YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY
RAYEN COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
&
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR ENGINEERS
ENGR 6923
MODIFIED PROJECT 1
TASK 1: ALI AL TAWIL
TASK 2: ALL THE GROUP MEMBERS
TASK 3: GEUN-SHIN BAE
TASK 4: TAMER TAHER
SUPERVISOR: DR. JAVED ALAM
DONE BY: GROUP 5
TAMER TAHER
ALI AL TAWIL
GEUN-SHIN BAE
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………….……………………………………………..3
TASK 1 (PROJECT 1)ALI AL ALAWIL………..………..………………...4
TASK 1 MODIFIED(PROJECT 1) ALI AL TAWIL…………………....…13
TASK 2 MODIFIED (PROJECT 1) GROUP MEMBERS …………….…39
TASK 3 MODIFIED (PROJECT 1) GEEUN-SHIN BAE..……………….53
TASK 4 (PROJECT 1)TAMER TAHER……..……………………………68
CONCLUSIONS…………………..…………………………………….….87
2
Introduction:
Americans’ use of the Internet has grown dramatically in the past few years. Today, there are
well over 100 million Americans online. Nationally, more than half of all households have a
computer and over 80 percent of those households have access to the Internet. The Internet is a
global collection of networks that links together educational institutions, research facilities,
businesses and corporations, telephone lines, individuals, communication devices and other
resources. No one owns the Internet. The Internet is comprised of several components
including e-mail, gopher, telnet, newsgroups and the World Wide Web, also called the Web or
WWW. The Web is only one part of the Internet and the Internet existed before the World
Wide Web was invented.
Electronic communication is important in the daily lives of people around the world. Most, if
not all, of this communication is done through the use of some type of client computer
connected to a network of other computers. The overall Project is divided into four tasks. Task
1 is basically the summary of first five lectures and our basic learning, research and
understanding on the topics listed above. Task 2 covers Faq’s on Newsgroups, Engineering
related Newsgroups, The World Wide Web and our go through on an Engineering related topic
using Internet search tools, how effective those tools were, and what we learned from the
process of surfing the net and using search engines for that particular topic. Task 3 is a critical
review of all the tools used during the above three tasks and our general experience on those.
Task 4 is a summary of the current modalities of communication in an Engineering workplace.
New communication tools for engineers are introduced here so as to describe their
effectiveness over conventional tools
3
Task # One (Project One)
Done By Ali Al Tawil
The included part for task 1
NewsGroups:
Same as forum, an on-line discussion group. On the Internet, there are literally thousands of
newsgroups covering every conceivable interest. To view and post messages to a newsgroup,
you need a news reader, a program that runs on your computer and connects you to a news
server on the Internet.
Major categories of Newsgroup are as follows:
alt. Any conceivable topic.
biz. Business products, services, review...
comp. Hardware, software, consumer info...
humanities. Fine art, literature, philosophy...
misc. Employment, health, and much more..
news. Info about Usenet News...
rec. Games, hobbies, sports...
sci. Applied science, social science...
soc. Social issues, culture...
talk. Current issues and debates...
Newsgroups for New User Orientaion
The newsgroups related to orientation for new users include the following:
 news.announce.newusers
 news.newusers.questions
 news.answers
The frequently asked questions (FAQ’s) located within these newsgroups apply to a wide array
of different postings that many people have generally asked in the past. The purpose of these
4
FAQ’s is to hopefully keep every new user from posting the same message over and over again
when it has already, in fact been answered elsewhere. These FAQ’s generally have information
about the FAQ itself as well as finding the email addresses of users that are posting.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
A loose, variously linked web of hypertext documents accessible through the Internet. The web
is a very interesting medium for research:





Anyone can publish "information."
There are no official organizers, catalogers, or evaluators.
There is no complete list of web sites
Sites constantly change; new sites are constantly created; and sites often
disappear
There are no standards for web search tools
Perusing through pages on the web is usually done using some type of web browser. A web
browser is a program that displays World Wide Web documents. More precisely, it is a
program that translates HTML formatting so as to create a nice display of HTML documents.
There are many commercial and free browsers available, but they can be roughly divided into
two kinds: text based browsers like Lynx; and GUI-based browsers like Netscape, Mosaic, and
Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
Newsgroups Related to the World Wide Web
The major newsgroups related to the World Wide Web include the following:
comp.infosystems.www.misc
comp.infosystems.www.browsers.misc
Many useful newsgroups concerning the World Wide Web are found under the
comp.infosystems newsgroup domain.
As search on worldwide web you can use this web for research,
http://library.ysu.edu
5
Ohio link data bases
Safari for buseness and medical data.
Google.com or advance search.
www.ipm.com
safari.orelly.com
Browsing
When a user finds information that they like and enjoy, they can continue to read the
information and use hypertext within the information to link to other text that may be
interesting as well.
In the middle of a user that is searching and one that is browsing is the method of “query by
navigation”. The user doesn’t have an exact query when they start looking for information on
the web, but they start somewhere more vague and use links to arrive at a suitable site that
contains the information needed.
In its basic form a Web browser is an application that uses retrieves information stored at
various locations around the World Wide Web. There are a good number of Web browsers
available, many of them free of charge. Some, like NCSA's Mosaic and Netscape
Communications' Netscape Navigator, are good alternatives for those not interested in Internet
Explorer. Opera and Mozilla both offer a very easy to use graphical user interface and are
available for Microsoft Windows, Macintosh and Unix X Windows systems.
Below is a list of the most common web browsers used today and the links to there respective
download sites.
Internet Explorer ( http://www.microsoft.com )
Netscape ( http://home .netscape.com )
6
Opera ( http://www.opera.com )
Mozilla ( http://www.mozilla.org )
URL
Help application
Text: html (browser)
Images: gif,jpg,
Sound: wav ,mp3
Video
SWF: macromedia flash plugin.
Help application in addition to regular browser for viewing and playing additional file formats
those are not supported by the browser natively off line browsing.
Internet Utilities available with a shell account
World Wide Web (with lynx)
Electronic Mail
Usenet News
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
ARCHIE
GOPHER
WAIS
7
POP/IMAP server: Internet message access protocol (IMAP) is a method of accessing
electronic mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on (possibly shared) mail server
designed to support offline message access. Post office protocol (POP) was designed to support
offline message access.
Web based email account: These are free email accounts that you access via your web browser,
i.e. hotmail, yahoo, aol etc.
Free Web-based email services can give everybody their personal email account that can be accessed
form any computer connected to the Internet.
1) FastMail Free Guest Account
Free email service that gives you a bigger mailbox than most together with IMAP access.
2) MailService.ms
MailService.ms offers a great free email service including a big mailbox, powerful spam filters and
IMAP access.
3) Yahoo! Mail
One of the best free email services, Yahoo Mail is secure, reliable, accessible and comes with many
useful features.
4) MSN Hotmail
MSN's Hotmail service comes with great spam filtering and security features, but its tiny mailbox and
lack of POP access are major drawbacks.
5) My Way - My Email
My Way - My Email is a clean, fast and fun (though not particularly advanced) free email service.
8
6) Care2 E-mail
Get a solid Web-based email account and donate to environmental organizations, both for free with Care2
E-mail.
7) Mail.com
Mail.com is great for its domain names, but it's missing some of the security and convenience features
others have.
8) Lycos Mail
Lycos Mail has no advanced features, but it can be configured to have no spam, too.
9) Netscape Mail Web-based Email
Netscape's Web-based email service is as simple as it gets, but it is useable and -- simply -- works.
10) Chek.com Email
While the support for HTML emails and stationery is nice, this does not make up for the small storage
space and the missing functionality of Chek.com.
NET WORK UTILITIES
Utilities
Domain Dossier
Domain Check
Email Dossier
Browser Mirror
Ping
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Traceroute
NsLookup
AutoWhois
TcpQuery
AnalyzePath
LANGUAGE TRANSLATION TOOLS
Web for different languages
http://www.wikipedia.org
google (language tools)
http://www.alatavista.com (translation)
http://www.systran.com
http://www.translate.ru
You should give the web sites sort of the language and the data for translation .
creating message board
FILE TRANSFER(FILEZILLE,WINSCP)
Client computer/Server computer.
Read/write access to the server computer.
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(1)unsecure transform of file.
(2)secured transfer of files.
#FTP SERVER.
Client: within command shell use ftp command ftp and host name.
Windows based ftp programs (easier to use).
WS-FTP/file zille (free program).
Winscp(windows server copy).
Remote Access Server
A remote access server is a server that is dedicated to handling users that are not on a LAN but
need remote access to it. The remote access server allows users to gain access to files and print
services on the LAN from a remote location. For example, a user who dials into a network
from home using an analog modem or an ISDN connection will dial into a remote access
server. Once the user is authenticated he can access shared drives and printers as if he were
physically connected to the office LAN.
People in many different organizations want to be able to work away from their offices either
from homes or from remote locations. The features like Remote access servers from Microsoft
gave this organization to extend their networks through a telephone lines lines. RAS lets
mobile and work-at-home user’s access corporate networks. RAS provides small organizations
with a dial-up server. Large organizations get a standards-based dial-up server that enables
client/server computing for remote users. RAS works with different protocols, and most
computers already include software that enables end users to access RAS.
Microsoft came up with the component Remote Access Service that helps a remote device
using dialup line a (local telephone line) to connect to a central server. The protocols supported
by Remote Access Servers are commonly IPX, TCP/IP and NetBEUI to which give connection
11
to the data links. You can find this feature in window’s Workgroup, and more specific under
Windows NT. In ‘95 the same feature is mentioned as Remote Network Access. RAS spreads
its connectivity to dialup lines.
RAS supports mainstream networking clients, including:
Windows for Workgroups-based clients
LAN Manager-based clients
Windows 95-based clients
Windows NT Workstation-based clients
Windows NT Server-based clients
UNIX-based clients
Macintosh-based clients
NetWare clients
OS/2-based clients
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RAS is very secure. Users can connect their PC to a phone jack at home and access the
business network. Users can enable all data to be encrypted and sent across phone lines to a
network in another location. RAS also authenticates users securely using industry standard
protocols. ”
(Source:http://www.microsoft.com/ntworkstation/technicalresources/laptopsupport/ras.asp)
With RAS, users get Internet access from their workplace or homes. End-users can dial-up
RAS from their homes or use RAS from their workplace to access the Internet. For this, the
business must ensure that the systems that need Internet access have valid Internet addresses.
The Original Part for Task 1
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw
great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development
in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of
computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later
UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet
connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California
computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area
networking, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate.
Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966
and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here
are the real founders of the Internet.
The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the
renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major
computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB,
and the University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under
Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969. By June 1970, MIT, Harvard, BBN, and
Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. were added. By January 1971,
13
Stanford, MIT's Lincoln Labs, Carnegie-Mellon, and Case-Western Reserve U were added. In
months to come, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and the U of Illinois plugged in.
After that, there were far too many to keep listing here.
The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even
if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route was not available,
routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes.
The early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians. There
was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days,
and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or
librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system.
E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. He picked the @
symbol from the available symbols on his teletype to link the username and address. The telnet
protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer, was published as a Request for Comments
(RFC) in 1972. RFC's are a means of sharing developmental work throughout community. The
ftp protocol, enabling file transfers between Internet sites, was published as an RFC in 1973,
and from then on RFC's were available electronically to anyone who had use of the ftp
protocol.
Libraries began automating and networking their catalogs in the late 1960s independent from
ARPA. The visionary Frederick G. Kilgour of the Ohio College Library Center (now OCLC,
Inc.) led networking of Ohio libraries during the '60s and '70s. In the mid 1970s more regional
consortia from New England, the Southwest states, and the Middle Atlantic states, etc., joined
with Ohio to form a national, later international, network. Automated catalogs, not very userfriendly at first, became available to the world, first through telnet or the awkward IBM variant
TN3270 and only many years later, through the web. See The History of OCLC
The Internet matured in the 70's as a result of the TCP/IP architecture first proposed by Bob
Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf at Stanford and others throughout
the 70's. It was adopted by the Defense Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network
Control Protocol (NCP) and universally adopted by 1983.
14
The Unix to Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP) was invented in 1978 at Bell Labs. Usenet was
started in 1979 based on UUCP. Newsgroups, which are discussion groups focusing on a topic,
followed, providing a means of exchanging information throughout the world . While Usenet is
not considered as part of the Internet, since it does not share the use of TCP/IP, it linked unix
systems around the world, and many Internet sites took advantage of the availability of
newsgroups. It was a significant part of the community building that took place on the
networks.
Similarly, BITNET (Because It's Time Network) connected IBM mainframes around the
educational community and the world to provide mail services beginning in 1981. Listserv
software was developed for this network and later others. Gateways were developed to connect
BITNET with the Internet and allowed exchange of e-mail, particularly for e-mail discussion
lists. These listservs and other forms of e-mail discussion lists formed another major element in
the community building that was taking place.
In 1986, the National Science Foundation funded NSFNet as a cross country 56 Kbps
backbone for the Internet. They maintained their sponsorship for nearly a decade, setting rules
for its non-commercial government and research uses.
As the commands for e-mail, FTP, and telnet were standardized, it became a lot easier for nontechnical people to learn to use the nets. It was not easy by today's standards by any means, but
it did open up use of the Internet to many more people in universities in particular. Other
departments besides the libraries, computer, physics, and engineering departments found ways
to make good use of the nets--to communicate with colleagues around the world and to share
files and resources.
While the number of sites on the Internet was small, it was fairly easy to keep track of the
resources of interest that were available. But as more and more universities and organizations-and their libraries-- connected, the Internet became harder and harder to track. There was more
and more need for tools to index the resources that were available.
The first effort, other than library catalogs, to index the Internet was created in 1989, as Peter
Deutsch and his crew at McGill University in Montreal, created an archiver for ftp sites, which
15
they named Archie. This software would periodically reach out to all known openly available
ftp sites, list their files, and build a searchable index of the software. The commands to search
Archie were unix commands, and it took some knowledge of unix to use it to its full capability.
Network Statistics
The table below shows the growth of the Internet since its development.
Date
Hosts
|
Date
Hosts
Networks Domains
----- ---------
+
----- --------- -------- ---------
12/69
4
|
07/89
130,000
650
06/70
9
|
10/89
159,000
837
10/70
11
|
10/90
313,000
2,063
12/70
13
|
01/91
376,000
2,338
04/71
23
|
07/91
535,000
3,086
16,000
10/72
31
|
10/91
617,000
3,556
18,000
01/73
35
|
01/92
727,000
4,526
06/74
62
|
04/92
890,000
5,291
20,000
03/77
111
|
07/92
992,000
6,569
16,300
12/79
188
|
10/92
1,136,000
7,505
18,100
08/81
213
|
01/93
1,313,000
8,258
21,000
05/82
235
|
04/93
1,486,000
9,722
22,000
08/83
562
|
07/93
1,776,000
13,767
26,000
10/84
1,024
|
10/93
2,056,000
16,533
28,000
10/85
1,961
|
01/94
2,217,000
20,539
30,000
02/86
2,308
|
07/94
3,212,000
25,210
46,000
11/86
5,089
|
10/94
3,864,000
37,022
56,000
12/87
28,174
|
01/95
4,852,000
39,410
71,000
07/88
33,000
|
07/95
6,642,000
61,538
120,000
10/88
56,000
|
01/96
9,472,000
93,671
240,000
01/89
80,000
|
07/96 12,881,000
3,900
9,300
134,365
488,000
16
|
01/97 16,146,000
828,000
|
07/97 19,540,000
1,301,000
*** see Note below ***
Hosts
= a computer system with registered ip address (an A record)
Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses
Domains = registered domain name (with name server record)
Table 1: Internet Growth between 1969 and 1997. (Source: www.zakon.org)
the data in Table 1 gives the plot shown in Figure 1. Notice that the number of hosts has
increased exponentially since its development in 1969.
Figure 1: Internet Hosts. (Source: www.zakon.org)
17
The table below shows World Wide Web growth since its development.
06/93
130 | 01/98 1,834,710 | 07/00 18,169,498
09/93
204 | 02/98 1,920,933 | 08/00 19,823,296
10/93
228 | 03/98 2,084,473 | 09/00 21,166,912
12/93
623 | 04/98 2,215,195 | 10/00 22,282,727
06/94
2,738 | 05/98 2,308,502 | 11/00 23,777,446
12/94
10,022 | 06/98 2,410,067 | 12/00 25,675,581
06/95
23,500 | 07/98 2,594,622 | 01/01 27,585,719
01/96
100,000 | 08/98 2,807,588 | 02/01 28,125,284
03/96
135,396 | 09/98 3,156,324 | 03/01 28,611,177
04/96
150,295 | 10/98 3,358,969 | 04/01 28,669,939
05/96
193,150 | 11/98 3,518,158 | 05/01 29,031,745
06/96
252,000 | 12/98 3,689,227 | 06/01 29,302,656
07/96
299,403 | 01/99 4,062,280 | 07/01 31,299,592
08/96
342,081 | 02/99 4,301,512 | 08/01 30,775,624
09/96
397,281 | 03/99 4,349,131 | 09/01 32,398,046
10/96
462,047 | 04/99 5,040,663 | 10/01 33,135,768
11/96
525,906 | 05/99 5,414,325 | 11/01 36,458,394
12/96
603,367 | 06/99 6,177,453 | 12/01 36,276,252
01/97
646,162 | 07/99 6,598,697 | 01/02 36,689,008
02/97
739,688 | 08/99 7,078,194 | 02/02 38,444,856
03/97
883,149 | 09/99 7,370,929 | 03/02 38,118,962
04/97 1,002,612 | 10/99 8,115,828 | 04/02 37,585,233
05/97 1,044,163 | 11/99 8,844,573 | 05/02 37,574,105
06/97 1,117,259 | 12/99 9,560,866 | 06/02 38,807,788
07/97 1,203,096 | 01/00 9,950,491 | 07/02 37,235,470
08/97 1,269,800 | 02/00 11,161,811 | 08/02 35,991,815
09/97 1,364,714 | 03/00 13,106,190 | 09/02 35,756,436
10/97 1,466,906 | 04/00 14,322,950 | 10/02 35,114,328
11/97 1,553,998 | 05/00 15,049,382 | 11/02 35,686,907
12/97 1,681,868 | 06/00 17,119,262 | 12/02 35,543,105
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Table 2: Growth of World Wide Web. (Source: www.zakon.org)
Sites = # of web servers (one host may have multiple sites by
using different domains or port numbers)
Plotting the data in Table 2 gives the plot shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Number of websites created. (Source: www.zakon.org)
Internet Statistics
A useful webpage with internet traffic reports is www.internettrafficreport.com. The page lists
information such as average response time, average packet loss, total routers, and network up
percentages. The following plot shows the North America Traffic Index for the past 24 hours.
Figure 3: North American traffic index. (Source: www.internettrafficreport.com)
19
The "traffic index" is a score from 0 to 100 where 0 is "slow" and 100 is "fast". It is determined
by comparing the current response of a ping echo to all previous responses from the same
router over the past 7 days. A score of 0 to 100 is then assigned to the current response
depending on if this response is better or worse than all previous responses from that router.
The graph in Figure 4 depicts the North America Response Time for the past 24 hours.
Figure 4: North American response time. (Source: www.internettrafficreport.com)
Response Time is how long it takes for a chunk of data to travel from point A to point B and
back. According to Internet Traffic Report a typical response time on the Internet is 200 ms,
which is 200 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) = 1/5th of Figure 5 shown below depicts
the international connectivity in the year of 1997.
20
Figure 5: International on-line connectivity. (Source: www.navigators.com)
Geography of the Internet
As we know the Internet is made up of many computers and other devices. Every computer
that is connected to the Internet is part of a network. For example, you may use a modem and
dial a local number to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) such as AOL or Prodigy.
When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then connect to
a larger network and become part of their network.
The computer you work on at YSU is part of a local area network (LAN). Most Universities
and large communications companies have their own T1 line. Figure 6 shown below depicts
the mains sections of the Internet.
Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network, even the one in your
home. For example, you may use a modem and dial a local number to connect to an Internet
Service Provider (ISP). At work, you may be part of a local area network (LAN), but you
most likely still connect to the Internet using an ISP that your company has contracted with.
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When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then connect to
a larger network and become part of their network. The Internet is simply a network of
networks.
Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting
various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is a
place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone number or
dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall controlling network. Instead,
there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through Network Access Points
or NAPs
Figure 6
22
A Network Example
Backbone Connections
The National Science Foundation (NSF) created the first high-speed backbone in 1987.
Called NSFNET, it was a T1 line that connected 170 smaller networks together and operated
at 1.544 Mbps (million bits per second). IBM, MCI and Merit worked with NSF to create the
backbone and developed a T3 (45 Mbps) backbone the following year.
Backbones are typically fiber optic trunk lines. The trunk line has multiple fiber optic cables
combined together to increase the capacity. Fiber optic cables are designated OC for optical
carrier, such as OC-3, OC-12 or OC-48. An OC-3 line is capable of transmitting 155 Mbps
while an OC-48 can transmit 2,488 Mbps (2.488 Gbps). Compare that to a typical 56K modem
transmitting 56,000 bps and you see just how fast a modern backbone is.
Today there are many companies that operate their own high-capacity backbones, and all of
them interconnect at various NAPs around the world. In this way, everyone on the Internet, no
matter where they are and what company they use, is able to talk to everyone else on the
23
planet. The entire Internet is a gigantic, sprawling agreement between companies to
intercommunicate freely.
The GARR-B network is the backbone connection for the scientific institute of Italy.
Figure 7
LAN and WAN:
A computer network is a system for communication among two or more computers.Computer
networks may be categorized with respect to range:

Personal area network (PAN)

Wireless PAN

Local area network (LAN)

Wireless LAN

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

Wide area network (WAN)
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A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a
common communications line or wireless link and typically share the resources of a single
processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building).
Usually, the server has applications and data storage that are shared in common by multiple
computer users.
A wide area network (WAN) is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. The
term distinguishes a broader telecommunication structure from a local area network. A wide
area network may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of
public (shared user) networks. An intermediate form of network in terms of geography is a
metropolitan area network (MAN).
Domain names:
Every computer on the network has a unique ID. Extensions are categories of Internet domain
names. There are several of them to choose from
 .cc was originally the country code for Coco's Keeling Islands. It is unrestricted and may
be registered by anyone, from any country.
 .bz was originally designated as the country code for Belize, but is now commonly used
by small business who can't get the name they want using the .biz extension. It is
unrestricted and may be registered by anyone, from any country.
 .tv is for rich content/multi-media Web sites, commonly used within the entertainment or
media industry.
 .biz is used for small business Web sites.
 .info is for credible resource Web sites and signifies a "resource" web site. It's the most
popular extension beyond .com, .net and .org.
 .us is for American Web sites and is the newest extension. It has the largest amount of
available names in inventor
25
 .com represents the word "commercial," and is the most widely used extension in the
world. Most businesses prefer a .com domain name because it is a highly recognized
symbol for having a business presence on the Internet.
 .net represents the word "network," and is most commonly used by Internet service
providers, Web-hosting companies or other businesses that are directly involved in the
infrastructure of the Internet. Additionally, some businesses choose domain names with a
.net extension for their intranet Websites.
 .org represents the word "organization," and is primarily used by non- prfitso groups or
trade associations
Types of Media used for connecting the LAN’s
There are different symbols for different media. For example: the symbol of Ethernet is a
straight line with other lines coming out perpendicularly from it; the token-ring network
symbol is a circle with hosts attached to it; and for FDDI, the symbol is two concentric circles
with attached devices or just the circles.
The basic function of media is to carry a flow of information, in the form of bits and bytes,
through a LAN. Other than LANs wireless (that use the atmosphere, or space, as the medium)
and the new PAN’s (personal area networks, that use the human body as a networking
medium), networking media confine network signals to a wire, cable, or fiber. Networking
media are considered Layer 1 components of LANs.
Networks can be build with different and many types of media. Each has its advantages and
disadvantages. What is an advantage for one media (Category 5 cost) could be a disadvantage
for another (fiber-optic cost). There are several factors to consider when seeking the
advantages of different media:
1) Cable length
2) Cost
3) Ease of installation
26
Some common WAN technologies in the order of most recent development are:
a) SONET(Synchronous Optical Network)and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
b) The T (US) and E (Europe) Carrier Series: T1, E1, T3, E3, and so on.
c) ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
d) Frame relay
e) DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
f) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
The network architecture is based on two different types of models.
1) The OSI (Open System Interconnect) reference model.
2) The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference model.
Computer network applications may be categorized with respect to the functional
relationships between components:
1)
client-server
2)
multitier architecture
3)
peer-to-peer
Clients and Servers
Internet servers make the Internet possible. All of the machines on the Internet are either
servers or clients. The machines that provide services to other machines are servers. And the
machines that are used to connect to those services are clients. There are Web servers, e-mail
servers, FTP servers and so on serving the needs of Internet users all over the world.
27
Comparison of the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
This section will therefore be focusing on highlighting the similarities and differences between
the OSI and TCP/IP models.

SIMILARITIES
The main similarities between the two models include the following:
They share similar architecture. - Both of the models share a similar architecture.
This can be illustrated by the fact that both of them are constructed with layers.
They share a common application layer.- Both of the models share a common
"application layer". However in practice this layer includes different services depending upon
each model.
Both models have comparable transport and network layers.- This can be illustrated by
the fact that whatever functions are performed between the presentation and network layer of
the OSI model similar functions are performed at the Transport layer of the TCP/IP model.
Knowledge of both models is required by networking professionals.- According to
article obtained from the internet networking professionals "need to know both models".
(Source:
Both models assume that packets are switched.- Basically this means that individual
packets may take differing paths in order to reach the same destination.

DIFFERENCES
The main differences between the two models are as follows:
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards around which the internet has
developed. The OSI model however is a "generic, protocol- independent standard."
(www.netfact.com/crs)
28
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer.
TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the network access layer.
TCP/IP appears to be a more simpler model and this is mainly due to the fact that it has
fewer layers.
TCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model- This is mainly due to the fact
because TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet was developed therefore
it mainly gains creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast networks are not usually
built around the OSI model as it is merely used as a guidance tool.
The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP only has 4 layers.
TCP/IP and UDP Protocols.
The TCP/IP consists of two protocols, TCP and UDP.
TCP supplies a virtual circuit between end-user applications. These are its characteristics:
 Connection-oriented
 Reliable
 Splits outgoing messages in to segments and reassembles it at the destination
 Checks for successful transmission of data and re-sends it.
 Reassembles messages from incoming segments.
UDP transports data unreliably between hosts. Following are the characteristics of UDP:
 Connectionless
 Unreliable
 NTransmits messages using datagrams
 No redundancy measures for message delivery
 Does not reassemble incoming messages
29
 No use of acknowledgments
 o check on flow control
Domain Name System (DNS)

Domain Names
If we had to remember the IP addresses of all of the Web sites we visit every day, we would all
go nuts. Human beings just are not that good at remembering strings of numbers. We are good
at remembering words, however, and that is where domain names come in. You probably have
hundreds of domain names stored in your head. For example:

www.howstuffworks.com - a typical name

www.yahoo.com - the world's best-known name

www.mit.edu - a popular EDU name

encarta.msn.com - a Web server that does not start with www

www.bbc.co.uk - a name using four parts rather than three

ftp.microsoft.com - an FTP server rather than a Web server
The COM, EDU and UK portions of these domain names are called the top-level domain or
first-level domain. There are several hundred top-level domain names, including COM, EDU,
GOV, MIL, NET, ORG and INT, as well as unique two-letter combinations for every country.
Within every top-level domain there is a huge list of second-level domains. For example, in
the COM first-level domain, you've got:

howstuffworks

yahoo

msn

microsoft

plus millions of others...
30
Every name in the COM top-level domain must be unique, but there can be duplication across
domains. For example, howstuffworks.com and howstuffworks.org are completely different
machines.
In the case of bbc.co.uk, it is a third-level domain. Up to 127 levels are possible, although more
than four is rare.
The left-most word, such as www or encarta, is the host name. It specifies the name of a
specific machine (with a specific IP address) in a domain. A given domain can potentially
contain millions of host names as long as they are all unique within that domain.
Applications on the Internet:

Newsgroups:
Same as forum, an on-line discussion group. On the Internet, there are literally thousands of
newsgroups covering every conceivable interest. To view and post messages to a newsgroup,
you need a news reader, a program that runs on your computer and connects you to a news
server on the Internet. So, basically these are discussion groups provided to exchange
information, tips, news and techniques. Newsgroups are electronic discussion forums for users
to meet and exchange ideas. The topics of newsgroups cover a wide range of technical
subjects.
The newsgroups are a good source of answers and information for 'how to' questions,
installation problems, and programming issues for all of the products including ones that are no
longer supported.
Newsgroups also referred to as forums, have been around almost since the dawn of the
Internet. They enabled scientists to post questions (and answers) to each other. Today,
newsgroups resemble virtual coffee houses, where people get together to discuss subjects of
mutual interest. Except with newsgroups, the communication is written, not verbal.
Newsgroups revolve around specific topics, such as wireless technology or organic gardening.
You can read what others have written and post your own comments.
31
There are literally thousands of newsgroups covering every topic imaginable--from computers,
social issues, literature and science, to recreation, entertainment, hobbies and current affairs. In
newsgroups you can find job postings, business and healthcare advice, announcements about
events, referrals, political and religious discussions--even photos you can download.
Newsgroups provide a way to quickly meet and communicate with people from all over the
world who share your interests, without ever having to leave your computer. You can
communicate with them anytime you like. (By the way, you can read what others are posting
without responding.) The great thing about newsgroups is that anyone can participate, though
not all Internet service providers offer access to every newsgroup. Newsgroups are electronic
discussion forums for users to meet and exchange ideas. The newsgroups are a good source of
answers and information for 'how to' questions.
There are about 100,000 different news groups which some of them are moderated newsgroups
and others are unmoderated news groups.
In unmoderated newsgroups, the local news server software normally makes messages posted
to the newsgroup available for reading soon after they are posted, and the messages then spread
to other news servers over the next few days.
In a moderated newsgroup, the local news server software will automatically e-mail the
message to a moderation address, where a moderator acts as a gatekeeper, posting to the
newsgroup only those messages which the moderator allows to be posted.
In the 8 news hierarchies (comp, rec, soc, sci, misc, news, talk, & humanities), a moderated
newsgroup is created by the same RFD/CFV (RFD: Request for Discussion, CFV: Call for
Votes) process used to create or modify other newsgroups, with the difference that the RFD
and CFV will include language specifying moderator(s) and moderation policy.
32
All moderated groups are generally handled in the same way by local news server software,
regardless of their news hierarchy. Moderation is usually proposed for a newsgroup to:
Decrease the volume of off-topic posts and/or cross-posted threads. Increase the significant ontopic content of posts and thus increase the "signal-to-noise" (S/N) ratio for the group.
Note that while the moderator controls the day-to-day content of a single medium - newsgroup,
mailing list, journal, etc. the moderator does not control the entire topic area.
For instance, the readers could migrate to a related newsgroup or mailing list, and discuss the
topic area there.
Also note that when we say the moderator "approves" a message, we just mean that the
moderator allows the message to be posted to the moderated newsgroup, and not that the
moderator agrees (or disagrees) with the content of the message, or the position of the poster
on any issue, and so forth.
Same as forum, an on-line discussion group. On the Internet, there are literally thousands of
newsgroups covering every conceivable interest. To view and post messages to a newsgroup,
you need a news reader, a program that runs on your computer and connects you to a news
server on the Internet.
Major categories of Newsgroup are as follows:
alt. Any conceivable topic.
biz. Business products, services, review...
comp. Hardware, software, consumer info...
humanities. Fine art, literature, philosophy...
misc. Employment, health, and much more..
news. Info about Usenet News...
rec. Games, hobbies, sports...
sci. Applied science, social science...
soc. Social issues, culture...
talk. Current issues and debates...
33
Electronic Communications: Making the World Smaller Place
The modes and methods of communication have made the world much smaller nowadays.
People still use the older modes of communication like postal services but places where the
magic of internet had arrived prefer to use the internet to communicate. The only problem with
internet communication was use to be that both the parties should have computer access to
communicate but that too had been improved now. You can communicate o somebody’s pager
by using the services on the internet, leaving the text messages, browsing the web from your
cellular phone are some of the few advancement in the technology which has made world a
smaller place.
Few of the methods which are used in communication these days are discussed

E-mail and E-mail lists, Newsgroups:
 Mail Protocols
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) is used to send the mail from you server to the
outside world. POP3 or IMAP is used to collect the mails sent to you on your mail servers.
The diagram shown on the next page will help you to clear the idea of how e-mails are sent
and received
The example of email programs that are quite famous throughout the world are,

Hotmail.com

Yahoo.com

AOL.com
 E-mail Lists
E-Mail lists are a public and insecure communications medium. The mailing lists are only
useful in so far as they are used to bring people together, facilitate information sharing,
decision making.. Unfortunately, as in any free communication you will come across different
types of people some will be offensive, lame, argumentative. This is not ok, for obvious
34
reasons. So create moderated lists, if there is a group of moderators who care to volunteer.

Privacy - Don't reveal someone's actual name or identity if they are using a
pseudonym. Some of us prefer to stay anonymous. That's ok, and in some
circumstances, it may be really important.

Information Security - E-Mail is a relatively insecure communications medium. We
check IWW X numbers for members. only lists, but there's no way to be sure only
members are subscribers, or that your message won't be seen by others. Do not say
anything on a list that you wouldn't be devastated by if you saw it on the front page of
the paper. Do not forward internal discussions to non-members.

Do Not Cross-Post - Unless you have a very good reason to send a message to multiple
lists and/or individual addresses, don't. If you believe your message is entirely relevant
to more than one list and/or user, send separate copies of each post to each list and/or
individual. Otherwise you are dragging separate discussions into a single subject. This
is like pushing two separate (and often utterly dissimilar) meetings or conversations
into a single meeting or room.

Quoting Private Messages - If someone sends you or a small group a private message,
get their permission before quoting their post in a message to others such as on a public
list.

Thoughtfulness and Concision - In an age of information glut, and tight schedules,
reading e-mail posts is a luxury the busy can ill afford. So be sure you have an
important contribution before you broadcast it to your tired and bleary Fellow Workers.
And write as efficiently and concisely as possible. Stream-of-consciousness rants may
not be as charming to the recipient as they first seemed to the author. Editing after
you're done is always a good idea.

Diplomacy and Respect - Some people enjoy argument and dissention. The best way
to deal with people who offer you "flame-bait" is to not respond, or respond with
restraint. Deprive the fool of the satisfaction of getting a rise out of you. When writing
for your fellow workers, whether or not you like them, be respectful and tactful in
intent as well as letter. We're here to build solidarity and trust, not erode it.

Staying On Topic - Each list has a topic or theme. Be sure your message is on topic for
35
the list to which you send it. Some people are tempted to broaden their audience by
posting to any list that has subscribers. This is a great evil, and pisses-off everyone,
including your friendly but wrathful system administrators. Worst of all, it tends to
slowly kill good e-mail lists. ”
Above all else, when faced with a nasty message from someone else, don't just hit the reply
key. Think about what you're saying in response, and also keep in mind that you may be
replying to a list of people. Most people do not wish to be judge and jury for an argument
between two individuals. If you must have it out with the offending party, please do it
privately. Take it off-list.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a program for transferring files between two computers on the
Internet. The program works by allowing you to log in to a remote computer system and
initiate the transfer of electronic files over the high speed Internet connection. The remote site
you connect to is often referred to as an FTP server, and you must know its Internet address in
order to make the connection. Your computer must be running an FTP client program. Once
you connect to an FTP server site, you can browse the directories and transfer files "down" to
your local computer (called downloading). If the remote site allows it, you may also be able to
transfer files from your computer "up" to the FTP server (called uploading). FTP is used:

To transfer a file too large for regular email programs to handle.

To distribute binary files as large text files to a group of students.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one way to downloaded cool things from the Internet. The most
popular FTP applications are listed below, together with some information about how and
where to use FTP.
36
 The Latest Software
Although you can use FTP with your Web browser, there are also specialized programs for
transferring files and decompressing them.
 Macintosh
Anarchie
This easy-to-use software comes with a collection of bookmarks that point to many Mac FTP
sites.
Fetch
Fetch is another popular Mac FTP application which allows you to retrieve files with ease, and
also comes with a set of bookmarks for useful Mac FTP sites.
Stuffit Expander
If you don't have it already, this is a must-have for dealing with most files you'll retrieve. It will
decompress/decode files that you get using any Internet application.
 Windows
WSArch
This tool allows you to access and search Archie more easily.
CuteFTP
A stand-alone FTP client with many options and features. CuteFTP is available for Windows
and Windows95.
WS-FTP
WS-FTP is a useful client which helps you to download files.
Using A Windows FTP Program -- WS_FTP
An easy lesson on using this shareware FTP progam. Learn to download files via anonymous
FTP, and connect to your home directory to upload an HTML file and a graphic.
37
WinZip
Download this Windows front end for easier decompression of files with PKZIP.
Telnet
Telnet: Telnet is a means of connecting to various services on the Internet. Telnet is a
character based terminal application and is one of the granddaddy services available on the
Internet. Telnet is a program used to connect one computer to another computer via the
Internet. In order to use Telnet, your computer must have a TCP/IP connection to the Internet;
at UW-Whitewater, this means having a computer connected to the campus Ethernet network.
Telnet connects to computer systems that allow access in one of two ways: systems that require
a private username and password to login, or public systems that are open to everyone.
The Internet standard protocol for remote login. Runs on top of TCP/IP. Defined in STD8,
RFC 854 and extended with options by many other RFCs. Unix BSD networking software
includes a program, telnet, which uses the protocol and acts as a terminal emulator for the
remote login session. Sometimes abbreviated to TN. TOPS-10 had a similar program called
IMPCOM.
Also known as the US nationwide network into which one dials to access CompuServe. It was
created by John Goltz, one of the founders and system guru of CompuServe. He later worked
for Tymshare, one of CompuServe's big competitors.
38
Task # 2 (Project One)
Done By: All Group Members
Dr. Alam Note: Select Engineering Topic of your interest and perform a search
Summarize your findings
Group Note: I believe we mentioned an Engineering Topics which is “How Could an
Engineer find a Job?” and we find as many engines for multi purpose use’s. And at
the same time we mentioned the way we look at it through Internet. However, I modified
and tried to make it more reasonable and realable
Newsgroups in general
First of all, we are going to explain what a Newsgroup is. Different recourses on the Internet
definitions are:




A Usenet discussion group that is related to one topic. Internet users can subscribe to
many different newsgroups. www.education-world.com/help/glossary.shtml
A discussion group on Usenet devoted to talking about a specific topic. Currently, there
are over 15,000 newsgroups. Also called usenets, newsgroups consist of messages
posted on electronic bulletin boards. Many of them cover professional subjects and
societies and a rich sources of business information; others are junk and contain little
but mindless drivel.
www.expedite-emailmarketing.com/internet_marketing_glossary_internetmarketingtermsdefinition.htm
A public place where messages are posted for public consumption and response. The
most available distribution of newsgroups is USENET which contains over ten
thousand unique newsgroups covering practically every human proclivity. The names
of newsgroups are comprised of a string of words separated by periods, such as
"rec.humor.funny" or "misc.jobs.offered". The first word (ie "rec" or "misc") represents
the top level category of newsgroups. ...
www.netdictionary.com/n.html
A particular section within the USENET system typically, though not always, dedicated
to a particular subject of interest. Also known as discussion groups.
www.vikont.com/clients/glossary.htm
Definitions of FAQ:
Definitions of FAQ on the Web:

A collection of frequently asked questions and answers from a news group. This is
usually the first place to look when you have a question to avoid embarrassment (many
39


others have already asked the same question)
www.rrca.org/publicat/inetglos.html
Frequently Asked Questions A list of the most common questions and their responses.
www2.themanualpage.org/glossary/glo_f.php3
Frequently Asked Questions: A compilation of answers to the most common questions
on a particular subject.
www.objectivism.addr.com/glossary.htm
Newsgroups Basics
”Reference: http://www.colchis.com/newsgroups.htm”
Introduction
What Is The UseNet?
UseNet Behavior
Moderated Newsgroups
Where To Begin
UseNet Introduction
For many Internet users, newsgroups (also known as the UseNet) is the Internet. For millions
of Internet users reading articles in newsgroups is part of their daily routine. The term UseNet
refers to a mechanism that supports discussion groups that allow users from anywhere on the
Internet to participate. The UseNet was originally conceived for the exchange of technical
information, but today virtually any subject matter is available somewhere on the UseNet. If
you can think of a topic or subject, there is probably a newsgroup already established for the
exchange of information on the topic or subject.
What Is UseNet?
The UseNet is not a network, but rather a service carried on the Internet. One way of looking
at the UseNet is to think about a huge electronic mail system (email) where messages are sent
by and received by anyone or everyone using the UseNet. Much of the terminology applied to
email also applies to the UseNet with the following key exceptions. On the UseNet
"messages" become "articles", and a user "posts" and article rather than "sends" a message.
40
Also, the software used to access the content of the UseNet is called a "reader".
The UseNet is not managed or controlled by anyone specifically, but is more a matter of
communal control. Once a discussion newsgroup is created, any Internet user can post an
article to that newsgroup. The only exceptions are for what are termed "Moderated
Newsgroups", which will be discussed below.
There are no formally established "rules" about the language you use in an article or about your
behavior on the UseNet. However, there are generally accepted principles which have been
accepted by the UseNet community as a whole even though there is no real enforcement other
than other users' force of opinion.
UseNet Behavior
The UseNet does not have a formally established set of rules. Instead, the network of users and
your local system administrator impose limits, although in many cases these limits cannot be
enforced. This lack of ability to provide enforcement provides one of the double-edged swords
of the UseNet. In theory, you can say anything you want on the UseNet, regardless of how
many people you hurt or insult. On the other hand, as a newsgroup reader, you have to put up
with this behavior from others. Luckily, there are some steps you can take to eliminate this
type of posting. There will always be a few individuals that continue their personal attacks on
the UseNet, unhindered by either system administrators or co-workers. As a community
viewed in whole, UseNet users are a well-behaved group that follows a set of mutually
accepted guidelines for network behavior, which is frequently called "netiquette".
Moderated Newsgroups
Not all newsgroups are open and free for any type of posting. There is a set of moderated
newsgroups, in which one or more users determine whether or not each article gets posted to
the group. The moderator is usually a volunteer trying to ensure that newsgroup postings
remain on-topic. When the moderator sees an article that is obnoxious, overly insulting or
simply off-topic it is deleted. The moderator can also edit articles to keep users from running
41
on in a rambling manner. Moderated newsgroups are generally established for very narrowly
focused single topic discussion for a specific product or service. As a result, the traffic posted
to the newsgroup remains low. Being a newsgroup moderator is generally a thankless task not
only because it requires quite a lot of time but also because the moderator becomes the focus
for any and all complaints regarding what is posted to the newsgroup. Since the moderator
must read each article before it is posted to the newsgroup, it takes longer for articles to appear
in the group. One of the most frequent complaints directed to a moderator concerns the
amount of time required to get an article posted to the newsgroup. Over time some moderated
newsgroups become open newsgroups.
A listing of moderated newsgroups and the moderator's name and email address is available
from the news.announce.newuser newsgroup. The header articles in a moderated newsgroup
usually makes it clear that the group is moderated and by whom.
Where To Begin
There are a number of resources available for users new to the UseNet. These new user
resources include a number of files that have been created to help one get off to a good start. A
new users needs to review these basic resources prior to posting articles because users failing
to do so will incur the wrath of thousands of users.
Perhaps the best source for these "getting started" files is the news.announce.newusers
newsgroup mentioned earlier. Here are the names of five (5) important articles any new
UseNet user should read:
"Rules for Posting to UseNet"
"A Primer on How to Work with the UseNet Community"
"Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about UseNet"
"Emily Postnews Answers Your Questions on Netiqutte"
"Hints for Writing Style for UseNet"
NOTE: If you check the news.announce.newusers newsgroup and cannot find all of the files
mentioned, wait a few days and check again. Each of the files are usually posted on a weekly
basis.
42
The news.announce.newusers newsgroup also includes a complete list of all active newsgroups
and their general subject, a list of moderated newsgroups, and guides to information about each
newsgroup.
Another fine resource for new UseNet users is the news.answers newsgroup, which as its name
implies, provides answers to UseNet questions. The news.answers newsgroup is also a key
source for a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) that explain the basics about a
newsgroup's subject.
1. Newsgroups: The new user orientation on the use of newsgroup:
Under groups.google.com
All groups > USENET > news . newusers
Usenet :news.newusers
news.newusers.questions






news.groups.questions:
http://www.cs.uu.nl/wais/html/na-bng/news.groups.questions.html
news.answers:
http://isc.faqs.org/faqs/news-answers/
anonymous.newsfeeds.com
http://anonymous.newsfeeds.com/
news.groups.reviews :
http://www.bauser.com/news.groups.reviews/
news.announce.newgroups :
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/news-announce/introduction/part1/section-3.html
"news.announce.newgroups" exists for announcements of either the Creation or the
consideration of a new newsgroup. All calls for votes, calls for discussions, vote results,
and creation notices of all hierarchies should be posted to news.announce.newgroups.
Submissions should be directed to announce-newgroups@uunet.uu.net (or to your
nearest major site). Follow-ups will be redirected to news.groups.
news.newusers.questions: http://members.fortunecity.com/nnqweb/
News.newusers.questions is a newsgroup in which newcomers to newsgroups and the
Internet in general can ask questions and hopefully get useful answers. The newsgroup
is moderated, which means that all postings are reviewed before actually being placed
in the newsgroup.For you, if you post a question or answer to news.newusers.questions,
this means that there will be a delay before you will see your post, as it will be sent via
email by your ISP to our moderation site in South Carolina, where it will be posted to
the newsgroup. Then your post has to propagate back to your ISP's news server by way
of normal Usenet news feeds, a process which may take from minutes to hours.
2. Newsgroups: The World Wide Web:
Under groups.google.com
All groups > USENET > comp . infosystems
Usenet
comp.infosystems
comp.infosystems.announce comp.infosystems.gis.*
comp.infosystems.gopher
comp.infosystems.harvest
comp.infosystems.hyperg
43
comp.infosystems.interpedia
comp.infosystems.search
comp.infosystems.intranet
comp.infosystems.wais
comp.infosystems.kiosks
comp.infosystems.www.*
Many useful newsgroups concerning the World Wide Web are found under the
comp.infosystems newsgroup domain.
 comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html :
http://www.htmlhelp.org/ or http://www.stack.nl/htmlhelp/ and
http://htmlhelp.inet.tele.dk/
This newsgroup covers discussion of HyperText Markup Language (HTML) as it
relates to web page authoring. Possible subjects include HTML editors, formatting
tricks, and current and proposed HTML standards.
comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html is a forum for the discussion of writing HTML.
HTML is the simple markup language used to create World Wide Web pages.
 comp.infosystems.www.authoring.misc:
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bynewsgroup/comp/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.misc.html
This newsgroup covers miscellaneous World-Wide Web authoring issues not covered
by the other c.i.w.authoring.* groups. Possible subjects include the use of audio and
video, etc.
 comp.infosystems.www.browsers.ms-windows
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.browsers.mswindows.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web browsers for the MS Windows
and NT platforms. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, external
viewers (helper applications), and bug reports.
 comp.infosystems.www.browsers.misc
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/bynewsgroup/comp/comp.infosystems.www.browsers.misc.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web browsers for all other
platforms. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, external viewers
(helper applications), and bug reports. Platforms included are Amiga, DOS (*not*
Windows), VMS, and Unix text-mode.
 comp.infosystems.www.servers.ms-windows
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.servers.mswindows.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web servers for the MS Windows
and NT platforms. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, security
issues, directory structure, and bug reports.
 comp.infosystems.www.servers.misc
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.servers.misc.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web servers for other platforms,
such as Amiga, VMS, and others. Possible subjects include configuration
questions/solutions, security issues, directory structure, and bug reports.
 comp.infosystems.www.misc
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.misc.html
44







(unmoderated) provides a forum for general discussion of WWW (World Wide Web)related topics that are NOT covered by the other newsgroups in the hierarchy. This will
likely include discussions of the Web's future, politicking regarding changes in the
structure and protocols of the web that affect both clients and servers, et cetera.
comp.infosystems.www.announce.
http://www.sangfroid.com/charter.html
comp.infosystems.www.announce (moderated) is a Usenet newsgroup. Readers
unfamiliar with Usenet newsgroups, moderated or otherwise, should read the Usenet
newsgroups news.announce.newusers and news.newusers.questions before reading or
posting to this one. As with any other moderated Usenet newsgroup, the moderator has
the final say in posting decisions.
comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi:
http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/mhaeg/maillist.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of the development of Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) scripts as they relate to Web page authoring. Possible subjects include discussion
how to handle the results of forms, how to generate images on the fly, and how to put
together other interactive Web offerings.
comp.infosystems.www.advocacy
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.advocacy.html
This newsgroup is for comments, arguments, debates, and discussions about which
Web browsers, servers, external viewer programs, and other software is better or worse
than any other. Posts should not be crossposted to this group and to any other Web
group. However, this group is a good place to direct follow-ups if a thread in another
Web group begins to take on a "this program is better than that one" flavor. Possible
subjects include: "The web is better than print"; "Netscape is better than anything else";
"CERN httpd kicks butt"; etc.
comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web servers for Unix platforms.
Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, security issues, directory
structure, and bug reports.
comp.infosystems.www.servers.mac
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.servers.mac.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web servers for the Macintosh
(MacOS) platform. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, security
issues, directory structure, and bug reports.
comp.infosystems.www.browsers.x
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.infosystems.www.browsers.x.html
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web browsers for the X-Window
system. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, external viewers
(helper applications), and bug reports.
comp.infosystems.www.browsers.mac:
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groupshtml/comp.infosystems.www.browsers.mac.html
45
This newsgroup covers discussion of World-Wide Web browsers for the Macintosh
platform. Possible subjects include configuration questions/solutions, external viewers
(helper applications), and bug reports.
3. Newsgroup: Engineering-Related Newsgroups:
Under groups.google.com
All groups > USENET > sci . engr
Usenet”sci.engr
sci.engr.advanced-tv
sci.engr.analysis
sci.engr.chem.*
sci.engr.civil.*
sci.engr.coastal
sci.engr.color
sci.engr.biomed
sci.engr.control
sci.engr.electrical.*
sci.engr.geomechanics
sci.engr.heat-vent-ac
sci.engr.joining.*
sci.engr.manufacturing
sci.engr.lighting
sci.engr.marine.*
sci.engr.mech
sci.engr.metallurgy
sci.engr.mining
sci.engr.radar+sonar
sci.engr.semiconductors
sci.engr.surveying
sci.engr.micromachining
sci.engr.safety
sci.engr.television.*
The major newsgroups related to engineering include the following:
sci.engr.electrical, sci.engr.mech, sci.engr.civil, sci.engr.control, sci.engr.chem
Engineering newsgroups and frequently asked questions (FAQ) groups are relatively popular
on the Internet. One of the best resources for FAQ’s is http://www.faqs.org. To find the
engineering related groups on this site, we would look under the sci.engr heading. On this
website, there are seven different engineering related topics including biomedical, chemical,
civil, control systems, mechanical, and two dealing with television standards. These are
relatively informational for each discipline, but most of them only contain information about
the FE and EIT exams. Another good engineering related newsgroup site is located at
http://www.slashdot.org. This has much more up-to-date science related information than the
previous site. The best engineering site, however, would have to be http://www.eng-tips.com/.
Many good engineering related topics are discussed within the newsgroups and this is a good
46
place to submit a question for help from other engineers.
Examples for Engineering News Groups:
 sci.engr
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.engr
Technical discussion of engineering processes.
 sci.electronics.equipment
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.equipment.html
Discussion of test and lab equipment
 sci.electronics.cad
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.cad.html
Discussion of CAD tools, including schematic entry, layout and simulation.
 comp.software-eng
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/by-newsgroup/comp/comp.software-eng.html
 alt.engr.explosives
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/alt.engr.explosives.html
Discussion of chemical explosives and fire related matters.
 sci.engr.environment
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/by-newsgroup/sci/sci.environment.html
Discussion of environmental engineering.
 sci.electronics.repair
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.repair.html
Discussion of the repair of equipment; requests for information and assistance.
 sci.electronics.design
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.design.html
Discussion of circuit designs.
 sci.electronics.basics
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.basics.html
Elementary questions about electronics; requests for information.
 comp.cog-eng
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.cog-eng.html
Cognitive engineering as related to computers and their use. FAQ are not available
 alt.engineering.electrical
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/alt.engineering.electrical.html
General discussion of electrical engineering.
 sci.engr.chem
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/by-newsgroup/sci/sci.engr.chem.html
Discussion of chemical engineering and related topics.
 sci.electronics.misc
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.misc.html
General discussion of electronics
 sci.electronics.components
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/sci.electronics.components.html
Integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors.
 comp.cad.pro-engineer
http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/comp.cad.pro-engineer.html
47
4. Engineering topic of our interest:
How Could an Engineer find a Job?
I know one of the hottest topics in this world for an engineer is how to find a job, through our
research we find a lot of websites that can utilize an engineer and promote him to the external
company as to internal company, some of those sites are designed only to let us know how to
write a resume, some of them are only how to treat your new employer, others are concerning
in find a job for an engineer. What we get below are some of the most sites:
Searching for Information on the Web
Searching is not evaluating. Given the nature of web information, it's vital to evaluate the web
pages you dig up. See Evaluating Resources for things to consider when evaluating a web
page.
Search Tools
Search Engines use "job" to automatically record the words on millions of web pages. Because
the web is so large and changes so fast, the search engines' databases are always incomplete
and out of date.
How Search Engines Work
A job page records some or all the text on that page, and then follows that page's links to other
pages. The Job page should revisit the page periodically to look for updates.
Indexing software builds a database out of all the words the job recorded.
Finally, when you try a search, the search engine's search software looks through the database
for the keywords you entered, and then ranks the matches using a ranking algorithm.
48
List of Search Engines
Below you will find a ranked list of search tools--what has also been called search engines and
directories--that use a specific algorithm or formula to retrieve sites. Generally, the advantage
of using a search tool over a metasearch tool is that you can take advantage of features specific
to a particular search tool to enhance the precision of your search.
Search Methods
In order to find information because there is so much of it today that is available on the
Internet, you must use something that is able to search and navigate the web in order to find
what you want. The four best-known systems are: Gopher, WWW, Archie and WAIS. Search
methods can include keyword matching and boolean queries just to name a few. People will
look for information in all sorts of different ways and it solely depends on what they are
searching for.
Targeted Search
When you are starting your search and you have a highly detailed reference, such as a book
title or a URL, the computer can perform most of the searching for you. Usually, this search
type is used in library catalogues or address databases. When the references aren’t as precise,
the computer will still be able to search by keyword, etc. The WAIS system searches for as
many words that it can find from what the user gives in order to find requested documents.
There are all types of keyword search variations. The search method could use synonyms,
morphological rules or soudex algorithms.
Searching Tips
First, start using only one or two search tools. To make your searching more successful, you
need to understand some basic rules: Use the + or - signs to include or exclude terms and use
double quotation marks around phrases, i.e. “Electrical Engineering”. This will give you the
exact phrase included in the quotation and substantially narrows the search. Most search
engines also allow wild cards, or *, in order to find variations of words, i.e. *engineer to find
engineer, engineering, engineers, etc.
49
Browsing
When a user finds information that they like and enjoy, they can continue to read the
information and use hypertext within the information to link to other text that may be
interesting as well.
In the middle of a user that is searching and one that is browsing is the method of “query by
navigation”. The user doesn’t have an exact query when they start looking for information on
the web, but they start somewhere more vague and use links to arrive at a suitable site that
contains the information needed.
Search Engines
Google – Our personal favorite. It was created at Stanford. It is very simple to use and has the
webs largest set of indexed pages, which is approximately 1.3 × 109.
Altavista – A very well-known search engine. It has a lot of features for the user but contains
many dead links.
More Search engines:

Good Search Information
http://www.masternewmedia.org/2004/03/24/the_future_of_news_the.htm
http://zillman.blogspot.com/2004/09/searching-internet-white-paper.html
http://virtualprivatelibrary.blogspot.com/Searching%20the%20Internet.pdf
http://virtualprivatelibrary.blogspot.com/Awareness%20Watch%20V2N4.pdf
http://www.internetminiguide.com/

Additional Search engines
http://Safari.oreilly.com
http://www.soople.com/
http://a9.com/
http://www.globalspec.com/News/WhatsNew
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http://aip.completeplanet.com/aip-engines/help/index.jsp
Meta Search Engines
Meta search engines allow a user to utilize the power of many search engines, but only having
to query once.
Dogpile – Consists of Google, DirectHit, Infoseek, Lycos, Yahoo, About.com, Goto.com and
LookSmart.
C4 – Uses Snap, Altavista, Infoseek, Yahoo, Excite, Magellan, Webcrawler, HotBot, Lycos,
FindWhat and Google.
Mail Lists/News Groups
This is a good way to find Lists & Newsgroups that interest you. Lists can also be a source of
valuable information often from peers and/or subject experts. Many of the main search engines
now provide searching for email addresses.
People/Email Addresses
There are a number of email address search tools. Most are referred to as White Pages after
telephone books. There are also a number of Yellow Pages for business addresses. These all
rely on either submissions (people tell them their email address) or by collecting addresses
from Mailing lists etc.
FTP, Gopher and Archie Search Tools
FTP is alive and well on the internet and is still used by most major software and hardware
companies to distribute files. If you have a files name (perhaps a Microsoft file that is taking
too long to download from Microsoft's home site) then this is an excellent way to discover a
copy closer to home for a speedier download.
Results that were founded for topic of our interest:
How Could an Engineer find a Job?
http://technology.theladders.com
http://craigslist.com
http://jobsearch.monster.com
http://jobs.progressive.com/
http://www.monstertrak.monster.com/
http://jobs.careerbuilder.com
51
http://www.erecruiting.com
http://job.com
http://dice.com
http://www.surveypick.com/paidsurveys.htm
http://www.hotresumes.com
http://www.DataFrenzy.com
http://www.studentworknow.com
http://www.businessmailsystems.com/
http://www.ecampusrecruiter.com/ysu
http://Hotjobs.com
http://www.ecampusrecruiter.com/ysu
http://www.ysu.edu/career-services/Jobs.htm
http://alltel.com
http://cingular.com
http://www.circuitcity.com
http://www.t-mobile.com/
https://www.celloneusa.com
http://nextel.com
http://sprint.com
http://www22.verizon.com/
https://careers.verizonwireless.com
http://Career Board.com
http://Job Web.com
http://Newspaper Links.com
http://Career City.com
http://Career.com
http://Career Site.com
http://Teach in florida.com
http://Job Next.com
http://Flip Dog.com
52
Task #Three Modified (Project One)
Writhe a critical review of your experience in using the tools covered within
the class.
In the class of the Information Technology tools for Engineers we’ve discovered that
there a lots of tools that can make us be able to get and share information through internet,
intranet or telnet service and even through direct file transformation service.
In order to look inside what’s these tools’ strong and weak points we have to use each
of them first. Many people have their own personal habit to use only one tool when they get
information or web-surfing like this as a web browser some people prefer to use Internet
Explorer or others like Netscape. As a searching tool www.yahoo.com is one of the most
popular sites these days but if someone wants to acquire more specific details from widely
spread internet network they need to use a special search engine designed for this kind of
purpose.
The information technology tools can be classified into next large groups. These are
Web Browsers, FTP(File Transformation Protocol) programs, e-mail program or web servers,
searching engines and other useful programs which help us do our job more easily and
efficiently. These other programs are search and language translation tools, telnet putty,
community collaboration tool, Httrack which can download all the webpage related files into
our computers. Most common internet users are familiar with the term of web browsers
because this is the basic tool for using internet. In the beginning of the internet age they had to
type lots of characters instead of clicking of the icons that are common nowadays. But when
the Netscape were invented in the middle of 1990s they didn’t have to do that anymore. From
the Netscape to Firefox that has become a popular one web browser is essential one that makes
us be able to connect to the internet circumstance based on the GUI system.
For the review of the web browsers that are covered in the class I am going to
demonstrate the use of Internet Explorer, Netscape and Firefox. After showing the similarity of
these program including menus that look familiar to users whether they are using Internet
Explorer or not I’ll review the slightly different functions or advantages and disadvantages.
Before reviewing the FTP(File Transformation Protocol) programs we need to define
what the FTP is first. File Transfer Protocol. This is the language used for file transfer from
53
computer to computer across the WWW. An anonymous FTP is a file transfer between
locations that does not require users to identify themselves with a password or log-in. An
anonymous FTP is not secure, because it can be accessed by any other user of the WWW.
There are two kinds of FTP program interface. One is based on Unix shell or Windows
command mode. This kind of program use just command interface to access to server and to
use client program. The other one is based on GUI interface that make users use more easily
and efficiently. After GUI interface program was introduced to the world many people started
using and being familiar with this program to download certain files from ftp server program.
Before this GUI circumstance the ftp program was exclusive possession of the computer
exporters. In other to review the FTP programs I have to use and be familiar with them.
Ws_ftp, sinscp and filezilla programs are will be reviewd.
In the case of the E-mail programs we know lots of e-mail program and are using them
already. YSU has been serving the e-mail program called CUE-mail ever since the
www.ysu.edu was developed. Most web servers have their own e-mail server so that the users
of them don’t have to obtain extra e-mail program or visit other website which allow people to
use e-mail communication. I believe that all of us have their own private e-mail address and
use specific e-mail program like mail.yahoo.com or CUE-mail just like me.
The next one is about searching programs or engines which are most powerful tools
for engineers who are using internet to find specific information without wasting their time as
possible as they can. Before this kind of technology was introduced to the world, most
information that should be in the hand of the engineers could be obtained by visiting libraries
or buying lots of books. When the searching engines was developed and released to the market
based on the windows interface like yahoo.com the internet users was shocked. They just can
sit down on their chair in front of the desktop computers and type some key words they want to
find instead of full query sentence into the small command box that. There are a lot of subcategorized programs for the certain purpose of searching. For example, if someone is looking
for a job he or she can visit www.monster.com which has hundred of thousands information
about jobs which are posted by employees or employers. But as an engineer I’d better
concentrate on the engineering purpose searching engine. I’m going to review of using
www.yahoo.com, www.google.com. I believe that there are more user friendly interfaced
engines than these two search engines. But in my opinion we don’t need to use or be familiar
54
with all the programs to find some information. This is so called wasting time. But the clear
one thing is that the more you get used to, the more information you can get easily.
For the community boarding program Ezboard (www.ezboard.com) and Proboards
(www.proboards.com) will be reviewed. These two programs are tested in the class and
everybody has their own ID and Password. Ezboard and Proboards are all web-based small
group collaboration tools which have only a few menus. Putting an announcement or leave
some comments are all that we can do through them. I’m going to show the group5 community
in these two boards.
For the rest of review will be about Telnet Putty, Httrack, and Search and Language
translation tools. Although these programs are not most commonly used programs sometimes
we need to use some of them.
1. Web Browsers
A. Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is one of the most
popular internet web browsers. In the
beginning of the internet era Microsoft
Company wasn’t interested in developing web
browser because they thought this is not big
deal. When Netscape was released in the
market as a free software most internet users
gave a welcome for being able to use HTML
format interface internet circumstances. Many
commercial companies noticed that they can use HTML format website as a window to
connect them to customers. This meant Microsoft felt fear about being shrunk in the software
market and underestimated the internet market. In order to overcome this situation MS
launched the web browser called Internet Explorer. To beat the privilege of the Netscape MS
put this software in the Microsoft Office product as a free software and then nowadays this is
the most popular internet web browser. The basic figure is as follow.
55
As you can see from the left picture IE has very simple interface which is very similar
to the other MS programs like Microsoft Word or Excel. Like the other windows program it
has menu bar and below this menu bar there are several icons that make users be able to use
this IE easily. Backward, forward and stop and home icons are frequently used during web
surfing. This is user interface which is common these days. If you want search information you
can just click sear icon which looks like a magnifying glass. You can add the website address
into the bookmark and if you click the shape of star the bookmark windows will appear at the
left side of the main work area.
In order to use more detail
functions you can click menus and you can
see submenus. If you want to chance
language you can do this by using the
encoding menu under the view menu so that
you can see all kinds of the different
language in the websites. But in the
computer lab in which we are taking this
information technology tools we need
supervisor’s permission to install the language packs. None of the web browsers can serve the
different language without extra language pack. This is one of the disadvantages to use IE or
other web browsers for me because sometimes I wanted to open the website which contains the
materials written by Korean. And if you want internet option you can change using tool menu
and internet option submenu in detail.
B. Netscpae
Netscape is the web browser which was the most popular program in the past. But
these days it is not much popular program than the past. The user interface has became similar
to the IE compared with the past but the problem to use it is the most HTML web page
developer prefer to use IE platform. As you see below some web page don’t support Netscape
interface properly. I don’t know the detail technology about HTML to fit specific web
browsers but as a common user this is not expected result when I opened the web site.
56
As you see at the left side of the windows there is unexpected window which is not
supposed to be there. This window is overlapping the other main materials of the web site. For
this reason I don’t like to Netscape as a main web browser in my computer.
As a aspect of the functions Netscape has user related easy menus and icons. Most of
them are familiar to us who has been using the IE or other Windows programs.
C. Firefox
In the class I saw Dr. Alam has been using the different web browser called Firefox. In
order review this program I had to get some idea on it from internet searching program. Before
downloading and testing I got the information what Firefox is and how many users are using
this and what advantages are from the web site http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox about it.
Mozilla Firefox is a free, open source, cross-platform, graphical web browser
developed by the Mozilla Corporation and hundreds of volunteers. The browser began as a fork
of the Navigator component of the Mozilla Application Suite; Firefox has since become the
foundation's main development focus (along with its Thunderbird mail and news client), and
has replaced the Mozilla Suite as their official main software release. Before its 1.0 release,
Firefox had already gained acclaim from numerous media outlets, including Forbes and the
Wall Street Journal. With over 25 million downloads in the 99 days after the initial 1.0 release,
Firefox became one of the most downloaded free and open source applications, especially
among home users. On October 19, 2005, Firefox had its 100 millionth download, just 344
days after the release of version 1.0.[5] Firefox 1.5 was released on November 29, 2005, with
more than 2 million downloads within the first 36 hours.Firefox includes an integrated pop-up
blocker, tabbed browsing, live bookmarks, support for open standards, and an extension
mechanism for adding functionality. Although other browsers have introduced these features,
Firefox became the first such browser to achieve wide adoption.Firefox has attracted attention
as an alternative to other browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer. As of November 2005,
estimates suggest that Firefox's usage share is around 9.4% of overall browser usage (see
market adoption below), with its highest usage in Finland (nearly 40% as of January 2006).
As you see the above article Firefox is one of the most popular web browsers. From
now on I am going to show the basic figure and review the experience of using this program.
57
The basic figure is as above. Firefox
has very similar menus to IE and user
interfaces. There is no hesitation to use it and
obstacles to switch from IE to Firefox because
most interface and menus are familiar. If you
are IE user you can try on using this. As
mentioned before in the section of review of
the IE Internet Explorer has developed the
standards in the interface of the windows
program as well as IE. From this kind of aspect Firefox has followed this standard very
effectively not to effect on the new users with new program. In order to give an opportunity to
new users to use their new program the developers have to consider how they can reduce the
impact of the new circumstances. Firefox has exactly same functions that I explained before. If
you want to change languages you can use character encoding submenu in under the view
menu. Similarly you can change specific options by using the options submenu in the tools
menu.
2. FTP (File Transformation Protocol)
A. Ws-ftp
Most ftp programs we can get are free, but on the other
hand we have to pay for purchasing Ws_ftp program.
Ws_ftp has two different windows on it. Left side is
showing the local information and right side is for remote
server information. We have already our accounts in the
eng.ysu.edu server so that we can try to connect to it.
When we make it connected to remote server computer
we need to put user ID and password. If there is your
account and material in the account already you can do
any kind of job between local and remote your account. File upload and download, delete files, change the
attributes, and other jobs.
58
B. Filezilla
Since the first alpha version of FileZilla,
released in late February of 2001, FileZilla has
become very popular. There are more than a
hundred other FTP clients for Windows, but none
of them has achieved so much in such a short time
as FileZilla.
FileZilla is a fast FTP and SFTP client for Windows with a lot of features. FileZilla Server is a
reliable FTP server.
FileZilla is a powerful FTP-client for Windows 9x, ME, NT4, 2000 and XP. It has
been designed for ease of use and with support for as many features as possible, while still
being fast and reliable.
The main features of FileZilla are:













Ability to resume Uploads/Downloads (if the server supports it)
Custom Commands
Site Manager with folders
Keep Alive system
Timeout detection
Firewall support
SOCKS4/5 and HTTP1.1 Proxy support
SSL secured connections
SFTP support
Upload/Download Queue
Drag&Drop
Multi-language support
GSS authentication and encryption using Kerberos
59
B. WinSCP
WinSCP is an open source freeware SFTP client for
Windows using SSH. Legacy SCP protocol is also
supported. Its main function is safe copying of files
between a local and a remote computer. We can
download for free from www.winscp.net. There are
two options to install the program into the computer.
Left picture are showing the connection to eng.ysu.edu
server which is serving each student their account.
Features












Graphical user interface
Translated into several languages
Integration with Windows (drag&drop, URL, shortcut icons)
All common operations with files
Support for SFTP and SCP protocols over SSH-1 and SSH-2
Batch file scripting and command-line interface
Directory synchronization in several semi or fully automatic ways
Integrated text editor
Support for SSH password, keyboard-interactive, public key and Kerberos (GSS)
authentication
Integrates with Pageant (PuTTY authentication agent) for full support of public key
authentication
Windows Explorer-like and Norton Commander-like interfaces.
Optionally stores session information.
3. E-mail
There are a lot of ways that enable people to transfer file through the internet. For the
purpose E-mail is the easiest method to exchange the message in the internet world. I believe
that most of us use e-mail everyday to send or receive messages and other materials from
friends and professors even from unexpected commercial company. I’m using three e-mails.
One of them is CUE-mail which is being operated by YSU. I think there is no need to express
an experience in using e-mail because I believe all of us are familiar with e-mail already. But if
it comes to the e-mail list thing I think a few of us are using this list to share messages between
a certain groups of people. Let’s look over what e-mail list is. If you open the website
http://www.lsoft.com/catalist.html you can see a bunch of list posted on the website. From this
60
page, you can browse any of the 55,477 public LISTSERV lists on the Internet, search for
mailing lists of interest, and get information about LISTSERV host sites.
The Catalist service is operated by L-Soft, the company that develops LISTSERV. LSoft’s solutions are used for email newsletters, discussion groups and opt-in email marketing
campaigns. The picture above is showing the result which is sorted in the order of countries
name. You can find the country that might contain the e-mail list which you want to know.
Once you find the country click on the name and you can see the e-mail list in the order of
alphabet.
This picture is presenting the results when I put the key word ‘IBM’ in the searching
box. These results are all related to the word ‘IBM’ and then people can find which e-mail is
61
more related to the interest. This website look very simple just like Google site but from this
page, you can browse any of the 55,477 public LISTSERV lists on the internet, search for
mailing lists of interest, and get information about LISTSERV host sites.
4. Search Engines
A. Yahoo.com
As a web site searching engine Yahoo.com and Google.com are the most popular
engines. I believe that most of us well know how to use this engine. But to get a more
sophisticated result from this engine we have to know the other functions as well as basic
function. Yahoo provides us with catalogued resources so that we can find the information by
clicking the representative word or categories. If you want more detail result you can click the
advance at the right side of the search box. In the advanced web search window you can
specify the terms or words that you want to use and choose the site/domain by clicking the any
of the shown domains. And you can narrow the results from choosing the country, language
and other conditions.
B. Google.com
Google has been popular in the recent years because it doesn’t contain catalogued
resources and advertisement. Google can be considered one of index based search engines. It
looks very very simple. There is only one box in which you can type key words. It provides
groups function that allows you to find all usenet and you can create your own group to share
your information among your friends. Also, it has advanced group search function which is
similar to the function of Yahoo.com but this function can vary according to the choosing the
main index which is located above the input box like Web, Images, Groups etc.
62
5. Community Discussion Board
A. Ezboard (www.ezboard.com)
As a community discussion board ezboard has
a simple menu arrangement. This is a sort of
group collaboration tool which make group
member work a project together.
Features
Announcements : check here for what’s new
and important announcements about the community
General Discussion : This is a general discussion forum, open to all participants.
Polls : This forum is designed for the creation and management of polls.
Administration Discussion : This is a private forum for use by board administrators
Help Files : This forum contains help files for boad customization and management-access
restricted to board administrators
B. Proboards (www.proboards.com)
Like ezboard this proboards provides
group members with the forum menu so that
every members can post materials on the
group community site. In order to use it we
have to activate the account via a e-mail. Host
member can invite whoever he or she would
like to do.
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6. Other Programs
A. Telnet Putty (www.ezboard.com)
Telnet is a TCP/IP application that allows you to
access and run programs on other computers on the Internet.
When you open a session with telnet, you are actually
logging in to a remote computer. You must have an account
on
the remote computer to access it. The only way to access a
remote computer without an account is to telnet to a
“public” site. If you telnet to a remote site with public
access, you must enter a public userid. Publicly accessed
sites
provide you with the correct userid and do not require a
password.
The left picture is showing the
connection status to eng.ysu.edu. In order to
use telnet program users must learn the
UNIX commands first. In the class we’ve
learned some of them but still it’s hard for
me to use and understand.
64
B. Httrack (Mirroring Program)
HTTrack is a free (GPL, libre/free
software) and easy-to-use offline browser utility. It
allows you to download a World Wide Web site
from the Internet to a local directory, building
recursively all directories, getting HTML, images,
and other files from the server to your computer.
HTTrack arranges the original site's relative linkstructure. Simply open a page of the "mirrored"
website in your browser, and you can browse the site
from link to link, as if you were viewing it online.
HTTrack can also update an existing mirrored site, and resume interrupted downloads. HTTrack is fully
configurable, and has an integrated help
system.
I tried to mirror the
www.eng.ysu.edu/~jalam site and after
finishing the mirroring the site clicked
the
“Browse Mirrored Website” button.
And
the result is as right picture.
65
C. Language Translation Tools
i.
www.translate.ru
In this website we can translate for
We can translate text, e-mail, and
webpage. But there are limitation of
number of languages. Available
languages are English, Russian,
German, French, Spanish, Italian, and
Portuguese. I tried to translate English
Spanish. You can see the outcome.
ii.
free.
the
into
Google.com
We can use www.google.com as a language translation tool. You can use the yahoo.com
instead of google.com. Nowadays most search engines are providing the language translation
service.
There are Language Tools menu on the right
side of the search box of Google. If you click
this you enter the language translation service.
I tried to translate a Korean statement into
English and news articles of CNN.com into
Korean. Each result is showing as follows.
Although the translation from Korean
statement into English was 100% perfect but
translation of articles wasn’t good. The
translated statements had grammatical mistakes. But instead of this defect I think this kind of
service is very useful for the Internet users who want to visit foreign websites.
66
67
Task # Four (Project One)
Done By Tamer Taher
Summarize the current modalities of Communication in an Engineering workplace.
Examine the use of Internet Based Communication tools in this setting. How their use
leads to the enhanced communication over the existing communication infrastructure in
an engineering workplace.
Dr. Alam Note: Overall good description but lacks focus. Last section on java applet and
programming does not belong here
Group Note: I tried to modify the description and make it more focusing. And about the
java applet and programming, although I believe it belongs to this subject, I am going to
erase it.
The Internet is the main cause of the recent explosion of activity in communications. The high
growth rates observed on the Internet and the popular perception that growth rates were even
higher, led to an upsurge in research, development, and investment in telecommunications. The
telecom crash of 2000 occurred when investors realized that transmission capacity in place and
under construction greatly exceeded actual traffic demand. There are reasonable arguments that
it will continue to grow at this rate for the rest of this decade. If this happens, then in a few
years, we may have a rough balance between supply and demand.
Communication using internet-related resources has become an integral part of our lives today.
The reason that so many people have adopted the Internet as their primary means of
communication is mainly due to the speed at which ideas and information can be exchanged.
While there are many different protocols that involve information and data transmissions over
the Internet.
In the today’s hi-tech world we have so many ways to communicate with our family, friends,
lecturers, customers, co-worker etc. Things have changed from using pigeons to send
messages in ancient history to the post mail, then email and now real time communication.
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The merging of communication in an engineering work place is one of the most significant
aspects of modern information technology. Computer technology touches the lives of each of
us in countless ways every day. The remarkable advances of information and communication
technologies in the late 20th century provided a major driving force toward the emergence of
an information society in the 21st century. These relatively new technologies are dramatically
changing our way of working and learning. Whereas electronic mail has been a frequent
subject area for previous communication research, the global Internet today offers a far more
diverse set of tools and contexts for communication than it has in the past. Communication on
the Internet also exists within developed social and cultural traditions. Therefore, what we
mean when we talk about specific forms of Internet communication must be carefully defined.
In the today's modern world effective communication is important to be a successful in
business. The availability of affordable communication means such as internet based e- mail
and affordable computing devices in different forms such as Personal Digital Assistants,
Laptops and desktops and advancement in computer connectivity through wired or wireless
methods has created e new communication environment. The information technology tools
available are more useful in engineering and business. The email gives us a fastest means of
forwarding the information such as drawings, quotations, to the clients sitting any where in the
world. The Web applications such as web advertising, web blogging give us a platform to
present the companies mission and their goals. Products can be displayed on the web and made
accessible to the clients. Live demos of the products can be posted on the web. Recently people
have started crating virtual exhibition halls on the web displaying the stalls that showcase the
products, samples for the various companies. Advantage of the web exhibition is that you can
visit as and when you have got time and do not have to be worried of the exhibition schedules
of normal real world exhibitions. For engineering research work you can use the newsgroups or
web blogging for the collaborative work on the similar topics and engage the discussions with
groups working on similar projects. The web based communications can be used to transfer the
drawings in digitized form to a project site or a failure report can be fetched from a site where
machines have failed. Guideline to repair the machine can be given to a service technician in
virtual sitting. The largest application of web based information tools are widely used in
69
marketing the product today by posting catalogs and displaying company products. Now a day
a networking between a head office and a branch office is a common practice and data,
messages are transmitted back and forth at a lightning speed. Video conferencing of people
sitting at different location is a boon of information tools technology to a business. People can
avoid the actual traveling to a meeting place. These are some of the application of the
Information Technology tools.
Internet Based Communications:
Internet Based communications can be put as a communication that happens between two or
more person by a virtual or Electronic media. This mode of communication has become more
relevant as the world is rapidly webbing itself in a huge network and the bandwidth has
increased and it has become more readily available and affordable. Internet Based
communications provides good collaborating features along with the nice communications
which is being developed with an embedding technology and features like information about
the second or third party presence. This enables you to know when and where and how a
contact can be found and reached. Internet Based communications which is also a Synchronous
mode of communication uses tools like web camera, microphones, and speakers etc. for video
and audio conferencing. Real time text based tools like in chat rooms, Internet Relay Chat
(example MIRC) and ICQ (I Seek You) instant messaging software. Lots of the features of the
synchronous communication exist in one or other type of application but they were never tried
to assemble and embed in a single application to complement it. At the same time Internet
70
Based Communications could be Asynchronous mode of communication Like what we get
through Emails.
What does Communication mean?
Definitions of communication on the Web:

"Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information
about that person's needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.
Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or
unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur
through spoken or other modes." (National Joint Committee for the Communicative
Needs of Persons with Severe Disabilities, 1992, p. 2)

The activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information.

Something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups

A connection allowing access between persons or places;

Communication is the process of information usually via a common system of symbols.
Although data communication serves as the basis for transmitting messages on computer
networks, a communication researcher, unless involved in the detailed technical examination of
data transmission, is concerned with the human communication issues involved when people
communicate on the Internet. Indeed, Internet-based communication is essentially human
communication via the Internet computer network, so any definition of Internet communication
necessary involves defining human communication itself. Internet content can be encoded and
decoded using a variety of media types (text, graphics, sound, video, executable file).
71
For example, Internet communication using real-time audio-video conferencing can occur with
an application called CU-See Me. This application allows participants to transmit pictures and
sound, thus displaying many nonverbal and paralinguistic cues not present in much text-based
communication on the Internet. Thus, communication on the Internet represents a range of
possibilities for symbol creation, and some of these symbols can be similar to those examined
in unmediated human communication.
To generate a definition of Internet communication, I first analyze the constituent parts of the
term Internet-based, computer communication. I examine each term in successive subsections
of task#4, each with a heading corresponding to the term. Following this definition, I illustrate
by describing some categories of activity the term encompasses.
When to call it “Internet-based”
Some common questions that many people ask when discussing the topic of Internet Based are
when and how did this communication method become Internet Based? To answer this
question, it is important to analyze alternative methods previously used for internet
communication, to say that communication is Internet-based means that, at the data level, it
conforms to a particular set of data communications protocols. A protocol is a set of rules for
exchanging information. Computer networks use protocols to enable computers connected to a
network to send and receive messages. The set of protocols called the TCP/IP protocol suite
defines the rules for data exchange on the Internet. This set of protocols, originally developed
for a United States Department of Defense research project(DoD), integrates a set of services
(including electronic mail, file transfer, and remote log-in) that can occur among many
computers on local or wide-area networks. The figure below explain The DoD Protocol
Layers:
72
The DoD Protocol Model
What this protocol scheme does is create a system for reducing all communication to data
exchange, and this commonality of protocol is the essence of Internet communication at the
data level. Through cooperation and connections, TCP/IP networks can be connected in larger
and larger communication systems. Individual organizations can run their own TCP/IP network
(an internet) and connect it with other local, regional, national, and global internet networks.
The resulting patchwork of networks, called the Internet (with a capital I), shares the TCP/IP
protocol suite. However, the Internet is not a single network, but a cooperatively organized,
globally distributed system for exchanging information. The data that traverses this network of
networks is Internet communication.
However, the Internet is not the only global network. Other global networks employ different
protocols, but can exchange data with the Internet through exchange points called gateways.
Non-Internet communication flowing into a gateway point is translated to Internet
communications protocols and sent on its way, indistinguishable from the packets that TCP
creates when sending a message directly on the Internet. Likewise, communication can flow
off the Internet at the gateway points in the same manner: The Internet packets are translated to
the non-Internet protocols necessary for communication on another network.
Although the free flow of electronic mail blurs the distinction between Internet communication
and non-Internet communication in the Matrix, the distinction between the Internet and the
Matrix for many other communication applications is crucial. For example, communication
using the Internet Gopher protocol cannot easily be shared outside the Internet. Similarly,
73
Telnet, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and World Wide Web communication are restricted, in
most cases to users of the Internet. Commercial on-line services, recognizing the value of
access to the Internet for their customers, have been creating more kinds of gateways to the
Internet. Commercial on-line services now have many gateways allowing their users to access
Telnet, FTP, and World Wide Web applications on the Internet.
Computers, Networks and Systems
The most basic kind of network is a local-area network (LAN), which connects computers in a
single office or building. A wide-area network (WAN) is two LANs linked together or a large
interconnected collection of computers and other devices scattered in different locations.

Client/Server Networks
Most networks today use dedicated computers (servers) to act as a central repository of
information for the other computers on the network. This type of network is called a
client/server network. The server houses data, "serves" it up when users on the network request
information, and performs centralized tasks such as backups and printer and modem sharing.

Peer-to-Peer Networks
LANs without dedicated servers are called peer-to-peer networks. These configurations bypass
the need for a server by connecting computer workstations and peripherals directly to each
other. Peer-to-peer networks are less expensive than client/server networks but do not offer the
same level of central control and security.
So the aim goal of Network is that it seek the best route from the one computer to other
computer, While Systems are considered to manage the infrastructure for the Network and the
Computer is consider as node or terminal in that world. As a networks example is Cisco
Company which produce the Routers and Switches. While a Systems Example is Microsoft
2003 Servers, Or Unix.
The term computer in the context of defining Internet computer-mediated communication
74
means much more than just a device for calculation. In fact, the salient function of a computer
as used for communication is not to provide computational capability, but to provide a platform
for the operating system and software applications to support network data transmission and
user applications.
On the Internet, the relationships among computers commonly follow the client-server model.
Like the TCP/IP protocols, the client-server model is a unifying characteristic of Internet
communication. A server is a computer and its associated hardware and software applications
that act as a repository for information files or software programs. The server sends this
information by request across the network to users of client software.
Client-server communication also follows a set of protocols. These protocols define the
particular application the client and server are using. For example, the Internet Gopher protocol
defines an application for structuring information into a system of menus, submenus, and
entries. A user of a Gopher client makes a request from a Gopher server for a list of menu
items. The Gopher server sends back this list, and the Gopher client displays the list for the
user.
The distributed form of the client-server request and serve scheme allows for many
efficiencies. Since the client software interacts with the server according to a standard data
exchange protocol, the client software can be customized for the user's particular computer
host. This means that the server doesn't have to "worry" about the hardware or software
particularities of the computer on which client software resides. The client software doesn't
have to "worry" about which server of a particular type it requests information from, as all
servers of a particular protocol behave the same way.
For example, a Web client that can access any Web server can be developed for McIntosh
computers. This same Web server might be accessed by a Web client written for a UNIX
workstation running the X-Window System. This sets up a clear demarcation of duties between
the client and the server. This makes it easier to develop information because separate versions
of information distributed from a server need not be developed for any particular hardware
75
platform. All the customizations necessary for the user's computer are written into client
software for that platform.
Internet Based Communication tool in an Engineering Fields
There are many current modalities of communication in the engineering workplace. Probably
the most utilized modes are the ones that involve Internet-Based Communication tools such as

Voice over IP

E-fax

Chatting as example ICQ

Instant messaging as Msn messenger, Yahoo Messenger

Email service, Exchange server

E-Commerce

Peer to Peer share

Sharing in general between PC’s

Web source, and web publishing

Remote login, FTP login

Groups and forums

Wireless Connections

WebTV

Printing, television, telephone, fax, radio, photography, motion pictures, art, demand
publishing, information database/service, and convergence of modalities
As a result, one can come with the conclusion that the use of Internet Based Communication
tools for engineering purposes is becoming wider and has many advantages, among them:

Cost effective, means lowering costs, optimizing business processes, widening profit
margins, increasing sales, reducing reaction time and time-to-market.
These company goals are more relevant today than ever before.

Interaction with Customers: Competitive edge due to increase in distance teamwork
productivity.
76

E-service allows customer to quickly and easily seek help from an online consultant
without having to switch media. Questions are answered immediately and product
features can be visually explained. The customer receives exactly the information he or
she needs to make a purchasing decision.
Computing technology which clearly differentiated 20th century from previous era is no doubt
a dominant component guiding the innovative changes in almost all domains of old media and
post-industrial society . Actually, the computing technology mainly developed for arithmetic
calculation has reached for beyond its original purpose of performing fast and precise
calculations, making a sophisticated and intelligent processing of multimedia information
possible. A revolutionary advancement on multimedia domain also conceives various
attractive applications such as electronic publishing, electronic library, distance learning, and
teleconference.
Wide spread of personal computers and home officing is another sign of the transition to an
information society. While large organization still have to use high capacity computers to
support their business, personal computers can be effectively used by most of people thanks to
the development of advanced networking techniques connecting various capacities and
platforms of computers together. The transition to one-stop information processing scenario is
being tested for its effectiveness in today’s Internet environment. For instance, e-mail, voice
call and fax service are now integrated around Internet environment.
A message on the Internet can be distributed from a sender to receivers according to a variety
of schemes. These variations include

Point to point: A single user sends a message to a single receiver (e.g., electronic
mail).

Point to multipoint: A single user sends a message to a number of specific receivers
(e.g., electronic mailing lists) or an application that sends the message to many
receivers.

Point to server broadcast: A single user sends a message to a server. This server then
77
makes this message available to any user with appropriate client software. With nearly
real-time response, this distribution scheme is used for disseminating IRC
communication. Alternately, the server may broadcast the incoming message to one or
more other servers in a message propagation scheme. This server-to-server distribution
scheme is used for propagating Usenet news.

Point to server narrowcast: A single user sends a message to a server. This server
then makes this message available to only a specific group of users employing clients
connected directly to that server. Additionally, these users may have to identify
themselves with their log-in and password.

Server broadcast: A server contains stored information that is available to any user
with an appropriate client. This information is broadcast in the sense that the server
provides this information to any requesting client. Users can observe this information
anonymously. This information is often created by the organization or individuals who
own the server. A Web site is an example of this form of distribution.

Server narrowcast: A server provides information to only a specific set of authorized
users. Users typically provide authentication information through their client for access
to information on the server.
Internet applications display information in a variety of media types, including text, sound,
graphics, images, video, or binary (executable) files. The Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) specifications define these multimedia types commonly used in Internet
communication. Text that uses a system of associative linking is called hypertext. Hypertext
that employs multimedia is called hypermedia.
The content of Internet communication, however, is more complex to describe, but it can often
be captured for study. Internet content can be encoded and decoded using a variety of media
types (text, graphics, sound, video, executable file). Because of its mediated form, Internet
communication often leaves a visible trail of artifacts that can be collected for study. Today,
and for the near future, improved productivity depends more on computer technology than on
any other form of capital investment.
78
As a conclusion, the benefits of Internet-based communication can be summarized as follows:

Reduced professional/geographical isolation of project staff in an engineering work
places.

Utilization of technology, that is accessible to all user group, to facilitate
communication and information sharing

Mechanism for workers to pose questions, problems or track down existing resources,
in a time efficient manner (eg via an “e-mail broadcast’ which goes to all other
subscribers simultaneously).

Mechanism for workers to share relevant information such as useful web-sites,
references, new resources, or to promote forums, conferences or events

Cost (and time) effective means of communication.
Examples of Internet Based Communications tool in Engineering workplace
Internet communication, and how they have been used to enhance
communications
People use Internet communication for many purposes. I identify some of these major purposes
with the broad categories of communication, interaction, and information. These categories are
not mutually exclusive: Someone can participate in Internet communication for a combination
of communication, information, and interaction at the same time.

Communication: People use the Internet for communication in a one-to-one, one-tomany, or many-to-many setting. This communication can be used for scholarly activity
and research or for personal and group communication and discussion. Examples:
Usenet, electronic mail, and Listserv.

Interaction: People can use the Internet for the purpose of play or learning, not just for
information transfer or discussion. Interaction spaces are often used for social activity
and for group interaction and education. Examples: MU*s and IRC.

Information: People use the Internet for dissemination and retrieval of information.
This information deals with subject matter covering a wide range of human activities
and knowledge. Examples are the World Wide Web and FTP.
79
The current modalities of communication used by several companies’ are the following:

Voice over IP:
Internet Voice, also known as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that
allows you to make telephone calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a
regular (or analog) phone line. Some services using VoIP may only allow you to call other
people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone who has a
telephone number - including local, long distance, mobile, and international numbers. Also,
while some services only work over your computer or a special VoIP phone, other services
allow you to use a traditional phone through an adaptor.
VoIP allows you to make telephone calls using a computer network, over a data network
like the Internet. VoIP converts the voice signal from your telephone into a digital signal
that travels over the internet then converts it back at the other end so you can speak to
anyone with a regular phone number. When placing a VoIP call using a phone with an
adapter, you'll hear a dial tone and dial just as you always have. VoIP may also allow you
to make a call directly from a computer using a conventional telephone or a microphone.
80
Depending on the service, one way to place a VoIP call is to pick up your phone and dial
the number, using an adaptor that connects to your existing high-speed Internet connection.
The call goes through your local telephone company to a VoIP provider. The phone call
goes over the Internet to the called party's local telephone company for the completion of
the call. Another way is to utilize a microphone headset plugged into your computer. The
number is placed using the keyboard and is routed through your cable modem.
A broadband (high speed Internet) connection is required. This can be through a cable
modem, or high speed services such as DSL or a local area network. You can hook up an
inexpensive microphone to your computer and send your voice through a cable modem or
connect a phone directly to a telephone adaptor.

E-fax:
An efax (short for electronic fax), is a fax document that is received in digital format (e.g.,
in one's email) rather than at a traditional paper fax machine). Efax is a generic public
service term that has been trademarked. The trademark for eFax as a commercial product is
currently held by j2 Global Communications, located in Hollywood, California.
Programs to send and receive fax messages. efax is a small ANSI C/POSIX program that
provides the data transport function for fax applications using any Class 1 or Class 2 fax
modem. Another program, efix, converts between fax, text, bit-map and gray-scale formats.
fax, a shell script, provides a simple user interface to the efax and efix programs. It allows
you to send text or Postscript files as faxes and receive, print or preview received faxes.
The ghostscript package is needed to fax Postscript files, and a image viewing program as
xloadimage is need to view incoming faxes. Note that you probably have to adapt
/etc/efax.rc to your needs.
81

Chatting “ICQ”, and Instant messaging “Msn messenger”
To communicate with others on the Internet. This is usually done in a chat room while
typing. Chatting can be done on a one to one basis or in a group. Examples: I like chatting
with other people in my favorite chat room. It makes me feel like I belong.
Chat abbreviations are commonly used in e-mail, online chatting, online discussion forum
postings, instant messaging, and in text messaging, especially between cell phone users.
Chatting is like e-mail, only it is done instantaneously and can directly involve multiple
people at once. While e-mail now relies on one more or less standard protocol, chatting still
has a couple competing ones. Of particular note are IRC and Instant Messenger. One step
beyond chatting is called MUDding.

Email service, Exchange server
Exchange, which is the software for the business server is designed to meet the messaging
and collaboration needs of businesses of all sizes, from small organizations to large
distributed enterprises. The most widely used Exchange software is Microsoft
Exchange, which together with its client software, Microsoft Outlook, can provide a highly
reliable, scalable, and easy to manage messaging and collaboration infrastructure.
Exchange software, like MS Exchange, allows businesses of all sizes to increase overall
productivity while lowering costs and creating new business opportunities. Hardware and
software costs go down through the use of included database features. Costs are reduced
by consolidating more users on individual servers through multiple message databases,
while ensuring system reliability and end user availability. Active/active clustering reduces
the hardware costs that are associated with passive clustered servers, but still ensure
reliability. Client software costs remain low because MS Exchange will work with any
version of MS Outlook.
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Cost reduction in system administration, management and training are also benefits of
Exchange. Changes can be made easier and the system provides a single point of
administration for all user information and networking and messaging resources.
The ability to increase team productivity through collaboration is one of the key features of
exchange. These built-in applications include group scheduling, moderated and nonmoderated discussion groups, document sharing among virtual teams, shared customer
tracking and management, and group task lists. E-mail discussion groups for tracking
issues on a project-by-project basis. Teams can create group calendars to keep track of key
events and public folders are used to maintain shared contact and task lists, increasing team
effectiveness.
The communication technology in Exchange, from E-mail to conferencing, allows the user
to communicate more effectively with customers, vendors, and suppliers, thereby
increasing the opportunity for better service and customer retention. Linking vendors,
suppliers, and partners together with the Exchange Server standards-based messaging and
collaboration infrastructure means better inventory control and tighter management of
resources. Refer to Appendix A for a full list of Exchange key features/benefits.

E-Commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services
on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, ebusiness, are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is
sometimes used.
Anther definition is: Ecommerce simply means electronic business Break ecommerce down
into e and business, and the definition is clear. E simply means anything done
electronically, usually via the Internet. Business means business...that you already
understand. E-commerce is the means of selling goods on the Internet, using web pages.
This involves much the same processes as selling goods elsewhere, but in a digital format.
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
Peer to Peer share, Sharing in general between PC’s
Peer-to-peer is a type of Internet network allowing a group of computer users with the same
networking program to connect with each other for the purposes of directly accessing files
from one another's hard drives.
Or on other words, P2P - A method of distributing files over a network. Using P2P client
software a client can advertise, send, or receive files with another client. Some P2P file
distribution systems require a centralized database of available files (such as Napster),
while other distribution systems (like Gnutella) are more decentralized.

Wireless Connections
There are many different ways to set up a wireless network. Obviously, a home network
will be smaller and simpler to set up than a small business network, which in turn, will be
simpler and less complex than a major corporate network. When setting up a network, you
can choose to have an entirely wireless network or one that is a combination of wireless
and wired equipment. It is usually simpler and less expensive to have an entirely wireless
network when starting from scratch and building a small home or home office network. But
if you already have a network, it makes sense to add wireless components to create a
combined wireless/wired network.
The home Wi-Fi network enables everyone within a house to access each other's
computers, send files to printers and share a single Internet connection. Within a small
business, a Wi-Fi network can easily improve workflow, give staff the freedom to move
around and allow all the users to share network devices (computers, data files, printers,
etc.) and a single Internet connection. The small office Wi-Fi network also makes it easy to
add new employees and computers. There is no need to install new data cables and install
cabling. Just add a Wi-Fi radio to the new computer, configure it and the new employee
can be up and running in minutes.
To allow access to the Internet, the Internet connection (DSL, ISDN or cable modem)
connects to the Wi-Fi gateway. Several Wi-Fi laptops can then wirelessly connect to the
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gateway. The laptop computers can connect through a built-in, or embedded, Wi-Fi radio
or through a standard slide-in PC Card radio.
The desktop computers can use a variety of types of Wi-Fi radios to connect to the wireless
network: a plug-in USB (Universal Serial Bus) radio, a built-in PCI Card radio or an Apple
AirPort module.
A single printer attached to one of the desktop computers enables all of the computers on
the network to print to it. Of course, the connected computer must be turned on to enable
the printer to function and communicate with the rest of the network.
It is also possible to use a stand-alone Wi-Fi equipped printer, or a printer with a Wi-Fi
print server. If you have a combination multifunction printer, scanner and fax machine, you
could access and operate this combo device, and its various capabilities, from any computer
on the network.

WebTV
WebTV allows users who don’t have a computer to log on to the internet. WebTV is a
perfect way to introduce your friends and family to e-mail and the fun of the Internet
because it’s easy to use and setup. Just hook the receiver up to a television and a phone line
and register for the monthly service. Surf the Web within minutes with no additional
hardware or software. To see if WebTV is available in your area and to get the latest prices
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check out the following website: http://join.msn.com/?page=msntv/home

Groups and forums
An online discussion group. Online services and bulletin board services (BBS's) provide a
variety of forums, in which participants with common interests can exchange open
messages. Forums are sometimes called newsgroups (in the Internet world) or conferences.
While Newsgroups are online discussion forums - bulletin boards - where users post and
reply to messages on a specific topic. Internet marketers use these forums to advertise for
their products. But they do so discretly and focused on giving relevant information in order
not to be banned from the group.
.

Hyperlinks
Hyperlink is an element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same
document or to an entirely different document. Typically, you click on the hyperlink to
follow the link. Hyperlinks are the most essential ingredient of all hypertext systems,
including the World Wide Web. It is possible to assign and edit the hyperlinks of the
objects by using the Hyperlink dialog. It lets you create hyperlinks of different types or
disable the hyperlink.
You can also create the links to Internet and e-mail addresses by typing them directly in
the object's text. The URL autoparsing enables the software to recognize and assign such
links automatically.
Hyperlinks are like springboards that send you:
1. To another location on the same Web page (great for really long scrolling pages!).
2. To a different page in your site.
3. To a different Web site.

Printing, television, telephone, fax, radio, photography, motion pictures, art,
demand publishing, information database/service, and convergence of modalities
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Conclusion:
The Internet has become interwoven into the fabric of the lives of most North Americans. Over
70 percent of all U.S. households have Internet access (Nielsen/NetRatings, February 2004).
New technologies are providing new communication options. The Internet can today be used
for interactive voice and video communications, even allowing communications between the
Internet and the public voice network. Service providers are realizing that by adding Internet
communication services to their consumer communication offerings, they can differentiate
their service bundles and increase overall revenue opportunities. The most popular and rapidly
growing Internet tool is the World Wide Web. If you have an interactive connection and a Web
browser (such as Netscape Navigator), and know the location of a document on the Internet,
you can go to that document, read it and/or copy it to your own computer. The document is on
a computer on the "core" Internet, in a section of the computer that the owner has decided to
make open to the visiting public. The ease of going from one file on one computer to another
file on another computer around the world has led to the term surfing used for following such
leads as one wishes--similar to browsing at a newsstand, in a bookstore or in the stacks of a
library (but more quickly). The Web can also be used to access a gopher, which gives access to
files by choosing from consecutive menus.
The project turned out to be an effectual, cooperative, and successful endeavor. We were able
to learn a lot not only in terms of course contents but also about working as a team. We
realized how important and vital those information/communication tools are for the world
around us but also for us as students and Engineers. We used Yahoo site as a platform of
communication with the team by creating and effectively using a new yahoo group that was
made especially and solely for this purpose. Our instructor was also invited as member of the
group so that he could supervise as well as guide the group activities. Overall, we not only
theoretically covered some important Internet tools but also practically used them. This gave us
a feel of Lab work outside the Lab environment but inside a virtual Environment (electronic
messaging environment).The project as a whole had a lot of work to do so it was easy that we
could divide our project so that everybody had sufficient part to do. The project came out very
nice with lot of information and nice graphical representation to share with others.
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