DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
Definitions – basic requirement
signalmolecules – in a different file!
15. + 16. lectures: Signal pathways
types of cell communications
15. lecture: Signal pathway – general principles
pheromone
paracrine signaling
autocrine signaling
endocrine communication
juxtacrine-effect
neurocrine signaling
gap-junction connection
signal transduction (signal transformation)
transferring the signal (relay)
signal amplification
signal divergence
signal modulation
scaffold proteins
upstream – downstream component
negative feedback
cross-talk
integration of signals
desensitization of receptors
receptor sequestration
domain
morphogen
slow and fast signalway
ligand
15. lecture: Components of signaling pathways
transducer
Second messenger
effector protein
cell surface receptor
cytoplasmic receptor (nuclear receptor)
ionotrope receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
Enzyme-linked receptor
nitric-oxide
cAMP
cGMP
Nobel prize
glucocorticoid receptor
G protein (monomer, trimer)
GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor kinase)
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
tyrosine kinase
serine/threonine kinase
Tyrosine-kinase associated receptors
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
phosphatase
Receptor tyrosine phosphatase
MAP kinase
inositol triphosphate
coincidence detector
Ubiquitination
Dissociation of an inhibitory protein
GTP-binding protein
calmodulin
CAM-kinase-II
calcium-dependent channel
The cAMP pathway
Phosphoinositol pathway
16.lecture:
Main
Signaling
Pathways
chaperon
adenil cyclase
protein kinase A (PKA)
protein kinase C (PKC)
phospholipase C
inositol-triphosphate (IP3 )
phosphatydil inositol-biphosphate (PIP2),
DAG (diacylglycerol)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Ras
PDGF
JAK/STAT signaling pathway
Janus kinase
TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway
NF-κB signaling pathway
Reticular versus neuron theory
17. lecture: Neural communication – Introduction
afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons (projection and local)
central and peripheral nerve system
Excitable cell
17. lecture: Neural communication – Operation of a neuron
semipermeable membrane
Donnan equilibrium
steady state
Equilibrium potential
Resting membrane potential
Transport proteins
ion channels
Voltage-gated channels
Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)
Phosphorylation-gated channels
Stretch-gated ion channels
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
ion selectivity filter
voltage sensor
activation gate
inactivation gate
Na+/K+-pump
K+-channel
Na+/Ca+-channels
Action potential
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Spatio-temporal summation
all or none principle
threshold potetial
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
saltatory conduction
Ranvier node
myelinated axons
GABA
synapse
17. lecture: Neural communication – Communication of neurons
chemical synapse, electrical synapse
neurotransmitter
amino acid neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
monoamine
catecholamines
neuropeptid
Ionotropic receptor
metabotropic receptor
Nicotinic acetylcholin receptor
Metabotropic receptor glutamate receptor
innate immune system
18. lecture: Immunbiology - I
adaptive immune system
thymus
bone marrow
anatomical barriers
granulocyte
inflammation
cellular immune response
humoral immune response
lymphoid organs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
pattern recognition receptors
TLR (toll-like receptor)
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
Hematopeietic stem cells (HSCs)
lymphoid progenitor cells
myeloid progenitor cells
hematopoesis
central (primary) lymphoid organs
peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs
cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
regulatory (suppressor) T cells
B cells
lymphocytes
The clonal selection theory
epitope
immundominant epitope
immunological memory
immunological tolerance
antibody
antigen
classes of antibodies
B cell development
antibody: heavy chain, light chain
antibody: constant and variable regions
IG domains
antibody diversity
primary antibody repertoire
secondary antibody repertoire
combinatorial diversification
Somatic hypermutation
class switching
activation-induced deaminase (AID)
affinity maturation
germinal centers
T receptor
MHC proteins
antigen-presenting cells
MHC-I
MHC-II
dendritic cells
chromosome imprinting
19. lecture: Developmental Genetics
X chromosome inactivation
Barr body
embryonic induction
maternal effect
Drosophila
blastoderm fate map
ectopic position
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
neural tube
bicoid gene
zygotic lethal mutations
hunchback gene
Krüppel gene
gap gene
pair-rule gene
homeiotic genes, hox genes
Antennapedia complex
Bithorax complex
homeobox
homeodomain
phenocopy
bithorax mutation, homeiotic mutation
atavism
homeiosis
Holt-Orem syndrome
AER (apical ectodermal ridge)
Contergan babies
in situ hybridisation
monoamine-oxidase (MAO)
20. lecture: Genes and Behavior
serotonin transporter (SERT)
MAO-A gene
NO synthase
testosterone
grb10 gene (dominance)
COMT gene (catechol-O-methyl transferase)
addiction
Ddr2 gene (dopamin receptor)
monogamous – AVPR1a gene (arginin vasopressin)
Ddr4-R7 – novelty seeking
biotechnology
21. lecture: Biotechnology
“colors” of biotechnology
gentechnology
recombinant gentechnology
molecular cloning
21. lecture: cloning
cell cloning
organism cloning
reproductive cloning
therapeutic (research) cloning
asexual and sexual cloning
natural cloning
cloning of a frog
cloning of dolly and snoopy
epigenetic reprogramming
illegitimate recombination
21. lecture: Rekombinant gentechnology
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
homologous recombination
primary cell culture
immortalized cell lines
tumor cell lines
Gene delivery techniques to cultured cells
liposom (gene delivery)
transgene
transient expression
stabile expression
GMO
transgenic organism
Gene delivery to germ line cells
Gene delivery to body (somatic) cells
pronuclear microinjection
knockout animals
recombinant protein
recombinant insulin
polyclonal antibodies
monoclonal antibodies
antibiotics
First generation GMOs
21. lecture: GMO
Second generation GMOs
Third generation GMOs
pesticide
golden rice
transgenic livestock
beningn tumor
22. lecture: Cancer
pre-malignant tumor
malignant tumor (cancer)
carcinoma
sarcoma
adenocarcinoma
leukemia
lymphoma
proto-oncogene
oncogene
tumorsupressor gene
two hit hypothesis
multiple-hit hypothesis
Human papillom virus
sporadic tumor
neurofibromatosis
adenomatosis poliposis coli
retinoblastoma
p53 and cancer
BRCA
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
Xeroderma pigmentosum
miRNAs and cancer
metastasis
seed and soil' theory
founder effect
EGF – epidermal growth factor receptor
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Growth factor receptors (GFRs)
Ras oncogene
mutation
23. lecture: Chromosomal disorders
non-disjunction
euploidy
aneuploidy
trisomy
monosomy
triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid
translocation
transposition
inversion
duplication
deficiency
addiction
deletion
transition
transversion
frame shift mutation
basepair substitution
Down-symdrome
Edwards-syndrome
Patau-syndrome
Williams-syndrome
Wolf-Hirschorn-syndrome
Prader-Willi-syndrome
Angelman-syndrome
Klinefelter-syndrome
Turner-syndrome
Cri-du-chat-syndrome
X chromosome pseudo-autosomale region
genetic imbalance
haplo-insufficient
triplo-abnormality
Robertson-translocation
partial trisomy
acrocentric chromosom
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
loss of function mutation
gain of function
dominant negative mutation
neomorf mutation
polydactyly
Marfan-syndrome
single gene disorder
24. lecture: Monogenic disorders
complex-, poligenic-, multifactorial disease
Heterozygote advantage
cystic fibrosis
sickle cell anemia
Phenylketonuria
SCID
X-linked SCID
ADA deficiency
Duchenne-muscular dystrophy
aneroxia nervosa
24. lecture: Obesity, Mitochondrial diseases, Osteoporosis
leptin
POMC
orexigen signals
osteoporosis
bone matrix remodeling
mitochondrial disease
mitochondrial DNA
“all or nothing” principle
24. lecture: Cardiovascular diseases
action potentials
arrythmia
Sudden cardiac death
long QT syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome
Hypersensitivity
24. lecture: Immunological disorders
asthma
Reumatoid arthritis
insulin-dependent diabetes (type I.)
stress response
25. lecture: Mental disorders of the mind
HPA axis
Anxiety
benzodiazepine
COMT gene – anxiety
depression – monoamine hypothesis
depression - diathesis hypothesis
serotonin-reuptake pump
SSRI
depression – SERT gene
schizophrenia – dopamine hypothesis
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
schizophrenia – glutamate hypothesis
NMDA receptor
Huntington disease
25. lecture: Disorders of the brain
huntingtin gene
guanine expansion
Parkinson disease – dopamine hypothesis
Alzheimer disease – cholinergic hypothesis
Alzheimer disease – amyloid hypothesis
Alzheimer disease – tau hypothesis
26. lecture: Stem cells
totipotent stem cell
pluripotent stem cell
multipotent stem cell
unipotent stem cell
postmitotic stem cell
embryonic stem cell
adult stem cell
progenitor cell
Umbilical Cord Blood
inner cell mass
blastocysts
nuclear transfer
in vitro fertilization
bone marrow transplantation
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)
germ line gene therapy
26. lecture: Gene therapy
somatic gene therapy
retrovirus vector
Edward Jenner
26. lecture: Vaccines
passive immunisation
aktive immunisation
inactivated vaccine
live vaccine
attenuated vaccine
cowpox
recombinant vaccine
evidence-based medicine
27. lecture: Medical Genomics
translational medicine
medical genomics
personalized medicine
predictive medicine
molecular biology
molecular genomics
structural genomics
functional genomics
integrative genomics
2012 spring semester
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DEFINITIONS – BASIC REQUIREMENT
transcriptomics
proteomics
comparative genomics
in silico genomics
genetic marker
phenotypic marker
physical distance
genetic distance
centiMorgan
gene conversion
recombination fraction
SNP
haplotype
haplotype mapping
ancient haplotype
lacZ gene
28. lecture: Frontiers of Molecular Biology
Fluorescent protein
GFP
BAC technology
DNA template
Seminar, Practice
DNA polymerase
Primer
Buffer
PCR
Restriction endonuclease
DNS ligase
Plasmid vector
Western blot
ELISA
polyacrylamide gel elektrophoresis
Blotting
Sanger sequencing method
dideoxi-nucleotide
Stop-nucleotide method
DNA chip
Chromosome walking
Real-Time PCR
SYBR Green
Please note that the definition list contains terms that only occurs in the "Definitions" section of the exam paper.
To learning this material are not substitute the meaningful learning of the whole material.
2012 spring semester
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