90 degrees to your
original azimuth. To turn counterclockwise (left) 90 degrees from your current
direction, you must subtract 90 degrees from your present azimuth.
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(c) When making a detour, be certain that only paces taken toward the
final destination are counted as part of your forward progress. They should not
be confused with the local pacing that takes place perpendicular to the route in
order to avoid the problem area and in returning to the original line of march
after the obstacle has been passed.
(8) Sometimes a steering mark on your azimuth of travel can be seen across a swamp
or some other obstacle to which you can simply walk out around. Dead reckoning can
then begin at that point. If there is no obvious steering mark to be seen across the
obstacle, perhaps one can be located to the rear. Compute a back azimuth to this point
and later sight back to it once the obstacle has been passed in order to get back on
track.
(9) You can use the deliberate offset technique. Highly accurate distance estimates
and precision compass work may not be required if the destination or an intermediate
checkpoint is located on or near a large linear feature that runs nearly perpendicular to
your direction of travel. Examples include roads or highways, railroads, power
transmission lines, ridges, or streams. In these cases, you should apply a deliberate
error (offset) of about 10 degrees to the azimuth you planned to follow and then move,
using the lensatic compass as a guide, in that direction until you encounter the linear
feature. You will know exactly which way to turn (left or right) to find your
destination or checkpoint, depending upon which way you planned your deliberate
offset.
(10) Because no one can move along a given azimuth with absolute precision, it is
better to plan a few extra steps than to begin an aimless search for the objective once
you reach the linear feature. If you introduce your own mistake, you will certainly
know how to correct it. This method will also cope with minor compass errors and the
slight variations that always occur in the earth's magnetic field.
(11) There are disadvantages to dead reckoning. The farther you travel by dead
reckoning without confirming your position in relation to the terrain and other
features, the more errors you will accumulate in your movements. Therefore, you
should confirm and correct your estimated position whenever you encounter a known
feature on the ground that is also on the map. Periodically, you should accomplish a
resection triangulation using two or more known points to pinpoint and correct your
position on the map. Pace counts or any type of distance measurement should begin
anew each time your position is confirmed on the map.
(a) It is dangerous to select a single steering mark, such as a distant
mountaintop, and then move blindly toward it. What will you do if you must
suddenly call for fire support or a medical evacuation? You must periodically
use resection and terrain association techniques to pinpoint your location along
the way.
(b) Steering marks can be farther apart in open country, thereby making
navigation more accurate. In areas of dense vegetation, however, where there
is little relief, during darkness, or in fog, your steering marks must be close
together. This, of course, introduces more chance for error.
(c)
Finally, dead reckoning is time-consuming and demands constant
attention to the compass. Errors accumulate easily and quickly. Every fold in
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the ground and detours as small as a single tree or boulder also complicate the measurement of
distance.
b. Moving by Terrain Association. The technique of moving by terrain association is more
forgiving of mistakes and far less time-consuming than dead reckoning. It best suits those
situations that call for movement from one area to another. Once an error has been made in
dead reckoning, you are off the track. Errors made using terrain association are easily
corrected, however, because you are comparing what you expected to see from the map to
what you do see on the ground. Errors are anticipated and will not go unchecked. You can
easily make adjustments based upon what you encounter. After all, you do not find the
neighborhood grocery store by dead reckoning—you adjust your movements according to the
familiar landmarks you encounter along the way (Figure 11-8). Periodic position-fixing
through either plotted or estimated resection will also make it possible to correct your
movements, call for fire, or call in the locations of enemy targets or any other information of
tactical or logistical importance.
Figure 11-8. Terrain association navigation.
(1) Identifying and Locating Selected Features. Being able to identify and locate the
selected features, both on the map and on the ground, are essential to the success in
moving by terrain association. The following rules may prove helpful.
(a) Be certain the map is properly oriented when moving along the route and
use the terrain and other features as guides. The orientation of the map must
match the terrain or it can cause confusion.
(b) To locate and identify features being used to guide the movement, look
for the steepness and shape of the slopes, the relative elevations of the various
features, and the directional orientations in relation to your position and to the
position of the other features you can see.
(c) Make use of the additional cues provided by hydrography, culture, and
vegetation. All the information you can gather will assist you in making the
move. The ultimate test and the best practice for this movement technique is to
go out in the field and use it. The use of terrain, other natural features, and any
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man-made objects that appear both on the map and on the ground must be
practiced at every opportunity. There is no other way to learn or retain this
skill.
(2) Using Handrails, Catching Features, and Navigational Attack Points. First,
because it is difficult to dead reckon without error over long distances with your
compass, the alert navigator can often gain assistance from the terrain.
(a) Handrails are linear features like roads or highways, railroads, power
transmission lines, ridgelines, or streams that run roughly parallel to your
direction of travel. Instead of using precision compass work, you can rough
compass without the use of steering marks for as long as the feature travels
with you on your right or left. It acts as a handrail to guide the way.
(b) Second, when you reach the point where either your route or the handrail
changes direction, you must be aware that it is time to go your separate ways.
Some prominent feature located near this point is selected to provide this
warning. This is called a catching feature; it can also be used to tell you when
you have gone too far.
(c) Third, the catching feature may also be your navigational attack point;
this point is the place where area navigation ends and point navigation begins.
From this last easily identified checkpoint, the navigator moves cautiously and
precisely along a given azimuth for a specified distance to locate the final
objective. The selection of this navigational attack point is important. A
distance of 500 meters or less is most desirable.
(3) Recognizing the Disadvantages of Terrain Association. The major disadvantage
to navigation by terrain association is that you must be able to interpret the map and
analyze the world around you. Recognition of terrain and other features, the ability to
determine and estimate direction and distance, and knowing how to do quick-in-thehead position fixing are skills that are more difficult to teach, learn, and retain than
those required for dead reckoning.
c. Combination of Techniques. Actually, the most successful navigation is obtained by
combining the techniques described above. Constant orientation of the map and continuous
observation of the terrain in conjunction with compass-read azimuths, and distance traveled
on the ground compared with map distance, used together make reaching a destination more
certain. One should not depend entirely on compass navigation or map navigation; either or
both could be lost or destroyed.
Pace Count. Another way to measure ground distance is the pace count. A pace is equal to one
natural step, about 30 inches long. To accurately use the pace count method, you must know how
many paces it takes you to walk 100 meters. To determine this, you must walk an accurately
measured course and count the number of paces you take. A pace course can be as short as 100
meters or as long as 600 meters. The pace course, regardless of length, must be on similar terrain to
that you will be walking over. It does no good to walk a course on flat terrain and then try to use that
pace count on hilly terrain. To determine your pace count on a 600-meter course, count the paces it
takes you to walk the 600 meters, then divide the total paces by 6. The answer will give you the
average paces it takes you to walk 100 meters. It is important that each person who navigates while
dismounted knows his pace count.
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(1) There are many methods to keep track of the distance traveled when using the pace count.
Some of these methods are: put a pebble in your pocket every time you have walked
100 meters according to your pace count; tie knots in a string; or put marks in a
notebook. Do not try to remember the count; always use one of these methods or
design your own method.
(2) Certain conditions affect your pace count in the field, and you must allow for
them by making adjustments.
(a) Slopes. Your pace lengthens on a down slope and shortens on an upgrade.
Keeping this in mind, if it normally takes you 120 paces to walk 100 meters,
your pace count may increase to 130 or more when walking up a slope.
(b) Winds. A head wind shortens the pace and a tail wind increases it.
(c) Surfaces. Sand, gravel, mud, snow, and similar surface materials tend to
shorten the pace.
(d) Elements. Falling snow, rain, or ice cause the pace to be reduced in length.
(e) Clothing. Excess clothing and boots with poor traction affect the pace
length.
(f) Visibility. Poor visibility, such as in fog, rain, or darkness, will shorten
your pace.
LAND NAVIGATION SMART SECTION
What colors are used on military maps?
-Blue: water
-Green: vegetation
-Red-Brown: cultural features, all relief features, and elevation
-Red: main roads and populated areas
-Black: man-made objects
-Brown: relief features & elevation
What are the five major and five minor terrain features found on a military map?
-Major: hill; saddle; valley; ridge; depression
-Minor: Draw; spur; cliff; cut; fill
What are the two methods used for finding an azimuth using a compass?
-Centerhold method
-Compass to cheek
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Presetting a Compass and Following an Azimuth. Although different models of the lensatic compass
vary somewhat in the details of their use, the principles are the same.
(1) During daylight hours or with a light source:
(a) Hold the compass level in the palm of the hand.
(b) Rotate it until the desired azimuth falls under the fixed black index line
(for example, 320°), maintaining the azimuth as prescribed (Figure 9-4).
Figure 9-4. Compass preset at 320 degrees.
(c) Turn the bezel ring until the luminous line is aligned with the northseeking arrow. Once the alignment is obtained, the compass is preset.
(d) To follow an azimuth, assume the centerhold technique and turn your
body until the north-seeking arrow is aligned with the luminous line. Then
proceed forward in the direction of the front cover's sighting wire, which is
aligned with the fixed black index line that contains the desired azimuth.
(2) During limited visibility, an azimuth may be set on the compass by the click
method. Remember that the bezel ring contains 3° intervals (clicks).
(a) Rotate the bezel ring until the luminous line is over the fixed black index
line.
(b) Find the desired azimuth and divide it by three. The result is the number
of clicks that you have to rotate the bezel ring.
(c) Count the desired number of clicks. If the desired azimuth is smaller than
180°, the number of clicks on the bezel ring should be counted in a
counterclockwise direction. For example, the desired azimuth is 51°. Desired
azimuth is 51°¸ 3 = 17 clicks counterclockwise. If the desired azimuth is larger
than 180°, subtract the number of degrees from 360° and divide by 3 to obtain
the number of clicks. Count them in a clockwise direction. For example, the
desired azimuth is 330°; 360°-330° = 30 ¸ 3 = 10 clicks clockwise.
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(d) With the compass preset as described above, assume a centerhold technique and rotate your
body until the north-seeking arrow is aligned with the luminous line on the
bezel. Then proceed forward in the direction of the front cover's luminous dots,
which are aligned with the fixed black index line containing the azimuth.
(e) When the compass is to be used in darkness, an initial azimuth should be
set while light is still available, if possible. With the initial azimuth as a base,
any other azimuth that is a multiple of three can be established through the use
of the clicking feature of the bezel ring.
NOTE: Sometimes the desired azimuth is not exactly divisible by three, causing
an option of rounding up or rounding down. If the azimuth is rounded
up, this causes an increase in the value of the azimuth, and the object is
to be found on the left. If the azimuth is rounded down, this causes a
decrease in the value of the azimuth, and the object is to be found on the
right.
d. Bypassing an Obstacle. To bypass enemy positions or obstacles and still stay oriented,
detour around the obstacle by moving at right angles for specified distances.
(1) For example, while moving on an azimuth of 90° change your azimuth to 180°
and travel for 100 meters. Change your azimuth to 90°and travel for 150 meters.
Change your azimuth to 360°and travel for 100 meters. Then, change your azimuth to
90°and you are back on your original azimuth line (Figure 9-5).
Figure 9-5. Bypassing an obstacle.
(2) Bypassing an unexpected obstacle at night is a fairly simple matter. To make a
90° turn to the right, hold the compass in the centerhold technique; turn until the
center of the luminous letter E is under the luminous line (do not move the bezel ring).
To make a 90° turn to the left, turn until the center of the luminous letter W is under
the luminous line. This does not require changing the compass setting (bezel ring), and
it ensures accurate 90° turns.
e. Offset. A deliberate offset is a planned magnetic deviation to the right or left of an
azimuth to an objective. Use it when the objective is located along or in the vicinity of a linear
feature such as a road or stream. Because of errors in the compass or in map reading, the
linear feature may be reached without knowing whether the objective lies to the right or left.
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A deliberate offset by a known number of degrees in a known direction compensates for
possible errors and ensures that upon reaching the linear feature, the user knows whether to go
right or left to reach the objective. Ten degrees is an adequate offset for most tactical uses.
Each degree offset moves the course about 18 meters to the right or left for each 1,000 meters
traveled. For example, in Figure 9-6, the number of degrees offset is 10. If the distance
traveled to "x" in 1,000 meters, then "x" is located about 180 meters to the right of the
objective.
Figure 9-6. Deliberate offset to the objective.
Contour Lines. Contour lines are the most common method of showing relief and elevation on
a standard topographic map. A contour line represents an imaginary line on the ground, above
or below sea level. All points on the contour line are at the same elevation. The elevation
represented by contour lines is the vertical distance above or below sea level. The three types
of contour lines (Figure 10-1) used on a standard topographic map are as follows:
Figure 10-1. Contour lines.
(1) Index. Starting at zero elevation or mean sea level, every fifth contour line is a
heavier line. These are known as index contour lines. Normally, each index contour
line is numbered at some point. This number is the elevation of that line.
(2) Intermediate. The contour lines falling between the index contour lines are called
intermediate contour lines. These lines are finer and do not have their elevations given.
There are normally four intermediate contour lines between index contour lines.
(3) Supplementary. These contour lines resemble dashes. They show changes in
elevation of at least one-half the contour interval. These lines are normally found
where there is very little change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
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10-3. CONTOUR INTERVALS
Before the elevation of any point on the map can be determined, the user must know the contour
interval for the map he is using. The contour interval measurement given in the marginal information
is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines. To determine the elevation of a point on the
map—
a. Determine the contour interval and the unit of measure used, for example, feet, meters, or
yards (Figure 10-2).
Figure 10-2. Contour interval note.
a. Find the numbered index contour line nearest the point of which you are trying to
determine the elevation (Figure 10-3).
Figure 10-3. Points on contour lines.
c. Determine if you are going from lower elevation to higher, or vice versa. In Figure 10-3,
point (a) is between the index contour lines. The lower index contour line is numbered 500,
which means any point on that line is at an elevation of 500 meters above mean sea level. The
upper index contour line is numbered 600, or 600 meters. Going from the lower to the upper
index contour line shows an increase in elevation.
d. Determine the exact elevation of point (a), start at the index contour line numbered 500
and count the number of intermediate contour lines to point (a). Locate point (a) on the second
intermediate contour line above the 500-meter index contour line. The contour interval is 20
meters (Figure 10-2), thus each one of the intermediate contour lines crossed to get to point
(a) adds 20 meters to the 500-meter index contour line. The elevation of point (a) is 540
meters; the elevation has increased.
e. Determine the elevation of point (b). Go to the nearest index contour line. In this case, it is
the upper index contour line numbered 600. Locate point (b) on the intermediate contour line
immediately below the 600-meter index contour line. Below means downhill or a lower
elevation. Therefore, point (b) is located at an elevation of 580 meters. Remember, if you are
increasing elevation, add the contour interval to the nearest index contour line. If you are
decreasing elevation, subtract the contour interval from the nearest index contour line.
f. Determine the elevation to a hilltop point (c). Add one-half the contour interval to the
elevation of the last contour line. In this example, the last contour line before the hilltop is an
index contour line numbered 600. Add one-half the contour interval, 10 meters, to the index
contour line. The elevation of the hilltop would be 610 meters.
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146
COMMUNICATIONS
Phonetic Alphabet
Letter
Word
Pronunciation
A
ALFA
AL FAH
B
BRAVO
BRAH VOH
C
CHARLIE
CHAR LEE (or) SHAR LEE
D
DELTA
DELL TAH
E
ECHO
ECK OH
F
FOXTROT
FOKS TROT
G
GOLF
GOLF
H
HOTEL
HOH TELL
I
INDIA
IN DEE AH
J
JULIETT
JEW LEE ETT
K
KILO
KEY LOW
L
LIMA
LEE MAH
M
MIKE
MIKE
N
NOVEMBER
NO VEM BER
O
OSCAR
OSS CAH
P
PAPA
PAH PAH
Q
QUEBEC
KEH BECK
R
ROMEO
ROW ME OH
S
SIERRA
SEE AIR RAH
T
TANGO
TANG GO
U
UNIFORM
YOU NEE FORM (or)
OO NEE FORM
V
VICTOR
VIK TAH
W
WHISKEY
WISS KEY
X
XRAY
ECKS RAY
Y
YANKEE
YANG KEY
Z
ZULU
ZOO LOO
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Phonetic Numerals
Numeral
Spoken As
0
ZE RO
1
WUN
2
TOO
3
TREE
4
FOW ER
5
FIFE
6
SIX
7
SEV EN
8
AIT
9
NIN ER
148
149
150
151
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BASIC FIRST AID
Acronym:
Really:
Big:
Balloons:
Should:
Fit:
Both:
Hands:
Responsiveness
Breathing
Bleeding
Shock
Fractures
Burns
Head & Spinal Injuries
Steps in Detail:
Responsiveness:
Lightly shake the shoulder of the individual while calling their name or asking if they can
hear you.
Breathing:
Kneel near the head of the individual while staying on one side of them. Next lean over and
place your head a few inches from their mouth while looking down towards their chest.
Finally tilt their chin upwards slightly and “Look, Listen, and Feel” for the following for
approximately 5-10seconds:
1. LOOK for the rising and falling of the chest.
2. LISTEN for sounds of breathing.
3. FEEL for a pulse and their breath on your cheek.
NOTE: The pulse can be found by taking two fingers and placing them between the
individuals Adams Apple and chin. Then slowly slide your fingers forward until you feel a
slight beating under the skin. The pulse can also be found by placing two fingers on the
underside of the wrist directly below their thumb.
If you find no signs of breathing take two fingers and swab their mouth for any obstructing
objects, which you should remove. If you remove anything make sure to recheck for signs of
breathing.
Bleeding:
1. Feel around the individual for any hidden damp spots that are from bleeding that is not
obvious.
2. Wrap the MOST Sterile wrapping you have over the wound and tie a square knot off to
the side of the wound.
a. DO NOT remove this layer at any time.
b. You should be able to fit two fingers under the knot.
3.
If bleeding persists after 10-15 minutes, place a small wad of material (preferably cloth,
dressing, etc.) over the wound and then wrap the entire wound again with dressing. Tie a
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square knot DIRECTLY over the wound this time. (You should be able to fit one
finger under the knot.)
4. If bleeding persists after 10-15 minutes, take a sturdy, flexible material (tubing, strip of
cloth, etc.) and wrap around the limb approximately six inches above the wound. If there
is not six inches of room before the end of the limb, wrap as far away from the wound as
possible while leaving as much stub as you can. Next, take a long, sturdy object and tie it
into the middle of a square knot with your tubing/cloth. Next, twist with the stick (or
whatever you are using) until you cut off the blood flow to the remainder of the limb.
Then, take the remaining ends of your cloth/tubing and tie the sticks ends down to the
cloth/tubing to keep it from moving. Finally, mark the time you applied the tourniquet on
the individuals forehead (with blood if necessary) in the following format:
“T (time)”; example: T1450
NOTE: tourniquets are a last resort since they quickly kill off the limb, thus requiring
amputation. Trained medics can sometimes prolong the life of the limb by turning the
tourniquet “on and off” in order to allow fresh blood to flow into the limb every now
and then.
NOTE: if an object is puncturing the skin (either a foreign object going in or bone
coming out) wrap around the object. DO NOT remove foreign objects or the bleeding
will increase!
Shock:
Explanation of shock:
Your body thinks that you are dying. Therefore it shunts all of your blood from your limbs
and into your torso / head in order to feed your vital organs and thus leaving your limbs
without life giving blood.
Symptoms of shock:
Cold Clammy skin, rapid shallow breathing, rapid irregular/weak pulse, serve thirst, changing
level of consciousness, low blood pressure, slow capillary refill, pale skin, dilated pupils,
confusion.
Testing Capillary Refill:
Pinch the end of the individual’s index finger and if it takes more that two seconds for the
skin to return to normal color then the refill is “slow”.
Treating shock:
There is no “treatment” for shock. You can make the individual more comfortable however.
Follow these steps as appropriate:
1. Elevate Feet
2. Turn from one side to the other every 15 minutes
3. Keep them warm
Fractures:
1. Squeeze/press hard all around the individual’s limbs and bony areas. If a fracture is
present you will find it when the victim yelps from the pain.
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2. In the position the individual is holding the injured area; immobilize the injured area
by taking a long, linear object, placing the object on the side of the injured area, and then
tying the object down ABOVE and BELOW the injured area. Be sure you leave two
fingers space under your knots and turn your knots to the outside.
3. If the fracture is a compound fracture (a fracture that punctures the skin with bone) wrap
the wound first and then immobilize.
Burns:
Types of Burns:
1st Degree - Skin is reddened slightly
2nd Degree- Skin is blistered and reddened
3rd Degree- Skin is black/gray with the surrounding area red. Loss of sensitivity due to
damaged nerve endings in the blackened area.
Burn Treatment:
1. Rinse affected area with water.
NOTE: if it is a chemical burn you need to brush off the chemicals and forgo the water
completely.
2. Wrap the burn with a sterile dressing.
Head & Spinal Injuries:
Not much you can do but very serious. Keep the individual immobile if at all possible and
wait for more advanced medically trained personnel to arrive. If moving the individual is
utterly necessary, make a head/neck support by using their boots and once that region is
immobile place on a litter carefully and evenly.
Heat / Cold Injuries
Heat Injuries:
Heat Cramps
Move to a cool shady area and loosen clothing. Hydrate the individual slowly.
Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms include profuse sweating, headaches, vomiting. Move to a cool shady area and
loosen clothing. Hydrate the individual slowly. May or may not need an IV.
Heat Stroke
Symptoms include a body temperature above 105 Fahrenheit, stoppage of sweating,
unconsciousness, hot skin, rapid pulse, hallucinations/behavioral changes, seizures/vomiting.
Move to a cool shady area and remove clothing. Place ice directly over the following areas in
this order: Forehead, Groin, Armpits. Seek immediate medical attention.
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Cold Injuries:
Frost Nip
 Prolonged exposure from 32 Fahrenheit to 60 Fahrenheit.
 Superficial freezing possible.
 Warm them up.
Frost Bite
 Loss of sensation, whitening/blackening of the skin.
 Blisters, pale yellow waxy skin, frozen areas of skin.
 Warm them up and exercise them to restore blood flow.
Hypothermia
 Body temperate drops, otherwise the same as frost bite.
 Slurred speech.
 Mild Hypothermia; Body Temp 90-95 Fahrenheit
 Severe Hypothermia; Body Temp below 90 Fahrenheit
 Warm them up by all possible means including:
 MRE Heaters
 Stripping of their (and your) clothing to allow for faster body heat transfer
 Hopping in the same sleeping bag
 Get the medic immediately.
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MEDEVAC
Line 1 - Location of the pick-up site.
Line 6 - Security at pick-up site:
Line 2 - Radio frequency, call sign, and
suffix.
N - No enemy troops in area
P - Possible enemy troops in area (approach
with caution)
E - Enemy troops in area (approach with
caution)
X - Enemy troops in area (armed escort
required)
* In peacetime - number and types of
wounds, injuries, and illnesses
Line 3 - Number of patients by
precedence:
A - Urgent
B - Urgent Surgical
C - Priority
D - Routine
E - Convenience
Line 4 - Special equipment required:
A - None
B - Hoist
C - Extraction equipment
D - Ventilator
Line 7 - Method of marking pick-up site:
A - Panels
B - Pyrotechnic signal
C - Smoke signal
D - None
E - Other
Line 8 - Patient nationality and status:
Line 5 - Number of patients:
A - Litter
B - Ambulatory
A - US Military
B - US Civilian
C - Non-US Military
D - Non-US Civilian
E - EPW
Line 9 - NBC Contamination:
N - Nuclear
B - Biological
C - Chemical
* In peacetime - terrain description of pickup site
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MEDEVAC
Line 1 - ___________________________(Location)
Line 2 - ________________(Freq), ___________________(Call sign),
________________(suffix)
Line 3 – A ____ (Urgent)
B ____ (Urgent Surgical)
C ____ (Priority)
D ____ (Routine)
E ____ (Convenience)
Line 4 - ____ (A, B, C, or D) (Special Equip)
Line 5 A ____ (Litter)
B ____ (Ambulatory)
Line 6 - ____ (N, P, E, or X)
Line 7 - ____ (A, B, C, D, or E)
Line 8 - ____ (A, B, C, D, or E)
Line 9 - ____ (N, B, or C)
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CALL FOR FIRE
1. TARGETING - During mission planning, the platoon leader makes adjustments to the
company's indirect fire support plan. Possible targets include—
a. Known or suspected enemy locations not targeted by higher.
b. Dead space not covered by organic weapons.
c. Gaps between adjacent units not targeted by higher.
d. Likely mounted and dismounted avenues of approach and withdrawal.
e. Key terrain or obstacles not targeted by higher.
2. FIRE SUPPORT IN THE OFFENSE TARGETS:
a. In front of and on the objective to support the platoon's approach, deployment, and assault
during the attack.
b. Beyond the objective to support the platoons consolidation and reorganization after the
c.
d.
e.
f.
attack.
All known or suspected enemy positions.
Likely enemy withdrawal and counterattack routes.
Key terrain features throughout the platoon area of operations.
Smoke is planned to obscure the platoon's movement through or across danger areas.
3. FIRE SUPPORT IN THE DEFENSE TARGETS:
a. All known or suspected enemy positions.
b. Along likely enemy avenues of approach.
c. In front of, on top of, and behind the platoon battle position.
d. An FPF (Final Protective Fire) is planned along the enemy's most dangerous avenue of
approach.
e. Smoke is planned to screen the platoon’s withdrawal to alternate or supplementary
positions.
f. Illumination is planned BEHIND THE ENEMY. This exposes the enemy without
exposing the platoon.
4. INDIRECT FIRE CONTROL
a. Before the start of any operation, the platoon leader ensures the FO knows the following:
(1) Target locations and descriptions.
(2) The effects required or purpose of the target.
(3) The priority of targets.
(4) Target engagement criteria.
(5) The method of engagement and control for the target.
(6) The location of all TRPs, trigger lines, and any other fire control measure used by
the platoon leader.
5. CALL FOR FIRE. A call for fire is a message prepared by an observer. It has all the
information needed to deliver indirect fires on the target. Any soldier in the platoon can request
indirect fire support by use of the call for fire. Calls for fire must include—
a. Observer identification and warning order: adjust fire, fire for effect, suppress, immediate
suppression (target identification).
b. Target location methods: grid, polar, shift from a known point.
c. Target description. A brief description of the target using the acronym SNAP is given:
Size/shape, Nature/nomenclature, Activity, Protective/posture.
159
The term "danger close" is included in the call for fire when there are friendly troops or positions
within a prescribed distance of the target, specifically 600 meters for artillery or mortars and 750
meters for naval gunfire. This is simply a warning and not a restriction to both the maneuver
commander and the fire direction center to take proper precautions. Minimum safe distance (MSD) is
defined as the distance in meters from the intended center of impact at which a specific degree of risk
and vulnerability will not be exceeded with a 99% assurance. MSDs allow for the maximum use of
indirect fire while ensuring the safety of friendly troops. MSD's and not "danger close" distances
should be used when in close contact or as a planning figure. Troops behind good cover may reduce
the MSD slightly.
MSD: 100 meters - M203 & 40mm, 200 meters- 60mm mortars, 300 meters - 81mm, 400 meters
- 105 mm, 500 meters - 155 mm/naval gunfire
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CALL FOR FIRE
•“________ THIS IS ________ FIRE FOR EFFECT (OR ADJUST FIRE), OVER”
•“GRID ________, DIRECTION ________ (IN DEGREES), OVER”
•“(TARGET DESCRIPTION), OVER”
•“(MUNITION REQUESTED-IE. HE, SMOKE), IN EFFECT, OVER”
•(IF ADJUST FIRE) “ADD/DROP, OVER”
•(IF ADJUST FIRE) “FIRE FOR EFFECT, OVER”
•“END OF MISSION, (TARGET DISPOSITION), (ESTIMATED CASUALTIES), OVER”
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RANGER CREED
Recognizing that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the
hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to uphold
the prestige, honor, and high esprit de corps of the Rangers.
Acknowledging the fact that a Ranger is a more elite soldier who
arrives at the cutting edge of battle by land, sea, or air, I accept the
fact that as a Ranger my country expects me to move further, faster,
and fight harder than any other soldier.
Never shall I fail my comrades I will always keep myself mentally
alert, physically strong, and morally straight and I will shoulder
more than my share of the task whatever it may be, one hundred
percent and then some.
Gallantly will I show the world that I am a specially selected and
well trained soldier. My courtesy to superior officers, neatness of
dress, and care of equipment shall set the example for others to
follow.
Energetically will I meet the enemies of my country. I shall defeat
them on the field of battle for I am better trained and will fight with
all my might. Surrender is not a Ranger word. I will never leave a
fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy and under no
circumstances will I ever embarrass my country.
Readily will I display the intestinal fortitude required to fight on to
the Ranger objective and complete the mission, though I be the lone
survivor.