1. The Romantic Period-1820-1900
- Personal expression- stressed emotion, imagination, and
individualism
-passionate, stormy feelings
-“Realm of fantasy”- (unconscious, irrational, world of dreams)
appealed to many artists -emphasis on self expression and
individuality
-love was strongly sought after in songs (popular topic): usually,
lovers are unhappy and face overwhelming obstacles (exShakespeare’s plays)
-Nationalism- composers wrote songs representing their own
national identity
-Wide Range of dynamics- includes much contrast between very
soft to very powerful sounds
-Range of pitch also expanded- very high and low sounds
(because of this, new instruments were made such as the
piccolo and contrabassoon) going from PPP to FFF
-Length of compositions- widely varied
-short songs played by single instruments lasting 1 or 2 minutes
(ex- Chopin)
-extremely long songs lasting hours played by huge number of
performers
-Melodies- more expressive, lyrical
-Harmony- more colorful, unstable chords
-Tempo- fluctuations, use of rubato
-New Forms- miniative and menu
-Texture- homophonic
-Paris becomes the artistic capital of Europe during Romantic
Era
2. Felix Mendelssohn- (1809-1847)
Biography-
• Dark eyes, intelligent, slim, Jewish, beloved by all who knew
him
• Hometown Hamburg
• Family: Father was a wealthy banker in Berlin; mother wrote
poetry, entertained artists, writers, musicians, read Greek
&Latin; sister Fanny also musically gifted(practiced &
studied long and hard with her)
• Cherubini- Parents got him best possible teachers for him who
claimed he was very gifted; Mendelssohn’s father wanted
to see how gifted he really was to took him to see Luigi
Cherubini (musical head in Paris- his opinion was
considered law). Cherubini was confident in
Mendelssohn’s talent and urged him to study in Paris but
his father brought him back home to find the best teacher
in Germany
• “Der Freischutz”: as a child Mendelssohn heard this opera
which was filled with realistic effects, brought life to
German forest, had strange mysterious music- mostly it
evoked in the listener Romantic images- set Mendelssohn
dreaming of his future music
• House: Mendelssohn’s father built a big mansion with a music
room surrounded by gardens- hosted many Sunday
afternoon musicales on gardens- here Mendelssohn (17
years old) wrote “Midsummer Night’s Dream” which
served as overture for one of Shakespeare’s plays (big hit)
• Musical characteristic- As in Midsummer Night’s Dream,
Mendelssohn used another world, fairylike qualities in his
music – all his music had sweetness, delicacy, and a
refinement of good taste- composed Violin Concerto in E
minor in same qualities
• Travel: Mendelssohn was constantly on the road-often
traveled to Switzerland, France, Italy, England, Scotlandalways took his paint box with him- put his experiences
into music (Ex- Hebrides Overture, Fingal’s Cave- sounds
of ocean and the Reformation Symphony- used Lutheran
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chorales as a tribute to Martin Luther
Moses Mendelssohn (Felix’s grandfather)- forced to live in
Jewish ghetto, suffered anti-Semitism- succeeded to make
himself respected member of society. Felix Mendelssohn
was very proud of him and even though he was brought up
as a Christian and married a Protestant, he never forgot
he was Jewish and as a result wrote the oratorio Elijah
showing greatness of Jews
Leipzig- musical center of Germany- Mendelssohn went there
to be conductor of the Gewandhaus orchestra- became a
great success- instead of playing the piano or violin as
orchestra leaders did before him, he stood up to conduct2 years later he founded the Conservatory of Music–
became the most famous school in all Europe
Johann Sebastian Bach- forgotten and neglected until his
time- Mendelssohn first discovered him when he was 12
when he found an autographed copy of St. Matthew
Passion in a dusty heap of old manuscripts belonging to
one of his teachers- his mother had music copied and
gave it to him as a birthday present. In Berlin University,
he heard his friend say that Bach’s music was like a math
exercise- set out to correct him by organizing 16 friends
with good voices into a choir to practice Bach’s chorales
every Saturday night
Bringing back Bach- They did so well that the leader of the
Berlin Singakademie turned over his chorus to them and
they began to rehearse Bach’s St. Matthew Passion- they
sold out for their performance and Mendelssohn (22) was
a big hit- thanks to Mendelssohn, Bach was reintroduced
to the world after being forgotten for over 100 years
Critics- not among the greatest European Musicians, but his
music is sentimental- say that his life was too happy to
give music depth and never achieved anything than his
first hit Midsummer Night’s Dream
Definitions1. Concerto- a soloist + the orchestra
2. Cadenza- part of a movement of concerto where the soloist
plays alone (orchestra stops playing) – the only time when a
soloist can improvise and show his mastery and virtuoso
3. Incidental Music- instrumental, not vocal music, intended to
be performs before or during a play (or 20th century movie) –
background music, sets the mood, highlights drama,
4. Overture- short piece of music before the body of the piece
begins (plays the Theme!)
5. Music Score- music written for specific orchestra or movieuntil 1800s no background music
6. Coda- ending based on theme A
7. Etude- music guideline- helps you learn the music
3. Frederic Francois Chopin- (1810- 1849)
“The poet of the piano”
• One of the greatest classical pianists- from Romantic period
(classical music)
• Early years- born March 1, 1810 in Zelazowa Wola Polandeven before he was 6 Chopin loved music- very intrigued
by sounds when his mother played piano- he began to play
and his parents got him a piano teacher (age 7) (teacher
made him do performances in first 2 years of lessons)
• Dual citizenship- born in Poland, citizen of France
• Famous musicians studied- Adalbert Zwyny, and through him
he learned to admire Bach and Mozart- he enjoyed making
up his own music and hated monotonous scales- found
music theory very boring
• First Pieces- in first year of lessons composed and published
short polonaise (slow dance in ¾ time with qualities of a
march)- same year composed a military march- at age 8
he had his first major concert- NEVER IMITATED OTHER
PIANISTS- very original- had stage fright
• Paris- studied in Warsaw Conservatory for 3 years- then at age
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20, left Poland to study in Paris (worlds intellectual, artistic
headquarters- piano performances)- Chopin mingled with
high status people in society (princes, ambassadors) – few
close friends yet knew and was respected by everyonefirst concert in Paris 1882- big success
Piano teacher- through popularity and skill, established
himself as piano teacher- many students- became very
rich (charged 30 francs[nickel] a lesson) – taught
exercises of Clementi and Bach- advanced students
received exclusive Chopin methods – made them practice
at least 3 hours a day in order to learn properly- taught
them his pedaling, fingering, and rhythm methods
Work- Some composers came close to duplicating Chopin’s
technical manner but few had Chopin’s tonal quality.
Chopin worked slowly, precisely, always refining music
-first to use all 5 fingers to play instead of 4
Last Years- age 22 became ill with tuberculosis, which was
incurable(spit blood, cough) lungs were then damaged by
bad bronchitis- gave no concerts between Feb. 1842 and
Feb. 1848- gave his final memorable performance in Paris
– near death he could no longer compose music or play
piano; became weak and depressed- died at age 39 on
October 17, 1849
Funeral- Mozart’s requiem was sung and the funeral march
written by Chopin was played
Definitions1. Rubato- slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo to
show changes in mood, or intensity of expression
2. Nocturne- a piece; a slow, lyrical intimate composition for a
piano
3. Waltz- a dance in triple meter, smooth, flowing
4. Mazurka- a dance in triple meter, faster than a waltz- jumpier
5. Polonaise- a dance in triple meter which originated as a
stately procession for the Polish nobility
4. Franz Schubert- (1797-1828
• Time Period: past century=rationalistic, versed in logic, math,
science- now people went against these things and
emotions “broke through barriers”- whatever was beautiful
and strange was sought after- people began to listen to
nature, read old tales and forgotten legends. Kings and
Princes were no longer admired- rather geniuses and
heroes (Napoleon considered greatest of them all) - talked
of death (Poet Goethe wrote “him alone will I praise who
living aspires to die by the fire”) - Musicians soon followed
these poets- Beethoven was first with his powerful music.
• Schubert- had Classical and Romantic-“bridged” the twoshort, fat stumpy and nicknamed “the little Mushroom”
• Hometown- Vienna- father was school master, mother was a
cook
• Musical Education- Schubert’s father made sure he had the
best musical education and sent him to the Viennese
School for Imperial Choristers (aka Convict)- at first people
made fun of him but soon admired him for his superb
voice- made friends- as a farewell to the school he wrote
his First Symphony in D Major with last line ‘finnis et fine’
• Very Poor- He tried teaching in his fathers school but he
wanted to write music more than anything- hated
teaching- very poor and publishers barely gave him money
(only one public concert in honor of Beethoven’s death at
end of his life which paid well but soon spent all of the
money on friends)- friends paid for him to remain in
Vienna
• Compositions- always composing- didn’t take off his glasses at
night b/c he didn’t want to have to look for them in the
morning- his friends convinced him to write an opera- Des
Teufels Lustschloss but it wasn’t a success- he wrote
many more songs which were dramatic but Schubert’s
problem was that he didn’t have a sense of theater- Next
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year he wrote 3 more operas, 4 sonatas, 2 masses and
146 songs
Der Erlkonig- In 1815 Schubert found Goethe’s poem Der
Erlkonig which tells the story of a father riding through the
forest with a sick baby and how they pursued the demon
spirit. The boy has visions of the legendary Erlkonig who
symbolizes death Schubert was fascinated by this strange
and haunted poem and began writing words and notes to
form his first lied or art song- with its words, melody and
accompaniment it was a big success this motivated him to
compose more (church music, operas, & cantatas…)
Improving life- fortunes improved- many of his friends
published his works through singing, playing or organizing
parties for him called “schubertiaden-” he soon was able
to travel to Austria a wrote a very successful piece called
the Trout Quintet- he became very proud and sent 3
pieces to Goethe (who never acknowledged them)- didn’t
have to work very hard on his pieces(came easily to him)met with Beethoven but couldn’t converse with him
because Beethoven was deaf
Four Handed Pieces- like the sociability of 2 people sitting
next to each other as they performed (never appealed to
Beethoven)- wrote the Unfinished Symphony this way wrote songs that “transformed the keys into singing
Voices”- some songs such as his sonatas require a
mastered pianist (wanderer fantasy)
The Unfinished Symphony- first romantic orchestral workcalled unfinished because only has 2 movements- was put
away in a draw and never heard for 43 years
Mood- dreaminess, yearning for some happiness that never
domes- also capable of writing quick stepping sparkling
music such as after Napoleonic times
began combining
many pieces of poems to form lieder(plural of lied), added
in lines from Shakespeare
Accompaniment- up to that time the harpsichord and piano
accompaniment had little importance in relation to the
vocals of the song- Schubert gave the piano equal status
to the voice- his accompaniments became equal partners
for the singer and in a sense summed up the story of the
song in the concluding epilogues.
• Older years- became sadder, usually hungry and poor, became
ill, rejected, his mood reflected in his songs- died in 1828
at age of 32 while corrected a song (Die Winterreisejourney towards death of a heartbroken man)- after his
death, his songs disappeared from the world- father and
brother kept manuscripts hidden for they were modest
and didn’t know what a musical genius he was• Later popularity- a friend named Schumann came to Vienna to
visit the Schuberts- he admired Schubert’s work and when
he found the great manuscripts he took them back to
Leipzig where they were performed in the Gewandhaus
with his friend Felix Mendelssohn conducting
Definitions1. lied- romantic art song filled with beauty with German text for
solo voice with piano accompaniment (galloping horse?)
2. Strophic form- same music for each stage
3. Prelude- brief piano section that introduces the mood of the
song
4. interlude- piano section between stanzas
5. postlude- piano section like an epilogue
Comparison of 3 composers—
Mendelssohn- wrote music in all forms except operas
Schubert- wrote music in all forms except concertos (over 600
songs)
Chopin- wrote exclusively for piano
Schubert- primary source of income was from his pieces
Chopin- primary source of income came from teaching
Chopin- never married; George Sand was pseudonym for his
girlfriend–author
5. Program Music
1. Program Music- instrumental music (not Vocal) associated
with a story, event idea, or scene. There is a descriptive title and
program- the composer’s explanatory comments.
• Program Symphony- a symphony with a program and has 4-5
movements. There is a descriptive title and sometimes a
subtitle
EX- Symphony Fantastique- by: Berlioz
Romeo and Juliet- by: Berlioz **note- there
are two songs called
Romeo and
Juliet, the other is further down by Tchaikovsky
• Concert Overture-one movement instrumental composition
based on a story, usually written in sonata allegro form
EX- Romeo and Juliet by Tchaikovsky
Romeo and Juliet the Soundtrack
• Incidental Music- instrumental, not vocal music, intended to
be performs before or during a play (or 20th century movie)
– background music, sets the mood, highlights drama
EX- Wedding March (Midsummer’s nights dream) Mendelssohn
• Symphonic Poem- a one movement composition associated
with a story, poem, idea or scene, written in irregular form
EX- Paul Dukas “The Sorcerer’s
Apprentice”
Rimsky-Korsakov- “Scheherazade”
2. Absolute music- non program music written for its own sake
and not intended to tell a story
-orchestra made up of 100 people
6. Hector Berloiz- loved Shakespeare
-fell in love with an actress (unrequited love) and wrote an
award winning symphony for her. She fell and became crippledthey got married- unhappy marriage
1. Program symphony – see above
2. Idée fixe- a recurrent melody that represents Belioz’s beloved
throughout the symphony-unifies the symphony
EX- Hector Berloiz wrote Symphonie Fantastique: (5
movements) Program Symphony
1. Berloiz falls in love with a woman, everywhere he goes, her
face appears to him, he dreams about her at a ball.
2. Even in quiet countryside, he can’t stop thinking about her,
fearing she is deceiving him
3. Tries to kill himself by taking Opium, dreams he has murders
her and is watching his own execution
4. In his dream, ghosts, sorcerers and monsters joined by his
beloved surround him for the funeral
7. Nationalism in 19th Century
1. Nationalism- in music it is a deliberate intent to draw
inspiration from a composer’s own homeland. Nationalism was
a revolutionary movement which influenced romantic
composers. They used folk songs and dancers, legends, poetry,
and their own language in operas (not just Italian)
EX- Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture, Symphony #4, 4
movements
2. Exoticism- drawing creative inspiration from cultures of lands
foreign to the composer
EX- Rimsky-Korsakov- “Scheherazade”
8. Peter Illyich Tchaikovsky
1. Concert Overture-see above
2. Symphonic Poem- see above
9. Giuseppe Verdi-Verdi composed not for the musical elite but for a mass public
whose main entertainment was opera. He composed
passionate pieces almost all ending tragically. He is known for
the expressive vocal melodies in his operas. Verdi composed
Rigoletto when he was 37. It was his 16th opera and was a big
success. Unlike past pieces, here he translated human emotion
and passion into beautiful melodies. It is Verdi’s earliest work in
the standard repertoire, along with La Traviata, Aida and IL
Trovatore.
-In 1850 when the Treato la Fenice in Venice asked Verdi for a
new opera he adopted a melodrama by the French playwright
Victor Hugo called Le Roi s’amuse, where the king almost
victimized by his hunchback jester was supposed to be Francois
I of France. The play provoked a scandal because the police
feared that a plot showing a monarch in bad light might provoke
bad things. Verdi had to change the names of his characters so
the king became the Duke of Mantua, a character in the play.
-The play was introduced in Venice on March 11, 1851 and
became a big hit. It was a huge surprise in that no one had
heard the music before the show. (Verdi realized how great the
music was and only introduced it to the man singing it 2 days
before the show.). It has remained among the most popular
operatic arias.
The Rigoletto- (1851)
Summary:
Verdi dared to create an operatic hero out of an old hunchback,
a court jester, named Rigoletto- who loved his daughter, Gilda
more than anything. Rigoletto’s master, the Duke of Mantua,
has won Gilda’s love when posing as a poor student. He
seduces Gilda causing Rigoletto to plot his death. Gilda loves
the Duke and sacrifices herself to save him.
Act by Act:
Act 1- Strolling among the courtiers, the Duke of Mantua boasts
of his greatness. The Rigoletto suggests that his master win the
beautiful Countess Ceprano by imprisoning her husband. Sir
Ceprano vows revenge on Rigoletto’s wife. When an old noble,
Monterone, denounces the duke for seducing his daughter, he
is mocked by Rigoletto, sure that his master will protect him.
Monterone is lead away to prison and curses Rigoletto.
Act2- Worrying about the curse, Rigoletto returns home lat at
night to his home where he has hidden his beautiful daughter
Gilda. We see on his way home Rigoletto’s harsh and cruel
manner, when he dismisses Sparafucile, a professional
assassin. However, when he gets home his manner becomes
softer. Gilda begs her father to tell her the story of her mother
who died long ago. Rigoletto tells his daughter of her mother’s
greatness and says that she is all he has left. Fearing her
safety, he commands Gilda’s nurse Giovanna not to allow
anyone into the house. As Rigoletto leaves the house, the Duke
slips past him, bribes the nurse to allow him to enter, telling her
that he is a poor student names Gualtier Malde. She falls in
love with him and soon he must leave. Meanwhile, the courtiers
provoked by Ceprano, stop Rigoletto in the street asking him to
help them abduct Ceprano’s wife. Rigoletto allows them to
mask his face but they blindfold him instead. The courtiers
brake into his house and steal Gilda. Rigoletto frantically
searches her room and finding no one, returns in anguish.
Act 3- The Duke paces the palace wondering if his courtiers will
bring Gilda to him. He learns that they have brought her to his
chamber and he rushes to her. Soon, Rigoletto arrives
searching for Gilda, who he confesses is his daughter. Gilda
appears and runs in shame to her father to confess her love for
the Duke. The enraged Rigoletto swears to take revenge and
Gilda out of love begs for the Duke’s pardon.
Act 4- On a dark night, Rigoletto and Gilda wait outside a lonely
inn to which Sparafucile (the professional assassin) and his
sister Maddalena, lures their victims. Rigoletto forces Gilda to
watch the Duke, disguised as a soldier, make love to
Maddalena. While Maddalena leads her victim on, Rigoletto
tells Gilda to go home and dress herself as a boy and meet him
in Verona. He then pays Sparafucile to murder the Duke and
leaves. As a storm comes, Gilda overhears Maddalena urges
her brother to spare the handsome Duke and kill Rigoletto
instead. Sparafucile refuses because that would be
unprofessional but tells her that he will spare the Duke and kill
the next person to enter the inn instead. Gilda, glad to sacrifice
herself to save the Duke, knocks on the inn door in the stormy
night and is stabbed. Rigoletto returns to collect the body of the
Duke but suddenly hears the Dukes voice in the background
and opens the bag with the body. He sees his daughter’s
crumpled body. Asking for forgiveness, Gilda tells her father she
goes to join her mom in heaven. When she dies, Rigoletto cries
that Monterone’s curse has been fulfilled.
R= Romanism
C=Classicism
• impartial approach; reality rather than illusion-C
• aristocratic patronage of the arts-C
• emphasis on balance and clarity of structures-C
• emotional subjectivity; fantasy-R
• interest in the strange and the unknowns-R
• wide range of emotional expression-R
• nationalism-R
• traditionalism; adherence to established methods-C
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enthusiasm for the culture of the Middle Ages-R
exoticism-R
belief in the supernatural; personification-R
art and culture of ancient Greece as a basic influence-C
brilliant colors and dynamic motion-R
emotional restraint and “good taste”-C
nature as the mirror of the human heart-R
frequently autobiographical-R
period of the industrial revolution-R
individualism-R
faith in the power of reason-C
period of the American and French Revolution-C
10. Impressionism
 Impressionism- a style in art and music which stresses
misty atmosphere, fluidy (water), & tone color.
- It originated in France.
-Main composers: Debussy & Rowel
-used dissonant chords that do not resolve themselves & whole
tone scale- a scale made up of whole tones in which there is no
main tone (tonic)
-Large orchestras that surround the conductor in a semicircle
11. Claude Debussy- 1862-1918
 Whole Tone Scale- a scale made up of whole tones that
doesn’t have a main tone
(Tone- A sound with a definite pitch and is produced in regular
vibrations)
12. Maurice Ravel 1875-1937
 Ostinato- a short melody or rhythm repeated persistently
throughout a section of music (EX- Bolero by Maurice Ravel)
 Scale- a group of notes (from 5-12 or more in Arabic music)
in ascending order or descending order- ( basically a group of
notes that follow each other by going up/down)
-Bolero-composition was based on one rhythmic pattern
repeated over again throughout the piece and in 2 forms of 1
melodic idea- very passionate, rich
(Types of scales-major/minor- 7 notes played on the white keys, starting on C
-Penatonic- 5 notes played on black keys
-Whole time- 6 notes (C, F, G, G...)
-Chromatic- 12 notes- play every white/black key in a row
16. The Twentieth Century (1900-the present)
-1st 15 years- people felt like they were still in 19th century- no
changes occurred
-1st half of the 20th century- changes took place –
EX- WWI- stopped ideas of 19th century-After that the 20th century really began:
• Music- reflected the disorder of the time- it no longer tried to
“please” the audience- it was composed to excite people &
make listeners sit up and notice the music
- fast pace
used new instruments- drums
-Amplification- makes
louder noises (19th century amplification was to include
more people in orchestra, now there is louder music &
electronics to do that)
-More fundamental changes in
20th century years than in any time since Baroque period
• Events affected music: WWI, October Revolution, WWII,
inventions & discoveries(radio, gramophone, cars,
telephone, movies, photography), changes in the
economy, technology(space age, computers)
• Story lines began to changes- famous riot occurred in Paris in
1913 (early 20th century) at the premier of “The Rite of
Spring” by Stravinsky. It was about sacrifices and a
beautiful girl who dances until her death. People hated it &
threw things & screamed
Common critiques- “cruel dissonance
-“from the 1st measure to the last measure, whatever note one
expects to hear is never the one that comes”
-“hideous sounds is a mild description”
Techniques(In tonal Music-you can hear what the next note will be.)
 Atonal where you have no idea where the note will go.
 Polytonal- two tones are played in two different chords
 Polychord- 1 chord that is consonance and another chord
played with the first chord forming dissonance (unpleasant
sounds)
-All of these techniques were used to wake people up.
Characteristics of 20th century music:
1. rhythm- uneven rhythms, changing meters
2. melody- difficult to sing
3. harmony- clash of many sounds
4. tone color- new instruments
5. orchestra- unusual ensembles
14. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
-Neoclassicism- an artistic movement in 1920s-1950s which is
characterized by emotional restraint, balance, clarity;
Neoclassic composers favored polyphonic textures but used
20th century harmonies &rhythm
• polychord- a combination of 2 different chords
• polyrhythm- two or more contrasting rhythms played at the
same time
• polymeter- several different meters used at the same time
• polytonality- two or more tonal centers used at the same time
15. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
-Expressionism- An artistic movement centered in Germany and
Austria 1905-1925. It stresses intense, subjective emotions, &
explored inner feeling rather than showing outward
appearances- They used intentional distortions to assault and
shock their audiences & bring tension. They rejected the normal
“prettiness”. Expressionism was concerned with social protest
& often showed the horrors of war.
EX- art- The Scream by E. Munch
music- Survivor from Warsaw by A. Schoenberg
• 12 tone system- a system which gives equal importance to
each twelve chromatic(12 tones played on black & white
keys) tones
• tone row- set or series of a special ordering of the 12 chromic
tones
• atonality- the absence of the main key
• Sprechstimme- a style of vocal performance halfway between
singing & speaking
A survivor from Warsaw- Dramatic cantata for a narrator, male chorus, & orchestra
-deals with the Holocaust & 6 million Jews that died by Nazis
-Story based on a survivor of Warsaw Ghetto- over 400,000
died there
-narrators text= written in English except for the Nazi
commands shouted in German & includes the last sentence of
Shemah Isroel in Hebrew= the 3 languages in his life
-narrators part= Sprechstimme- ½ speaking ½ singing
- 6 minutes building up to last intense sentence of male singers
singing Shemah Isroel
- example of a 12 tone composition-new instruments- trumpets, military drums, high xylophone
Song
-Opening: with a brief orchestral introduction- captures
nightmarish atmosphere in ghettos as Nazis transported Jews
to death camps
-music is identical to the mood- EX- Nazi shouts= loud fast
powerful music
-if the song weren’t so intense and dramatic- you wouldn’t hear
the feeling/ugliness behind it all- instead it would be a pretty,
sad song
Other 20th century composers
• George Gershwin (1898-1937)
• Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
• Leonard Bernstein(1918-1990)
• Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)
Title
Composer
Texture
Era
Type
Technique
Concerto in E Mendelssohn
minor for
Violin and
Orchestra
Homophonic
Romantic
Concerto
Wedding
March from
a
Midsummer
Night’s
Dream
Mendelssohn
Homophonic
Romantic
Incidental
Music
Nocturne in
E major
Chopin
Homophonic
Romantic
Nocturne
Rubato
Waltz in C
minor
Chopin
Homophonic
Romantic
waltz
Rubato
Etude #12,
“Revolutiona
ry”
Chopin
Polyphonic
Romantic
Etude
Rubato
Polonaise in
A major
Chopin
Homophonic
Romantic
Polonaise
Rubato
The Erlking
Schubert
Homophonic
Romantic
Lied
Symphonie
Fantastique,
2nd
movement
Berloiz
Homophonic
Romantic
Program
Symphony
Idée fixe
Symphonie
Fantastique,
Dream of
Witches
Dinner, 5th
mov
Berloiz
Polyphonic
Romantic
Program
symphony
Idée fixe
Romeo and
Juliet
Tchaikovsky
Conflict
themepolyphonic
Romantic
Concert
Overture
Love themehomophonic
Symphony
#4 in F
Minor, 4th
mov.
Tchaikovsky
Homophonic
Romantic
Symphony
La Donna e
mobile
Verdi
Homophonic
Romantic
Aria/opera
La cortigiani
from
“Rigoletto”
Verdi
Homophonic
Romantic
Aria/opera
Sirenes
Debussy
Homophonic
Impressioni
sm
Bolero
Ravel
Homophonic
Impressioni
sm
Ballet
Ostinato
The Rite of
Spring,
Dance of
Youth and
Maidens
Stravinsky
Polyphonic
20th century
Ballet
Polychord
Whole-tone
scale
A survivor
Schoenberg
from Warsaw
Polyphonic/un 20th century
ison
Cantata
Rhapsody in
Blue
Polyphonic
20th century
Concerto
Summertime Gershwin
from opera
Porgy & Bess
Homophonic
20th century
Aria/opera
Simple Gifts
from ballet
Appalachian
Spring
Polyphonic
20th century
Ballet
America from Bernstein
West Side
Story
Homophonic
20th century
Broadway
Show
Hotter than
That
Homophonic
20th century
Gershwin
Copland
Armstrong
Sprechstim
me