Table of contents-Final-22Dec08-

Table of Contents

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background of the study __________________________________________________ 1-1

1.2 Need for Research on Social Presence _______________________________________ 1-3

1.3 The Significance of the Study ______________________________________________1-6

1.4 Contribution of the study _________________________________________________ 1-7

1.5 Dissertation Overview ___________________________________________________ 1-8

Chapter Two: literature Review

2.1Introduction____________________________________________________________ 2-

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2.2 Knowledge Management (KM) & Community-of-Practice (CoP) ______________ 2-


2.3 Community of Practice ( CoP ) and its significance _____________________ 2-


2.3.1 Medium of Communication _____________________________________ 2-


2.3.2 Degree of internal diversity ______________________________________2-


2.3.3 CoP Life cycle ________________________________________________2-


2.3.4 Degree of formalisation ________________________________________ 2-


2.3.5 Differentiation of CoP according to goal ___________________________ 2-


2.3.6 Multilingual Community of Practice (CoP) ________________________ 2-

2


2.4 Storytelling and Knowledge Sharing ____________________________________ 2-29

2.5 Learning in social context ____________________________________________ 2-


2.5.1 Engagement in a Community of practice __________________________ 2-


2.6 Understanding Knowledge Sharing _________________________________ 2-43

2.6.1 Knowledge transfer (SECI) spiral model ___________________________ 2-


2.6.2

Boisot’s I-Space Model ________________________________________ 2-


2.7 Challenges to Knowledge Sharing and Engagement in an online CoP __________ 2-45

2.8 Research justification________________________________________________ 2-


2.9 Summary__________________________________________________________ 2-


I

Chapter Three: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 3-1

3.2 Research Methodology ___________________________________________________ 3-2

3.4

Research Strategy _______________________________________________________ 3-6

3.5

Time Horizons _________________________________________________________ 3-7

3.6

Research Design ________________________________________________________ 3-8

3.7

Data Collection _________________________________________________________ 3-8

3.7.1 Secondary Data ___________________________________________________ 3-9

3.7.2 Primary Research ________________________________________________ 3-10

3.7.2.A Sample Selection _________________________________________ 3-12

3.7.3. Qualitative and Quantitative research ________________________________ 3-15

3.7.3.1 Case Study ______________________________________________ 3-18

3.7.3.2 Observation _____________________________________________ 3-26

3.7.3.3 Online Questionnaire Survey ________________________________ 3-28

3.7.3.4 Quantitative Data Analysis _________________________________ 3-27

3.7.3.5 Reliability and Validity ____________________________________ 3-29

3. 8 Discussions __________________________________________________________ 3-33

2.1

3.9 Summary __________________________________________________________ 3-35

Chapter Four: Case studies

4.0 Case Studies Background ______________________________________________ 4-1

4.1 Case Study I: Start up Nations (SuN) CoP _________________________________ 4-5

4.1.1 Case Study Background _________________________________________ 4-5

4.1.2 Case Statistics _________________________________________________ 4-6

4.1.3 Analysis of selected topics _______________________________________ 4-8

4.1.3.1 High discussed topics ________________________________________ 4-10

4.1.3.1.1 Topic 1: How do I hire people? ______________________________ 4-10

4.1.3.1.2 Topic 2: How do I prove market demand for a new product? _______ 4-13

4.1.3.1.3 Topic 3: Business Name ____________________________________ 4-16

4.1.3.2 Medium discussed topics _____________________________________ 4-18

4.1.3.2.1 Topic 1: Learning from other SuN entrepreneurs ________________ 4-18

4.1.3.2.2 Topic 2: How to Use Text Messaging to Reach Customers _________ 4-20

4.1.3.2.3 Topic 3: How to Increase Your Sales Overnight? ________________ 4-22

4.1.3.3 Low discussed topics ________________________________________ 4-24

4.1.3.3.1 Topic1: Risks of a Car Rental Business ________________________ 4-24

4.1.3.3.2 Topic 2: Is receiving/stocking /shipping inventory a difficult task? __ 4-26

4.1.3.3.3 Topic 3: Who Shops Amazon.com? ___________________________ 4-27

4.1.3.4 Topics with no replies ________________________________________ 4-29

4.1.3.5 Summary of the case _________________________________________ 4-29

4.2 Case Study 2: All nurses (AN) CoP ______________________________________ 4-35

4.2.1 Case Study Background ________________________________________ 4-35

4.2.2 Case Statistics ________________________________________________ 4-36

4.2.3 Analysis of selected topics ______________________________________ 4-40

II

4.3 Case Study 3: Young entrepreneur (YE) CoP _______________________________ 4-45

4.3.1 Case study background _________________________________________ 4-45

4.3.2 Case study statistics ___________________________________________ 4-46


4.4 Case Study 4: Teneric CoP _____________________________________________ 4-51




4.5 Case Study 5: Supply Chain Focus CoP ___________________________________ 4-56




4.6 Case Study 6: Systems Dynamic CoP _____________________________________ 4-63




4.7 Case Study 7: Mahjoob CoP ____________________________________________ 4-70




4.8 Case Study 8: Alnj3 CoP _______________________________________________ 4-76




4.9 Summary _____________________________________________________________ 4-83

Chapter Five: Quantitative Research

5.1

Introduction __________________________________________________________ 5-1

5.2

Gender Profile ________________________________________________________ 5-1

5.3

Age Profile __________________________________________________________ 5-2

5.4

Education Profile _____________________________________________________ 5-3

5.5

Location Profile ______________________________________________________ 5-4

5.6

Employment Profile ___________________________________________________ 5-5

5.7

Frequency of Participation Profile ________________________________________ 5-6

5.8

Association Profile ____________________________________________________ 5-7

5.9

Understanding members behaviour in a specific CoP _________________________ 5-9

5.9.1

Why do members participate in this particular community __________________ 5-9

5.9.2

What attracts members to participate in a specific topic in CoP ______________ 5-10

5.9.3

Mode of communication in a CoP _____________________________________ 5-12

5.9.4

Nature of communication in a CoP ____________________________________ 5-13

5.10

Reliability Test ______________________________________________________ 5-14

5.11 Non Parametric Test of Mean Comparison _________________________________ 5-16

5.11.1 Mean Comparison for Discourse of Discussion Factor ___________________ 5-17

5.11.2 Mean Comparison for Tools (learning)/ Knowledge transfer Factor _________ 5-18

5.11.3 Mean Comparison for Engagement Roles _____________________________ 5-19

III

5.11.4 Mean Comparison for General issues in CoP ___________________________ 5-21

5.12 Correlation Analysis ___________________________________________________ 5-22

5.12.1 Discourse of discussion ___________________________________________ 5-23

5.12.2 Tools (learning)/ Knowledge transfer _________________________________ 5-24

5.12.3 Engagement roles ________________________________________________ 5-25

5.12.4 General issues in CoP _____________________________________________ 5-27

Chapter Six: Findings and Discussion

6.1 Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 6-1

6.2 Discourse of discussion __________________________________________________ 6-2

6.3 Tools (learning)/ Knowledge transfer _______________________________________ 6-10

6.4 Engagement roles ______________________________________________________ 6-15

6.5 General Issues on CoP __________________________________________________ 6-19

6.6 Overall comparison of all the factors in the CoPs _____________________________ 6-21

6.7 Summary _____________________________________________________________ 6-24

Chapter Seven: Conclusion and Recommendations

7.1 Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 7-1

7.2 Implication of the study __________________________________________________ 7-6

7.3 Limitations of the Study _________________________________________________ 7-10

7.4 Recommendations for Future Research _____________________________________ 7-12

References _______________________________________________________________ R-1

Appendixes

Appendix 1: The Analysis Part of seven Case Studies ___________________________A-1

All Nurses __________________________________________ A-2

Young Entrepreneur __________________________________ A-21

Teneric ____________________________________________ A-40

SCM Focus ________________________________________ A-58

System Dynamics ___________________________________ A-78

Mahjoob __________________________________________ A-104

Alnj3 ____________________________________________ A-121

Appendix 2: Major Studies within Research Context _________________________ A-134

Appendix 3: Copy of Online Questionnaire ________________________________ A-140

List of Figures

Figure 2.1: Flowchart of the Literature Review _____________________ 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2.2: Key elements of Knowledge Management (APQC, 2000) ____ 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2.3: Three characteristics of a community of practice (Wenger, 2001)2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2.4: Life Cycle of a Community of Practice (CoP) - (Wenger, 1998) 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2.5: Wenger’s Communities of Practice Theoretical Model (1998) 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2.6: Depiction of Wenger’s Community of Practice (1998) ______ 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 2. 7: SECI Spiral diagram for the System Dynamics Community of Practice_____________________ 2-

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Figure 3.1: The research process ‘onion’ _________________________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

IV

Figure 3.2: Research methods and underlying paradigms _____________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure: 3.3: Research methodology (tools) _________________________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 3.4: A comparison of deductive and inductive approaches ______ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 3.5: Characteristics of CoP and commonly shared dimensions ___ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 3.6: The Johari Window in Qualitative research ______________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 3.7: Sources of Data ____________________________________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 3.8: Research Outline ___________________________________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.1: Big board interface (http://www.big-boards.com/) _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.2: Start up Nation CoP web interface (http://www.Start up Nation.com/)4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.3: Discussion profile for the Topic: “How do I hire people?” ___ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.4: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How do I hire people?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.5: Discussion profile for the Topic: “How do I prove market demand for a new product?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.6: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How do I prove market demand?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.7: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Business Name” ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.8: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Business Name”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.9: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Learning from other SuN entrepreneurs”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.10: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Learning from other SuN entrepreneurs”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.11: Discussion profile for the Topic: “How to Use Text Messaging to Reach Customers”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.12: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How to Use Text Messaging”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4. 13: Discussion profile for the Topic: “How to Increase Your Sales Overnight”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.14: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How to Increase Your Sales Overnight”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.15: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Risks of a Car Rental Business”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.16: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Risks of a Car Rental Business”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.17: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Who Shops Amazon.com?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.18: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Who Shops Amazon.com?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.19: Message length in Start up Nation CoP _________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.20: Context of discourse in Start up Nation CoP _____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.21: Content of discourse in Start up Nation CoP _____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.22: All nurses CoP interface and profile: http://All nurses.com/forums/4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.23: Young Entrepreneur CoP interface and profile: http://www.youngentrepreneur.com/forum/4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.24: Teneric CoP interface and profile: http://forums.teneric.co.uk/4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.25: Supply Chain Focus CoP interface and profile ___________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.26: SD CoP interface and profile: http://www.ventanasystems.co.uk/forum/4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.27: English interface of Mahjoob CoP http://www.mahjoob.com/en/forums/index.php4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.28: Alnj3 CoP interface: alnj3.com _______________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.29: Overall comparison of message length in the eight CoPs ___ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4.30: Overall comparison of content of discourse in the eight CoPs 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 4. 31: Overall comparison of content of discourse in the eight CoPs4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.1: Gender by Percentage _______________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.2: Age Group by Percentage ____________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.3: Education by Percentages ____________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.4: Location by Percentage ______________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.5: Employment by Percentage ___________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.6: Frequency of Participation by Percentage ________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.7: Association by Percentage ___________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.8: Association with other Forums by Percentage _____________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.9: Participation in a CoP _______________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.10: Attraction to participate in a specific topic in CoP ________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.11: The Context of Discourse within CoP __________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 5.12: The content of discourse in a CoP _____________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 6.1: Mean comparison of individual factors in the eight CoPs under investigation6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Fiigure 6.2: Graphical presentation of overall mean comparison of factors for the 8 CoPs6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 7.1: Life cycle profile of a topic within CoP (Hafeez & Alghatas, 2006)7-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure 7.2: SECI Spiral diagram for the System Dynamics Community of Practice7-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

V

Figure A.1: Discussion profile for the topic: “Any male nurses to share experience?” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.2: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Any male nurses to share experience?”_ A-Ошибка!

Закладка не определена.

Figure A.3: Discussion profile for the topic: “My success stories” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.4: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “My success stories” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.5: Discussion profile for the topic: “Diploma nurse & proud” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.6: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Diploma nurse & proud” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 7: Discussion profile for the topic: “Why did you go to nursing?” _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.8: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Why did you go to nursing?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.9: Discussion profile for the topic: “Depression more damaging than some chronic illnesses” _____ A-


Figure A.10: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Depression more damaging than illnesses” ____ A-


Figure A.11: Discussion profile for the topic: “Surgery may be the best route for type II diabetics patients” __ A-


Figure A.12: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Surgery may be the best route” _______ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.13: Discussion profile for the topic: “Need good tips on Nclex books” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.14: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Need good tips on Nclex books” _____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.15: Discussion profile for the topic: “Having trouble on tracing the path of a drop of blood” ______ A-


Figure A.16: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Having trouble on tracing the path” ___ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.17: Discussion profile for the topic: “Qualitative Research” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.18: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Qualitative Research” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 19: Discussion profile for the topic: “Survey form with regards to Competitiveness of Filipino?” ___ A-


Figure A.20: Message length in Allnurses CoP _____________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.21: Context of discourse in Allnurses CoP __________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.22: Content of discourse in Allnurses CoP _________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.23: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Bill Gates” ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.24: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.25: Discussion profile for the Topic: Are You Innovative ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.26: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.27: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Yohoo vs GoDaddy” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.28: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Yohoo vs GoDaddy” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.29: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Entrepreneurial learning through a social network” _ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.30: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Entrepreneurial learning through a network” _ A-


Figure A.31: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Where do you spend your advertising?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.32: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Where do you spend your advertising?” ______ A-


Figure A.33: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Thoughts about global entrepreneur cooperation” __ A-Ошибка!


VI

Figure A.34: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Thoughts about global entrepreneur” _ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.35: Discussion profile for the Topic: “Speaking and Conversation Skills” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.36: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Speaking and Conversation Skills” ___ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.37: Context of discourse in Young Entrepreneur CoP _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.38: Content of discourse in Young Entrepreneurship CoP _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 39: Message length in Young Entrepreneurship CoP _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.40: Discussion profile for the topic: “Why any small business needs a website” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.41: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Why any small business needs a website”______ A-


Figure A.42: Discussion profile for the topic: What's the biggest thing you have learned so far?” ____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.43: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: What's the biggest thing you have learned so far?”

_____________________________________________________________ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.44: Discussion profile for the topic: “Social life vs. business” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.45: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Social life vs. business” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.46: Discussion profile for the topic: “Email marketing - can it be done properly?” _______ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.47: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Email marketing - can it be done properly?” ___ A-


Figure A. 48: Discussion profile for the topic: “New small manufacturing business” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.49: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “New small manufacturing business” ___ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.50: Discussion profile for the topic: “Links in your posts” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.51: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Links in your posts” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.52: Discussion profile for the topic: “.com or .co.uk” _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 53: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “.com or .co.uk” ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.54: Discussion profile for the topic: “Getting the most out of this forum” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.55: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Getting the most out of this forum” ____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.56: Context of discourse in Teneric CoP ___________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.57: Content of discourse in Teneric CoP ___________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.58: Message length in Teneric CoP _______________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.59: Discussion profile for the topic: “Does being CIPS accredited really help your career?” A-Ошибка!


Figure A.60: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Does being CIPS accredited really help r?” ___ A-


Figure A.61: Discussion profile for the topic: “what kind of supply/inventory model should I choose?” ______ A-


Figure A.62: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “what kind of y model should I choose?” ______ A-


Figure A.63: Discussion profile for the topic: “Supply Chain Book Recommendations” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.64: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Supply Chain Book Recommendations” ______ A-


Figure A.65: Discussion profile for the topic: “How can we maintain quality standards in China?” __ A-Ошибка!


VII

Figure A.66: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How can we maintain quality standard ?” ____ A-


Figure A.67: Discussion profile for the topic: “Lead time measurement” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.68: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Lead time measurement” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.69: Discussion profile for the topic: “Best examples of supply chains” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.70: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Best examples of supply chains” _____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.71: Discussion profile for the topic: What relationship does SCM have with other departments” ___ A-


Figure A.72: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: What relationship does SCM have” ____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.73: Discussion profile for the topic: “Product slotting” _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.74: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Product slotting” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.75: Discussion profile for the topic: “Supply Chain Software” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 76: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “Supply Chain Software” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.77: Context of discourse in Supply Chain Focus CoP _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.78: Content of discourse in Supply Chain Focus CoP _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A. 79: Message length in Supply Chain Focus CoP ____________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.80: Discussion profile for the Topic “Can SD models learn” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.81: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: ‘Can SD models learn’ ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.82: Discussion profile for the topic: “SD and other modeling approaches” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.83: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “SD and other modeling approaches” __ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.84: Discussion profile for the Topic “manufacturing control systems” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.85: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “manufacturing control systems” ______ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.86: Discussion profile for the Topic “Using statistics in SD” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.87: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: ‘’Using statistics in dynamic models’’ __ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.88: Discussion profile for the Topic “Reliable models” _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.89: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Reliable models” _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.90: Discussion profile for the Topic “Formal Tools” _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.91: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Formal Tools” ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.92: Discussion profile for the Topic “Limitations of System dynamics?” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.93: Discussion profile for the Topic “Teaching SD to Computing Undergraduates” _______ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.94: Authors relative contribution in the discourse: “Teaching SD to Computing Undergraduates” __ A-


Figure A.95: Content of discourse in Systems Dynamic CoP ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.96: Context of discourse in System Dynamics CoP ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.97: Message length in System Dynamics CoP _______________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.98: Discussion profile for the topic “General talk” ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.99: Discussion profile for the topic “I3jaz-il-quran” _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.100: Discussion profile for the topic “Spanish corner” _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.101: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “Spanish corner” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

VIII

Figure A.102: Discussion profile for the Topic “Is Aspirin good for your health?” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.103: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “Is Aspirin good for your health?” ____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.104: Discussion profile for the topic “Benefits from Chinese acupuncture” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.105: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “Benefits from Chinese acupuncture” _ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.106: Discussion profile for the Topic “What is your best achievement in your life so far?” _ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.107: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “What is your best achievement in your life?” __ A-


Figure A.108: Discussion profile for the topic “How do you measure the risk in your life?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.109: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: “How do you measure the risk in your life?” __ A-


Figure A.110: Discussion profile for the topic “What do you find annoying about emails?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.111: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “What do you find annoying about emails?” ___ A-


Figure A.112: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse “Greatest Engineering achievements” _ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.113: Discussion profile for the Topic “Effects of smoking on Vitamin A and C” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.114: Discussion profile for the Topic: ”Introducing Alnj3 members” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.115: Discussion profile for the Topic “Bedouin Art” _________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.116: Discussion profile for the topic: The most common grammatical errors__ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.117: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: The most common grammatical errors A-Ошибка!


Figure A.118: Discussion profile for the topic: Spirit of Akakus ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.119: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: Spirit of Akakus _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.120: Discussion profile for the topic: Before you sell your mobile phone _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.121: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: Before you sell your mobile phone ____ A-Ошибка!


Figure A.122: Discussion profile for the topic: reasons slow down the speed of your PC A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.123: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: reasons slow down the speed of your PC ______ A-


Figure A.124: Discussion profile for the topic: Do you know? __________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.125: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: Do you know? ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.126: Discussion profile for the topic: Almadar ______________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Figure A.127: Authors’ relative contribution in the discourse: Almadar __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

List of Tables

Table 2. 1: Definitions of CoP _________________________________ 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

IX

Table 2.2: Differences between CoP and formal group, project team and informal network 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 2.3: Characteristics of monolingual and multilingual CoPs (Developed by the author) _____ 2-Ошибка!


Table 2.4: Arabizi word and equivalent meaning (Palfreyman & Khalil, 2003) _____ 2-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 3.1: Matrix of the enabling engagement ____________________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 3.2: Adopted from Matrix of the enabling engagement ________ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 3.3: Roles of participants, moderator and system administrator in a CoP _____ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 3.4: Membership levels within the research case studies _______ 3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 3.5: Summary of reliability and validity techniques used in the study3-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.1: Brief Description of the selected CoPs for case studies _____ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.2: Members’ nationalities in each case study _______________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.3: A summary of the Start up Nations (SuN) sub-forum _______ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.4: A list of selected topics from Start up Nations CoP ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.5: Discourse analysis of the Topic “How do I hire people?” __ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.6: Discourse analysis of the Topic “How do I prove market demand for a new product?” _ 4-Ошибка!


Table 4.7: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Business Name” ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.8: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Learning from other SuN entrepreneurs” 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.9: Discourse analysis of the Topic “How to Use Text Messaging to Reach Customers” ___ 4-Ошибка!


Table 4.10: Discourse analysis of the Topic “How to Increase Your Sales Overnight” 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.11: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Risks of a Car Rental Business” ______ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.12: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Is receiving/stocking /shipping inventory a difficult task?” ____ 4-


Table 4.13: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Who Shops Amazon.com?”4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.14: Summary of the analysed topics of Start up Nation CoP ___ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.15: Summary of the analysed topics of Start up Nation CoP ___ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.16: All nurses.com Daily Visitor Traffic Statistics ___________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.17: All nurses CoP structure ___________________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.18: A list of selected topics from All nurses CoP ____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.19: (a) Summary of the analysed topics from all nurses CoP __ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4. 20: (b) Summary of the analyzed topics of all nurses CoP ____ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.21: Summary of the analyzed topics of all nurses CoP _______ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.22: Young Entrepreneur CoP Structure ___________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.23: A list of selected topics from Young Entrepreneur CoP ____ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.24: Summary of the analysed topics from Young Entrepreneur CoP _______ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.25: Summary of the analysed topics from Young Entrepreneur CoP ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.26: Teneric CoP structure _____________________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.27: A list of selected topics from Teneric CoP ______________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.28: Summary of the analyzed topics of Teneric CoP _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.29: Summary of the analyzed topics of Teneric CoP _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.30: Details of the main categories in SCF CoP_____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.31: A list of selected topics from supply Chain Focus CoP ____ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.32: Summary of the analysed topics from Supply Chain Focus CoP ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.33: Summary of the analysed topics from Supply Chain Focus CoP ________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

X

Table 4.34: System Dynamics CoP Structure _____________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.35: A list of selected topics from SD CoP__________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.36: Summary of the analysed topics from System Dynamics CoP 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.37: Summary of the analysed topics from System Dynamics CoP 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.38: Mahjoob CoP structure ____________________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.39: A list of selected topics from Mahjoob CoP _____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.40: Summary of the analyzed topics of Majoob CoP _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.41: Summary of the analyzed topics of Majoob _____________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.42: Alnj3 CoP structure _______________________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.43: A list of selected topics for analysis from Alnj3 CoP ______ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.44: Summary of the analysed topics from Alnj3 CoP _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.45: Summary of the analysed topics from Alnj3 CoP _________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 4.46:________________________________________________ 4-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5.1: Reliability Test ____________________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5. 2: Descriptive Statistics for Discourse of discussion Variables 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5.3: Descriptive Statistics _______________________________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.



Table 5.6: Correlational analysis for Discourse of discussion ________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5.7: Correlational Analysis for Tools (learning)/ Knowledge transfer ________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5.8: Correlational Analysis for Engagement Roles ____________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 5 9: Correlational Analysis for General Issues in CoP _________ 5-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 6.1: Discourse of Discussion in the eight CoPs under investigation6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 6. 2: Tools (learning)/ knowledge transfer in the eight CoPs under investigation 6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 6.3: Engagement Role within CoPs under investigation ________ 6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table 6.4: General issues in the eight CoPs under investigation ______ 6-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.1: Discourse analysis of the topic: Any male nurses to share experience? ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.2: Discourse analysis of the topic: “My success stories” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.3: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Diploma nurse & proud” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.4: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Why did you go to nursing?”A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.5: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Depression more damaging than some chronic illnesses”A-Ошибка!


Table A.6: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Surgery may be the best route for type II diabetics patients ____ A-


Table A.7: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Need good tips on Nclex books” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.8: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Having trouble on tracing the path of a drop of blood” A-Ошибка!


Table A. 9: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Qualitative Research” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.10: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Bill Gates” ___________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.11: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Are you innovative” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.12: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Yohoo vs GoDaddy” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.13: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Entrepreneurial learning through a social network” _ A-Ошибка!


Table A.14: Discourse analysis of the Topic “South Bay, CA Entrepreneur meetings” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.15: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Where do you spend your advertising?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.16: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Thoughts about global entrepreneur cooperation” __ A-Ошибка!


Table A. 17: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Speaking and Conversation Skills” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

XI

Table A.18: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Why any small business needs a website”A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.19: Discourse analysis of the Topic: What's the biggest thing you have learned so far ____ A-Ошибка!


Table A.20: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Social life vs. business” _ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.21: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Email marketing - can it be done properly?A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.22: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “New small manufacturing business” __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.23: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Links in your posts” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.24: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Do I need licence” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.25: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “.com or .co.uk” _______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.26: Discourse analysis of the Topic “Getting the most out of this forum” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.27: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Does being CIPS accredited really help your career?”A-Ошибка!


Table A.28: Discourse analysis of the topic: “what kind of supply/inventory model should I choose?”A-Ошибка!


Table A.29: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Supply Chain Book Recommendations” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.30: Discourse analysis of the topic: “How can we maintain quality standards in China?” _ A-Ошибка!


Table A. 31: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Lead time measurement” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A. 32: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Best examples of supply chains” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.33: Discourse analysis of the topic: “What relationship does SC have with other departments” _____ A-


Table A.34: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Product slotting” ______ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A. 35: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Supply Chain Software” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.36: Discourse analysis for the Topic: “Can SD models learn?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.37: Discourse analysis for the Topic 7: “SD and other modelling approaches”A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.38: Discourse analysis for the topic: “manufacturing control systems” _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.39: Discourse analysis of the Topic: Using statistics in SD ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.40: Discourse analysis for the Topic 3: “Reliable models” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.41: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Formal Tools” ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.42: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Limitations of System dynamics?” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.43: Discourse analysis of the topic: “Teaching SD to Computing Undergraduates” ______ A-Ошибка!


Table A.44: Discourse analysis of the Topic: “Vensim and Visual Basic”A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.45: Discourse analysis of the topic “Spanish corner” ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.46: Discourse analysis for the topic “Is Aspirin good for your health?” ____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.47: Discourse analysis of the topic “Benefits from Chinese acupuncture” ___ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.48: Discourse analysis of the topic “What is your best achievement in your life so far?” __ A-Ошибка!


Table A.49: Discourse analysis of the topic “How do you measure the risk in your life?” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.50: Discourse analysis of the topic “What do you find annoying about emails”A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.51: Discourse analysis of the topic “Greatest Engineering achievements of the 20th century”A-Ошибка!


XII

Table A.52: Discourse analysis of the topic “Effects of smoking on Vitamin A and C” A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.53: Discourse analysis of the topic: The most common grammatical errors __ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.54: Discourse analysis of the topic: Spirit of Akakus ________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.55: Discourse analysis of the topic: Before you sell your mobile phone _____ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.56: Discourse analysis of the topic: reasons slow down the speed of your PC A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.57: Discourse analysis of the topic: Do you know? __________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.58: Discourse analysis of the topic: Almadar ______________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

Table A.59: Major studies within research context _________________ A-Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

XIII

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