1. In what year were Pompeii and Herculaneum buried by the eruption of
Vesuvius? 79 A.D. (p. 16)
2. What was the seaport of Rome? OSTIA (p. 16)
3. Into how many hours was the Roman day divided? 12 (p. 27)
4. In which room of the Roman house did clients pay their respects to or
ask for the help or advice of their patron? ATRIUM (p. 30)
5. When a master went to public places such as the Forum, he was
accompanied by a slave who would whisper the names of those who spoke
to him. What was the name for such a slave? NOMENC(U)LATOR (p. 30)
6. How many sesterces did a nobleman need to rank as a member of the
equites, or knights? 400,000 (p. 36)
7. Which Emperor began a hereditary nobility when he limited eligibility
for the curule offices to those whose ancestors had held such offices?
AUGUSTUS (p. 36)
8. Which office of the cursus honorum was attached to the treasury?
QUAESTOR (p. 37)
9. Which officials supervised markets, food supplies, streets and public
buildings in Rome? AEDILES (p. 37)
10. Who were the officials charged with defending the lives and property of
plebeians? TRIBUNES (TRIBUNI PLEBIS) (p. 38)
11. What was the name for a man who attained political office though no
member of his family had done previously? NOVUS HOMO (p. 38)
12. Which governor of Sicily cruelly looted that province and was later
exiled following bitter orations by Cicero? VERRES (p. 38)
13. Despite statutes forbidding acceptance of fees, Roman lawyers
frequently did, prompting which emperor to limit the amounts that might
be asked? CLAUDIUS (p. 39)
14. What was the minimum age set by Sulla for candidates for quaestor? 30 (p. 40)
15. What was a publicanus? TAX-COLLECTOR (p. 41) see n1.
16. What was the usual rate of interest for loans? 12% (p. 41) see n2.
17. At what interest rate was Marcus Brutus lending money when Cicero went
to Cilicia as governor in 51 B.C.? 48% (p. 41)
18. Who reorganized the Roman army about 104 B.C., enlisting men for a term
of 20 years at stated pay and doing away with property qualifications?
C. MARIUS (p. 43)
19. Guilds for carpenters, cobblers, and coppersmiths traced their
organization back to which Roman king? NUMA (POMPILIUS) (p. 45)
20. Who were the highest ranking civil servants, whose work was similar to
today's accountants, auditors, and stenographers? SCRIBAE (p. 47)

21. Which emperor was first to endow professorships in the liberal arts?
VESPASIAN (p. 47)
22. What nationality was the first foreign surgeon in Rome? GREEK (p. 48)
23. Which famous Roman gave citizenship to Greek physicians who settled in
Rome? C. JULIUS CAESAR (p. 48)
24. Who was the famous Greek physician who came to Rome about 164 A.D.?
GALEN (p. 48)
25. Who was the ancient Aryan god of light and truth, who was worshipped
widely in the Roman Empire, especially by soldiers? MITHRAS (p. 51 and OCD)
26. A town council, or curia, usually consisted of how many members? 100 (p. 52)
27. What was the name for members of the senates of municipia and colonies?
DECURIONES (p. 52)
28. What was the minimum age for a freeborn citizen to become a decurio, a
member of a town senate? 25 (p. 25) see n3.
29. Each year how many wealthy freedmen were selected to be Augustales? SIX (p. 52)
30. Which famous Roman citizen contributed funds for a school and donated a
library, with funds for its maintenance, to his native town of Comum?
PLINY THE YOUNGER (p. 54)
31. What did the Romans call the city which we now know as Milan?
MEDIOLAN(I)UM (p. 54)
32. Cicero was a patron of what Sabine town, from which he called some
young men to help arrest the Catilinarian conspirators at the Mulvian
Bridge in 63 B.C.? REATE (p. 55)
33. Both Marius and Cicero were born in what Volscian hill-town in the
Liris valley of Italy? ARPINUM (p. 55)
34. What was the chief industry of early Italy and the proper occupation of
the senatorial class? AGRICULTURE (p. 57)
35. What was the commonly used measure for an area of land, equivalent to
about two-thirds of an acre? JUGERUM (JUGUS) or JUGERA (plural) (p. 57)
36. What was the name for the man who oversaw the country estate and
supervised the work done by slaves there? VIL(L)ICUS (p. 59) see n4.
37. What was the collective name for all the slaves who were employed at a
country estate? FAMILIA RUSTICA (p. 59)
38. In what year did Caesar reform the calendar, which was 80 days ahead?
45 B.C. (p. 60)
39. What disease prevented people from working or living in the marshy
areas near Rome until they were drained? MALARIA (p. 62)
40. A traditional measure of land was the length that a team of oxen were
suppose to plow without resting. Within 10 feet, what was this

distance? 120 ROMAN FEET (c.116 US FEET) (p. 62)
41. What was the first name for Italy known to the Greeks? OENOTRIA (p. 64)
42. According to ancient legends, which Roman king placed restrictions on
the use of wine? NUMA (POMPILIUS) (p. 64)
43. When training grapevines to trees, which type of tree was preferred,
because it could be closely trimmed without endangering its life? ELM (p. 64)
44. What festival was celebrated to protect growing grapevines from natural
or supernatural harm, especially storms? VINALIA RUSTICA (p. 65) see n5.
45. On what day was "Vinalia rustica" celebrated? AUGUST 19 (p. 65) see n6.
46. What is the Latin word for the fresh juice pressed from grapes? MUSTUM (p. 65)
47. What is the Latin word for spoiled wine, which was often used as
vinegar or rationed to slaves? ACETUM (p. 66)
48. What was the usual fuel for lamps in ancient Rome? OLIVE OIL (p. 67) see n7.
49. What is the Latin word for the dark, bitter fluid that is produced when
olives are first pressed? AMURCA (or AMURGA) (p. 67)
50. Which one of the following fruits was not grown by the Romans: apples,
apricots, cherries, oranges, peaches, pears, plums, or quinces? ORANGES (p. 68) see n8.
51. What Latin word, usually translated as "orchard" does not refer to what
we call an orchard today, but to regular rows of trees for the training
of vines? ARBUSTUM (p. 68)
52. What was the favorite meat of the Romans? PORK (p. 68)
53. What did the Romans use for sweetening food? HONEY (p. 69)
54. What is the Latin term for an ordinary farmhouse or a farm operated
chiefly for profit? VILLA RUSTICA (p. 69)
55. What cardinal direction were press and storage rooms for wine supposed
to face? NORTH (p. 69) see n9.
56. What cardinal direction were press and storage rooms for olive oil
supposed to face? SOUTH (p. 69) see n9.
57. What was the Latin term for an estate kept up entirely for pleasure,
as opposed to an estate operated for profits? VILLA URBANA (p. 69)
58. Identify this place. This seaside resort on the Bay of Naples may have
originally been the port of Cumae and was known for its mild climate
and beautiful surroundings. Julius Caesar, Caligula, Nero, and others
built opulent villas nearby. However, malaria and earthquakes
eventually ruined it. What was this place? BAIAE (p. 70 and OCD)

59. What did the Romans call a courtyard area used for wrestling or other
exercise? PALAESTRA (p. 71)
60. What was the name for a ornamental, geometric arrangement of flower
beds, such as those one would find at a villa urbana? XYSTUS (p. 71) see n10.
61. What was the name for a gardener who was an expert in clipping hedges
into specific shapes? TOPIARIUS (p. 71)
62. Whose "temple" always retained a circular shape, similar to the
earliest houses in Italy? VESTA'S (SHRINE OF VESTA) (p. 73) see n11.
63. What was the single room of the early Roman house? ATRIUM (p. 73)
64. What was the name for the opening in the roof of a Roman home, through
which light and rain could enter? COMPLUVIUM (or CONPLUVIUM) (p. 74)
65. What was the name for the basin in which rainwater collected in the
atrium of the house? IMPLUVIUM (or INPLUVIUM) (p. 74)
66. What was the name for the two alcoves that were located off the atrium?
ALAE (p. 74)
67. Which type of atrium had a ceiling supported by beams but no columns
around the compluvium? TUSCAN (ATRIUM TUSCANICUM) (p. 75)
68. Which type of atrium had a ceiling supported by four pillars, one at
each corner of the compluvium? TETRASTYLE (ATRIUM TETRASTYLON) (p. 75)
69. Which type of atrium had more than four columns supporting the ceiling?
CORINTHIAN (ATRIUM CORINTHIUM) (p. 75)
70. Which type of atrium was designed so that the impluvium collected only
the water that fell directly into it? ATRIUM DISPLUVIATUM (p. 75)
71. Which type of atrium had no compluvium? TESTUDINATUM (p. 75)
72. Where specifically was the marriage couch placed on the wedding night?
IN THE ATRIUM, OPPOSITE THE ENTRANCE (OSTIUM) (p. 76)
73. What were the wax busts of family ancestors that were kept in the home
called? IMAGINES (p. 76)
74. In what area of the house were the cabinets that contained the
imagines? ALAE (ASK FOR MORE A SPECIFIC ANSWER THAN ATRIUM) (p. 76)
75. What part of the house was the master's office or study? TAB(U)LINUM (p. 76)
76. What was the name for the heavy chest that served as a safe for money
and valuables in the home? ARCA (p. 76)
77. What room in a Roman house lay between the atrium and the peristylum?
TAB(U)LINUM (p. 77)
78. What was the name for the area between the door of the Roman house and
the street? VESTIBULUM (p. 77)
79. In what area did wedding processions assemble and clients await each

day's salutatio? VESTIBULUM (p. 77-
8)
80. What was the ostium of a Roman house? THE ENTRANCE (p. 78)
81. What was the Latin word for a doorkeeper? JANITOR (p. 78)
82. What was the name for the porches or colonnades that enclosed the
garden of the Roman house? PERISTYLUM (p. 79)
83. In upper class homes, the atrium was reserved for formal functions.
What area was the center for household life? PERISTYLUM (p. 79)
84. What is the Latin word for toilet? LA(VA)TRINA (p. 80)
85. What is the Latin word for kitchen? CULINA (p. 80)
86. What is the Latin word for dining room? TRICLINIUM (p. 80)
87. In the Roman home, where was the shrine to the household gods?
ATRIUM or CULINA (either answer) (p. 80)
88. What name is used for the rooms in the home that were used specifically
for resting during the day? CUBICULA DIURNA (p. 81)
89. What name is used for the rooms in the home that were used for sleep at
night? CUBICULA NOCTURNA or DORMITORIA (p. 81)
90. What is the Latin word for library? BIBLIOTHECA (p. 81)
91. What was the name for a room in the home that had a shrine where images
of the gods were kept? SACRARIUM (p. 81)
92. What was the name for rooms in the home that were for entertainment of
large groups, perhaps as banquet halls? OECI (p. 81) see n12.
93. What was the name for rooms in the home that were furnished with
permanent seats, apparently for lectures, reading or other
entertainment? EX(H)EDRAE (p. 81)
94. What is the name for the system that circulated hot air under floors
and in hollow parts of walls to warm rooms in a building? HYPOCAUST(ON) (p. 85)
95. What was the name of the main sewer, built during the Roman monarchy,
that continued to serve Rome until the 20th century? CLOACA MAXIMA (p. 85)
96. What was the term for a wall built of Roman concrete without any stone
or brick facing? OPUS CAEMENTICIUM (p. 87)
97. What was the term for the waterproof lining of cisterns that was made
by combining cement with crushed terra cotta? OPUS SIGNINUM (p. 87)
98. What was the term for a concrete wall faced with small, irregularly
shaped stones? OPUS INCERTUM (p. 87)
99. What was the term for a concrete wall faced with small, square stones
set diagonally, so that the finished surface resembled a net?
OPUS RETICULATUM (p. 87)
100. What was the name for floors made by pounding down small pieces of

stone, brick, tile, or pottery until smooth? PAVIMENTUM (p. 88)
100. What was the name for floors made by pounding down small pieces of
stone, brick, tile, or pottery until smooth? PAVIMENTUM (p. 88)
101. What is the Latin word for double-doors? FORES (p. 88)
102. What is the Latin word for a back door? POSTICUM (p. 88)
103. What Latin word was used to describe a pair of sliding window shutters
when they were together, so that the window was closed? JUNCTAE (p. 88)
104. What was the Latin word for an apartment building? INSULA (p. 89)
105. Which Roman emperor placed 70-foot height restriction on apartment
buildings? AUGUSTUS (p. 89)
106. After the great fire in Rome, which emperor placed a 60-foot height
restriction on apartment buildings? NERO (p. 89)
107. Who was the slave who looked after an apartment building and collected
rent payments for his master? INSULARIUS (p. 90)
108. What is the Latin word for a couch? LECTUS (p. 95)
109. What was the special seat that was used by high magistrates?
CURULE CHAIR (SELLA CURULIS) (p. 97)
110. From what material were the curved legs of a sella curulis made? IVORY (p. 97)
111. In what type of chair did a patron sit while receiving clients in the
atrium? SOLIUM (p. 97)
112. What was the chair that had a curved back and no arms? CATHEDRA (p. 97)
113. What was the name for a cathedra with a back fixed at an easy angle?
CATHEDRA SUPINA (p. 97)
114. In what type of chair did teachers at schools of rhetoric sit?
CATHEDRA (p. 97)
115. The most expensive tables were made from what type of wood?
AFRICAN CEDAR (p. 98)
116. What special name was given to a table that stood on one support?
MONOPODIUM (p. 98)
117. What was the name for a rectangular table that had a raised rim and was
used as a sideboard? ABACUS (p. 98)
118. How many legs did a mensa delphica have? THREE (p. 98)
119. What instrument for telling time was introduced to Rome from Greece
about 268 B.C.? SUNDIAL (p.
100)
120. Which emperor is credited with erecting Rome's largest sundial, which
had an Egyptian obelisk as the pointer? AUGUSTUS (p.
100)
121. What device was used to reckon time where there was no sunlight, either

indoors or at night? WATER CLOCK (CLEPSYDRA) (p.
100)
122. What name was used for a tall stand from which several lamps could be
could be hung? CANDELABRUM (p.
103)
123. Romans often kept faces (say fah-kess) near the front door of the home.
What were faces? TORCHES (p.
103) see n13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. The first definition listed in L&S is "farmer-general of the Roman
revenues, usually from the equestrian order." n2. M. Johnston's statement that there was a "usual rate of interest" is
probably an oversimplification. We know of various laws that regulated
interest rates at different times in Roman history. For additional
information, start with "interest, rates of" in the OCD, 3rd ed, 1996. n3. The age was reduced to 18 by Constantine I (OCD, p. 437). n4. Johnston says the vilicus was himself a slave, but the OLD (1982) notes
he was a "man (either slave or free)." n5. For an excellent description of this and other Roman festivals, see H.
H. Scullard's Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, Cornell
University Press, 1981. n6. The OLD states that the festival was held on August 19 and 20, but
neither M. Johnston nor H. H. Scullard (see n3.) mention the latter
date. n7. Melted fat was also used in Roman lamps (p. 103). n8. A quince is the fruit of a shrub (Cydonia vulgaris) that belongs to the
same family as the apple. It resembles an apple, but has many seeds in
each carpel. Its flesh is hard and flavorful but very acidic. It is
largely used for marmalade, jelly, and preserves.
For more about the quince (including some recipes!), try this URL:
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/q/quince04.html n9. This minutiae can be remembered with the mnemonic "SOWN," as olive or
grape seeds might be, for "South Olives, Wine North." n10. This is the definition as provided by Mary Johnston. Compare that
found in Charles Anthon's Latin-English English-Latin Dictionary for
the Use of Schools (1853): I. A broad covered gallery or arcade, in
which the Greek wrestlers used to practice during the winter,
Vitr[uvius]. II. With the Romans, an open walk for promenading, &c.,
Cic[ero]. Consistent with that of Anthon, the definition in Lewis and
Short can be found at this URL:
www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/lexindex?lookup=xystus&db=ls&lang=Latin&corpus=Roman&author=&formentry=0.
So, this may be a question worth protesting if you "miss" it at some
competition. Of course, know what the definitive reference is for the
given competition (usually it's the Oxford Latin Dictionary).

n11. Why is temple in quotes? Since the shrine was never inaugurated (by
augurs), it technically was not a temple. For details, see "templum"
and "Vesta, Vestals" in the OCD, 3rd ed, 1996. n12. The OLD definition: oecos,-i (m) A large apartment in a house, hall or
sim. n13. Take care not to confuse "faces" with "fasces," which were a bundle of
rods (in early times with an axe in the middle) that were carried in
front of magistrates by lictors.
1. Who of the following was always sui iuris? a widow, an adopted son,
a pater familias, or adfines PATER FAMILIAS (p.
105)
2. The head of a Roman familia was sui iuris. In contrast, dependent
members of the household were said to be what? ALIENO IURI SUBIECTI (p.
105)
3. What Latin word is used to refer to a group of households in a clan
that share the same cognomen? STIRPS (p.
106)
4. What was the authority of the pater familias over his descendents
called PATRIA POTESTAS or PATRIA MAIESTAS (p.
106) see n1.
or PATRIUM IUS or IMPERIUM PATERNUM
5. In a strict legal sense, who was the only member of the household who
could own or exchange property? PATER FAMILIAS (p.
106)
6. We speak of our "mother tongue," but the Romans expressed this idea
with what words? SERMO PATRIUS (p.
107)
7. According to legend, which king of Rome placed limitations on how early
a child could be put to death by his or her pater familias? ROMULUS (p.
107)
8. According to legend, Romulus ordered that no child without serious
deformity should be put to death until it was how old? THREE YEARS (p.
107)
9. Which king of Rome decreed that married sons could not be sold into
slavery by their fathers? NUMA (POMPILIUS) (p.
107)
10. What was the formal proceeding by which the pater familias could free a
son or from his potestas? EMANCIPATIO (p.
108)
11. What are two ways, not involving death, that a father's potestas over
his daughter could be terminated? father LOSES HIS CITIZENSHIP (p.
109) see n2.
she BECOMES A VESTAL VIRGIN
father EMANCIPATES her
she GETS MARRIED
12. What was the flamen Dialis? the PRIEST OF JUPITER (p.
109)

13. Which one of the following positions did not exempt a person from
patria potestas, even temporarily: flamen Dialis, Vestal Virgin,
lictor, praetor, or consul? LICTOR (p.
109)
14. What was the term for the authority of a Roman citizen over his
property? DOMINICA POTESTAS (p.
109)
15. What was the word for property that a father assigned to his children
for them to manage on their own? PECULIUM (p.
109)
16. What was the word for a husband's authority over his wife? MANUS (p.
109)
17. According to legend, Romulus ordained that a man should lose all of his
property if he did what to his wife without good cause? DIVORCED HER (p.
110)
18. Which of the following did a pater familias NOT have the right to sell:
his arca, his bulla, his toga virilis, his unmarried son, or his wife?
HIS WIFE (p.
106-10)
19. What was the word for all persons who were related to each other by
descent from a common male ancestor through the male line? AGNATI (p.
110)
20. What was the word for all persons who were related to each other by
blood? COGNATI (p.
111)
21. What day was set aside to commemorate the cara cognatio or tie of
blood? FEBRUARY 22 (p.
111)
22. What special right did cognates within the fourth degree have?
RIGHT TO KISS (IUS OSCULI) (p.
111)
23. What was an abavus? GREAT, GREAT, GRANDFATHER (p.
112) see n3.
24. What is the Latin word for great grand-daughter? PRONEPTIS (p.
112) see n3.
25. What is the Latin word for a male first cousin on the mother's side of
the family? CONSOBRINUS (p.
112)
26. What's the specific difference between a matertera and an amita?
MATERTERA IS A MOTHER'S SISTER (p.
112) see n3 & n4.
AMITA IS A FATHER'S SISTER
27. What's the equivalent of an patruus on the mother's side of the family?
AVUNCULUS (p.
112) see n3.

28. What would the Latin word be for "frater patri"? PATRUUS (p.
112) see n3.
29. What would the Latin word be for "nepotes abneptis"? TRINEPOTES (p.
112) see n3.
30. What would the Latin word be for "soror proneptis abaviae"? MATERTERA (p.
112) see n3.
31. What is the Latin word for in-laws? ADFINES (p.
113)
32. What is the Latin word for son-in-law? GENER (p.
113)
33. What is the Latin word for daughter-in-law? NURUS (p.
113)
34. What is the Latin word for father-in-law? SOCER (p.
113)
35. What is the Latin word for mother-in-law? SOCRUS (p.
113)
36. What is the Latin word for stepson? PRIVIGNUS (p.
113)
37. What is the Latin word for stepdaughter? PRIVIGNA (p.
113)
38. What is the Latin word for stepfather? VITRICUS (p.
113)
39. What is the Latin word for stepmother? NOVERCA (p.
113)
40. What is the Latin word for two women who marry brothers? JANITRICES (p.
113)
41. Which of the following was the closest tie of relationship known to the
Romans: adfinitas, agnatio, cognatio, consanguinitas, or germanitas?
AGNATIO (p.
110, 113)
42. What was the term for the procedure by which a filius familias was
transferred to a new family? ADOPTIO (p.
114)
43. What was the term for the procedure by which a pater familias became a
son in a different family? ADROGATIO (p.
114)
44. How could someone tell to which gens a Roman citizen belonged?
find out THEIR NOMEN (NOMEN GENTILE) (p.
115)
45. Cicero was a member of which clan or gens? TULLIAN (GENS TULLIA) (p.
115)
46. If a person died without heirs, to whom did their property go if it was

not disposed of by the will? members of HIS GENS (GENTILES) (p.
115)
47. Publius Vergilius Maro is better known to us as Virgil. Of his three
names, which was his cognomen? MARO (p.
116)
48. Of a Roman citizen's three names, which indicated his family? COGNOMEN (p.
116)
49. Of a Roman citizen's three names, which marked him as an individual?
PRAENOMEN (p.
116)
50. How is the following early Roman inscription translated: CURTIA ROSCI
UXOR? CURTIA, WIFE OF ROSCIUS (p.
116)
51. How do you translate the early Roman inscription "Lucius Marci"
followed by the letter F? LUCIUS, SON OF MARCUS (p.
116)
52. In official documents and in state records it was common to insert what
between a man's nomen and cognomen?
the PRAENOMINA OF HIS FATHER, GRANDFATHER, AND GREAT-GRANDFATHER (p.
116)
(and sometimes the tribe in which he was registered as a citizen)
53. By which of his three names would a Roman citizen be addressed by close
relatives or intimate friends? PRAENOMEN (p.
117)
54. How many praenomina were in common use in Sulla's time? EIGHTEEN (p.
117)
55. What abbreviation was used for the praenomen Appius? APP (p.
118) see n5.
56. What abbreviation was used for the praenomen Servius? SER (p.
118) see n5.
57. What abbreviation was usually used for the praenomen Sextus? SEX (p.
118) see n5.
58. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letter A? AULUS (p.
117) see n5.
59. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letter C? GAIUS (p.
118) see n5.
60. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letter T? TITUS (p.
118) see n5.
61. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letters CN? GNAEUS (p.
118) see n5,6.
62. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letters TI? TIBERIUS (p.
118) see n5.
63. What praenomen was usually abbreviated with the letter S? SPURIUS (p.
118) see n5.

64. How did the Romans abbreviate the praenomen Manius? A FIVE-STROKE M (p.
118) see n5.
65. What praenomen was used only in the Aemilian clan? MAMERCUS (p.
119) see n5.
66. What was the only gens to use the praenomen Mamercus? AEMILIAN (p.
119) see n5.
67. How many praenomina were used in the Claudian gens? SEVEN (p.
119) see n5.
68. Which praenomen was used only in the Claudian gens? APPIUS (p.
119) see n5.
69. From what people in Italy was the name Appius taken? SABINES (p.
119) see n5.
70. How many praenomina were used in the Cornelian clan? SEVEN (p.
119) see n5.
71. Which gens used the praenomen Vopiscus in early times? JULIAN (p.
119) see n5.
72. During the Republic what three praenomina were used by the Julian gens?
GAIUS, LUCIUS, SEXTUS (p.
119) see n5.
73. Which branch of the Claudian gens used the praenomen Tiberius?
Claudii NERONES (p.
119) see n5.
74. The Claudian gens used seven praenomina, but two of them were used by
only the Nerones branch of the clan. Which two names were they?
DECIMUS and TIBERIUS (p.
119) see n5.
75. The Scipio's were a branch of which gens? CORNELIAN (p.
119) see n5,6.
76. How many praenomina were used in the Cornelii Scipiones? THREE (p.
119) see n5,6.
77. What were the three praenomina used by the Cornelii Scipiones?
GNAEUS, LUCIUS, PUBLIUS (p.
119) see n5,6.
78. How many days after birth was a Roman boy given his praenomen? NINE (p.
120)
79. What was the name for the day a Roman was given his praenomen?
DAY OF PURIFICATION (DIES LUSTRICUS) or NAME DAY (p.
120, 142)
80. What praenomen would a father usually give his first born son? HIS OWN (p.
120) see n6.
81. What was the original meaning of the name Lucius? BORN BY DAY (p.
120)

82. What was the original meaning of the name Manius?
BORN IN THE MORNING or BORN IN FEBRUARY (p.
120) see n7.
83. What praenomen originally meant fifth-born or born in the fifth month
of the year? QUINTUS (p.
120) see n7.
84. What praenomen originally meant sixth-born or born in the sixth month
of the year? SEXTUS (p.
120) see n7.
85. What praenomen originally meant seventh-born or born in the seventh
month of the year? SEPTIMUS (p.
120) see n7.
86. What praenomen originally meant eighth-born or born in the eighth month
of the year? OCTAVIUS (p.
120) see n7.
87. What praenomen originally meant tenth-born or born in the tenth month
of the year? DECIMUS (p.
120) see n7.
88. What praenomen would be appropriate in meaning for a child born after
his father's death? POSTUMUS (p.
120)
89. What Roman god was associated with the praenomen Mamercus? MARS (p.
120)
90. What praenomen was originally derived from the verb meaning "rejoice"?
GAIUS (p.
120)
91. What two praenomina were associated with the god Mars?
MARCUS and MAMERCUS (p.
120)
92. With what god was the praenomen Tiberius originally connected?
the river-god TIBERIS (p.
120)
93. Where did the nomen Avidiacus originate? GAUL (p.
120)
94. Where did the nomen Caecina originate? ETRURIA (p.
120)
95. Which of the following is not an original ending of a Roman nomen:
-eus, -eius, -enus, -aeus, -aius? -ENUS (p.
120)
96. In a full official Roman name, what came just before the cognomen?
NAME OF THE TRIBE (p.
121)
97. What does the cognomen Barbatus mean? BEARDED (p.
121)

98. Which common Roman cognomen means tall? LONGUS (p.
121)
99. What does the cognomen Cincinnatus mean? CURLY or CURLED HAIR (p.
121)
100. What does the name Claudius mean? LAME (p.
121)
101. What does the name Benignus mean? KIND (p.
121)
102. What cognomen means clear-sighted, intelligent or wise? CATO (p.
121)
103. Gnaeus Pompeius took what name as a cognomen? MAGNUS (p.
121)
104. Frequently Romans had more than three names. In the 4th century A.D.
what word did grammarians began using to refer to a name other than a
praenomen, nomen, or cognomen? AGNOMEN (p.
122)
105. What clan was Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus a member of before he
was adopted? AEMILIAN (GENS AEMILIA) (p.
122) see n6.
106. Augustus was a member of which clan before he was adopted by Julius
Caesar? OCTAVIAN (GENS OCTAVIA) (p.
122)
107. What did Gaius Octavius Caepias' name become when he was adopted by
Julius Caesar? GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS (p.
122)
108. What was a cognomen ex virtute? (SUR)NAME OF MERIT(HONOR) (p.
122)
109. What agnomen was bestowed on both the Roman who defeated Hannibal and
his grandson, who destroyed Carthage? AFRICANUS (p.
122)
110. What agnomen was given to Octavian by the Senate in 27 B.C.? AUGUSTUS (p.
122)
111. What does the cognomen Scipio mean? STAFF or WALKINGSTICK (p.
122) see n6.
112. In the early Republic, what name would Marcus call his slave? MARCIPOR (p.
124)
113. Who was the master of a slave named Olipor? AULUS (p.
124)
114. Suppose Caesar acquired a slave he named Ariovistus. What would the
slave's full name be? ARIOVISTUS JULII GAII SERVUS (p.
124)
115. At the time of the First Triumvirate, Gnaeus Pompeius married Julius
Caesar's daughter, Julia. Suppose that, as part of the dowry, Pompey
received a slave and named him Spartacus. What would Spartacus' full

name be? SPARTACUS POMPEII GNAEI SERVUS CAESARANUS (p.
124)
116. If a certain freedman had the name was Marcus Pomponius Dionysius, what
was he called when he was still a slave? DIONYSIUS (p.
125)
117. If a naturalized Roman citizen had the name Aulus Licinius Archias, to
which clan did his patron belong? LICINIAN (GENS LICINIA) (p.
125)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. The other terms are from Harold Whetstone Johnston's Private Life of
the Romans, Scott, Foresman and Company, 1905. n2. If you are thinking, "but whomever she married must be outside her
father's potestas (otherwise she would be back under her father's
potestas)" you're right! But M. Johnston says on p. 111 that "public
opinion strongly discouraged the marriage of cognates within the sixth
degree--later, the fourth degree--of relationship. So the answer "she
gets married" should be adequate without having to say "provided her
husband is not under her father's potestas.") Several books about the
laws of Roman marriage are cited in the OCD entry for "marriage." n3. Ecce! The infamous "Diagram of Cognates" is found on p. 112. There are
literally thousands of questions that could be asked based on this
diagram. Prepare for the questions that are most likely to be asked.
Usually the questions are straight-forward vocabulary (like questions
23-25). Questions 26-28 are more interesting. Questions 29 and 30 give
you a sense of how difficult questions could be (fortunately, it's
unlikely these type of questions will be asked. Every great certamen
team has at least one person who sat down at some point and learned
this table. n4. On page 113 M. Johnston gives the word matertita for a mother's sister.
I believe this is a typographical error, as the word matertera is used
on the preceeding page and I found no listing for matertita in the OLD
or using the Perseus Project's morphological analysis, which is linked
with L&S. n5. Here's is a handy table to help learn some of the information contained
on pages 118 and 119. M' is the notation for the Roman five-stroke
(which looked something like M/ sortof). Of the abbreviations, the
first listed is the preferred; those listed afterward were variations.
For the comments (NERONES) and (SCIPIO) refer to questions 27 and 30,
respectively.
NOMINA GENTILICIUM
__________________________AEMILII____CLAUDII_________CORNELII_______JULII__
| APPIUS APP X
| AULUS A,AV,AVL X
| DECIMUS D X (NERONES)
P | GAIUS C X X X
R | GNAEUS CN X X (SCIPIO)
A | LUCIUS L X X X (SCIPIO) X
E | MAMERCUS MAM X
N | MANIUS M' X
O | MARCUS M X X
M | PUBLIUS P X X (SCIPIO)
I | QUINTUS Q X X

N | SERVIUS SER X
A | TIBERIUS TI X X (NERONES) X
| TITUS T
| SEXTUS SEX,SEXT,S X
| SPURIUS S
| VOPISCUS X n6. This figure (and ones similar to it) may help you learn material from
pages 121 and 122 on Roman nomenclature.
Patrician * Plebeian
*
*
Maluginenses * Dolabellae
\ * /
\ * /
Scipiones(stafF)--------GENS CORNELIA-----Cethegi
(1) Scipio Nasica / | * | \
(2) Scipio / | * | \
(3) Scipio Rufini | * | Cinnae
(4) Scipio | * |
(5) Scipio Others * Others
(6) Scipio *
--P. Cornelius Scipio *
--P. (dead) *
--Cn. (dead) *
--L. (dead)
--P. Cornelius Scipio
Aemilianus
A member of the Gens Cornelia could be identified as such by his nomen,
Cornelius. The gens was divided into branches, identified by different
cognomina. Some branches were made up of plebeians (shown on the right
side of the stars) while others were made up of patricians (to the left
of the stars). Each branch was known as a stirps and was made up of
many families who shared that cognomen. In the figure I have created
six different families in the stirps Scipiones (which means staff or
walkingstick). Recall that the Scipiones used only 3 praenomina
(Lucius, Gnaeus, and Publius). Imagine how confusing it was in ancient
Rome to have all those Scipio's with the same names (only 3 praenomina,
the same nomen and cognomen). So, one reason people had agnomina was
to distinguish a family (which later would be a group of families) from
others. Instead of saying "Did you know Publius Cornelius Scipio was in
Athens?...No, from the family on the Palatine...No, not that family
on the Palatine, the other one down the way," one could say "Did you
know Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica was in Athens?" Obviously as
there were more and more families named Scipion Nasica, more agnomina
were added (P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Minor). In the sixth Scipio
family the pater familias (whom I have called Publius) had 3 sons. He
gave his first son his own praenomen (as was the convention). He named
the 2nd and 3rd sons Gnaeus and Lucius, to easily distinguish them (note
the these are the only 3 praenomina that the Scipiones used). As fate
would have it in my hypothetical family, tragedy struck (perhaps there
was a plague of some sort). All the sons are dead and our beloved pater
familias decides to adopt a son from the Gens Aemilia so save his family
from extinction (see p. 113-114). He gives his name triple name to his
new son, who keeps as an agnomen his original nomen with the suffix
-anus. I found that designing visual aids or telling stories (based on
facts) about Roman life was a good way to learn this material.

n7. According to the OCD, the numerical praenomina such as Quintus, Sextus,
and Decimus may have originally indicated the month of birth. Marcus may
have meant born in March; Manius in February (the month of the manes).
Tiberius is derived from the name of the river-god Tiberis; Servius is
apparently from servus.
1. What was the stately form of marriage used by patricians during the
Roman monarchy? CONFARREATIO (p.
127)
2. What was the first form of marriage to be recognized by Roman civil
law? CONFARREATIO (p.
127)
3. What type of marriage was used by plebeians during the early centuries
of Roman history? USUS (p.
127)
4. Which type of Roman marriage corresponds to the common-law marriage of
today? USUS (p.
127)
5. In early Rome, which type of marriage did not, in itself, involve
manus? USUS (p.
127)
6. How might a wife married by usus remain a member of her father's family
and prevent her husband from controlling any property she might have?
STAY AWAY FROM HER HUSBAND FOR A (p.
127) see n1.
TRINOCTIUM (or 3 NIGHTS IN SUCCESSION) EACH YEAR
7. What Roman form of marriage involved the fictitous sale of the wife?
COEMPTIO (p.
127)
8. What was ius conubii? RIGHT OF INTERMARRIAGE (p.
128) see n2.
9. In what year was intermarriage of patricians and plebeians formally
sanctioned by law? 445 B.C. (p.
128) see n3.
10. What were iustae nuptiae? LEGAL MARRIAGES (p.
128)
11. To induce women to be married by the confarreate ceremony, which ruler
offered exemption from manus to a wife after she had three children?
AUGUSTUS (p.
128)
12. Which Roman emperor eliminated manus from the confarreate ceremony?
TIBERIUS (p.
128)
13. Under which Roman ruler was it decreed that a paterfamilias could not
refuse his consent to a wedding without showing valid reason? AUGUSTUS (p.
129)
14. What was the minimum age for a woman to be legally married? TWELVE (p.
129) see n4.

15. What was the minimum age for a man to be legally married? FOURTEEN (p.
129) see n4.
16. How was the civil standing of a child determined if only one of his or
her parents were a Roman citizen?
the CHILD TOOK THE CIVIL STANDING OF THE FATHER (p.
129)
17. If either party of a marriage was without ius conubii, the marriage was
irregular. How was the civil standing of children resulting from such
a marriage determined?
CHILDREN TOOK THE CIVIL POSITION OF THE PARENT OF THE LOWER DEGREE (p.
130)
18. What was the Latin word for a betrothed woman? SPONSA (p.
130)
19. Breaking off an engagement for marriage was usually done though a third
person. What was the person called? a NUNTIUS (p.
130)
20. What was the formal expression for breaking off an engagement?
repudium RENUNTIARE (p.
130)
21. Why was an engagement ring worn on the third finger of the left hand?
BELIEF THAT A NERVE (or SINEW) RAN (p.
131)
FROM THAT FINGER DIRECTLY TO THE HEART
22. If a girl were in patria potestate, who supplied her dos?
HER PATERFAMILIAS (p.
131)
23. What was the one essential component for all forms of Roman marriage?
THE CONSENT OF BOTH PARTIES (p.
132) see n5.
24. All of which month was unlucky for weddings? MAY (p.
132)
25. Why was the month of May unlucky for weddings?
CERTAIN RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES ASSOCIATED WITH DEATH OCCURRED IN MAY (p.
132)
26. In what month were the Argean Offerings made? MAY (p.
132)
27. In what month was the Lupercalia held? MAY (p.
132)
28. Holy days connected with Vesta occurred during the first half of which
month? JUNE (p.
132) see n6.
29. Why were August 24, October 5 and November 8 unlucky days for weddings?
ON THOSE DAYS THE ENTRANCE TO THE UNDERWORLD WAS SUPPOSED TO BE OPEN (p.
132)
30. On what days was the entrance to the lower world supposed to be open?

AUGUST 24, OCTOBER 5 and NOVEMBER 8 (p.
132)
31. On the evening before her wedding, what two things did a Roman bride
dedicate to the Lares of her father's house?
HER BULLA AND TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
133) see n7.
32. In addition to her bulla, what might a young bride dedicate to the
Lares on the evening before her wedding? her childish TOYS (p.
133)
33. What was the Roman wedding dress called? TUNICA RECTA (TUNICA REGILLA) (p.
133) see n7.
34. Who dressed the Roman bride for her wedding? HER MOTHER (p.
133)
35. What famous mythological hero was the guardian of wedded life? HERCULES (p.
133) see n8.
36. What material was used to fasten the tunica recta around the waist?
a band of WOOL (p.
133)
37. Who was the only person privileged to untie the knot of Hercules?
the bride's HUSBAND (p.
133)
38. What color was a Roman bride's veil? FLAME-COLORED (p.
133) see n9.
39. What verb meaning "to veil oneself" was regularly used for the marriage
of a woman? NUBERE (p.
133)
40. A Roman bride's hair was divided into how many locks? SIX (p.
133) see n10.
41. What was used to divide a Roman bride's hair into six locks?
A SPEAR (OR A COMB IN THE SHAPE OF A SPEAR) (p.
133) see n10.
42. A Roman bride's hair was divided into six locks. What was used to hold
them in position after they were coiled?
RIBBONS or WOOLLEN FILLETS(VITTAE) (p.
133) see n10,11.
43. Who gathered the flowers and sacred plants that were used to make the
wreath a Roman bride wore on her head? the BRIDE (TO BE) (p.
133)
44. What did a Roman groom wear on his head as part of his wedding?
a WREATH OF FLOWERS (p.
133)
45. Where was the Roman wedding ceremony performed?
atrium of the HOUSE OF THE BRIDE'S FATHER (p.
134)
46. Before a Roman wedding ceremony began, unofficial augurs consulted the

entrails of what animal? a SHEEP (p.
134)
47. Which form of Roman wedding ceremony involved a pronuba and a camillus?
CONFARREATIO (p.
134, 135)
48. How did the confarreate wedding ceremony begin?
the DEXTRARUM IUNCTIO (the JOINING OF HANDS of the bride and groom) (p.
134)
49. What was the dextrarum iunctio?
JOINING OF BRIDE'S AND BRIDEGROOM'S RIGHT HANDS (p.
134)
50. Who brought together the hands of the bride and groom in the
confarreate ceremony? the PRONUBA (p.
134)
51. How many witnesses were required in the ceremony of confarreatio? TEN (p.
134)
52. What words of consent were spoken at a Roman wedding ceremony?
QUANDO TU GAIUS, EGO GAIA (p.
134) see n12.
53. What was used to cover the stools upon which the bride and groom sat at
the confarreate ceremony? SKIN OF THE SACRIFICIAL SHEEP (p.
134)
54. To which god was a bloodless offering made as part of the confarreate
ceremony? JUPITER (p.
135)
55. Of what was the offertory cake used in the confarreate ceremony made?
SPELT (FAR) (p.
135)
56. Who was the goddess of marriage to whom a priest recited prayers during
part of the confarreate ceremony? JUNO (p.
135)
57. What did the camillus do as part of the confarreate wedding ceremony?
CARRIED A COVERED BASKET CONTAINING UTENSILS NECESSARY FOR THE OFFERING (p.
135) see n13.
58. Distinguish catillus and camillus. CATILLUS-UPPER MILLSTONE (p.
393) see n14.
CAMILLUS-BOY ATTENDANT IN A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY
59. What word did guests use to congratulate the bride and groom at the
conclusion of the confarreate ceremony? FELICITER (p.
135)
60. Which form of Roman wedding ceremony involved a coin, scales and a
scale-holder? COEMPTIO (p.
135)
61. How many witnesses were required in the ceremony of coemptio? FIVE (p.
135)

62. Who were at the head of the Roman bridal procession?
TORCHBEARERS and FLUTE-PLAYERS (p.
135)
63. In the bridal procession what was carried immediately in front of the
bride? the BRIDAL TORCH OF HAWTHORNE (SPINA ALBA) (p.
136)
64. In the bridal procession what were carried immediately behind the
bride? a DISTAFF and SPINDLE (p.
136)
65. What songs, full of coarse jests and personal remarks, were sung as
part of the bridal procession? VERSUS FESCENNINI (p.
136)
66. According to the historian Livy, what exclamation that was part of the
bridal procession originated during the Rape of the Sabine Women?
THALLASIO! or FOR TALASSIUS (p.
136) see n15.
67. How many coins did a bride drop during her bridal procession? ONE (p.
136)
68. Why did a Roman bride drop a coin during her bridal procession?
AS AN OFFERING TO THE GODS OF CROSSROADS (LARES COMPITALES) (p.
136)
69. To whom did a Roman bride offer the second coin that she carried during
her bridal procession? HER HUSBAND (as an emblem of her dowry) (p.
136)
70. What did a Roman bride do with the third coin that she carried during
her bridal procession? OFFERED IT TO THE LARES OF HER HUSBAND'S HOUSE (p.
136)
71. Which of the following were NOT distributed among guests during the
wedding procession? tokens of hospitium, sweetmeats, sesame cakes, nuts
TOKENS OF HOSPITIUM (p.
136)
72. What did a new Roman bride do to the doorposts of her husband's home?
WOUND BANDS OF WOOL AROUND THEM (p.
136)
73. What did a new bride do to the door of her husband's home?
ANOINTED IT WITH OIL AND FAT (p.
136)
74. After carrying his bride over the threshhold, what did a husband offer
his new wife as a token of their new life together? FIRE AND WATER (p.
137)
75. What was done with the bridal torch after a fire was kindled on the
hearth? THE BRIDE TOSSED IT INTO THE CROWD OF GUESTS (p.
137)
76. Who led the bride to the wedding couch? the PRONUBA (p.
137)

77. Where was the wedding couch located after the wedding night? the ATRIUM (p.
137)
78. At which meal did a bride make her first offering to the gods as a
Roman matron? REPOTIA (THE SECOND WEDDING FEAST, (p.
137) see n16.
HELD ON THE NIGHT FOLLOWING THE WEDDING)
79. What was the name for the costume worn by a Roman matron?
STOLA MATRONALIS (p.
138)
80. What Roman holiday celebrated mothers and matrons? MATRONALIA (p.
138)
81. On what day was Matronalia celebrated? the FIRST(KALENDS) OF MARCH (p.
138)
82. What was the name for the guardian spirit that came into the world with
a child at birth? GENIUS (p.
141)
83. What was the guardian spirit of a girl called? her JUNO (p.
141)
84. What color clothes were worn by family members celebrating a birthday?
WHITE (p.
142)
85. What was a Roman child called before it was given a praenomen?
PUPUS (PUPA) (p.
142)
86. How many days after birth was a girl usually given her praenomen?
EIGHT (p.
142)
87. Who was the first emperor to require birth registration? M. AURELIUS (p.
142)
88. Within how many days was a father required to register the birth of his
child? THIRTY (p.
142)
89. When was a Roman boy enrolled as a citizen?
WHEN HE ASSUMED THE TOGA VIRILIS (p.
142)
90. What was the name for the necklace made of small baby toys? CREPUNDIA (p.
142)
91. What was the name for a locket a child wore as a protection against
evil? BULLA (p.
143)
92. When did a Roman boy lay his bulla aside?
WHEN HE ASSUMED THE TOGA VIRILIS (BECAME A ROMAN CITIZEN) (p.
143)
93. To whom did a Roman boy dedicate his bulla as part of the coming-of-age

ceremonies? the LARES (p.
143)
94. What would a victorious Roman general wear during his triumph to
protect him against envy? his BULLA (p.
143)
95. What was the name for a baby's nurse? NUTRIX (p.
143)
96. A boy was taught elementary reading, writing and arithmetic by his
mother until what age? SEVEN (p.
144)
97. Which toga was worn by a Roman boy before the toga virilis? PRAETEXTA (p.
146)
98. What was the minimum age at which a young Roman could be called for
military duty? SEVENTEEN (p.
146)
99. On what day was Liberalia celebrated? MARCH 17 (p.
146)
100. Coming-of-age ceremonies for Roman boys were usually held on which
holiday? LIBERALIA (p.
147)
101. In addition to his bulla, what did a Roman boy lay before the Lares as
part of his coming-of-age ceremony? his TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
147)
102. On which on the seven hills of Rome was the Temple of Liber located?
CAPITOLINE (p.
147)
103. What Greek word referred to a slave who escorted a child safely to and
from school? PAEDAGOGUS (p. 151)
104. What time did school begin each day? BEFORE SUNRISE (p.
151)
105. School in Rome regularly began on what day each year? MARCH 24TH (p.
151)
106. On what day did Saturnalia begin? DECEMBER 17TH (p.
151)
107. On what day did Quinquatria begin? MARCH 19TH (p.
151)
108. For how many days did the festival Quinquatria last? FIVE (p.
151)
109. What festival ended the day before school started each year in Rome?
QUINQUATRIA (p.
151)
110. Which Roman poet had a teacher named Orbilius?

Q HORATIUS FLACCUS (HORACE) (p.
151)
111. What adjective did Horace use to immortalize his teacher, Orbilius?
PLAGOSUS (p.
151)
112. According to Quintilian, what were the only subjects taught in Roman
elementary schools? READING, WRITING, ARITHMETIC (p.
152)
113. What was the name for a pointed piece of wood, bone or metal that was
used to write on a wax tablet? STILUS or GRAPHIUM (p.
152, 395)
114. What was the name for the counting-board that could be used to solve
complicated arithmetic problems? ABACUS (p.
153)
115. What were the first written codes of Roman law? THE TWELVE TABLES (p.
153)
116. What was the teacher of a grammar school called? GRAMMATICUS (p.
153)
117. Who was the Greek slave teaching at Rome in the third century B.C. who
translated Homer's Odyssey into Latin? L LIVIUS ANDRONICUS (p.
154) see n17.
118. In what verse did Livius Andronicus translate Homer's Odyssey?
SATURNIAN (p.
154)
119. For observation and practical experience in duties that he would later
undertake, a young man served as an apprentice. Under whom did Cicero
study Roman law in this capacity? Q MUCIUS SCAEVOLA (p.
156)
120. Prisoners of war were sold soon after they were taken. Who conducted
the sale of these captives? QUAESTOR (p.
161)
121. What was the sign of a slave sale under public authority? A SPEAR (p.
161)
122. What do the idioms sub hasta venire and sub corona venire mean?
TO BE SOLD INTO SLAVERY (p.
161)
123. What did the Romans call a permanent connection between a male and
female slave, a slave-marriage of sorts? CONTUBERNIA (p.
161)
124. What was the word for a slave who was born in his master's house?
VERNA (p.
161) see n18.
125. Which officials supervised public slave auctions in Rome? AEDILES (p.
163)
126. At a public slave auction, what did it mean if a slave's feet had been

whitened with chalk? THEY WERE IMPORTED SLAVES (p.
163)
127. Slaves purchased at a public auction came with a limited guarantee that
lasted for how long? SIX MONTHS (p.
163)
128. What did it mean if a slave who was being auctioned was wearing a cap?
HE WAS BEING SOLD WITH NO GUARANTEE (or HE WAS BEING SOLD "AS IS") (p.
163)
129. What term referred to a group of private slaves employed in the
personal service of their master? FAMILIA URBANA (p.
165)
130. What was the term for a master's absolute authority over his property,
which included any slaves he owned and often even his wife?
DOMINICA POTESTAS (p.
170)
131. What was the staple of a Roman slave's diet? GRAIN (p.
172)
132. What was the staple of a Roman soldier's diet? GRAIN (p.
172)
133. In general, how often did a slave receive a new tunic? ONCE A YEAR (p.
172)
134. In general, how often was a slave given a new cloak? EVERY TWO YEARS (p.
172)
135. In general, how often did a slave receive a pair of wooden shoes?
EVERY TWO YEARS (p.
172)
136. What letter was branded on the foreheads of escaped slaves after they
were captured? F (p.
172)
137. While strolling through ancient Rome one might see a slave with the
letter F branded on his forhead. What word did the F stand for?
FUGITIVUS (p.
172)
138. What was the name for the slave of a slave? VICARIUS (p.
173)
139. Public slaves could dispose of what percentage of their property in
their wills? FIFTY PERCENT (p.
173)
140. What was the word for a whip or lash, like the ones that were used to
punish slaves? FLAGRUM or FLAGELLUM (p.
174) see n19.
141. What was the word for a slave who was compelled to wear a forked log as
punishment? FURFICER (p.
175)
142. What was the Latin word for a slave who inflicted punishments on the

orders of his master? CARNIFEX (p.
175)
143. What was the punishment for a slave who attempted to kill his master?
his CRUCIFIXION (and that of his wife and children, if he had any) (p.
175)
144. What was the punishment for a slave who took part in a insurrection?
his CRUCIFIXION (and that of his wife and children, if he had any) (p.
175)
145. What Latin word was used as a curse among slaves, referring to the most
dreaded form of deadly punishment? CRUX (p.
175) see n20.
146. What was the Latin word for a freed slave? LIBERTUS or LIBERTINUS (p.
177) see n21.
147. Which Olympian was the patron god of hospitality? JUPITER (ZEUS) (p.
180, 185)
148. What was the chief duty of a client in the patron-client relationship
later Roman history? the SALUTATIO (p.
182)
149. What word referring to a little baskets of food patrons gave their to
their clients later became a dole or handout? SPORTULA (p.
183)
150. Distinguish in meaning between "hospites" and "hoplites".
HOSPITES=HOSTS or GUESTS or GUEST-FRIENDS; (p.
183) see n22.
HOPLITES=heavily-armored SOLDIERS
151. What word referred to the relationship between a host and his guest?
HOSPITIUM (p.
183)
152. Which of the following pairs were considered absolute equals?
servus, vicarius; patron, client; host, guest; monarch, dictator
HOST, GUEST (p.
183)
153. What was used to reliably establish that a person had hospitium with
another person? TOKENS (TESSERAE HOSPITALIS) that had been (p.
185)
exchanged by the original parties in the hospitium
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. This exception was specified by the Twelve Tables (OCD, p. 920). n2. As between citizens and non-citizens (e.g. patricians and plebeians) n3. This was accomplished by the Lex Canuleia. As tribune of the plebs, C.
Canuleius passed the plebiscite revoking the ban on legitimate marriage
between patricians and plebeians contained in the Twelve Tables. (OCD,
p. 287) n4. According to the OCD (p. 928), "Although consent, not consummation,
made a marriage, the partners had to be physically capable. The mini-

mum age became fixed at 12 for women and (apparently) 14, puberty, or
both for men." n5. If one or both were in patria potestas, the consent of his or her pater
familias was necessary. Granted this is not a very good question for
certamen since there are several correct answers. Consent had to be
shown by some act of personal union between the parties: the joining of
hands in the presence of witnesses and the bride's letting herself be
escorted to her husband's house. On page 134, Johnston refers to the
escorting of the bride to her new home as "the essential part." n6. The OCD (p. 928) notes that the favorite season for Roman weddings was
June. n7. According to Harold W. Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, page 65. n8. According to the OCD (p. 735) Hymenaeus or Hymen is often found as a
god of marriage in Roman literature. Calling him a famous mythological
hero, however, is a stretch. If this question were to come up in a
match, I'd give the Hercules answer. n9. "Her veil was a flame-colored headscarf (flammeum) and her shoes were
of the same colour." (OCD, p. 928) n10. Since the Vestal Virgins wore their hair in this way, each of these
questions could also be asked substituting "Vestal Virgin" for "Roman
bride." n11. "Her dress and appearance were ritually prescribed: her hair was
arranged in six locks (sex crines), with woollen fillets (vittae)..."
(OCD, p. 928) n12. "Ubi tu Gaius, ego Gaia" is not correct because these words were spoken
upon arrival at the new home, which followed the ceremony proper. n13. According to Harold W. Johnston's Private Life of the Romans (p. 69),
the covered basket was called a cumera. n14. According to the L&S online dictionary, other definitions of catillus
include "a small bowl, dish, or plate" and "an ornament on a
sword-sheath." n15. From Livy 1.9, "unam longe ante alias specie ac pulchritudine insignem
a globo Thalassi cuiusdam raptam ferunt multisque sciscitantibus cuinam
eam ferrent, identidem ne quis uiolaret Thalassio ferri clamitatum;
inde nuptialem hanc uocem factam." n16. According to Harold W. Johnston's Private Life of the Romans (p. 72),
this second wedding feast was called the repotia. n17. The OCD (p. 876) notes that "Ancient biographers presented [Andronicus]
as a half-Greek from Tarentum..." n18. The word verna had two very different meanings. Verna,-ae (from the
root vas, to dwell) meant "a slave born in his master's house, a
homeborn slave" or "a native." From that root came the adjective
vernus,-a,-um meaning "native." From the root ver came the adjective
vernus,-a,-um meaning "of or belonging to spring." n19. The Romans had several words for a whip or scourge: scutica, lorum,
verber and natrix.

n20. Johnston specifically notes the expression "[I] ad [malam] crucem." n21. In reference to his status in society or the state, libertinus; or in
reference to his former master, libertus. n22. No, the definition of hoplites is not in Mary Johnston. This question
is good for two reasons: it lets me ask about the definition of
hospites and it's an example of a good bonus question (because for many
novice or Latin 2 level certamen teams, it will require input from more
than one team member).
1. Roman writers assigned each article of clothing to one of two main
classes based on how it was worn. What were these two classes?
INDUTUS (put on, undergarments); (p.
187)
AMICTUS (wrapped around, outer garments)
2. What was the Latin word for a loincloth or breech-cloth? SUBLIGACULUM (p.
187) see n1.
3. What was the only undergarment worn by Romans in early times?
SUBLIGACULUM (p.
187) see n1.
4. Throughout the Republican era, which stirps of the gens Cornelia wore
their togas immediately over their subligacula? CETHEGI (p.
187)
5. What was the name for the trousers for riding and hunting that the
Romans adopted from the Gauls? BRACAE (p.
187)
6. In classical times what term referring to trousers was a contemptuous
expression for barbarian peoples in general and Gauls in particular?
NATIONES BRACATAE (p.
188)
7. What was the chief garment designated "indutus"? TUNIC(A) (p.
188)
8. When worn without a belt, how far down did a man's tunic extend?
to the waist, mid-thigh, knee, or calf? to the CALF (p.
188) see n2.
9. Which of the following is true? a knight's toga was called angusti
clavi because it had narrow stripes running from each shoulder to the
bottom, good form required a belt be worn with the tunic even when
hidden by the toga, a tunica exterior was worn outdoors whereas a
tunica interior was worn inside a building or home, a patrician boy
might wear the tunica praetexta until he reached manhood.
GOOD FORM REQUIRED A BELT BE WORN WITH (p.
189) see n3.
THE TUNIC EVEN WHEN HIDDEN BY THE TOGA
10. From what material were tunicae and togae made? WOOL (p.
188, 189)
11. Who wore the tunica lati clavi? SENATORS (p.
189)
12. What was the name of the formal garment worn by boys before they

reached the age of manhood? TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
189)
13. What was the oldest and most important garment in the Roman wardrobe?
TOGA (p.
189)
14. Who is credited with the phrase "Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque
togatam?" P. VERGILIUS (VIRGIL) Maro (p.
190)
15. What was the name for the main fold in the Roman toga worn during the
time of Cicero and Caesar? the SINUS (p.
190)
16. What held the Roman toga in place: fibulae, decorative clasps, its own
weight, a slave called the vestitor? ITS OWN WEIGHT (p.
191)
17. Customarily employed in religious festivals, what manner of wearing the
toga involved drawing the sinus over the head as well as wrapping one
of the free ends around the waist and tucking it in? CINCTUS GABINUS (p.
193)
18. Give two equivalent names for the toga virilis. TOGA PURA, TOGA LIBERA (p.
193)
19. Which toga was worn by persons running for office?
TOGA CANDIDA (TOGA SPLENDENS) (p.
193)
20. Which toga, treated with fuller's chalk, was glittering white?
TOGA CANDIDA (TOGA SPLENDENS) (p.
193)
21. Which toga was worn by curule magistrates? TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
193) see n4.
22. Which toga was worn by censors? TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
193)
23. Which toga was worn by dictators? TOGA PRAETEXTA (p.
193)
24. Which toga was worn by a victorious general during his triumph?
TOGA PICTA (p.
193) see n5.
25. What color was the toga picta? PURPLE(CRIMSON), embroidered in gold (p.
193)
26. Which toga was worn by those in mourning? TOGA PULLA (p.
193)
27. Roman citizens were called sordidati when they wore which toga?
TOGA PULLA (p.
193)
28. What short woolen cape was first used by soldiers and the lower classes
but was later adopted by the upper classes because of its convenience?

LACERNA (p.
194)
29. Which emperor issued an edict forbidding the use of lacernae at public
assemblies? AUGUSTUS (p.
194)
30. Similar to a lacerna but made of heavier material, what was the
military cape worn by soldiers? TRABEA or SAGUM (p.
194)
31. What was the name for the purple cape worn by Roman generals?
PALUDAMENTUM (p.
194)
32. What garment was the ordinary traveling cloak of upper class citizens?
PAENULA (p.
194)
33. What cloaks were worn by slaves and were regularly issued to soldiers
stationed in severe climates? PAENULAE (p.
194)
34. What very fashionable dinner costume was worn over the tunic?
SYNTHESIS (VESTIS CENATORIA, CENATORIUM) (p.
194)
35. What was the only time that the synthesis was worn outside? SATURNALIA (p.
194)
36. What garment worn by augurs was striped with scarlet and purple? TRABEA (p.
194)
37. What heavy woolen cloak was a favorite with poor people, who had to
make one garment do duty for two or three? LAENA or ABOLLA (p.
194)
38. What cloak was worn especially by professional philosophers who were
often careless in dress? ABOLLA (p.
194)
39. What was the Roman equivalent of our bathrobe? ENDROMIS (p.
194)
40. What is the Latin word for sandals? SOLEAE (p.
196)
41. What is the Latin word for shoes? CALCEI (p.
196)
42. What phrase meantioning footwear meant "to prepare to leave"
SOLEAS POSCERE (p.
196)
43. What footwear was worn with all garments classified as amicti? CALCEI (p.
197)
44. What was the name for the type of shoe that was originally worn only by
patricians? MULLEUS (CALCEUS PATRICIUS) (p.
197)

45. What color were mullei? RED (p.
197) see n6.
46. Which type of show had a crescent-shaped ornament made of ivory or
silver on the outside of the ankle? MULLEUS (p.
197)
47. What does the word "caligula" mean? LITTLE BOOT (p.
197) see n7.
48. What was the name for the conical felt hat that was worn by poor men,
especially those who worked outdoors all day? PILLEUS (p.
197)
49. What was the name for the conical felt hat worn by freedmen? PILLEUS (p.
198)
50. What was the name for a broad-brimmed felt hat as might be worn by an
upper class citizen? CAUSIA or PETASUS (p.
198)
51. In later times, citizens of all classes could wear what type of hat to
the theater? CAUSIA or PETASUS (p.
198)
52. According to Varro, in what year did professional barbers first come to
Rome? 300 BCE (p.
198)
53. According to Pliny the Elder, who was the first Roman to shave every
day? P. Cornelius SCIPIO AEMILIANUS Africanus (p.
198)
(or SCIPIO AFRICANUS THE YOUNGER)
54. What was the only kind of jewelry worn by Roman men? RINGS (p.
199) see n8.
55. Of what material were men's rings originally made? IRON (p.
199)
56. Romans made sewing needles from what material? BONES or BRONZE (p.
201)
57. To whom did a Roman send his garments to be washed, pressed, bleached
or redyed? FULLERS (p.
201)
58. What was the common name for a Roman woman's tunica exterior? STOLA (p.
203)
59. What was the name for a Roman matron's scarf or shawl? PALLA (p.
203)
60. Which of the following is NOT true about the stola? the extra length
was often drawn up around the waist through a belt, there was a colored
border around its lower edge, there was a narrow colored border around
the neck, usually it had no sleeves USUALLY IT HAD NO SLEEVES (p.
203) see n3.
61. Which of the following were NOT used by Roman women: curved hairpins,

hair dyes, hair tonics, or false hair? CURVED HAIRPINS (p.
206)
62. In the hot Italian climate what implement did well-to-do Roman ladies
hold to keep their palms cool? BALLS OF AMBER (ELECTRA) or GLASS (p.
206)
63. Though sometimes made of gold, engagement rings were usually made of
what material? IRON (p.
207)
64. What jewel seems to have been the favorite of the Romans? the PEARL (p.
207)
65. What colony in southern Italy produced some of the finest wool used by
the Romans? TARENTUM (p.
208)
66. From what country did the Romans obtain the finest linen? EGYPT (p.
208)
67. What word meant "cotton" to Indians but meant "linen" to the Romans?
CARBASUS (p.
208)
68. Certain regions produced specific shades of undyed wool. Which of the
following locales is NOT correctly matched with a shade of wool?
brown wool with a reddish tinge from Canusium, light yellow wool from
Baetica, deep black wool from Mutina, dark grey wool from Liguria
DEEP BLACK WOOL FROM MUTINA (p.
209) see n3.
69. Which of the following were dyed before being spun into yarn or thread?
cotton, linen, silk, wool WOOL (p.
209)
70. What was the most expensive source of purple dyes used for clothing?
SHELLFISH (or MOLLUSKS, WHELKS, MURICIDS) (p.
209) see n9.
71. What adjective, referring to a major city in southern Phoenicia, was
used to describe a shade of "royal" purple? TYRIAN (p.
209)
72. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Fabius is
derived? FABA,-AE; BEAN (p.
211)
73. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Cicero is
derived? CICER,-ERIS; CHICKPEA (p.
211)
74. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Piso is
derived? PISTOR,-IS; MILLER (p.
211) see n10.
75. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Caepio is
derived? CAEPA(CEPA),-AE or CAEPE(CEPE),-IS; ONION (p.
211)
76. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Porcius is

derived? PORCUS,-I; PIG (or HOG, SWINE) (p.
211)
77. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Vitellius is
derived? VITELLUS,-I; LITTLE CALF or VITULUS(A),-I(AE); CALF (p.
211)
78. What is the Latin noun and its meaning from which the name Ovidius is
derived? OVIS,-IS; SHEEP (p.
211)
79. Which of the following nuts was NOT known to the ancient Romans?
almonds, filberts, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, or walnuts PECANS (p.
212)
80. Who was credited with introducing cherries to Rome?
L. Licinius LUCULLUS (p.
212)
81. From what town in Pontus did Lucullus bring cherries to Rome? CERASUS (p.
212)
82. Which one of the following foods was grown in Europe during ancient
Roman times? maize, potatoes, pumpkins, or tomatoes PUMPKINS (p.
212)
83. According to Cato, what was the finest vegetable known? CABBAGE (p.
213)
84. Coramble, euzomon, halmyridion, selinas, lacuturris, and crambe are all
varieties of the vegetable that Cato declared the finest of all. What
was this vegetable? CABBAGE (p.
213) see n12.
85. What seeds were eaten with honey for dessert or sprinkled over bread
before baking? POPPY (p.
213)
86. When a cow had been sacrificed to the gods, which three organs were the
priest's share? HEART, LIVER, LUNGS (p.
213)
87. Colepium, tergilla, petasio and taeda were all cuts of what type of
meat, widely used by Romans both rich and poor? PORK (p.
213) see n13.
88. What purificatory sacrifice at the conclusion of the lustratio involved
three different animals? SUOVETAURILIA (p.
214)
89. A religious ceremony involving the sacrifice of three animals was often
performed at the conclusion of the Roman census. What animals were
sacrificed? PIG, SHEEP, BULL (p.
214) see n14.
90. Which one of the following is true: goat's meat was a delicacy eaten
mostly by the upper class, Romans bred boars for food, turkey might be
served at banquets for the rich, Romans ate beef regularly during the
Republican period ROMANS BRED BOARS FOR FOOD (p.
213-5)

91. Distinguish in meaning between mullus and mulleus.
MULLUS,-I = red MULLET (p.
215)
MULLEUS,-I = red magistrate's SHOE
92. What Latin word can refer to a kind of flatfish (turbot) or a geometric
figure whose four sides and opposite angles are equal? RHOMBUS,-I (p.
216)
93. Which rich and famous orator in 92 B.C. built a fishpond on his estate
where he raised fish for table use? L. Licinius CRASSUS (p.
216)
94. Butter was known to the Romans but they didn't use it as a food. How
did they use it? as a SALVE (OINTMENT) or PLASTER FOR WOUNDS (p.
217)
95. Which of the following was unknown to the Romans?
anise, cumin, fennel, mint, mustard, poppy, salt or sugar SUGAR (p.
217)
96. What was the general term used for any grain grown as food? FRUMENTUM (p.
217)
97. In classical times what was the staple grain grown for food? WHEAT (p.
217)
98. What was the Latin word for the hardy kind of wheat that was grown
extensively in ancient times but gradually went out of use except for
the cake used in one type of Roman wedding ceremony? FAR (p.
217)
99. What was the Latin word for a sort of porridge made from pounded grain
mixed with water? PULS (p.
218) see n15.
100. What was the Latin name for millers or people who ground grain using a
mill? PINSITORES, PISTORES, MOLITORES or PISTRINARII (p.
218) see n16.
101. What were the three parts of a Pompeian mill?
META, CATILLUS and its SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK (p.
218)
102. Under which emperor did it become custom to distribute bread daily to
the unemployed, instead of doling out grain once a month? TRAJAN (p.
220)
103. Plebeius, rusticus, castrensis and sordidus were all varieties of what
edible? BREAD (p.
220)
104. After being sprinkled with salt, for how many days were ripe olives
left undisturbed before being dried in the sun? FIVE (p.
222)
105. What was the Latin word for the drink of 4 parts wine and 1 part honey?
MULSUM (p.
223)

106. What was the Latin word for the fermented mixture of water and honey?
MULSA (p.
223)
107. Which of the following was unknown to the Romans?
apple cider, beer, mulberry wine, or tea TEA (p.
223) see n17.
108. During the early Republic, dinner was served in what part of the Roman
house? ATRIUM (p.
225)
109. In early times in the city, and always on the Roman farm, what did the
Romans call the chief meal of the day? CENA (p.
227)
110. What is the Latin word for breakfast? IENTACULUM (p.
227)
111. In early times in Rome, what was the supper meal served in the evening?
VESPERNA (not merenda) (p.
228) see n18.
112. In classical times in Rome, what noontime meal replaced cena? PRANDIUM (p.
228)
113. What Latin word originally referred to an evening meal in the country
but later was used to refer to refreshments eaten at any time of day?
MERENDA (p.
229)
114. How many couches were placed around the dinner table in classical
times? THREE (p.
230)
115. What word did the Romans use to refer to uninvited dinner guests?
UMBRA,-AE (p.
230)
116. Where, specifically, was the consul's place at the dinner table?
LOWEST SEAT ON THE MIDDLE COUCH (LOCUS IMUS IN LECTO MEDIO) (p.
231)
117. On which couch did a host sit while entertaining guests for dinner?
LOWEST COUCH (LECTUS IMUS) (p.
231)
118. What was the name for the curved couch used with a round dinner table?
SIGMA (p.
231)
119. Where, specifically, was the consul's place at a round dinner table?
RIGHT END OF THE COUCH (standing behind the couch and facing the table) (p.
231)
120. In classical times, what were the three parts of even the simplest
Roman dinner? GUSTUS (or PROMULSIS or ANTECENA), CENA, SECUNDA MENSA (p.
233)
121. What beverage was usually served with gustus? MULSUM (not mulsa) (p.
233)

122. The first part of the Roman dinner was known as gustus. What are two
other names that were given to this part of the meal?
PROMULSIS, ANTECENA (p.
234)
123. What was the Roman equivalent of our expression "from soup to nuts,"
which means "from beginning to end"? AB OVO (USQUE) AD MALA (p.
234)
124. Dinner in Rome usually began between which hours? NINTH and TENTH (p.
235) see n19.
125. What was the term for dinner banquets that began before the ninth hour?
TEMPESTIVA CONVIVIA (p.
235)
126. What Latin word did Cato declare was better than "symposium" for
describing social conversation over dessert and wine until late in the
night? CONVIVIUM (p.
236)
127. What was the word for a drinking bout, or wine supper, that sometimes
followed the cena proper? COMISSATIO or COMPOTATIO (p.
236)
128. What was the main reason that Roman diners annoited their heads with
perfumes and crowned them with flowers after the dessert and wine were
served? BELIEF THAT PERFUME(FLOWERS) DELAYED(PREVENTED) INTOXICATION (p.
237)
129. What was the name for the master of the revels at a Roman dinner?
REX (MAGISTER, ARBITER) BIBENDI (p.
237)
130. The arbiter bibendi laid down rules for drinking. What name did Horace
give these rules? LEGES INSANAE (p.
237)
131. At a comissatio, wine seems to have been drunk in "healths." About how
much wine would each diner consume for a toast to Marius? 1/2 PINT (p.
238) see n20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. L&S notes other forms of the word: subligar and subligatura. n2. A tunic could be shortened by pulling it through a belt (so that it
usually covered the knees in the front and was slightly shorter in the
back). Mary Johnston notes that "Cicero described some of Cataline's
followers as wearing ankle-length tunics, with long sleeves, but such
garments were considered an unmanly fad." The good certamen question
will be written so as to avoid contention (as this one does). n3. These are types of questions one might see on a multiple choice exam
rather than hear during a certamen round. n4. The curule magistrates included consuls, praetors, and curule aediles. n5. According to the OCD, it was also known as a trabea triumphalis.

n6. "like the mullus (mullet) from which it was named" n7. "Caligula" is singular; "caligulae" is plural (Little Boots). n8. Mary Johnston states "Rings were the only kind of jewelry worn by a
Roman citizen." However, since one could argue that bullae and (less
reasonably) crepundia were jewelry, I specifically asked about men
(opposed to boys). n9. I specified "most expensive" since lichens and bedstraws also gave
purple. For more information, see "dyeing" and "purple" in the OCD. n10. The origin of this word has been traced to several different words,
but all are related to grain, the pounding of grain, etc. n11. The Latin word for cherry tree is cerasus,-i (which is feminine,
following the general rule that trees are feminine). Cerasus (or the
neuter cerasum,-i) also refers to a cherry. n12. These are all varieties of cabbage mentioned by Pliny. The general
word for cabbage was brassica,-ae (f) or caulis,-is (m). n13. Be sure not to confuse the meanings of petasus and petasio. It is
interesting that the diminuitive noun petasunculus can mean either a
little leg of pork or a small travelling cap! n14. The generic victims were pig, sheep and bull (hence the name, suove-
taurilia). According to the OCD (p. 1456), at public lustrications
the suovetaurilia maiores were used consisting of full-grown victims:
verres (boar), aries (ram), and taurus (bull). n15. "Porridge" is derived from the Latin word porrum,-i meaning leek.
Mary Johnston notes that Plautus referred to his countrymen as
"pulse-eaters" or pultiphagonidae (Harold Johnston, p. 222). n16. The first two words are from Mary Johnston's text, the latter two are
from L&S. n17. Though not mentioned in Mary Johnston's text, beer was known to the
Romans. In fact, the drinking of beer was considered the mark of a
barbarian (according to the OCD, p. 603). n18. On the farm the day closed with an early supper known as merenda, a
meal unknown in the city according to Mary Johnston (p. 229). n19. Three to four o'clock in the afternoon n20. One-twelth of a pint for each letter in the name (6 letters=1/2 pint)
1. Between which two hills was the Campus Martius located?
CAPITOLINE and QUIRINAL (p.
242)
2. How many players were there in a game of trigon? THREE (p.
243)
3. How many balls were used in a game of trigon? TWO (p.
243)
4. According to the Lex Titia et Publicia et Cornelia, games of chance
were illegal for most of each year. During what holiday was gambling

unrestricted? SATURNALIA (p.
244)
5. What was the Latin word for knucklebones, as were used in games? TALI (p.
245)
6. In gambling, how many tali were used at once? FOUR (p.
245)
7. Sometimes the four long sides of gambling tali were numbered, for
convenience. What numbers were used? 1,3,4,6 (p.
245) see n1.
8. How many different throws were possible in knucklebones? 35 (p.
245)
9. What was the name for the worst throw in knucklebones, four aces?
CANIS or CANICULA (p.
245) see n2.
10. What was the name for the highest throw in knucklebones, when each
talus showed a different number? VENUS, IACTUS VENEREUS or BASILICUS (p.
245) see n3.
11. Which throw in the game of knucklebones was also known as "the king's
throw," since it designated the rex bibendi at a drinking party?
VENUS, IACTUS VENEREUS or BASILICUS (p.
245)
12. What was the word for six-sided gaming dice like those we have today?
TESSERAE or KUBOI (p.
245)
13. When gambling with tesserae, how many were thrown at one time? THREE (p.
245) see n4
14. What was the highest possible throw in tesserae? THREE SIXES (p.
245) see n5.
15. What was the lowest possible throw in tesserae? THREE ACES (ONES) (p.
245) see n5.
16. What heterogeneous noun in the singular refers to a bath but in the
plural refers to a bathhouse? BALNEUM,-AE (p.
248) see n6.
17. What word, sometimes used interchangeably with balneae, referred to the
largest and grandest bathhouses? THERMAE (p.
248)
18. What famous Roman paid to keep 170 baths open free to the public in
33 B.C.? AGRIPPA (p.
248)
19. For men in Rome, what was the usual price of admission to the baths?
a QUADRANS (3 UNCIAE) (p.
249) see n7.
20. For children in Rome, what was the usual price of admission to the
baths? NOTHING (free for children) (p.
249)

21. What was the name for the dressing room that could be found in the
better equipped baths? APODYTERIUM (p.
249)
22. What was the name for the warm anteroom in the Roman bath? TEPIDARIUM (p.
249)
23. In the Roman bath, what was the name for the hot room for a hot bath?
CAL(I)DARIUM (p.
249)
24. In the Roman bath, what was the name for the cold room for a cold bath?
FRIGIDARIUM (p.
249)
25. Which room in the Roman bath was specifically used for rubdowns with
oil? UNCTORIUM (p.
249)
26. In Roman baths, what was the name for the hot room for a sweat bath?
LACONICUM or SUDATORIUM (p.
249) see n8.
27. What was the Latin word for the scraper used in the baths to remove
perspiration? STRIGILIS (p.
249)
28. Which room of a Roman bathhouse was located directly over the furnace,
if the bathhouse had one of these rooms at all? LACONICUM (p.
250)
29. Which room of a Roman bathhouse was always immediately adjacent to the
furnace? CAL(I)DARIUM (p.
250)
30. In what year was the dedication of the largest baths in the ancient
world, the Baths of Diocletian? A.D. 306 (p.
254) see n9.
31. Parts of which famous Roman baths have been converted into two churches
and a National Museum? BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN (THERMAE DIOCLETIANI) (p.
254)
32. What was the general word for public games or shows? LUDI (p.
257)
33. What was the term for dramatic entertainments in a theater?
LUDI SCAENICI (p.
257)
34. What was the term for gladiatorial games, which were usually held in an
amphitheater? MUNERA GLADIATORIA (p.
257)
35. What was the term for chariot races and other exhibitions that occurred
in a circus? LUDI CIRCENSES (p.
257)
36. What were the four kinds of dramatic performances in classical times?

COMEDY, TRAGEDY, FARCE, PANTOMIME (p.
258)
37. Of comedy, tragedy, farce, and pantomime, which never appealed strongly
to the Romans? TRAGEDY (p.
258)
38. What color wig did an actor wear when portraying a young man? BLACK (p.
261)
39. What color wig did an actor wear when portraying an old man? GRAY (p.
261)
40. What color wig did an actor wear when portraying a slave? RED (p.
261)
41. In early Roman theater, what did the stage always represent? a STREET (p.
261) see n10.
42. In early Roman theater, what was placed on the stage to remind the
audience of the religious origin of the festival during which the play
was being performed? an ALTAR (p.
261)
43. When was the first permanent theater erected in Rome? 55 BCE (p.
262)
44. Who erected the first permanent theater in Rome? POMPEY (p.
262) see n11.
45. Where was the first permanent theater in Rome erected? CAMPUS MARTIUS (p.
262)
46. In the theater, what was the name for the space on which the chorus
danced? ORCHESTRA (p.
262)
47. In Rome, to whom were the seats closest to the theater stage assigned?
SENATORS (p.
262)
48. In country towns, to whom were the seats closest to the theater stage
assigned? CITY OFFICIALS or COUNCIL MEMBERS (p.
262)
49. Theaters in Rome had reserved seating. After 68 B.C. who were the only
people who could sit in the fourteen rows of seats behind the senators?
KNIGHTS (EQUITES) (p.
262) see n12.
50. In what year were both the Theater of Marcellus and the Theater of
Balbus constructed in Rome? 13 BCE (p.
263)
51. In the theater, what was the word for the back line of the stage?
SC(A)ENAE (FRONS) or SKENE (p.
265) see n13.
52. In the theater, what was the name for the space in which the actors
performed? PROSC(A)ENIUM or PROSKENION [accept SC(A)ENA or SKENE] (p.
265) see n13.

53. In a Roman theater, what was the cavea? PLACE WHERE SPECTATORS SAT (p.
265)
54. In a Roman theater, what were cunei? wedge-shaped SECTIONS OF SEATS (p.
265)
55. What was the word for the protective awnings that were spread from tall
masts atop theaters to protect the audience from the sun? VELA (p.
265)
56. The games in the circus were the oldest of the great free shows at Rome
and were always the most popular. What does the word circus mean?
RING (p.
269)
57. Between which two hills of Rome was the first racecourse, the Circus
Maximus, established?
in the Murcia Valley between the AVENTINE and PALATINE (p.
269)
58. What was the name of the second circus built in Rome? CIRCUS FLAMINIUS (p.
269)
59. In what year was the Circus Flaminius erected? 221 BCE (p.
269)
60. Who was the censor who built the Circus Flaminius? GAIUS FLAMINIUS (p.
269)
61. In addition to building the Circus Flaminius, what other major public
construction project did Gaius Flaminius undertake?
BUILT THE VIA FLAMINIA from Rome to Ariminum (p.
269)
62. What was the name of the smallest of the circuses in the city of Rome?
VATICAN CIRCUS [a.k.a. CIRCUS OF GAIUS (CALIGULA) AND NERO] (p.
270) see n14.
63. What was the name of the circus located five miles outside of Rome on
the Via Portuensis? CIRCUS OF THE ARVAL BROTHERS (p.
270)
64. What was the name of the circus located about three miles outside of
Rome on the Appian Way? CIRCUS OF MAXENTIUS (p.
270)
65. In what year was the Circus of Maxentius erected? 309 A.D. (p.
270)
66. What town, about twelve miles from Rome on the Appian Way, had a circus
within easy reach of the Roman populace? BOVILLAE (p.
270)
67. What was the name for the barriers or starting gates in the Circus
Maximus? CARCERES (p.
270)
68. What name was given to a Roman circus's towers and gates, because when
seen from the outside they looked like a walled town? OPPIDUM (p.
270)

69. What did the Romans call the fence or wall that divided a circus for
about two-thirds of its length? SPINA (p.
270)
70. What did the Romans call the goal posts that were located at each end
of the spina? METAE (p.
271)
71. What was the word for one lap of a chariot race? CURRICULUM or SPATIUM (p.
271)
72. Usually there were how many curricula in a missus? SEVEN (p.
271)
73. What was the Latin word for the finish line in a chariot race? CALX (p.
271)
74. What is the meaning of the Latin word from which the English word arena
is derived? SAND (p.
271)
75. Up to the time of Domitian, what was the highest number of chariots
that could race at one time in the Circus? EIGHT (p.
272)
76. All ludi had a presiding official who "gave the games." What was this
person's title? DATOR LUDORUM (p.
273) see n15.
77. What did the dator ludorum use to signal the start of a chariot race?
MAPPA or a WHITE CLOTH (p.
273)
78. Why were the goal posts in the circus called metae?
THEIR SHAPE WAS conical LIKE THE lower MILLSTONE (meta) (p.
273)
79. In the Circus Maximus where could you find trophies, fountains, altars,
small shrines, and obelisks? the SPINA (p.
274)
80. Who erected the first obelisk in the Circus Maximus? AUGUSTUS (p.
274)
81. In what year was the Obeliscus Augusti from the Circus Maximus
restored? 1589 AD (p.
274)
82. Where is the 23.7 meter tall Obeliscus Augusti that once stood in the
Circus Maximus now located? PIAZZA DEL POPOLO (p.
274)
83. Which emperor erected an obelisk over 100 feet high in the Circus?
CONSTANTIUS (p.
275)
84. Where is the obelisk that Constantius erected in the Circus Maximus now
located? in front of the LATERAN CHURCH (p.
275)

85. Where is the obelisk that was in the Circus of Maxentius now located?
PIAZZA NAVONA (p.
275)
86. What devices located on the spina were used for counting laps in the
chariot races? EGGS (OVA) and/or DOLPHINS (DELPHINAE) (p.
275)
87. What were the seats in the Circus Maximus originally made of? WOOD (p.
275)
88. What was the word for the marble platform at the foot of the tiers of
seats in the Circus Maximus? PODIUM (p.
275)
89. Which emperor separated the seating for men and women in the Circus?
AUGUSTUS (p.
275)
90. Who had a moat ten feet wide and ten feet deep dug next to the podium
in the Circus Maximus as additional protection for spectators when wild
beasts were exhibited there? JULIUS CAESAR (p.
275)
91. What was the term for a row of seats in the Circus? GRADUS (p.
275)
92. What was the seating capacity of the circus in Bovillae?
AT LEAST 8,000 (p.
275)
93. What was the seating capacity of the Circus of Maxentius? ABOUT 23,000 (p.
275)
94. What was the seating capacity of the Circus Maximus during the reign of
Augustus? 60,000 (p.
275)
95. What was the seating capacity of the Circus Maximus in the time of
Constantius? nearly 200,000 (p.
275)
96. What was the word for the racing companies that furnished the teams of
horses and drivers for the chariot races? FACTIONES (p.
276)
97. In the time of Julius Caesar, how many chariot races were run in a day?
TEN or TWELVE (p.
276)
98. During a chariot race, how could spectators identify each competitor's
faction or racing company? BY THE COLOR THE DRIVER WAS WEARING (p.
276)
99. What were the colors of the first two racing syndicates?
RED (RUSSATA) and WHITE (ALBATA) (p.
276)
100. What was the color of the third racing company to be organized?
BLUE (VENETA) (p.
276)

101. During which emperor's reign was the blue racing company organized?
AUGUSTUS (p.
276)
102. What was the color of the fourth racing syndicate to be organized?
GREEN (PRASINA) (p.
276)
103. During which emperor's reign were the last two racing syndicates
organized? DOMITIAN'S (p.
276)
104. What were the colors of the last two racing companies that were
organized? PURPLE and GOLD (p.
276) see n16.
105. In chariot racing, teams of two, three, four, and in later times, six
and even seven horses were used. Which was the most common? FOUR (p.
276)
106. Horses under what ages were never used for chariot races? FIVE (p.
279)
107. What was the term for a horse who had won 100 chariot races?
CENTENARIUS (p.
279)
108. What was the term for a horse who had won 200 chariot races? DUCENARIUS (p.
279)
109. What was the Latin word for men who raced chariots in the circus?
AGITATORES or AURIGAE (p.
279) see n17.
110. What was the term for circus performers who leaped from one to another
while they were going at full speed? DESULTORES (p.
280)
111. What was the Latin term for the circus exhibition in which young nobles
executed elaborate cavalry maneuvers such as Ascanius and his friends
performed in Book V of the Aeneid? LUDUS TROIAE (GAME OF TROY) (p.
281)
112. What was the word for the brilliant holiday procession that formally
opened certain public games such as the Ludi Romani? POMPA CIRCENSIS (p.
281)
113. As its name implies, the pompa circensis ended in the circus; where did
it begin? the CAPITOL (p.
281)
114. In what year was the first exhibition of gladiatorial funeral games in
Rome? 264 BCE (p.
283)
115. From what region were gladiatorial games first introduced to Rome?
ETRURIA (p.
283) see n18.
116. At whose funeral were gladiatorial games first introduced to Rome in

264 B.C.? Decimus Iunius BRUTUS PERA (p.
283) see n19.
117. We know of only one case during the Republic in which magistrates used
State funds to pay for gladiatorial games. Name either of the consuls
who were involved. P. RUTILIUS Rufus or C. MANLIUS (p.
283)
118. In what year did the consuls P. Rutilius Rufus and C. Manlius use
State funds to pay for gladiatorial games? 105 BCE (p.
283)
119. Augustus provided funds for "extraordinary" gladiatorial shows under
the direction of which public officials? PRAETORS (p.
283)
120. Under Domitian who were put in charge of the regular December
gladiatorial games? AEDILES-ELECT (p.
283)
121. In what month did the only regularly scheduled gladiatorial games take
place? DECEMBER (p.
283)
122. Whose preparations for a large-scale gladiatorial exhibition while he
was canvassing for the aedileship in 65 B.C. caused such general fear
that the Senate passed a law limiting the number of gladiators a
private citizen might employ to 320 pairs? C. JULIUS CAESAR's (p.
286)
123. Gangs of gladiators employed by which two political enemies turned Rome
into a slaughterhouse in 54 B.C.? CLODIUS and MILO (p.
286)
124. During his reign, how many munera did Augustus give? EIGHT (p.
286)
125. Which emperor exhibited no less than 10,000 gladiators over a period of
four months in celebration of his conquest of the Dacians? TRAJAN (p.
286)
126. Before Gordian I became emperor in A.D. 238 he served as aedile. How
often during his aedileship did he give munera? MONTHLY (p.
286)
127. What was the Latin term for volunteer gladiators? AUCTORATI (p.
287)
128. After the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, what did Titus order all Jews
over 17 years of age to do? WORK IN THE MINES OR FIGHT IN THE ARENA (p.
287)
129. What collective noun was used to refer to gladiators in the same
training school? FAMILIA (p.
288)
130. Who was the slave who escaped from the gladiator school of Lentulus of
Capua and subsquently led a great slave revolt from 73 to 71 B.C.?
SPARTACUS (p.
288)

131. What is the general term for the venue in which most gladiatorial
exhibitions took place? AMPHITHEATRUM (not Colosseum) (p.
290) see n20.
132. Which famous Roman is said to have erected a wooden amphitheater in
Rome in 46 B.C., only two years before his assassination? JULIUS CAESAR (p.
292)
133. Pompey is credited with the construction of the first permanent theater
in Rome. Who built the first permanent amphitheater in Rome?
STATILIUS TAURUS (p.
292)
134. In what year was Rome's first amphitheater that was at least partly
made of stone built by Statilius Taurus? 29 BCE (p.
292) see n21.
135. The amphitheater of Statilius Taurus was destroyed by what calamity?
GREAT FIRE OF 64 A.D. or (DURING NERO'S REIGN) (p.
292)
136. Where did Nero build his wooden amphitheater? CAMPUS MARTIUS (p.
292)
137. In what year was the Amphitheatrum Flavium completed? 80 A.D. (p.
292)
138. How many amphitheaters were built in Rome after 80 A.D.? NONE (p.
292)
139. In what city was the earliest known amphitheater built? POMPEII (p.
292)
140. How many numbered entrances does the Amphitheatrum Flavium have? 80 (p.
297)
141. What was the oldest class of gladiators, named for a belligerent
Italian people who were enemies of ancient Rome? SAMNITES (p.
298)
142. Which type of gladiator had a short sword, a long shield, and wore a
thick sleeve on the right arm, and a greave only on the left leg?
SAMNITE (or HOPLOMACHUS, SECUTOR) (p.
298)
143. Give one of the two terms that replaced the term Samnites in referring
to heavily-armed gladiators during the Empire?
HOPLOMACHI(-OI) or SECUTORES (p.
298)
144. During the Empire what term was used instead of Samnite when referring
to a heavily armed gladiator who was fighting a lighterarmed Thracian?
HOPLOMACHUS(-OS) (p.
298)
145. During the Empire what term was used instead of Samnite when referring
to a heavily armed gladiator who fought a gladiator with a net? SECUTOR (p.
298)
146. Which class of gladiator had a small shield, a curved sword, and wore

greaves on both legs? THRACIAN (p.
299)
147. What famous greeting did gladiators supposedly give to the presiding
official just before the games began? MORITURI TE SALUTANT (p.
301) see n22.
148. In the arena what did pollice verso mean? THUMBS DOWN (DEATH) (p.
302)
149. Which emperor forbade exhibitions of gladiators sine missione, in which
the lives of the conquered were never spared? AUGUSTUS (p.
302)
150. What was the term for a beginning gladiator at his first public
appearance? TIRO (p.
302)
151. What was the term for a gladiator who was the best, or first, in his
familia? PRIMUS PALUS (or FIRST SWORD) (p.
302)
152. What was the term for a gladiator who was the second best in his class?
SECUNDUS PALUS (or SECOND SWORD) (p.
302)
153. What did a gladiator receive if he won his freedom through fighting?
a WOODEN SWORD (RUDIS) (p.
302)
154. What were doctores in gladiatorial school? TRAINING MASTERS (TRAINERS) (p.
302) see n23.
155. Which was the name for the class of gladiators that fought with two
swords? DIMACHAERI (p.
302)
156. What was the name for gladiators who fought while driving chariots?
ESSEDARII (p.
302)
157. What was the term for naval battles that were staged for entertainment?
NAUMACHIAE (p.
303)
158. Who had the first artifical lake dug for a naumachia in 46 B.C.?
JULIUS CAESAR (p.
303)
159. Which emperor was the first to construct a permanent basin for
naumachiae? AUGUSTUS (p.
303)
160. In what year did Augustus construct a permanent basin for naumachiae?
2 BCE (p.
303) n1. Upon one side there was one point, unio, an ace, like the ace on cards,
called canis; on the opp. side, six points called senio, six, sice; on
the two other sides, three and four points, ternio and quaternio. n2. According to L&S, the vulture (vulturius) was an unlucky throw but the

iactus pessimus (or damnosus) was the dog (canis or canicula). The OCD
(p. 465) also states that the canis was the worst throw. n3. The synonyms are from the L&S entry for alea. n4. According to the OCD (p. 465), tesserae may have been used in varying
numbers. n5. According to L&S, the terms for the highest and lowest throws were the
same as for knucklebones. n6. As noted in Allen & Greenough (§106), heterogeneous nouns are those
that vary in gender. n7. I included this question only because it's in Mary Johnston and
therefore may appear on a Daily Life exam. According to Barbara F.
McManus, professor of Classics at the College of New Rochelle, the
admission for a man was ½ as (for a women, 1 as). Depending on which
century in the Roman Empire one considers, both answers are probably
correct (coins were debased and devalued). For an introduction to
Roman coins, try www.iei.net/~tryan/coins.htm. n8. Laconica and sudatoria were sweat rooms. The former had dry heat; the
latter, moist. Sudatoria are mentioned in the OCD (p. 236) and,
therefore, are certamenable. n9. Both Mary and Harold Johnston state that the Baths of Diocletian were
dedicated in A.D. 305. While searching the internet, I learned that
construction was completed in A.D. 305 (www2.trincoll.edu/~rkenned2/).
However, I also discovered that the dedicatory inscription dated A.D.
306 is conserved (in a fragmentary state) in the National Museum of
Rome (www.roma2000.it/zmunaro.html). n10. According to the OCD (p. 1494), the street is normally called platea,
rarely angiportum (more commonly used to refer to a back street not
visible to the spectators). n11. It was built of stone and patterned after a theater which Pompey had
seen at Mytilene, on the island of Lesbos. n12. "In the year 68 B.C. the tribune L. Roscius Otho carried a law which
regulated the places in the theatre to be occupied by the different
classes of Roman citizens: it enacted that fourteen ordines of benches
were to be assigned as seats to the equites" -from 'theatrum' entry by
Leonhard Schmitz in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities (1875). To read the full dictionary entry, goto: www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Theat rum.html n13. "The back side of the stage was closed by a wall called the [skene] or
scena...The whole space from the scena to the orchestra was [termed]
the proscenium [proskenion], and was what we should call the real
stage." --from 'theatrum' entry cited in note 12. The OCD notes the
back wall was the scaenae frons (p. 1495). n14. Not mentioned by Johnston was another circus in Rome, near the
Sessorian Palace, bringing the total to four. "On early maps of Rome,
other circuses are marked by early antiquarians. They include a
so-called circus of Flora and a circus in the gardens of Sallust...

There is in fact no evidence for either of these..." --John H. Humphrey
(p. 557) in Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing (1986). n15. Other sources use the term editor (spectaculorum). The person who gave
munera was also called an editor (or munerator or dominus). n16. According to Suetonius, these two factiones created by Domitian were
called purpurea and aurata. n17. Essedarii were a gladiators who fought from chariots (not chariot
racers). Similarly, ascensores were another word for charioteers. n18. In addition, scholars cite evidence that they may have originated with
the Samnites and Oscans, rather than the Etruscans. Now you know, but
in competition, stick with what the "source" says, i.e. Etruscans. n19. According to the OCD (p. 637), the funeral games were in honor of D.
Iunius Pera. n20. The Flavian Amphitheater, later known as the Colosseum, was a specific
amphitheater in Rome. n21. According to William Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities, 30 BCE. n22. "Those about to die salute you." In competition one often hears the
answer "(Nos) morituri te salutamus" and the judges generally accept it.
As always, I encourage you to stick with the words from the designated
source. As for the "supposed" in the question:
"It should be noted here that there is absolutely no evidence that the
gladiators addressed the emperor with the famous "Hail emperor, they
who are about to die, salute you." This sentence was addressed only on
one occasion to Claudius by condemned criminals who were about to
participate in a naumachia (a staged naval battle) (Suetonius, Claudius
21.6). Since it was the purpose of this naumachia to serve as a means
of executing criminals by having them kill each other, it is not
surprising that they are pessimistic about their survival as their
address to the emperor indicates. Normally, if two gladiators fought
bravely, both contestants survived."
--a webpage by Professor Roger Dunkle, Brooklyn College (Jan 2000) n23. A more specific term for trainers of gladiators is lanistae.
54. What office did Appius Claudius hold when the Via Appia and Aqua Appia
were built? CENSOR (p,
334)
55. How many miles long was the Aqua Appia? ELEVEN (p.
334) see n3.
56. For security reasons, most of the Aqua Appia was subterranean. How many
feet were actually above ground? THREE HUNDRED (p.
334) see n4.
57. In what year was the Aqua Anio Vetus built? 272 BCE (p.
334)
58. Which two aqueducts built during the Republic supplied the lower levels
of Rome? AQUAE APPIA and ANIO VETUS (p.
334)

59. What was the first-high level aqueduct to serve Rome? AQUA MARCIA (p.
334)
60. In what year was the Aqua Marcia built? 140 (or 144) BCE (p.
334) see n5.
61. Who was the praetor who built the Aqua Marcia? Q. MARCIUS REX (p.
334)
62. The Aqua Marcia brought cold water to which of Rome's seven hills?
CAPITOLINE (p.
334)
63. Which aqueduct was named for the warm water it brought to Rome?
AQUA TEPULA (p.
336)
64. In what year was the Aqua Tepula completed? 125 BCE (p.
336)
65. How many of Rome's aqueducts were built during the Republic? FOUR (p.
336)
66. Of the aqueducts serving Rome, which was the last built during the
Republic? AQUA TEPULA (p.
336)
67. During the reign of Augustus, how many aqueducts were built to serve
Rome? THREE (p.
336)
68. Name the two aqueducts built by Agrippa. AQUAE JULIA and VIRGO (p.
336)
69. Which aqueduct was built by Augustus to supply his artificial lake?
ALSIETINA (p.
336)
70. Caligula began construction of which two of Rome's aqueducts?
AQUAE ANIO NOVUS and CLAUDIA (p.
336)
71. Under which emperor was the Aqua Anio Novus completed? CLAUDIUS (p.
336)
72. Under which emperor was the Aqua Claudia completed? CLAUDIUS (p.
336)
73. In what year did Trajan build the Aqua Traiana? 109 AD (p.
336)
74. Which aqueduct of Rome was the last to be built? ALEXANDRINA (p.
336)
75. Which emperor built the last of Rome's 11 aqueducts? ALEXANDER SEVERUS (p.
336)
76. Trevi Fountain in Rome is supplied by water from which ancient
aqueduct? AQUA VIRGO (p.
336)

77. Which ancient aqueduct was restored by Pius V in 1570, supplies the
Trevi Fountain, and is now called the Acqua Vergine? AQUA VIRGO (p.
336) see n6.
78. The Acqua Felice, built in 1585, is supplied by the same springs that
supplied which of Rome's 11 aqueducts? the ALEXANDRINA (p.
337)
79. Which of Rome's aqueducts was restored in 1611 as the Acqua Paola?
AQUA TRAIANA (p.
337)
80. Which of Rome's aqueducts was reconstructed in 1870 as the Acqua Pia?
AQUA MARCIA (p.
337)
81. Which of the following was used to build the channels of aqueducts:
terracotta, masonry, lead pipes, or bronze pipes MASONRY (p.
337)
82. Lead pipes carrying water into homes were stamped with what
information? the NAMES OF THE OWNER AND USER OF THE PLUMBING (p.
338)
83. What was the name for the main sewer built to drain the marshy valley
where the Forum was situated? CLOACA MAXIMA (p.
339)
84. Who supposedly built the Cloaca Maxima?
L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (TARQUIN II) (p.
339)
85. The channels of ancient Roman sewers were built of what? MASONRY (p.
339)
86. What Roman monument was dedicated to all gods, literally? the PANTHEON (p.
340)
87. What were the numina of early Roman religion? SPIRITS or POWERS (p.
341)
88. Who was the Roman goddess of beauty and love? VENUS (p.
341)
89. Who was the queen on the Roman gods? JUNO (p.
341)
90. To which king does Roman tradition ascribe the organization of Roman
worship and a calendar of religious festivals? NUMA (POMPILIUS) (p.
343)
91. Who organized the first priestly colleges and appointed the first
flamines? NUMA (POMPILIUS) (p.
343)
92. What name was given to the deified Romulus? QUIRINUS (p.
343)
93. Who was the Roman god of war? MARS (p.
343)

94. After the monarchy was abolished, who carried on the religious
ceremonies that were formerly the king's duty? REX SACRORUM (p.
344)
95. Under the Empire, who was regularly Pontifex Maximus? the EMPEROR (p.
344)
96. Who were the priests in charge of the worship of Mars?
SALII or DANCING PRIESTS (p.
344)
97. Who were the priests in charge of the worship of Quirinus?
SALII COLLINI (p.
344)
98. Auspices were taken by magistrates before any public occasion or
action, such as a war. Who were in charge of interpreting the will of
the gods through these auspices? AUGURES (p.
344)
99. How many Vestal Virgins were there? SIX (p.
344)
100. For how many years did each Vestal Virgin serve? THIRTY (p.
345)
101. What were the requirements for a girl to be appointed a Vestal Virgin?
be 6-10 YEARS OLD, a VIRGIN, and PHYSICALLY PERFECT, (p.
346) see n7.
and BOTH PARENTS had to still be ALIVE
102. Where did the Vestal Virgins live? ATRIUM VESTAE (p.
346)
103. How many years did a Vestal Virgin spend in training? TEN (p.
346)
104. How many years did a Vestal spend performing her duties? TEN (p.
346)
105. How many years did a Vestal spend training younger Vestals? TEN (p.
346)
106. What were the protecting spirits of the household, or household gods,
called? LARES (p.
346) see n8.
107. Who were the guardian spirits of crossroads? LARES (COMPITALES) (p.
346) see n8.
108. What were the protecting spirits of the storeroom? PENATES (p.
346)
109. Household shrines, or lararia, often depicted serpents or a man with a
toga drawn over his head. What did these represent? A GENIUS (p.
346)
110. Who was the Roman goddess of the moon and hunting? DIANA (p.
348)

111. Which days each month were sacred to the Lares? KALENDS, NONES, IDES (p.
349)
112. When possible, what animal was sacrificed to the Lares? PIG (p.
349)
113. Who was the greatest god of the early Roman State? IUPPITER (p.
349)
114. On what hill was the first temple in Rome built? CAPITOLINE (p.
349)
115. To which gods was the first temple in Rome built?
JUPPITER, JUNO, MINERVA (p.
349)
116. Which Roman deity was originally a wood spirit from Aricia in Latium?
DIANA (p.
349)
117. Hercules was incorporated into Roman religion from what town in Latium?
TIBUR (p.
351)
118. Castor and Pollux came into Roman religion from what Italian town?
TUSCULUM (p.
351)
119. Mercury came into Roman religion from what town on the sea-coast in
Compania? CUMAE (p.
351)
120. The Sibylline oracle at Cumae advised bringing which three deities into
Roman religion in 493 B.C.? BACCHUS, CERES, PROSERPINA (p.
351)
121. Why did the Sibylline oracle advise bringing Bacchus, Ceres, and
Proserpina into Roman religion in 493 B.C.? to end a FAMINE (p.
351)
122. Which god came to Rome early as a god of healing and had a temple built
to him in 432 B.C.? APOLLO (p.
351)
123. Which god of medicine from Epidaurus was brought to Rome in 293 B.C.
during a time of pestilence? AESCULAPIUS (p.
351)
124. Worship of what Asiatic goddess was brought by the State from Phrygia
to Rome in 205 B.C., during the Second Punic War? MAGNA MATER (p.
351)
125. Who was the Roman goddess of wisdom? MINERVA (p.
351)
126. What was the Latin term for funeral rights?
IUSTSA (or FUNEBRIA, FUNERES, EXSEQUIAE, OBSEQUIAE, SUPREMA) (p.
355) see n9.
127. What was the Latin word for an empty tomb erected in honor of someone
whose body was lost at sea or for any other reason unrecovered?

CENOTAPHIUM (p.
355)
128. What was a Roman citizen required to do if he happened upon the
unburied corpse of another citizen?
PERFORM SUCH funeral RITES AS POSSIBLE (p.
355)
129. If for any reason a body could not be interred, what was sufficient for
ceremonial burial and would assure happiness to the troubled spirits?
SCATTER THREE HANDFULS OF DUST OVER THE BODY (p.
355)
130. Even after cremation came into general use, it was still necessary for
part of the remains to be buried. What part was usually chosen?
THE BONE OF A FINGER (p.
355)
131. What was the traditional date of the Twelve Tables? 451 BCE (p.
355)
132. The Cornelii had always buried their dead until who directed that his
body be burned, lest his bones be dug up and dishonored by his enemies?
L. Cornelius SULLA (p.
355) see n10.
133. What was done with the bodies of children who died before they were 40
days old? they were always BURIED (p.
355)
134. Who paid a slave's funeral expenses? his MASTER (p.
355)
135. Castel Sant' Angelo on the bank of the Tiber was originally the tomb of
which emperor? HADRIAN (p.
356)
136. What law forbade burying or even burning bodies of the dead within the
walls of Rome? the TWELVE TABLES (p.
356)
137. Tombs of Rome's oldest aristocratic families lined which road?
VIA APPIA (p.
356)
138. During the Republic, all the refuse of Rome that the sewers could not
carry away was buried on what hill? ESQUILINE (p.
360)
139. During the Republic, the bodies of abandoned slaves, criminal outcasts,
victims that perished in the arena, and the friendless poor were all
buried where?
on the eastern part of the EQUILINE HILL (POTTER'S FIELD) (p.
360)
140. Which emperor provided new garbage and grave pits further from the city
to replace those on the Esquiline Hill? AUGUSTUS (p.
360)
141. Who created a park on the Esquiline Hill by covering the garbage and

grave pits that were there with 25 feet of fresh soil? MAECENAS (p.
361)
142. What was approximately 25 feet below the Horti Maecenatis?
GRAVE-PITS (PUTICULI) or GARBAGE PITS from the Republic (p.
361)
143. Who buried criminals executed by the authorities? NO ONE (p.
361) see n11.
144. Whether intended for one person or many, what was the most important
room of a Roman tomb called? SEPULCRUM (p.
361)
145. What was the name for the spirits of the dead? MANES (p.
361)
146. What was an ustrina? PLACE FOR BURNING CORPSES (p.
362)
147. In those tombs that did not have a sepulchral chamber, there was a tube
or pipe that ran from the surface to an underground receptacle. What
was it used for? RECEPTACLE FOR POURING LIBATIONS (or WINE, MILK) (p.
362)
148. Where is the Mausoleum of Augustus located?
northern part of CAMPUS MARTIUS (p.
363)
149. In what year did Augustus build his mausoleum? 28 BCE (p.
363)
150. What were located on each side of the entrance to the Mausoleum of
Augustus?
the RES GESTAE (bronze tablets inscribed with his achievements) (p.
363)
151. Whose ashes were the first to be placed in the Mausoleum of Augustus?
those of MARCELLUS (p.
363)
152. In what year were the ashes of MARCELLUS placed in the Mausoleum of
Augustus? 28 BCE (p.
363)
153. Whose ashes were the last to be placed in the Mausoleum of Augustus?
NERVA's (p.
363)
154. In what year were the ashes of Emperor Nerva placed in the Mausoleum of
Augustus? 98 A.D. (p.
363)
155. What was word for a vault with niches for urns containing ashes of the
dead? COLUMBARIUM (p.
364)
156. What was the Latin word for a stone coffin? SARCOPHAGUS (p.
364) see n12.
157. Over or below each niche in a columbarium was a piece of marble with

the name of the deceased. What were these labels called? TITULI (p.
366)
158. The value of a niche in a columbarium depended on its location. Which
location was the least desirable? UNDER THE STAIRWAY (p.
367)
159. Sometimes persons who made generous contributions to burial societies
were made honorary members. What were they called? PATRONI,-AE (p.
367)
160. The construction of a columbarium by a burial society was directed by a
board of trustees. What were they called? CURATORES (p.
367)
161. In a columbarium, what was an olla? CINERARY URN (p.
367)
162. For most of the Republic, when did funerals take place? AT NIGHT (p.
367)
163. What term did the Romans use for the calling out of a deceased person's
name at the time of death? CONCLAMATIO (p.
370)
164. When a Roman died surrounded by his family, whose duty was it to
perform the conclamatio? THE OLDEST SON (p.
370)
165. What words were announced immediately after the conclamatio?
CONCLAMATUM EST (p.
370)
166. Walking down a street in ancient Rome, you see cypress branches placed
in front of the door of a house. What does this tell you?
SOMEONE IN THE HOUSE HAS DIED ("the house is polluted by death") (p.
370)
167. Branches from what type of trees were placed in front of the door of a
house to indicate that a death had occurred? PINE OR CYPRESS (p.
370)
168. What was the Latin word for a professional undertaker?
DESIGNATOR or LIBITINARIUS (p.
370)
169. After a funeral procession reached the burial place, what three rites
had to be performed? CONSECRATION of the site, (p.
372)
CASTING OF EARTH ON THE REMAINS, and
PURIFICATION of those polluted by the death
170. What animal was sacrificed at a Roman burial? PIG (p.
373)
171. How many "Days of Sorrow" began with the burial of a family member? 9 (p.
373)
172. What important events occured on the ninth day after a member of the
family was buried or cremated?
SACRIFICIUM NOVENDIALE (ninth-day sacrifice), (p.
373)

CENA NOVENDIALIS (ninth-day dinner),
HEIRS formally INHERIT,
FUNERAL GAMES (if any were given)
173. What was the duration of mourning for each of the following: husband?
wife? parent or grandparent? grown descendant? other adult relative?
children between ages 3 and 8?
HUSBAND, WIFE, PARENTS, GRANDPARENTS, GROWN DESCENDANT = 10 MONTHS (p.
373)
OTHER ADULT RELATIVE = 8 MONTHS
CHILDREN BETWEEN AGES 3 AND 8 = AS MANY MONTHS AS THEY WERE YEARS OLD
174. What was the name for the publicly observed "days of obligation" to the
dead that were held on an annual basis? PARENTALIA or DIES PARENTALES (p.
373)
175. When were the DIES PARENTALIS? FEBRUARY 13-21 (p.
373)
176. What was the name for the last day of Parentalia?
FERALIA (DAY/FESTIVAL OF THE DEAD) (p.
373)
177. During what 2 specific festivals were flowers placed on the graves or
urns of deceased family members and offerings made to the manes?
VIOLARIA and ROSARIA (p.
373)
178. When was Violaria celebrated? about the END OF MARCH (p.
373)
179. When was Rosaria celebrated? about the END OF MAY (p.
373)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. I included this question for the students who are reading the captions. n2. According to the OCD (p. 1616), the Wall of Aurelian had 21 gates. The
gates (mostly named from the principal roads) were portae Flaminia (2),
Pinciana, Salaria, Nomentana, 'Chiusa', Tiburtina, Praenestina-Labicana,
Asinaria, Metrobia, Latina, Appia (2), Ardeatina, Ostiensis (2),
Portuensis (2), Aurelia-Pancraziana, Septimiana, Aurelia-Sancti Petri. n3. According to other sources, it was 16.2 km (10 miles) long but stick
with what the sources for the competition say. n4. There were frequent wars with the Samnites during this period. The
aqueduct's subterranean course kept the Samnites from poisoning the
water. n5. According to the OCD (p. 133), the Aqua Marcia was built in 144 BCE. n6. Mary Johnston notes that the Aqua Virgo was first restored by Pius V
in 1570; however, Pope Nicholas V restored the aqueduct over a century
before. See http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11058a.htm and
http://www.mousetrap.net/~mouse/uta/FOUNTAIN.TXT n7. There were several other requirements as well. For the details, see
Aulus Gellius 1.12.1-7 and the OCD (p. 1591).

n8. There were many different Lares, each associated with certain domains.
For certamen, the most important are the guardians of the family (Lares
Familiaris), the house (Lares Domestici), and crossroads (Lares
Compitales). For a succint review, try this URL:
http://pantheon.org/mythica/articles/l/lares.html n9. These words are from a cursory search of L&S. The point is that there
were many different terms for such rites, which makes sense given its
societal importance. n10. As Sulla had dishonored those of Marius n11. Their bodies were left for scavengers at the place of execution near
the Equiline Gate. n12. According to L&S, a solium was a stone coffin for persons of distinc-
tion.
Chapter I: The Family
1. What was the name for the religious rites that all members of a clan
were bound to take part in? SACRA GENTILICIA (p. 29)
2. What was the name for the council of relatives and friends that
custom obliged the pater familias to call when he contemplated
inflicting severe punishment upon his children? IUDICIUM DOMESTICUM (p. 31)
3. After the pontifices gave their consent, adrogatio still had to be
sanctioned by what body? COMITIA CURIATA (p. 43)
Chapter II: Roman Names
1. What praenomen was abbreviated with the letter K? KAESO (p. 46)
Chapter III: Marriage and the Position of Women
1. Under which king were the plebeians made citizens, thereby legalizing
their marriages? SERVIUS TULLIUS (p. 59)
2. The offices of the flamines maiores and the reges sacrorum could only
be filled by persons whose parents had been joined in which form of
Roman marriage? CONFARREATIO (p. 60)
3. Which one of the following is true? iniustae matrimonium were regular
marriages, iniustae nuptiae were legal, formal betrothal was legally
necessary before marriage, ius osculi was right of intermarriage
INIUSTAE NUPTIAE WERE LEGAL (p. 62)
4. When were the dies parentales? FEBRUARY 13-21 (p. 65)
5. What was another name for a Roman bride's tunica recta? TUNICA REGILLA (p. 65)
6. For good luck, what did a Roman bride try on the night before her
wedding? WEDDING DRESS (TUNICA RECTA, TUNICA REGILLA) (p. 65)
7. Where in ancient Rome would you find a nodus Herculaneus?
AROUND A BRIDE'S WAIST or WEDDING DRESS (TUNICA RECTA, TUNICA REGILLA) (p. 66)
8. Who specifically made the bloodless sacrifice to Jupiter as part of the
confarreate wedding ceremony? the PONTIFEX MAXIMUS and FLAMEN DIALIS (p. 68)

9. What was the name for the cake eaten by the bride and groom as part of
confarreatio? FARREUM LIBUM (p. 69)
10. Who were the deities of the country and its fruits to whom the Flamen
recited a prayer as part of confarreatio? TELLUS, PICUMNUS, PILUMNUS (p. 69)
11. Certain utensils were necessary for the offering that was part of
confarreatio. What was the name for the basket these were carried in?
CUMERA (p. 69)
12. Which wedding ceremony included the words "an sibi mater familias esse
vellet?" COEMPTIO (p. 69)
13. What was the name for the Roman wedding feast? CENA NUPTIALIS (p. 70)
14. What was the name for the cake was distributed among guests at the
conclusion of the cena nuptialis? MUSTACEUM (p. 70)
15. What was the name of the ceremony where a bride was formally taken to
her husband's home? DEDUCTIO (p. 70)
16. What ceremony began when the groom took his bride from the arms of her
mother with a show of force? DEDUCTIO (p. 71)
17. What was the name processional song or hymn that accompanied a newly-
married couple to their house? HYMENAEUS (p. 71)
18. Who led the Roman bride to the lectus genialis? the PRONUBA (p. 72)
19. When was the repotia held? DAY (NIGHT) AFTER THE WEDDING (p. 72)
Chapter IV: Children and Education
1. What was it called when a pater familias admitted a newborn child into
the familia by raising it up in his arms? SUSCEPTIO (p. 76)
2. What was the name for the first 8 days of the life of an acknowledged
child? PRIMORDIA (p. 77)
3. What did children receive on their nominalia? their PRAENOMINA (p. 78)
4. In Rome, whom did a father appear before in order to register the date
of birth and name of a new child? PRAEFECTUS AERARII (p. 78)
5. In the provinces, whom did a father appear before in order to register
the date of birth and name of a new child? TABULARII PUBLICI (p. 78)
6. What Latin verb meaning "to rattle" is the root of the word for a
necklace made of children's toys? CREPO, CREPUI, CREPITUM (p. 78)
7. Crepundia and bullae were protection against fascinatio. What was
fascinatio? WITCHCRAFT or the EVIL-EYE (p. 78)
8. A two-week old child was least likely to have which of the following?
bulla, crepundia, monumenta, praenomen, stili STILI (p. 79)
9. Of the following, how many originally came to Rome from Etruria?
the sella curulis, the lictor, the art of divination, the amphitheater,
the bulla ALL FIVE (p. 79)
10. What was the favorite pet of Roman children? DOG (p. 82) see n1. see n2.

11. Where might a young Roman receive formal training in suasoria, narratio
and declamatio? a SCHOOL OF RHETORIC (p. 90)
12. The Roman educational system had formal training in which one of the
following fields? diplomacy, jurisprudence, rhetoric, military tactics
RHETORIC (p. 91)
13. What was the word for a young man's voluntary apprenticeship?
TIROCINIUM (p. 91)
14. Complete this analogy. Grammar school is to grammaticus as elementary
school is to ________. LITTERATOR or MAGISTER LITTERARUM (p. 93)
15. What were nundinae? MARKET-DAYS (p. 93)
16. What was the name for a slave followed a boy's to and from school
carrying his satchel and tablets? PEDISEQUUS (NOT paedagogus) (p. 94)
17. What were the insignia pueritiae? a boy's BULLA and TOGA PRAETEXTA (p. 96)
18. What term collectively referred to a boy's bulla and toga praetexta?
INSIGNIA PUERITIAE (p. 96)
19. What tunic did a Roman boy wear at his coming-of-age ceremony?
TUNICA RECTA (p. 96)
Chapter V: Dependents. Slaves and Clients. Hospites.
1. What island had a slave revolt lasting from 134 to 132 B.C.? SICILY (p.
100)
2. Despite the consul Rupilius having 20,000 slaves crucified at the end
of the first Sicilian Slave Revolt in 132 B.C. another revolt occurred
within 50 years. When was the second Sicilian Slave revolt?
102-98 BCE (p.
100)
3. Who decisively defeated Spartacus in 71 B.C.? CRASSUS (p.
100)
4. Household slaves were sometimes divided into groups of ten. What was
the name for these groups? DECURIAE (p.
101)
5. What was the Latin word for the spear, which was the sign for a sale of
slaves under public authority? HASTA (p.
101)
6. What was the word for wholesale slave dealers? MANGONES (p.
101)
7. What was the name for the scroll that hung around the neck of a slave
who was being sold? TITULUS (p.
104)
8. What was the name for the cap that was placed on a slave's head at the
time of auction to indicate that the buyer assumed all risks? PILLEUS (p.
104)
9. What was the name for the vilest of all slave dealers, who kept and see n3.

sold women for immoral purposes only? LENONES (p.
104)
10. What was the term for slaves owned by the State? SERVI PUBLICI (p.
106)
11. What was the term for slaves owned by private individuals?
SERVI PRIVATI (p.
106)
12. What was the name for the three magistrates who were charged with
watching over the safety of the city at night, particularly as fire-
wardens? TRIUMVIRI NOCTURNI (p.
106)
13. Which member of the familia urbana was in charge of the house and its
furniture? ATRIENSIS (p.
112)
14. What was another name for the ianitor, the slave who served as a
door-keeper in a home or estate? OSTIARIUS (OSTIARIA) (p.
112) see n4.
15. What was the duty of an ornator? ASSIST IN DRESSING (ADORNING) (p.
112)
16. To whom would a Roman go to have his nails trimmed and a haircut?
TONSOR (p.
112)
17. What did a lady's ciniflo or cinerarius tend? HER HAIR (p.
112) see n5.
18. What was the name for slaves who walked ahead of their master, clearing
the way for him? ANTE-AMBULONES (p.
113)
19. What was the name for slaves who returned at an appointed hour, such as
at the end of a dinner party, to escort their master home? ADVERSITORES (p.
114)
20. As switches of hickory were used in early America, sticks or rods from
what type of tree were usually used for whipping slaves? ELM (ULMUS) (p.
120)
21. Worn by a plebeian child, a lorum was a leather bulla. When a slave was
being punished, what was the lorum? a leather WHIP (p.
120)
22. What was a scutica? a WHIP, milder than flagellum (p.
120)
23. There were many forms of punishment for bad slaves. What was the name
for the two-pronged log that a slave might be forced to carry on his
neck and shoulders as punishment? FURCA (p.
121)
24. A carnifex was an executioner or hangman. What was a lorarius?
ONE WHO WHIPPED (FLOGGED, SCOURGED) SLAVES (p.
123)

25. The anger of which god visited those who failed to fulfill the sacred
obligations of hospitium? JUPITER Hospitalis (p.
130)
Chapter VI: The House and its Furniture
1. Among the Greeks, this was the name for the part of the house where the
men resided. Among the Romans, this was the name for a passage between
two parts of the house, such as the atrium and the peristylium. What
was this word? ANDRON,-IS (OR ANDRONITIS,-IDOS) (p.
136)
2. What was the name for the part of the house were the sportula were
doled out to clients? VESTIBULUM (p.
138)
3. What did the Romans use to close off the ostium from the atrium?
CURTAINS (VELA or AULAEA) (p.
139)
4. A place in which to bask in the sun, this was often part of the flat
part of the roof of a Roman house and was cover with earth and laid out
like a garden. What was this place called? SOLARIUM (p.
150)
5. In regards to the Roman house, what were parietes? WALLS (p.
154)
6. What were lateres cocti? BURNT BRICKS (p.
157)
7. Many Roman homes had both a solum and a solium. Dintinguish the
meanings of solum and solium. SOLUM = FLOOR, FOUNDATION (p.
157)
SOLIUM = HIGH-BACKED CHAIR
8. Where in a home would you find tegulae? ON THE ROOF (roofing tiles) (p.
158)
9. Where in a Roman home would you find imbrices?
ON THE ROOF or ABOUT THE EAVES (tiles used to make rain gutters) (p.
158)
10. What are the Latin words for threshold, lintel and door jambs?
LIMEN, LIMEN SUPERUM, POSTES (respectively) (p.
158)
11. The outer door to the house could be secured with bars or slide-bolts.
What is the Latin word for either of these? SERAE (bars) (p.
159)
PESSULI (slide-bolts)
12. What is the Latin word for windows? FENESTRAE (p.
159)
13. What were foriculae? WINDOWSHUTTERS (p.
160)
14. The equivalent of space heaters, what did the Romans call the charcoal
stoves or braziers that were used to heat rooms in the winter?

FOCULI (or FOCI) (p.
160)
15. What word did Vitruvius use for painted panels or square compartments
in the wall or ceiling of a chamber? ABACI (p.
162)
16. In the Roman home ceilings were often barrel-vaulted and painted in
brilliant colors or were divided into panels. What was the term for
these ceiling panels? LACUS or LACUNAE (p.
163)
17. What was a subsellium? A BENCH (p.
167)
18. What was a lucerna? LAMP (p.
169)
19. What is the Latin word for a wax or tallow candle? CANDELA (p.
170)
20. What was the word cabinets, such as those in the alae that held the
imagines? ARMARIA (p.
171)
21. In what year was the solarium introduced into Rome from Greece? 268 BCE (p.
172)
22. In Rome insulae occasionally had balconies. What was the Latin word
for a balcony? MAENIANUM (p.
174)
Chapter VII: Dress and Personal Ornaments
1. Tunics usually had very short sleeves; however, some reached all the
way to the wrists. What were these tunicae called? TUNICAE MANICATAE (p.
177)
2. Tunics usually went from the neck to the calf if unbelted; however,
some reached all the way to the ankles. What were the tunicae called?
TUNICAE TALARES (p.
177)
3. What was another name for the undershirt or tunica interior? SUBUCULA (p.
178)
4. What was the name for the strips of woolen cloth that a Roman might
wrap around different parts of the body for warmth? FASCIAE (p.
179)
5. What was the name for the strips of wool that a Roman might wrap around
the neck to keep warm? FOCALIA (p.
179)
6. What was the name for the strips of wool that a Roman might wrap around
the thighs to keep them warm? FEMINALIA (p.
179)
7. What was the name for the strips of wool that a Roman might wrap around
the lower parts of the leg to keep them warm? TIBIALIA (p.
179)

8. What was the name for the strips of wool that a Roman might wrap around
their trunk to keep warm? VENTRALIA (p.
179)
9. Every Roman slave had a specific job. What was the name for the slave
who kept the toga properly creased when it was not in use and carefully
arranged each fold after his master had put it on? VESTIPLICUS (p.
183)
10. What was the Latin word for a hood as was sometimes found on a lacerna
or paenula? CUCULLUS (p.
186)
11. What was the Latin word for a band of soft leather worn under a woman's
tunica interior to support her breasts? MAMILLARE (p.
193)
12. What was the Latin word for a sash of soft leather worn over a woman's
tunica interior to support her breasts? STROPHIUM (ZONA, CINGULUM) (p.
193)
13. What was the name for the distinctive wide border at the lower edge of
the stola? INSTITA (p.
193)
14. Roman women had various means of keeping the hair in place. What were
taeniae, fasciolae, and vittae? RIBBONS (HEADBANDS, FILLETS) (p.
197)
15. Roman women had various means of keeping the hair in place. What was
the word for hairnets? RETICULA (p.
197)
16. What was the word for garlands of flowers, such as were worn in ancient
Rome? CORONAE (p.
197)
17. What was the Latin word for a parasol? UMBRACULUM or UMBELLA (p.
197)
18. What was a flabellum? a FAN (p.
198)
19. What was a sudarium? HANDKERCHIEF (CLOTH FOR WIPING OFF PERSPIRATION) (p.
198)
20. Under Tiberius' reign what imported material was first used in Roman
garments? SILK (p.
201)
21. Vestes sericae were garments made from a fabric mixture of linen and
what other material? SILK (p.
201)
22. To whom did well-to-do Romans send their soiled garments to be washed,
whitened or redyed, and pressed? FULLERS (FULLONES) (p.
202)
Chapter VIII: Food and Meals

1. Every fresh extension of Roman territory brought new fruits into Italy.
What did Romans call peaches? MALA PERSICA (p.
205)
2. What fruit was known to the Romans as malum Armeniacum? APRICOT (p.
205)
3. What was another Latin name for the malum granatum or pomegranate?
MALUM PUNICUM (p.
205)
4. Not grown in Italy until the third century of our era, what fruit was
known to the Romans as "citrus"? LEMON (p.
205)
5. Pork was considered the choicest of all domestic meats and was used
widely by rich and poor alike. What was considered the poorest of all
meats and was used by the lower classes only? GOAT's meat (p.
206)
6. The priest's share of a cow or steer sacrificed to the gods consisted
of the heart, lungs, and liver. The Romans had a noun for these three
more noble internal organs. What is this Latin noun? EXTA (p.
206) see n6.
7. Nefrens, maialis, scrofa, aper and porcus all refer to what animal?
HOG or SWINE (BOAR, SOW, PIG) (p.
207)
8. What small squirrellike rodent known to the Romans as "glis" was
considered a delicacy? DORMOUSE (p.
208)
9. What popular dish made of salt fish, eggs, and cheese was mentioned by
Cicero in about the same way as we speak of hash? TYROTARICHUS (p.
208)
10. Oysters were popular in ancient times as they are now. What is the
Latin word for oyster? OSTREA or LEIOSTREA or CONCHYLIUM (p.
208)
11. What was the name for the very best kind of bread which was made from
pure wheat flour? PANIS SILIGINEUS (p.
213)
12. What dish, often served with cheese, consisted of seasoned preserved
olives? EPITYRUM (p.
215)
13. Amurca is the dark and bitter fluid first released from olives when
they are pressed. What was the main use for amurca?
FERTILIZER (it was unsuitable for food) (p.
216)
14. What was a prelum or torcular? PRESS USED IN MAKING WINE (or OIL) (p.
219)
15. What was the name for the jelly created by boiling mustum? DEFRUTUM (p.
219)
16. What were the names for the three couches in the traditional Roman

dining room? (LECTUS) SUMMUS, MEDIUS, and IMUS (p.
228)
17. What was the name for the large bowl in which water was mixed with wine
under the direction of the rex bibendi? CRATER (p.
236) see n7.
18. What was the name for the small ladle used to transfer wine from the
crater to individual drinking cups or goblets? CYATHUS or TRULLA (p.
236) see n8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. This often included the verses Fescennini. For details, see the entry
for epithalamium in the OCD (p. 548). n2. Nominalia and dies nominum are other names for dies lustricus, the day
of purification. n3. According to L&S, Seutonius uses the word capsarius for a slave who
carried the satchels of boys going to school. n4. L&S gives several other Latin words for door-keeper: atriarius, cancel-
larius, portarius and velarius. n5. Not mentioned by Johnston but noted in L&S, a utricula was a female
slave who curled the hair and an ornatrix also dressed the hair. n6. According to L&S, viscus,-era refers both to the nobler parts (heart,
lungs, liver) as well as the ignobler (stomach, entrails, etc.). n7. Other accepted spellings include: cratera, creterra, and krater. n8. While there are several words for ladle, the cyathus and trulla were
specifically associated with the transfer of wine from crater to cup.
Chapter IX: Amusements
1. What was the Latin word for a playing ball inflated with air? FOLLIS (p.
240)
2. What was the Latin word for a dice box used to throw tali or tesserae?
FRITILLUS (p.
242) see n1.
3. Comodies were comoediae, tragedies were tragoediae. What were farces
and pantomimes? MIMI and PANTOMIMI, respectively (p.
244)
4. What was the Latin word for troupe or company of actors? GREX (p.
246)
5. What was the Latin term for the manager of a theatre troupe, who was
usually an actor of acknowledged ability? DOMINUS GREGIS (p.
246)
6. In the theater, properties are the items other than costumes and
scenery, that appear on the stage during a dramatic performance. What
was the Latin word for properties? ORNAMENTA (p.
246)

7. What was the name for the semicircular passage that separated the upper
groups of seats, or cunei, from the lower ones in a theater or circus?
PRAECINCTIO (p.
251)
8. In the Roman theater, special seats were located over the passageways
to the left and right of the stage. The box on one side was for the
emperor or officials who superintended the games. From whom was the
box on the other side reserved? VESTAL VIRGINS (p.
252)
9. Through which gate did victorious charioteers leave the Circus?
PORTA TRIUMPHALIS (p.
255)
10. In the Circus, which gate was at the opposite the Porta Tiumphalis?
PORTA POMPAE (p.
255)
11. Through which gate did processions enter the Circus? PORTA POMPAE (p.
255)
12. What was teh term for teh horizontal section located between the
praecinctiones in the Circus Maximus? MAENIANA (p.
262)
13. What were the Latin names for the first two racing factions?
factio RUSSATA and factio ALBATA (p.
264)
14. What were the Latin names for the Blue and Green racing syndicates?
factio VENETA and factio PRASINA (p.
264)
15. What was the term for a two-horse chariot? BIGA (p.
265)
16. What was the term for a three-horse chariot? TRIGA (p.
265)
17. What was the term for a four-horse chariot? QUADRIGA (p.
265)
18. What was the term for a six-horse chariot? SEIUGIS (p.
265)
19. What was the term for a seven-horse chariot? SEPTEIUGIS (p.
265)
20. What was the term for wild animal hunts that were conducted in the
Circus Maximus and later in amphitheaters? VENATIONES (p.
269)
21. What Latin word could mean a tray used to serve food at dinner or a
litter used to carry images of the gods during public processions, such
as the pompa circensis? FERCULUM (p.
269)
22. Whose funeral games in 216 B.C. included combat between 22 pairs of
gladiators? M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS (p.
270)

23. Whose funeral games in 200 B.C. included 25 pairs of gladiators?
M. VALERIUS LAEVINUS (p.
270)
24. Whose funeral games in 183 B.C. included fights between 60 pairs of
gladiators? P. LICINIUS (p.
270)
25. What was the term for training schools for gladiators? LUDI GLADIATORII (p.
271)
26. What was the term for the special diet provided for gladiators at the
ludi gladiatorii? SAGINA GLADIATORIA (p.
274)
27. Remains of Roman amphitheaters have been found in many cities
throughout the Roman world, including Nemausus and Arelas. What are the
current names for these two French cities? NIMES and ARLES (p.
277)
28. In which of the following areas of an amphitheater did members of the
highest social classes sit: cavea ultima, cavea summa, cavea media, or
cavea infima? CAVEA INFIMA (IMA) (p.
278)
29. What was the name of the gate through which dead bodies were dragged
from the amphitheater by ropes and hooks? PORTA LIBITINENSIS (p.
279)
30. What did it mean when gladiators fought catervatim or gregatim?
THEY FOUGHT IN MASSES OR GROUPS (rather than in pairs) (p.
284)
31. Which type of gladiators fought wearing helmets without openings for
their eyes, so they were fighting blindfolded? ANDABATAE (p.
284)
32. Which type of gladiators fought with a lasso? LAQUEATORES (p.
285)
33. What was the name for the three-pronged lance used by the retiarius?
FUSCINA or TRIDENS (p.
285)
34. Which type of gladiator had a thick manicae on the right arm?
SAMNITE (accept equivalent names) (p.
285)
35. What was the name for the long shield used by Samnite gladiators?
SCUTUM (p.
285)
36. What was the name for small shield used by Thracian gladiators? PARMA (p.
285)
37. What class of gladiators wore helmets shaped like fish? MURMILLONES (p.
285)
38. What was the name for the banquet given for gladiators the day before

an enhibition? CENA LIBERA (p.
287)
39. What was the name for the sham battles with blunt instruments that
began each exhibition gladiatorial games? PROLUSIO (p.
287)
40. What Latin phrase was used to describe gladiatorial combats in which
the vanquished must be killed? SINE MISSIONE (p.
287)
41. What four things were thought necessary for the luxurious bath of
classical times? WARM ANTEROOM, HOT BATH, COLD BATH, OIL RUB (p.
290)
42. At the Roman baths, what was a piscina? swimming POOL (p.
292)
43. What was the name of the room adjacent to the palaestra in which sweat
and dirt were scraped off with strigils? DESTRICTARIUM (p.
292)
44. Since the Roman baths were heated by hypocausts, each really had two
floors. What was the name for the higher of the two? SUSPENSURA (p.
293)
45. Which room in a Roman bath was usually greater in length than width and
often had one end rounded off like an apse? CAL(I)DARIUM (p.
294) see n2.
46. What was the name for the hot-water tank in the caldarium in which a
number of people could bathe at the same time? ALVEUS (p.
294)
47. What was the name for the metal device that ensured that the hot water
in the alveus of the caldarium was evenly distributed? TESTUDO (ALVEI) (p.
294)
48. What was the name for the basin that stood at hip- or waist-height
somewhere in the caldarium to provide sweating bathers with an
opportunity to splash themselves with cold water? LABRUM (p.
294)
49. What was the name for the slave who carried his masters towels, oils
and strigils to the baths? CAPSARIUS (p.
294)
50. When there was no unctorium, which room was used instead?
TEPIDARIUM or APODYTERIUM (p.
294)
51. What was the name for a manager of a bathhouse? CONDUCTOR (p.
298)
52. What was the Latin word for the entrance fee to a Roman bathhouse?
BALNEATICUM (p.
298)
Chapter X: Travel and Correspondence. Books.
1. What was the term for a wagon or cart for carrying heavy loads, such as

building materials for public works? PLAUSTRA (p.
306)
2. What vehicle did Cicero mention could travel 56 miles in ten hours,
probably with one or more changes of horses? CISIUM (p.
308)
3. What were the "essedum" and "covinus"? WAR-CHARIOTS (p.
308) see n3.
4. A Roman road had several different layers. Which layer was formed that
were small enough to be held in the hand? STATUMEN (p.
312)
5. In building a Roman road, which layer was directly on top of the
statumen? RUDUS (p.
312)
6. In building a Roman road, what was the term for the 9-inch thick layer
of broken stones and lime? RUDUS (p.
312)
7. In building a Roman road, the firmest and hardest layer was located
just above the rudus. What was it called? NUCLEUS (p.
312)
8. What was the 6-inch thick layer of concrete like material located just
beneath the dorsum, or pavement, of a Roman road? NUCLEUS (p.
312)
9. What was another name for a road's pavimentum, or paved surface?
DORSUM or AGGER VIAE (p.
312)
10. What was the name for the curbstones that bounded each side of a road's
pavement? UMBONES (p.
312)
11. What were the semitae of the Via Appia? roadside FOOTPATHS (p.
313)
12. What were the margines of a Roman road? roadside FOOTPATHS (p.
313)
13. The Via Appia, Via Salaria and other major roads were paved with
stones. What was used to surface the less traveled roads?
coarse GRAVEL (GLAREA) (p.
313)
14. What was the Latin word for road gravel? GLAREA (p.
313) see n4.
15. What were deversoria? INNS (p.
313)
16. What was a caupona? INN (TAVERN, RETAIL SHOP) or (p.
313)
INNKEEPER (HOSTESS, SHOPKEEPER)
17. What was a taberna? INN (TAVERN) (p.
313)

18. According to Suetonius, what simple code did Julius Caesar use to
encrypt important letters he sent by slave messengers?
FOR EACH LETTER HE SUBSTITUTED THE ONE THAT STOOD THREE (p.
315)
PLACES BEFORE IN THE ALPHABET (e.g. D for A, E for B)
19. What was the term for sets of two or more wax tablets fastened
together by wire hinges? CODICILLI or PUGILLARES (p.
316)
20. What was the Latin word for a book of modern form, written on sheets of
parchment? CODEX (p.
318) see n5.
21. What was the Latin word for parchment? MEMBRANUM (p.
318)
22. Twenty sheets of seems to have been the unit by which papyrus was sold.
What was the term for this commercial unit of measure, similar to our
quire. SCAPUS (p.
320) see n6.
23. What was the Latin word for an ink pen made from a reed? CALAMUS (p.
321)
24. What was the Latin word for black ink for writing? ATRAMENTUM (p.
321)
25. What was the Latin word for a round wooden box, similar to a hat box,
in which scrolls of papyrus were stored? CAPSA or SCRINIUM (p.
323)
Chapter XI: Sources of Income and Means of Living
1. What was the Latin word for bankers, who in ancient Rome were both
money-changers and money-lenders? ARGENTARII (p.
336) see n7.
2. Which of the following occupations was most highly regarded? teacher,
money-lender, auctioneer, architect ARCHITECT (p.
339)
3. By the time of Galen, the fields of surgery and medicine were carefully
distinguished. What were the Latin words for each field?
CHIRURGIA and MEDICINA (p.
340)
4. What was the Latin word for a cobbler? SUTOR (p.
343) see n8.
5. What was the Latin word for a cobbler's lasts, which he used to make
shoes? FORMAE (p.
343)
6. What was the Latin word for a trade or professional guild? COLLEGIUM (p.
345)
7. What was the word for a cobbler who specifically made calcei?
CALCEOLARIUS (p.
347)

8. What was the word for a cobbler who specialized in making sandals?
SOLEARIUS (p.
347)
9. Trade guilds that were prosperous or blessed with a generous patron
might have their own meeting hall. What were these buildings called?
SCHOLAE (p.
347)
Chapter XII: Farming and Country Life
1. Cato recommended a farm be how many iugera? 240 (p.
354)
2. What were latifundia? LARGE ESTATES (p.
355)
3. How many iugera were the allotments of public land made in 393 B.C.? 7 (p.
355)
4. According to Cato, what was both the first and second rule of good
farming? PLOW WELL (p.
356)
5. According to Cato, what was the third rule of good farming?
MANURE (FERTILIZE) WELL (p.
356)
6. What was an aratrum? PLOW (p.
357) see n9.
7. What was the Latin word for the noun plough? ARATRUM (ARATER) (p.
357)
8. What was medica (the e is long)? CLOVER or ALFALFA (LUCERN) (p.
359) see n10.
9. According to Pliny the Elder, through what country did alfalfa come to
Italy from Asia? GREECE (p.
359)
10. What did Cato list as the most important crop in his time?
the VINEYARD (GRAPE) (p.
359)
11. At the villa rustica, whose room was recommended to be near the gate so
the he could keep watch of comings and goings? the VILICUS' room (p.
361)
12. What was an ergastulum?
a WORKHOUSE FOR SLAVES (DEBTORS or OFFENDERS), PENITENTIARY (p.
361)
13. What was a hippodromos? RACE-COURSE FOR HORSES (p.
364)
Chapter XIII: Town Life
1. What was a primipilarius? CHIEF CENTURION OF A LEGION (p.
369) see n11.

Chapter XIV: Burial Places and Funeral Ceremonies
1. What were puticuli? GRAVE-PITS (such as those on the Esquiline Hill) (p.
378)
2. A tomb surrounded by grounds of some extent was called what?
CEPOTAPHIUM (p.
381)
3. What were the gradi of a columbarium? HORIZONTAL ROWS OF NICHES (p.
383)
4. What were the ordines of a columbarium? VERTICAL ROWS OF NICHES (p.
383)
5. What was the term for a group of 4 to 6 niches marked off from the
other in the columbarium by wall decorations to show they were a unit?
AEDICULA (p.
384)
6. What was the Latin term for the funeral couch upon which the decreased
was carried in the procession? LECTUS FUNEBRIS (p.
389)
7. What did the Romans call professional undertakers?
LIBITINARII or DESIGNATORES (p.
389-90)
8. What did the Romans call a funeral oration? LAUDATIO (p.
391)
9. What was the Latin word for a funeral pyre? ROGUS (p.
392)
10. What was the specific name given to the ceremonial bone that was buried
after the deceased had been cremated? OS RESECTUM (p.
393)
11. What was the Latin word for a funeral feast? SILICERNIUM (p.
393)
Chapter XV: The Roman Religion
1. Which of the priestly colleges was in charge of the Sibylline books?
QUINDECEMVIRI (or QUINDECIM VIRO SACRIS FACIUNDIS) (p.
397)
2. What was the usual time for family devotions and offerings to the
household gods? BETWEEN CENA (DINNER) AND SECUNDA MENSA (DESSERT) (p.
400)
3. Which goddess was brought to Rome from Falerii as a patron of craftsmen
and their guilds and had her own temple on the Aventine Hill? MINERVA (p.
401)
Chapter XVI: The Water Supply of Rome
1. What did the Romans call reservoirs from which water was distributed by
street mains? CASTELLA (p.
407)

2. What were fistulae? PIPES (p.
407) see n12.
3. What did the Romans call the lead pipes that carried water into public
buildings and the homes of the very wealthy? FISTULAE (p.
407)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. Other Latin words for dice box are turricula, pyrgus, and phimus (L&S). n2. Harold Johnston notes that "Vitruvius says the proportion (of length to
width) should be 3:2." The apse was specifically designed to hold the
labrum, so it was called the schola labri. n3. Harold Johnston describes them as "vehicles of the cart type that came
into use during the Empire" but for certamen purposes, stick with the
standard definitions from OLD and L&S ("war-chariots"). n4. Sab(u)lo and sab(u)lum are other words for gravel. n5. Liber should also be an acceptable term, though not mentioned in his
text. n6. A quire is 24 or 25 sheets (one-twentieth of a ream having either 480
or 500 sheets, respectively). n7. Synonyms include collectarius, collybista, mensarius, negotiator, and
trapezita. n8. A sutor was a cobbler, in general. According to Harold W. Johnston
(p. 347), a cobbler who specialized in making shoes was a calceolarius;
in sandals, a solearius. L&S gives other words for cobbler including
sutriballus, cerdo, and (once) veteramenarius. n9. The aratrum was invented by Byzyges (according to Pliny) or Triptolemus
(according to Vergil). The parts of it were temo, stiva, manicula,
vomer, buris, aures, and dentale. n10. A medica (short e) was a female physician (L&S). n11. More specifically, the centurion of the first maniple of the triarii. n12. In L&S, other words for a water-pipe are tubus, canalis and sipho.
1. How did the Romans usually date their years?
BY THE NAMES OF THE CONSULS (p.
337) see n1.
2. Which emperor introduced dating by regnal years? JUSTINIAN (p.
337)
3. When did Justinian introduce dating according to regnal years? 537 (p.
337)
4. What was the name for the list of consuls? FASTI (CONSULARES) (p.
337)
5. What was the announcement of the compulsory delivery of food and other
goods to the government called? INDICTIO (p.
337)

6. How many days are in a lunar month? 29 1/2 (p.
337)
7. How many months were in the original agricultural calendar of Romulus?
10 (p.
337)
8. What was the first month in the original 10-month Roman calendar year?
MARCH (p.
337)
9. In what year was the January made the first month of the year? 153 BCE (p.
337)
10. In what century was the Roman year changed from IO-months to 12-months?
6TH CENTURY BCE (p.
337) see n2.
11. During the early Republic, how many months had 31 days?
FOUR (March, May, July, October) (p.
337)
12. What was the original name for the month of July? QUIN(C)TILIS (p.
337)
13. In what year was Quinctilis mensis renamed Julius? 44 BCE (p.
337)
14. What was the original name for the month of August? SEXTILIUS (p.
337)
15. In what year was Sextilis mensis renames Augustus? 8 BCE (p.
337)
16. During the Republic, pontiffs added days to the year in an attempt to
adjust it to the solar year. When and how often were these days added?
EVERY OTHER YEAR IN FEBRUARY (p.
337)
17. What was the name for the 22 or 23 days that pontiffs added to February
every other year in an attempt to adjust the lunar calendar to the
solar year? MERCEDONIUS or INTERCALARIS (p.
337)
18. Which year in Roman history was literally the longest? 46 BCE (p.
337)
19. How many days were in the year 46 B.C.? 445 (p.
337)
20. In 45 B.C. who changed the Roman calendar so that there were 365 days
each year? Gaius JULIUS CAESAR (p.
337)
21. Who was the famous Roman who introduced the leap year as an extra day
inserted in February every three years? Gaius JULIUS CAESAR (p.
337)
22. When was the leap year changed from every third year to every fourth

year? 8 BCE (p.
337)
23. Which calendar immediately preceded the Gregorian calendar of 1582?
the JULIAN CALENDAR (p.
337)
24. What was the name for the first day of the month? KALENDS (KALENDAE) (p.
338)
25. Originally the first quarter moon fell on which day of the month?
NONES (NONAE) (p.
338)
26. Originally the full full moon fell on which day of the month?
IDES (IDUS) (p.
338)
27. How did the Nones get their name?
by inclusive counting, THE NONES WERE ALWAYS NINE DAYS BEFORE THE IDES (p.
338)
28. For most months of the year, the Nones fall on what day? the 5TH (p.
338)
29. For most months of the year, the Ides fall on what day? the 13TH (p.
338)
30. The Ides of March were the 15th. What other three months had Ides on
the 15th, rather than the 13th? MAY, JULY, OCTOBER (p.
338) see n3.
31. What does the adverb "pridie" mean? ON THE DAY BEFORE (p.
338)
32. The official calendar drawn up by pontiffs had the letters C, F, and
N. What words did these letters represent? COMITIALIS, FASTI, NEFASTI (p.
338)
33. What was the Latin word for the period between two market days, roughly
corresponding to our "week?" NUNDINUM (p.
338)
34. What was the word for market days? NUNDINAE (p.
338)
35. How many days were in a Roman week? EIGHT (p.
338)
36. What was the Latin word for midday? MERIDIES (p.
338)
37. What was the general term was used by the Romans for clocks? HOROLOGIA (p.
338)
38. What was the Latin word for a sundial? SOLARIUM (p.
338)
39. What was the Latin word for the pointer of a sundial? GNOMON (p.
338)

40. Where was the Horologium Augusti? CAMPUS MARTIUS (p.
338)
41. In what year was the Horologium Augusti erected? 9 BCE (p.
338)
42. What was used as the gnomon of the Horologium Augusti in the Campus
Martius? an Egyptian OBELISK (p.
338)
43. The night was divided into how many watches? FOUR (p.
339)
44. What was the term for a guardian of a woman who was married "sine
manu"? TUTELA (p.
339)
45. Under which emperor was legislation passed permitting a free person
other than a senator to marry a libertus or liberta? AUGUSTUS (p.
339)
46. In an effort to encourage marriage and increase the birth rate, who
established privileges to parents of three or more children, "ius trium
liberorum"? AUGUSTUS (p.
339)
47. What part of the following statement is untrue? Formal manumission
before a magistrate granted a slave both freedom and Roman citizenship,
and as a client of his former master he could run for political office.
FREEDMEN WERE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR POLITICAL OFFICE (p.
342)
48. What name was given to slaves who were manumitted but not before a
magistrate, so they were not Roman citizens?
JUNIAN LATINS (LATINI IUNIANI) (p.
342)
49. When was the First Sicilian Slave Revolt? 135-132 BCE (p.
342)
50. When was the Second Sicilian Slave Revolt? 104-101 BCE (p.
342)
51. When was the Slave Revolt led by Spartacus? 73-71 BCE (p.
342)
52. Fermented intestines and other waste parts of fish were the base for
what sauce of which the Romans were exceedingly fond? GARUM (p.
342) see n4.
53. Who wrote the only Roman cookbook to substantially survive to today?
APICIUS (p.
343)
54. What drink, common among the poorer classes, was made by watering down
acetum? POSCA (p.
343)
55. What was a toga exigua? SHORT SIMPLE TOGA without a sinus or umbo (p.
344)

56. What tunic worn by people in high office was made of various materials
such as wool, linen, and silk, and orginally was short-sleeved or
sleeveless though it had long sleeves by the late empire? DALMATICA (p.
345)
57. What was a caracallus? a CAPE/CLOAK (p.
345)
58. What was a byrrus? CLOAK to keep off rain (p.
345) see n5.
59. We know of many different styles of ancient footwear. Which was made
from a single piece of leather, with a soft sole and an openwork upper
fastened by a lace? CARBATINA (p.
345)
60. We know of many different styles of ancient footwear. What loose
fitting slipper was worn especially among the Greeks and by comedic
actors? SOCCUS (p.
345)
61. What was generic Latin word for a hobnailed shoe? CALCEUS (p.
345)
62. What instrument was used for estracting cosmetics or medicines from
narrow unguent bottles? LIGULA (p.
345)
63. Give the dates for the following ludi: Megalenses? APRIL 4-10 (p.
347)
Cereales? APRIL 12-19
Florales? APRIL 28-MAY 3
Apollinares? JULY 6-13
Romani? SEPTEMBER 5-19
plebeii? NOVEMBER 4-17
64. What was the term for condemned criminals who fought as gladiators?
DAMNATI (p.
347)
65. What did the Romans the men who fought wild animals in the
amphitheater? BESTIARII (p.
348)
66. What was a hydraulus,-i? WATER-ORGAN (p.
349)
67. Women were allowed to participate in which two of the following
performances: comoedia, mimus, pantomimus, tragoedia?
MIMUS and PANTOMIMUS (p.
350)
68. What were odea? PUBLIC BUILDINGS DESIGNED FOR MUSICAL PERFORMANCES (p.
350)
69. What was the term for voluntary exile? EXSILIUM (p.
354)
70. What was the term for temporary banishment to a place or exclusion from
living in certain places? RELEGATION (p.
354)

71. What was the term for perpetual banishment to a place with loss of
citizenship and confiscation of property? DEPORTATIO (p.
354)
72. It was forbidden by law to bury gold with a body except under what
circumstance? THE GOLD HAD BEEN USED TO REPAIR THE DECEASED TEETH (p.
354)
73. In what year were doctors working in Rome granted citizenship by Julius
Caesar? 46 BCE (p.
543)
74. What type of doctors were medici ocularii?
OPHTHALMOLOGISTS or EYE DOCTORS (p.
543)
75. Which are the following were unknown to Greek and Roman medicine:
artificial limbs, dental bridgework, midwivery, opium for sedation, or
the stethoscope THE STETHOSCOPE (p.
355) see n6.
76. What did the Romans call female physicians? MEDICAE (p.
355)
77. From what Latin word meaning "midwife" do we derive the name of a
branch of medicine? OBSTETRIX (p.
355)
78. Which Greeks were banned from Rome at least twice during the Republic,
once in 173 B.C. and again in 161 B.C.? PHILOSOPHERS (p.
355)
79. What were the two main schools of philosophy in Rome during the second
century B.C.? EPICUREANISM, STOICISM (p.
355)
80. Who was the Athenian philosopher who believed that the gods existed in
immortal bliss but did not reward or punish mortals, all of whom had
immortal souls so there was nothing to fear from the gods or fear in
death? EPICURUS (p.
355)
81. Which Greek philosopher founded Stoicism circa 300 B.C.? ZENO (p.
355)
82. What was the dominant pagan philosophy from around the mid-3rd century
until philosophy schools were closed by Justinian in 529? NEOPLATONISM (p.
355)
83. In 529 AD which ruler ordered the closure of philosophy schools?
JUSTINIAN (p.
355)
84. What word did the Romans use for the place where the bodies of the dead
were burned and then buried, ready-dug graves for the remains following
cremation? BUSTUM (p.
357)
85. Who has a unique pyramid-shaped tomb in Rome? GAIUS CESTIUS (p.
358)

86. In a columbarium, what was a nidus? NICHE FOR a cinerary URN (ASHES) (p.
358)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- nl. During the Empire, the consuls who took office on January I were used. n2. The change is traditionally ascribed to Rome's second king, Numa
Pompilius (Gary & Scullard, p. 40). As he supposedly ruled from
715-673 BCE, the answer "7th or 8th century" is defensible. n3. Remember, "In March, July, October, May,
The Ides fall on the 15th day." n4. The description of fish sauce is also from Adkins & Adkins (p. 327). n5. The word is spelled "birrus" in L&S. n6. Greek and Roman physicians practiced direct auscultation, as the
stethoscope was not invented until 1816 (by Rene Theophile Hyacinthe
Laennec).