3 domains:
(1) Archaea (prokaryote)
(2) Bacteria (prokaryote)
(3) Eukarya (eukaryote)
Kingdom Bacteria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Archaea:
-
oldest form of life on Earth (date back to ~ 3.8 billion years ago)
-
live in extreme environments (salt, heat, alkaline/acid)  extremophiles
-
unusual cell walls and distinct cell membranes
Bacteria:
-
heterotrophic (get food from others)
 decomposers (feed on dead organic matter)
-
some are autotrophic (make their own food)
-
reproduce asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation)
-
3 shapes: (1) bacillus, (2) coccus and (3) spirillum
Kingdom Animalia
http://www.infections.bayer.com/images/diseases/bacteria1.gif
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/shape/images/coccus.gif and
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/003cocci.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mansfield.ohiostate.edu/~sabedon/biol2010.htm&h=384&w=576&sz=4&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=2_9nGGpTGeXMUM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=134&prev=/images%
3Fq%3Darrangements%2Bof%2Bbacillus%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
Kingdom Protista:
(1) Algae:
-
photosynthetic (autotrophs)
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pigmented (chlorophylls, caretenoids and phycobulins)
-
unicellular, filamentous or colonial
-
Phlyum Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta & Euglenophyta
Phylum Chlorophyta:
(1) Chlamydomonas
-
unicellular
-
motile (flagella)
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stigma – absorbs light
-
pyrenoid – production and storage of starch
-
asexual and sexual reproduction (syngamy)
http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/Chl_chlamydomonas_draw.gif
Chlamydomonas Life Cycle
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg
(2) Spirogyra and Cladophora
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filamentous
-
found in freshwater
-
sexual reproduction = conjugation (Spirogyra)
http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/images/spiro1.jpg
-
alternation of generation (Cladophora)
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/47850/Cladophora.gif
(3) Volvox
-
colonial (multicellular)
-
spherical in shape
-
2 flagella protrude from each cell to spin the colony through the water
-
cells within the colony are functionally different
-
sexual reproduction (oogamy – one gamete is small and motile while the other is large and
nonmotile)
-
daughter cells are initially held within the parent colony
http://www.world-science.net/images/volvox.JPG
(4) Volvocine Line (unicellular isogamous  colonial isogamous  colonial oogamous)
http://www.unbf.ca/vip/photos/Cris's%20color%20volvocales_files/image002.jpg
Phylum Phaeophyta:
-
some of the largest algae
-
chlorophylls a and c
-
brown color due to fucoxanthin
-
marine and cool waters
-
store energy as laminarin
-
important as a food source (Laminaria)
-
alginic acid used as an emulsifier
(1) Fucus
-
attached to rocks by a holdfast
-
sexual reproduction
-
no haploid stage like most protests
http://www.euita.upv.es/varios/biologia/images/Figuras_tema1/fucus.jpg
M = male conceptacle (contains antheridia
F= female conceptacle (contains oogonia
that produce sperm)
that produce eggs)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lima.ohiostate.edu/academics/biology/images/spiro1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lima.
ohiostate.edu/academics/biology/biodiv/webplant.htm&h=461&w=551&sz=80&hl=en&start=99&tbnid=cwRF2Ik_3aNhQM:&tbnh=111&t
bnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspirogyra%26start%3D80%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Phylum Rhodophyta
-
red algae
-
chlorophylls a and d
-
red color due to red phycobulins (phycoerythrin)
-
marine species
-
attached or free floating
-
filamentous or fleshy
http://ind.ntou.edu.tw/~b0232/porphyra.jpg
Phylum Chrysophyta
-
golden algae
-
diatoms
-
free swimming
-
unicellular
-
chlorophylls a and c
-
get their yellow-brown color from carotenes and xanthophylls
-
autotrophs (primary link in food chain)
-
asexual or sexual reproduction
-
silica cell wall – accumulates as diatomaceous earth
- paint additive for reflectivity
- polish for silver and toothpaste
- insulation (furnaces)
http://www.zeiss.com/C12567BE00472A5C/GraphikTitelIntern/Discovery_Applications02/$File/Diatoms.jpg
Phylum Pyrrhophyta
-
dinoflagellates
-
unicellular
-
2 dissimilar flagella
-
marine or freshwater
-
cause red tides (Ptychodiscus bruvis) which kill many fish (toxins and decreased oxygen)
-
autotrophs (primary producers in food chain)
-
some are parasitic
-
some live symbiotically with corals
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide.jpg
Phylum Euglenophyta
-
euglenoids
-
unicelluar
-
freshwater
-
chlorophylls a and b
-
protein cell walls = pellicle (flexible for movement)
-
eyespot (stigma) for detection of light
-
autotrophic or heterotrophic (phagocytosis)
-
asexual reproduction (longitudinal fission) but no sexual reproduction
-
measure of pollution (increased numbers, increased pollution  like Nitrogen)
http://www.personal.psu.edu/dcw1/graphics/euglena.gif
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Euglena.JPG
Evolution of Body Form (unbranched filamentous  branched filamentous  branched
parenchymous)
http://www.mtsu.edu/~rsb2b/Lab9Protists_files/frame.htm
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2152/Stigeoclonium1.jpg
http://www.californiabiota.com/cabiota/ulva_lobata.jpg