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Study Guide for Biology Midterm
Abbreviations used: C- carbon
H- hydrogen
O- oxygen
N- nitrogen
S- sulfur
P- phosphorous
PM- Plasma membrane
Chapter 1
1. Hierarchy of Body Organization (from smallest to largest)
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
2. Difference between deductive and inductive reasoning when an
example is given
Deductive-From general to specific (using previous knowledge) to
eliminate answers
Inductive- From specific to general to predict future
3. When given an example of an experiment, be able to choose between
a control and a variable in that experiment
Manipulated /Independent Variable- Factor that is changed in
experiment
Responding/Dependent Variable- What is measured or observed to
obtain results
Control/Controlling Variable- Stays the same, provides basis for
comparison
4. Parts of the scientific method
Observations/Questions- What the experimenter sees, hears, feels,
smells, tastes
Hypotheses/Predictions- Prediction about experiment’s results
Experiments/Tests- See number 3
Results- Outcome of experiment either supports or does not
support hypothesis
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Chapter 2 and 3
5. Different states of matter
Solid- Definite volume/shape
Liquid- Definite volume but not shape
Gas- No definite volume/shape
Plasma- No definite volume/shape composed of electrically
charged particles
6. Parts of an atom, atomic number/mass, isotopes
Protons- Positive charge, 1 AMU (atomic mass unit) each element
has unique amount of protons
Neutrons- No charge, 1 AMU, change in neutron results in isotope
Electrons- Negative charge, 1/1836 AMU, circles nucleus @ high
speeds in one of 7 energy levels (shells)
Atomic number- Number of protons
Atomic mass- Number of protons + number of neutrons
Isotope- Atom with same amount of protons but different number of
neutrons
7. Ionic bonds and covalent bonds and what makes an atom happy
Ionic bond- Two oppositely charged ions attract each other through
transfer of electron
Covalent bond- Atoms share 1, 2, 3 pairs of electrons
Octet rule- Atoms are stable (happy) when outermost energy level
has eight electrons (is filled)
8. Cohesion and adhesion
Cohesion- Attractive force between like particles
Adhesion- Attractive force between unlike particles
9. Know the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds,
hydrogen bonding
Polar covalent bond- Atoms share electrons unequally
Nonpolar covalent bond- Atoms share electrons equally
Hydrogen bonding- Water’s polarity causes molecules to be
attracted to each other, weak bond
10. Characteristics of solutions, mixtures, colloids, suspensions
Mixture- Two or more substances mixed together, no chemical
change (substances keep own properties)
Solutions- Homogeneous mixture (two or more substances mixed
evenly throughout), won’t settle or filter out of solution
Colloid- mixture with particle size between solution and suspension,
doesn’t settle out, can pass unchanged through filter paper, can be
centrifuged (spun into layers)
Suspension- Heterogeneous mixture (two or more substances not
evenly mixed), particles large enough to be seen by microscope or
unaided eye
11. Acid, base, and neutral solution by the pH scale
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Acidic- pH of less than 7, releases hydrogen ions (H+)
Basic solution- pH greater than 7, releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
Neutral solution- pH = 7, same amount of hydrogen ions as
hydroxide ions
12. Dissociation of water into which ions
Water disassociates into hydrogen and hydroxide ions: H2O  H+ +
OH13. Dehydration synthesis, monomers and polymer
Monomer- Large carbon compound built from smaller molecules
can bind to form polymers
Polymer- many monomers combined
Dehydration synthesis- reaction where monomers link to form
polymers (synthesis), water is released (dehydration)
Hydrolysis- Water (hydro) breaks down (lysis) bonds of complex
molecules such as polymers, opposite of dehydration synthesis
14. Exothermic and endothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction- Energy is released, product has more energy
than reactants
Endothermic reaction- Energy is absorbed, reactants have more
energy than product
15. Organic and inorganic substances
Organic substance- has C atoms that are covalently bonded to C,
H, O, and/or N
Inorganic substance16. Know what makes up organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids) and important facts about each-know the
differences between unsaturated and saturated fats
Carbohydrates-made of C, H, O, found in form CnH2nOn (includes
sugars, starches, cellulose), cells get energy from monosaccharide
Lipids- Large, nonpolar organic molecules (not true polymer)
(includes fats)
Higher ratio of C/H atoms to O atoms than in carbs
Main function: energy storage
Hydrophobic
Proteins- Contains C, O, H, N, and sometimes S
Nucleic acid- Contains C, O, H, N, P
Largest biological molecules in body
Stores genetic/heredity info.(DNA, RNA)
Made of thousands of linked nucleotides
Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
No double bonds
Flexible backbones
Pack into globules
Solid @ room temp.
From animals
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Has double bonds
Less flexible backbones
Don’t pack
Liquid @ room temp.
From plants
Chapter 4
17. Magnification of a microscope
Objective lens X eyepiece/ocular = total magnification
18. Parts of the cells, their functions membrane-bound organelles
Membrane-bound organelles include- Nucleus, Rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Mitochondria,
Plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus
Non-membrane-bound organelles include- flaggelum, cilia,
cytoskeleton, ribosomes, centriole
Plasma membrane- protects cell (guard at the gate)
Cytoplasm- where most cellular activity takes place
Cell wall- protects cell and helps keep shape
Nucleus- control center
Ribosomes- where protein synthesis takes place, not surrounded
by membrane
Lysosomes- digest food, destroy bacteria, recyle damaged
organelles, have membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum- inside the cytoplasm, transport system of
cells, provides surface area for chemical reations
Rough ER- Ribosomes attached, makes membranes/proteins
Smooth ER- Ribosomes not attached, makes lipids, stores calcium,
processes certain materials
Golgi Apparatus- packages, processes, secretes proteins
Contractile vacuole- pumps excess water from cell
Vacuole-mostly water
Plant vacuole- Large vacuole occupies 50-90% of cell, stores water
Mitochondria- Has own DNA, power-house of cell, high-energy
requirements
Centrioles- produce spindle fibers
19. Differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
Shape
Rectangle
Round
Cell wall
Present
Absent
Chlorophyll/plasts
Present
Absent
Vacuole
Large central
Smaller and more
vacuole
numerous
Centriole
None
Has
Not found in plant cells- flagella, lysosomes, centriole
Not found in animal cells- central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall
20. Parts of the Cell Theory
(a) All living things are made of cells
(b) Cell is the smallest living thing that can perform all functions of
life
(c) All cells come from preexisting cells
21. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
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Relatively small
No membranes-bound
organelles
2 groups: Archea/Bacteria
Relatively large
Has membrane-bound
organelles
Chapter 5
22. Understand the concept of selectively permeable and what makes up
a plasma membrane
PM made up of- phospholipid bilayer with protein, cholestrol floating
in the bilayer
-The PM controls passage of molecules from one side to other.
-The PM is semi-permeable because of phospholipid structure (one
end of phospholipid is hydrophilic other is hydrophobic)
23. Diffusion, osmosis, passive transport, active transport, pinocytosis,
carrier proteins
Passive transport- Cell doesn’t expend energy; used by oxygen,
carbon dioxide, water, amino acids
Diffusion- Type of passive transport (no energy from cell); driven by
molecules’ kinetic energy; substances move down concentration
gradient (from higher to lower concentration of the substance)
Osmosis- movement of water from higher to lower concentration or
from low high solute concentration
Active transport- Substances move up concentration gradient; cell
expends energy
Carrier proteins- Protein uses movements of molecules to push
molecule through membrane; cell doesn’t expend energy
Endocytosis- Brings substances into cell
Pinocytosis- Brings fluids/solutes from outside PM into cytoplasm
Phagocytosis- cell engulfs food/other cells
24. Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
Hypertonic solution- has more solute particles then the cell does;
therefore water exits the cell, causing shriveling- crenation in
animal cells and plasmolysis in plant cells
Hypotonic solution- has fewer solute particles then cell; water
enters cell causing
In animal cells- cytolysis- bursting
In plant cells- the cell to push against the cell wall
Isotonic solution- solute concentration is same in and out of cell
Chapter 6 and 7
25. Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, lactic acid
and alcoholic fermentation and understand glycolysis
Aerobic respiration- requires oxygen, goes through whole process
of cellular respiration (formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, etc.)
Anaerobic respiration- doesn’t need oxygen, goes through
glycolysis and then fermentation
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Alcohol fermentation- In some yeast and bacteria, pyuvate
becomes 2 alcohol (ethanol), 2 CO2, and 2 NAD+; will ultimately kill
cell that produces it,
Lactic Acid fermentation- in some animal/bacteria; 2 pyruvate2
lactic acid, 2 NAD+; accumulation causes muscle fatigue
Glycolysis- in cytoplasm; anaerobic; 6C sugar 2 pyruvic
acid/pyruvate; 2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced (net of 2 ATP), 2
NADH produced
26. Basics of photosynthesis, including what occurs during the light
reactions and during the Calvin cycle
Light Reactions- converts light energy into oxygen, NADPH, and
ATP; in thylakoid membrane
Calvin Cycle- After light reactions; in stroma; energy/electrons
provided by ATP and NADPH from light reactions; carbon fixation
bonds the C from CO2 to organic molecule, forming sugar; doesn’t
need light, but is dependent on light reactions
27. Basics of cellular respiration, including products of the Krebs cycle
are and how they are used in the electron transport chain (to power
the formation of 34 ATP molecules)
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis- in cytoplasm; anaerobic; 6C sugar 2 pyruvic
acid/pyruvate; 2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced (net of 2 ATP), 2
NADH produced
Formation of acetyl CoA- in the matrix; each pyruvate loses CO2,
then the 2C compound joins with coenzyme A forming acetyl CoA;
2 NADH are produced
Krebs Cycle- In the matrix; for each acetyl CoA, following are
produced: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 ATP (total of 4 CO2, 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 ATP)
Electron Transport Chain/Chemiosmosis- electrons from NADH and
FADH2 cause electrons to move down the chain eventually joining
1/2O2 and 2H+ and forming water; forms a concentration gradient
causing H+ to move into intermembrane space, then move through
ATP synthase, causing ADP to be phosphorylized (phosphate
group attached) and to turn into ATP
Substrate level
Oxidative
Total
phosphorylation phosphorylation
ATP
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH (4 ATP)
6
Formation of
0
2 NADH (6 ATP)
6
Acetyl CoA
Krebs
2
6 NADH (18 ATP)
24
Cycle/Electron
2 FADH2 (4 ATP)
Transport
Chain
Total
4
32
36
©2008 YHS Review.com
©2008 YHS Review.com