Blood
1.
Categorize the composition of blood and compare the difference between plasma and serum. a.
Blood is approximately 45% RBC by volume, with plasma making up the remaining volume. b.
Plasma is 93% water with 7% dissolved substances i.
Contains proteins such as albumins, globulins, and clotting factors as well as electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, and hormones. c.
Plasma is serum plus fibrinogen and other clotting proteins d.
Serum is plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting proteins
2.
Interpret the cellular components of blood. a.
Erythrocytes i.
RBC’s are biconcave and have reversible deformity. ii.
Mature human RBC’s lack nuclei or organelles. iii.
Contain hemoglobin. iv.
Have a 120 day lifespan. b.
Leukocytes i.
WBC’s are divided into Granulocytes and Agranulocytes. ii.
Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
1.
Neutrophils are microphages that destroy bacteria.
2.
Eosinophils hare a bilobed nucleus are important for allergic reactions and parasitic worm killing.
3.
Basophils have an S-shaped nucleus and acts to initiate the inflammatory process. iii.
Agranulocytes contain T cells, B cells, and monocytes
1.
T cells are active in cell-mediated immunity and include T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells
2.
B cells are active in humoral immunity and can produce plasma cells when activated by antigen
3.
Monocytes are the largest cells in circulatory blood; called macrophages when they enter connective tissue space. c.
Thrombocytes i.
Platelets have no nuclei but contain organelles ii.
Originate from fragmentation of the cytoplasm of giant megakaryocytes
3.
Recognize the concept of the development of blood cells. a.
Hematopoiesis is the process of developing blood cells b.
Begins from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells which can produce all blood cell types c.
PHSC differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid multipotential hematophoietic stem cells i.
Lymphoid cell lines differentiate into lymphocytes ii.
Myeloid cell lines differentiate into Progenitor cells which become the precursor cells of specific blood cell types such as erythorcytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
4.
Draw a diagram and summarize the structure and function of platelets.

a.
Platelets are pinched off from megakaryocytopoiesis via apocrine secretion b.
Platelets contain organelles (notably lysosomes and peroxisomes) and granules but no nuclei c.
Platelets function by invaginating to connect with the open canalicular system i.
Granules then secrete serotonin as a vasoconstrictor ii.
Platelet-derived growth factor is also secreted to stimulate cell mitosis
5.
Compare the different types of white blood cells. a.
Neurophils i.
Also known as microphages; important in fighting bacterial infections ii.
Does not react to acidic of basic stains iii.
Neurophils have multi-lobed nuclei iv.
Female inactive X chromosomes appears as a drumstick-like appendage on one of the nuclear lobes b.
Eosinophils i.
Functions in allergic reaction and parasitic worm killing ii.
Eosinophils have bi-lobed nuclei iii.
Reacts to acidic stains iv.
Granules contain a crystalline core and a less dense matrix c.
Basophils i.
Initiator in inflammatory process ii.
S-shaped nucleus with large granules in cytoplasm d.
Monocytes i.
Largest cells in circulation; called macrophages when they enter connective tissue. ii.
Can produce cytokines and present antigen to T cells e.
Lymphocytes i.
T Cells
1.
Part of cell-mediated immunity
2.
Helper T cells, when activated by antigen, secrete cytokines to activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells ii.
B Cells
1.
Part of humoral immunity
2.
When activated by antigen, B cells create memory B cells and plasma cells
3.
Plasma cells secrete antibodies that target antigens for destruction
6.
Compare the basic concept of the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. a.
Humoral immunity functions by antigen activation of B cells b.
B cells can recognize antigen on their own and plasma cells produce antibodies to signal other cells to neutralize antigen c.
Cell-mediated immunity relies on antigen presentation by macrophages or other cells through the MHC-I (cytotoxic T cells) and MHC-II (helper T cells) d.
Helper T cells release cytokines that can activate B cells and make cytotoxic T cells more effective
7.
Created one example of each abnormal functions of red blood cells and white blood cell. a.
Abnormal RBC – Hereditary Spherocytosis
2

b.
Abnormal WBC – HIV Helper T Cell Destruction
3