Bacteria-Procaryotic Cells
Read pages 360 to 372 and answer the following questions.
1.
2.
What are prokaryotes? Cells without a true nucleus
To which two domains(kingdoms in textbook) do prokaryotes belong?
Eubacteria & Archaea Archaebacteria & Eubacteria in text
3.
Contrast prokaryotes and eucaryotes in regard to size and explain
the reason. Eukaryotes are larger because they need room for the
nucleus
4. What are the general characteristics of Eubacteria? Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Reproduce mainly asexually
5.
What are cyanobacteria? (Where do they live , What did they used to
be called, What is special about them?)
They are found throughout the world in fresh and salt water and on land.
They can photosynthesize and were once known as blue-green algae
(but they aren’t algae which are plants but bacteria.)
6.
7.
8.
9.
What are the characteristics of Archebacteria (Archaea)? They tend
to live in extreme environments like hot water vents or very salty
environments.
Why are archaebacteria (Archaea) considered to be different from
eubacteria? They have different lipids and are missing a
carbohydrate called peptidoglycan in their cell membranes.
What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Rod shaped, spherical
and spiral shaped
10. Complete the table:
Name of bacteria
Shape of bacteria
Drawing
Bacilli
Rod shaped
Spherical
cocci
Spiral shaped
spirilli
11. What other methods are used to differentiate bacteria? How they
organize themselves into groups such as streptococcus in chains and
staphylococcus in clumps. As well as the cell wall, kinds of
movement and how they obtain energy.
12. Who was Hans Christian Gram? He invented the gram stain.
13. Complete this table:
Name
Gram positive
Gram negative
Colour
purple
Red
Cell membrane structure
Only one cell layerTwo
outside
cell layers outside the
the cell membrane
cell membrane
14. Describe the different ways that bacteria can move. Some use
flagella while others lash, snake, or spiral forward.
15. If bacteria were classified according to their method of obtaining
energy, what groups would they be classified into?
Phototrophic autotrophs
Chemotrophic autotrophs
Chemotropic heterotrophs
Phototrophic heterotrophs
16. Compare and contrast HETEROTROPHS and AUTOTROPHS.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs are both types of bacteria (ie. Prokaryotic
unicellular organisms), they need energy to stay alive while
autotrophs are able to make their own organic molecules by
harnessing energy from light or chemicals and chemotrophs need to
take in organic molecules then breaking them down.
17. Define and give an example of the following:
a. obligate aerobes
need oxygen to stay alive
b. obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by oxygen and do not need it to stay alive
c. facultative anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
18. How often can bacteria reproduce?
As often as every 20 minutes
19. Why don’t bacteria reproduce to reach a mass approximately 4000
times the mass of the Earth?
Growth of bacteria is held in check by availability of food and the
production of waste products.
20. Complete yet another table:
Method of Reproduction
Sexual or Asexual
asexual
Binary Fission
sexual
Conjugation
asexual
Purpose of method of
Reproduction
To produce many identical
offspring
To create genetic variety within
the species
To survive adverse conditions
Spore formation
21. Give some examples of methods of food and beverage production in
which bacteria are important.
They are used to make cheese, buttermilk, sour cream as well as pickles,
kimchi, sauerkraut and some vinegar and wine.
22. Give some examples of how bacteria are used in industry. Digesting
oil during an oil spill
Removing waste products and poisons from water
Help mine minerals from the ground
23. What is symbiosis? A close relationship between two species in
which at least one species benefits from the other.
24. What are E. coli? What do they do for us? Bacteria that live in our
intestines. They help us digest food and make a number of vitamins.
25. On what does every living thing depend on for growth?
raw material
A supply of
26. What role do bacteria have in breakdown of dead material?
recycle and de compose or break down dead material.
Bacteria
26. What are saprophytes? Organisms that use complex molecules of a
once-living organism as their source of energy enriching the soil in
which it grew.
27. Describe the role of bacteria in sewage decomposition?
Bacteria is added to human waste in sewage. They break down the complex
compounds in the sewage into simpler compounds. This process
produces purified water, nitrogen gas, and CO2 gas and leftover
products that can be used as crop fertilizers. (Sometimes it
doesn’t work so well and we get lettuce with E. coli on it.)
28. What is that plant called that you smell when you cross the Alex
Fraser Bridge? Annacis Island Waste Treatment plant.
29. What % of N2 is our atmosphere made of?
80%
30. What form of nitrogen do living things require? NH4 or NO331. In order for humans to make nitrogen-containing fertilizers they
must use the Haber process, the one at 500° C. Describe the Haber
process in more detail.
Haber process: Take nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas heat the mixture to 500°
C and squeeze it to 300 times the normal atmospheric pressure to
make NH4. It is expensive and time-consuming.
32. What do bacteria do to make nitrogen-containing compounds? They
live in the roots of legumes and take N2 from the air and change it
into NH4 at room temperature and normal pressure.
33. Describe the symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria in
soybeans.
Soybeans provide food for the bacteria and the bacteria provide organic
nitrogen (NH4 )for the plant (mutualism)
34. How much nitrogen is released into the environment every year.
than 170 million metric tonnes per year. Just from those tiny
bacteria.
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