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Animal unit study guide
Chapters 26 – 32
Vocabulary:
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.4
invertebrate vs. vertebrate
exoskeleton vs. endoskeleton
27.1
open vs. closed circulatory system
30.1
radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry
30.3
cephalization
coelom
31.1 / 31.3
notochord
32.1
amniotic egg
hermaphrodite
swim bladder
gill
lung
ectotherm vs. endotherm
mammary gland
Concepts:
26.1 – What is an animal?
--as we travel to our final kingdom, circle the broad characteristics of this group: (p. 623 - 624)
eukaryote
prokaryote
unicellular
multicellular
autotrophic
heterotrophic
cell wall made of ________________
no cell wall
--we will study animals in two broad groups: vertebrates and invertebrates (p. 625-626)
--what is the difference between these two groups?
--which of these two groups is larger and more diverse?
26.2 – Body systems in animals
--write the word equation for cellular respiration (review p. 199 if necessary)
--I had you write this above because animal cells must have access to the two reactants in this
equation in order to stay alive
--now skim pgs. 627 – 630, and fill out the table below
System
General function (how does it help animal obtain respiration
reactants)
Skeletal
Digestive
Nervous
Respiratory
Circulatory
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--review asexual vs. sexual reproduction … we will see many animal groups that can do either
--why reproduce asexually? why reproduce sexually? (review p. 248 if necessary)
Overall animal kingdom cladogram
Echinoderms
Chordates
Segmented Mollusks
worms
Roundworms
Arthropods
Flatworms
evolution of _______________
(p. 638)
evolution of ______skeleton
evolution of ________skeleton
Revolution #2: Skeletal support
Cnidarians
____________
symmetry
Revolution #1: Active predation
1) ____________ symmetry leading to
Sponges
______________________ (p. 633)
2) evolution of body cavity = ____________ (p. 636)
evolution of ___________________
Common ancestor
protist
Invertebrate phyla within the overall animal kingdom
Group
Sample organisms
Group
Sponges
Cnidarians
Arthropods
Flatworms
Roundworms
Echinoderms
Segmented worms
Mollusks
Chordates
Sample organisms
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27.1 – Sponges
--what make sponges different from any other animal? (top p. 655)
--we see a trend that will continue in many aquatic animals – why can some aquatic species
remain motionless for their adult life?
--how do they reproduce if they cannot move? (another common strategy in aquatic
environments, as we will see)
--explain what a hermaphrodite is, and why it is useful for non-moving or slow-moving
animals to be hermaphrodites
27.2 – Cnidarians
--the only change that we will focus on is a new type of symmetry = _________________
--explain the advantage of this symmetry
27.3 – Flatworms
--we see the beginning of a revolution in flatworms – explain the advantage of their
________________ symmetry
advantage:
--this type of symmetry also seems to coincide with the evolution of a coelom as well – go to
bottom p. 636 and identify two advantages to the coelom
advantage #1:
advantage #2: (not in book)
--now go back to p. 663, and note that flatworms have lost this coelom in evolutionary time
--why? they do not need it … note the “respiration” section p. 664 … how do they get
oxygen to their cells (true of most early animal groups)
--tapeworms have no digestive system or ability to move either … why do they not need
these basic functions?
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27.4 – Roundworms
--note very similar to flatworms, except what is slightly different (“body plan” p. 667)
28.1 – Mollusks
--note the presence of a true coelom now (and from now on) … and there are the organs p. 680
--explain the difference between an open vs. closed circulatory system strategy (also refer to p.
630 for more help)
_________ animals are more likely to have an open circulatory system
while _________ animals are more likely to have a closed circulatory system
28.2 – Segmented worms (annelids)
--some of my favorite invertebrates – explain how earthworms help improve the quality of their
soil environment (p. 688 and tunneling p. 689)
--also identify two ways that leeches have evolved to make a better living as a parasite (p. 690)
29.1, 29.2, 29.3 – Arthropods
--go to p. 704 first, note the “evolutionary success” section … this is the most dominant animal
group (yes, sorry … more dominant than humans)
--why? the incredible success of the exoskeleton (revolution #2)
--identify two advantages of the exoskeleton (p. 702):
1)
2)
--identify one challenge to having an exoskeleton (p. 704)
--just note that insects are a class within the arthropod group (they’re so huge, they get their own
section – 29.3 beyond 29.2)
29.4 – Echinoderms
--these animals have an _________skeleton in contrast to arthropods above
--adults have what type of symmetry? however, the young offspring have _______________
symmetry, which is why we classify them where we do on the cladogram above
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Chordate phylum cladogram
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles
transition to land part 3:
evolution of ___________________
Amphibians
transition to land part 2:
evolution of ___________________ (p.
641)
Bony fish
transition to land part 1:
evolution of ___________________
use of _________ to breathe (p. 641)
Cartilaginous fish
evolution of ___________________ (p.
640)
Invertebrate
chordates
evolution of ___________________
evolution of ___________________
Ancestral chordate
Classes within the chordate phylum within the animal kingdom
Group
Sample organisms
Group
Invertebrate chordates
Reptiles
Cartilage fish
Birds
Bony fish
Mammals
Amphibians
Sample organisms
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26.4 – Introduction to chordates (just p. 638-639)
--like echinoderms, all chordates have an _________skeleton
--all chordates have a __________________ supporting the early embryo
--what happens to this structure in vertebrates?
--note that there are some invertebrate chordates … how can they be invertebrates?
30.2 (omit 30.1) – Cartilaginous and bony fish
--focus on the swim bladder on p. 736 as a difference between these two types of fish … what
purpose does the swim bladder serve for fish in aquatic environments?
30.3 – Amphibians
--start on p. 741 – explain how amphibians are adapted to take oxygen out of air rather than
water
--(not in book) the lung organ is thought to be closely related to the
___________________ of fish
--however, amphibians do not live in all land environments – name 2 reasons they are restricted
to wet, moist areas:
1) (bottom p. 741)
2) (bottom p. 739)
31.1 – Reptiles
--reptiles expanded the land that they could occupy by solving both amphibian problems above:
1) solution #1: _____________________ (p. 757)
--how does this solve the problem?
2) solution #2: _____________________ (p. 757 and 761)
--how does this solve the problem
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--however, reptiles (like fish and amphibians) are _________therms (p. 759)
--explain what this means
--this limits where they can live on land … what general areas can reptiles NOT live?
31.3 – Birds
--unlike other reptiles, birds are _________therms (as are mammals, as we will see)
--explain how this leads to FULL colonization of land
--what is one challenge that endotherms face?
--what are some adaptations that enable flight for some birds? (p. 768)
32.1 – Mammals
--like birds, mammals are also _________therms
--what characteristics are unique to mammals?
--explain the purpose of extensive parental care of offspring (not in book)
Evolution of the vertebrate heart:
Fish (p. 731) – ______ chamber heart (single-loop circulation)
--explain the problem of this heart for land vertebrates later
Amphibians (p. 742-743) _______ chamber heart (double-loop circulation)
--explain how this new heart fixes the fish heart’s problem
--what new problem is created by the amphibian heart?
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Birds / mammals (p. 770)
--explain how this new heart fixes the amphibian heart’s problem
(Reptile heart is somewhat between amphibian and bird / mammal heart – p. 760)