NEW STEPS IN LATIN
as of Sunday, March 06, 2016
(S:\CLASSIC\NEW RITCHIE’S I\NEWSTEPS.DOC)
M. Allen
T. Kent
M. Klaassen
M. Konopka
L. Pearcy
A. Pearson
1
Lesson I
VERBS
VERBS have person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
The PERSON is 1st, 2nd, or 3rd:
NUMBER is singular or plural :
SINGULAR
1st person
I
PLURAL
1st person
we
you
he, she, it
2nd person
rd
3 person
2nd person
rd
3 person
you
they
There are six TENSES: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
There are five MOODS: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, participle.
There are two VOICES: active, passive.
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Present System Active Voice
There are four categories of verbs in Latin, known as CONJUGATIONS.
A verb has four PRINCIPAL PARTS.
amv, amtum
Verbs whose second principal part ends in -re belong to the FIRST CONJUGATION.
To find the present stem of a First Conjugation verb, remove –re from the second principal part.
Example:
am,
amre,
AMRE
- RE
AMThe PRESENT tense is formed by adding the personal endings to the present stem:
am -
PRESENT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
personal endings
-
-s
-t
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

 

am

amat
I love,
- am loving,
you love,
- are loving, - do love
he/she/it loves, - is loving,
- do love
- does love

Plural
st
present stem + personal ending
-mus
-tis
-nt
 
 



amant
we love,
- are loving, - do love
you love,
- are loving, - do love
they love,
- are loving, - do love
*The stem vowel -- is dropped in front of the first person singular ending, -.

Note that there are three ways to express the present tense in English.
In Latin the personal ending is usually used instead of the personal pronoun to indicate the subject; therefore the word
amat may be a complete sentence, He loves.
2
Vocabulary I
First Conjugation Verbs (like am)
I
II
III
Adverb
IV
am,
,
,

love, like
laud,
,
,

praise
rog,
,
,

ask
voc,
,
,

call
vulner,
,
,

wound, hurt
Exercise I
A.
1. .
11.  .
2. Rogant.
12. Nn .
3. .
13. Amat.
4. Vulner.
14. .
5. Laudat.
15.  voc.
6. .
16. .
7. Vocant.
17. Laudant.
8.  laud.
18. .
9. Rogat.
19. .
20.  .
10. Amant.
B.
1. I praise.
11. She is praising.
2. We are calling.
12. They do wound.
3. You (sg.) love.
13. I call.
4. He does not ask.
14. You (pl.) are asking.
5. They wound.
15. We love.
6. You (pl.) love.
16. He loves.
7. It is wounding.
17. You (sg.) ask.
8. I am praising.
18. They are not calling.
9. You (pl.) do not call.
19. We hurt.
10. We praise.
20. It is not praising.
3

not
Lesson II
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Present System Active Voice
The IMPERFECT tense expresses continuous or repeated action in past time. The letters
endings:
-b- appear before the personal
IMPERFECT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
present stem + ending
imperfect endings
-bm
-b
-bat
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
I was loving,
- loved,
- used to love
you were loving,
- loved,
- used to love
he/she/it was loving, - loved,
- used to love
we were loving,
- loved,
- used to love
you were loving,
- loved,
- used to love
they were loving,
- loved,
- used to love

Plural
st
b





-
-
-bant






 There are various ways to express the imperfect tense in English: I was loving, I loved, I used to love.
The FUTURE tense expresses action yet to happen. First Conjugation verbs use the letter
adding the personal endings.
-b- + variable vowel before
FUTURE TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
future endings
-b
-bis
-bit
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
-bimus
-bitis
-bunt
present stem + ending
 
 
 

 
 
 



I will love,
- am going to love
you will love,
- are going to love
he/she/it will love,
- is going to love



we will love,
-are going to love
you will love,
-are going to love
they will love,
-are going to love
4
Vocabulary II
First Conjugation Verbs
cantō,
err,
port,
pugn,
ā,
,
,
,
āī,
,
,
,
(like am
ā



sing
wander; be mistaken
carry
fight
Exercise II
A.
1. 
11.
.
2. .
12.
 .
3. .
13.
.
4. .
14.
.
5. .
15.
.
6. Rog.
16.
n e.
7. .
17.
Laudant.
8. rrat.
18.
.
9. Nn .
19.
 .
10.  .
20.
.
B.
1. He used to wound.
11. They will ask.
2. They were fighting.
12. I am going to wander.
3. You (sg.) will love.
13. She is fighting.
4. I will sing.
14. You (pl.) were calling.
5. You (pl.) were praising.
15. You (sg.) were wounding.
6. It will carry.
16. We will not be mistaken.
7. I was not asking.
17. He used to wander.
8. She is going to like.
18. I am going to praise.
9. You (pl.) are mistaken.
19. We used to love.
10. They do not sing.
20. We will not carry.
5
Lesson III
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice
The PERFECT tense expresses completed action in past time.
The PERFECT STEM is found by removing the final – from the third principal part:



-


-
The perfect tense is formed by adding the perfect endings to the perfect stem.
PERFECT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
perfect endings




st

perfect stem + ending
1 person

nd
2 person
rd
3 person


 
 
  

Plural
st







mus
-istis
runt






we loved,
- have loved, - did love
you loved,
- have loved, - did love
they loved,
- have loved, - did love
Learn to recognize and use distinct translations of the perfect tense:
Aorist translation
I loved,
- did love
we loved,
- did love
you loved,
- did love
you loved,
- did love
he/she/it loved - did love
they loved,
- did love
Perfect translation
I have loved
we have loved
you have loved
you have loved
he/she/it has loved
they have loved
6
Vocabulary III
serv,
par,
First Conjugation Verbs (like am)
, , 
watch over, guard, save
,
, 
prepare
Conjunction
et
and
Exercise III
A.
1. .
13.
Pugnvrunt.
2. P.
14.
.
3. Rogtis.
15.
Nn .
4. .
16.

5. vimus et laudimus.
17.
Servs.
6. Nn servbat.
18.
vit.
7. n vrunt.
19.
Parbunt.
8. Laudvit et amvrunt.
20.
Nn portbit.
9. Ams.
21.
Errvistis.
10.
Parvit.
22.
vimus et vimus.
11.
Nn portbat.
23.
Nn rogb.
12.
Vulnerv.
24.
Cantbam.
1. I have prepared.
13.
We have asked.
2. He did wound.
14.
You (sg.) used to prepare.
3. We saved.
15.
I fought.
4. You (pl.) sang.
16.
They will call and you (pl.) will save.
5. You (sg.) were praising.
17.
She is wandering.
6. They have carried.
18.
You (pl.) have guarded.
7. It has not called.
19.
I will not hurt.
8. I will watch over.
20.
He was singing.
9. She was loving.
21.
We will prepare and we will carry.
B.
10.
I am asking.
22.
They have not loved.
11.
They have not praised.
23.
She has saved.
12.
You (sg.) wandered.
24.
You (sg.) have not asked.
7
Lesson IV
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice
THE PLUPERFECT TENSE is formed by adding the pluperfect endings to the perfect stem. The pluperfect endings include
the letters -er- before the personal endings.
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Singular
perfect stem + ending
pluperfect endings
-eram
-ers
-erat
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person



I had loved
amvermus
amvertis
amverant
we had loved
you had loved
he/she/it had loved

Plural
-ermus
-ertis
-erant
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

amveram
amvers
amverat



you had loved
they had loved
The pluperfect tense is translated with the helping verb had.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE is formed by adding the future perfect endings to the perfect stem. The future perfect
endings include the letters -eri- before the personal endings. In the first person singular, the ending is -er.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Singular
perfect stem + ending
future perfect endings
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
-er
-eris
-erit



I will have loved
amverimus
amveritis
amverint
we will have loved
you will have loved
he/she/it will have loved

Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

amver
amveris
amverit
-erimus
-eritis
-erint



you will have loved
they will have loved
The future perfect tense is translated with the combination of helping verbs will have.
THE SENTENCE
Every SENTENCE consists of a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE.
The subject is what the sentence is about.
The predicate is what is said about the subject.
In Latin, a sentence can consist of a single word:
Example:
Amat. She loves.
(The subject is expressed by the personal ending of the verb.)
OR the subject may be a separate word in the NOMINATIVE CASE.
Example:
Puella amat.
The girl loves.
8
Vocabulary IV
First Declension Nouns
Nominative



Genitive
Gender
puella,
puellae,
feminine
girl

rgnae,
feminine
queen
agricola,
agricolae,
masculine
farmer

potae,
masculine
poet
Nouns will always be introduced in the manner above: The nominative, genitive, gender and English meaning.
Exercise IV
A.
1. .
11.
 et rogbit.
2. Laudverant.
12.
Nn .
3. 
13.
Pota cantvit.
4. .
14.
Agricola errat et cantat.
5. Nn vulnervermus.
15.
Puella nn rogverat.
6. Cantveram.
16.
Agricola portat.
7. Pugneritis et vulnerveritis.
17.
Nn amvertis.
8. Errbunt.
18.
Servver.
9. verit.
19.
Nn vulnervist.
vit.
20.
Rgna nn .
1. You (pl.) will have sung.
11.
I had fought and wandered.
2. We had prepared.
12.
The queen will ask.
3. She had not sung.
13.
The farmer will have asked.
4. You (sg.) will have carried.
14.
We were not calling.
5. He had not praised.
15.
I am mistaken.
6. The girl will have been mistaken.
16.
The farmer has fought.
7. You (sg.) are guarding.
17.
You (sg.) have prepared.
8. We had loved.
18.
You (pl.) had not wounded.
9. The poet was praising.
19.
They had saved.
20.
The girl was liking.
10.
B.
10.
They had called.
9
Lesson V
FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS
NOUNS have case, number, and gender.
There are five CASES: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative.
There are two NUMBERS: singular, plural.
There are three GENDERS: masculine, feminine, neuter.
Nouns of the first declension have a genitive singular ending in –ae.
To find the stem of any Latin noun remove the ending from the genitive singular form:
PUELLAE
-AE
PUELLNouns are declined by adding case endings to the noun stem.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

1st declension ending
-a
-ae
-ae
-am
-





puella
puellae
puellae
puellam
puell
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
of the girl, girl’s
to / for the girl
the girl
by / with / from the girl

Plural
Nominative
the girl
-ae
-rum
-s
-s
-s





puellae

puells
puells
puells
girls
of the girls, girls’
to / for the girls
girls
by / with / from the girls
Latin has no ARTICLES. Supply the DEFINITE ARTICLE the or the INDEFINITE ARTICLE a / an as needed in English.
Most nouns of the first declension are of the feminine gender.
RULE: The subject of a sentence is in the nominative case.
Example:
Puella (nom.) cantat.
The girl sings.
RULE: The Verb agrees with its subject in person and number. This is the FIRST RULE OF CONCORD.
Examples:
Puella (3rd sg.) cantat (3rd sg.).
Puellae (3rd pl.) cantant (3rd pl.).
10
Vocabulary V
First Declension Nouns (like puella)
Nominative
aqua,
epistula,
patria,

Genitive
aquae,
epistulae,
patriae,
From now on the gender will always be abbreviated:
f.
f.
f.
water
letter
native land
m. = masculine, f. = feminine, and n. = neuter.
Exercise V
A.
1. R pugnat.
11.
 cantant.
2. Puellae nn .
12.
Vocvistis.
3.  vulnerbit.
13.
Nn portbimus.
4.  nn errbit.
14.
Puella erat et .
5. Aquae cantbant.
15.
Agricolae et  nn pugnant.
6. Patria laudverat.
16.
Epistulae nn laudverint.
7. Portbis.
17.
Puellae cantvrunt.
8. Nn rog.
18.

9. Agricola servverit.
19.
Agricolae servverant.
20.
Nn vulnerverm.
1. He is singing.
11.
The girls will have fought.
2. You (pl.) did hurt.
12.
The native land was calling.
3. I was preparing.
13.
They are not carrying.
4. The farmer has sung.
14.
I had fought and wounded.
5. The girls did not ask.
15.
The farmer used to call and ask.
6. The queen prepares.
16.
The letter will praise.
7. The poets will have praised.
17.
The queen sang.
8. A girl loves and sings.
18.
You (pl.) had been mistaken.
9. We will have watched over.
19.
We had called and praised.
20.
The farmer has not called.
10.
Rgnae portverant.
B.
10. The poets wander.
11
Lesson VI
SECOND CONJUGATION: - VERBS
Present System Active Voice
Verbs whose second principal part ends in - belong to the SECOND CONJUGATION:
Example:
mone, monre, monu, monitum
To find the present stem of a second conjugation verb, remove the -re from the second principal part.
MONRE
-RE
MONThe –- of the stem shortens before another vowel and before final –t or
Singular
PRESENT TENSE

1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1 person
nd
2 person
3rd person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
- are advising,
- do advise
he/she/it advises,
- is advising,
- does advise
monmus
montis
monent
we advise,
- are advising,
- do advise
you advise,
- are advising,
- do advise
they advise,
- are advising,
- do advise
monbam
mon
monbat
I was advising,
- advised,
- used to advise
you were advising,
- advised,
- used to advise
he/she/it was advising, - advised,
- used to advise
monbmus
monbtis
monbant
we were advising,
- advised,
- used to advise
you were advising,
- advised,
- used to advise
they were advising,
- advised,
- used to advise
FUTURE TENSE

1st person
Plural
 
you advise,

st
Singular

IMPERFECT TENSE

1st person
Plural
mone
mons
monet

st
Singular
–nt.
monb
monbis
monbit
I will advise,
- am going to advise
you will advise,
- are going to advise
he/she/it will advise,
- is going to advise
monbimus
monbitis
monbunt
we will advise,
- are going to advise
you will advise,
- are going to advise
they will advise,
- are going to advise

DIRECT OBJECTS OF TRANSITIVE VERBS
A noun that receives the action of a verb is a DIRECT OBJECT. A verb which takes a direct object is called TRANSITIVE.
RULE: The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.
The teacher praises the girl. “Girl” is the direct object of the transitive verb “praises.”
Magister laudat puellam. Puellam, in the accusative, is the direct object of the transitive verb laudat.
In a Latin sentence, the direct object usually comes before the verb:
Magister puellam laudat.
12
Vocabulary VI
Second Conjugation Verbs (like mone)
mone,
terre,
doce,
tene,
monre,
terrre,
docre,
tenre,
monu,
terru,
docu,
tenu,
monitum
territum
doctum
tentum
warn, advise
Conjunction
sed
but
frighten
teach
hold, contain
Exercise VI
A.
1.  docet.
13. Agricolae aquam  tenent.
2. Agricola aquam tenbat.
14.
Po
3. Aqua puellam terret.
15.
Pota epistulam parbit et rgnam docbit.
4. .
16.
Potae agricolam vocbant et laudbant.
5. Pota rgnam monbit.
17.
gnaagricols monbat.
6. Epistulam servvertis, sed errvistis.
18.
Puella rgns monet et docet.
7. Nn cantbimus, sed docbimus.
19.
Potae patriam servvrunt.
8. Agricols terrbtis.
20.
Aquam laudtis.
9. Puellae epistulam .
21.
.
10.
Puellae patriam amverint.
22.
Patriam am.
11.
Puellae  cantvrunt.
23.
Rgnam nn laudvermus.
12.
Potae rgnam laudvrunt.
24.
Epistuls tenbunt.
1.
The queen teaches the girl.
9. He has not called the poet.
2.
The girls will advise the queen.
10. Poets sing and advise queens.
3.
The queens were teaching the girls.
11. The girls were holding letters.
4.
A girl frightened the farmer.
12. You (pl.) have hurt the poets.
5.
The water will frighten the poets.
13. The queen used to teach the poet.
6.
We wounded the farmers.
14. The poets will teach the queen.
7.
You (pl.) were holding the letters.
15. We will have carried the water.
8.
I will teach the farmers.
16. You (sg.) had advised the queen.
B.
17. Girls love water, but farmers love the native land.
18. She was holding the farmer, but was carrying the girl.
19. You (sg.) had carried the letters, but you wandered.
13
Lesson VII
SECOND CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice

The PERFECT STEM is found by removing the final – from the third principal part:
MONU
-
MONU-
The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses are formed by adding endings to the perfect stem.

The endings are the same as in the first conjugation.
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
3rd person
PERFECT TENSE
perfect stem + ending



Plural
st
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
3rd person
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
3rd person
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

we advised,
-have advised, -did advise
you advised,
-have advised, -did advise
they advised,
-have advised, -did advise
PLUPERFECT TENSE




 I had advised
 you had advised
 he/she/it had advised




we had advised
you had advised
they had advised
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE




 I will have advised
 you will have advised
 he/she/it will have advised


st
have adviseddid advise
you advised
have adviseddid advise
he/she/it advisedhas adviseddid advise



Plural
st
I advised



we will have advised
you will have advised
they will have advised
GAPPING
A word having the same function in more than one clause need not be repeated in Latin.
Agricola umbram vdit sed nn puella. The farmer saw the ghost, but the girl did not.
Sometimes the word used in both clauses appears only in the second
Agricola umbram sed nn puellam vdit. The farmer saw the ghost, but not the girl.
14
Vocabulary VII
Second Conjugation Verb (like mon)
vide, ,
,

First Declension Nouns (like puella)
ra,
rae
porta,
portae
silva,
silvae
umbra, umbrae
see
f.
f.
f.
f.
anger, wrath
gate
forest, woods
shadow, ghost
Exercise VII
A.
1. Umbrae  , sed nn agricols.
11.
Umbrae   .
2. Umbrae agricols , sed  silvae.
12.
Patriam  ītis.
3.   , sed aquam.
13.
 et  .
4. Agricola  , sed   agricolam.
14.
Puellae  amant.
5. Umbram nn vders,  .
15.
 , sed nn ports.
6. ram  ; ira puellam terruit.
16.
Portae puells  tenent.
7. Puella patriam derat, sed nn aquam.
17.
Agricolae  .
8.  s.
18.
ra  docuit et agricolam monuit.
9.  , sed nn umbrs.
19.
  et aquam laudant.
ram  , sed agricolam amās.
20.
Epistulae  .
1. The poet has saved the queen, but not the farmer.
10.
They saw the letters, but not the ghost.
2. The poet did not advise the farmer, but the queen did.
11.
I had held the water, but the queen did not.
3. The girls had held the water, but not the letters.
12.
You (sg.) were seeing the shadows.
4. The ghost had terrified the poet, but not the girls.
13.
The letter had advised the queen.
10.
B.
5. The poets did not frighten the farmers, but the girls did. 14.
We love the water, but not the forest.
6. We will not fight the native land.
15.
The poets do not praise the forest.
7. You (pl.) had seen the forest, not the gates.
16.
We will have taught the poets.
8. We love the woods and the shadows.
17.
They have held the water.
9. The ghost calls the girl, but not the queen.
18.
You (pl.) will prepare the letters.
19. The ghost saw the girls, but the girls did not see the ghost.
20. The poet will have taught the queen; the farmer won’t have.
15
Lesson VIII
SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS
Nouns whose genitive singular ends in
- belong to the SECOND DECLENSION.
To find the stem of any Latin noun, remove the ending from the genitive singular form.
DOMIN
-

LIBR





Masculine nouns of the second declension have a nominative singular ending in
2nd declension ending
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-us
-
-
-um
-





-
-rum
-s
-s
-s





Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
dominus
domin
domin
dominum
domin

domin
dominrum
domins
domins
domins
--
-
-um
-
the master
of the master, master’s
to / for the master
the master
by / with / from the master
masters
of the masters, masters’
to / for the masters
masters
by / with / from the masters
stem + ending





lber
libr
libr
librum

the book
of the book, book’s
to / for the book
the book
by / with / from the book

Plural




libr
librrum
librs
librs
books
Accusative
-
-rum
-s
-s
Ablative
-s

librs
by / with / from the books
Nominative
Genitive
Dative

stem + ending
2nd Declension Ending
Nominative
–us or –r .
Note that in declining
of the books, books'
to / for the books
books
liber the -e- is dropped in all cases except nominative singular.
16
Vocabulary VIII
Second Declension Nouns (like liber and dominus)
ager,
liber,
magister
agr
libr
magistr
m.
m.
m.
dominus,
deus,
field
book
domin
de
m.
m.
master
god
teacher
,
Exercise VIII
A.
1. Magister docuit.
13.
Pota nn cantat.
2. Domin librum tenbu
14.
Puellae s et agrs vdrunt.
3. De agricolam monurunt.
15.
Des monu.
4. Agricolae agrs parverint.
16.
Nn 
5.  dominum docuerit.
17.
Dominus ports servat.
6. Aquam portvermus.
18.
Rgna poets et magistrbit.
7. Silva umbrs nn tenet.
19.
Liber ram laudvit.
8.  parbmus, nn librs.
20.
Agricolae pugnverint, sed nn potae.
9. De et umbrae dominum terrbant.
21.
Umbra rg terruit, sed nn magistrum.
10.
Rgna agrs nn laudat.
22.
Puellam vd et tenu.
11.
Agricola librs et epistuls portbit.
23.
verant, sed nn rgnam.
12.
n errant, sed domin.
24.
De nn pugnbant, et regnam laudbant.
1. A girl loves the book.
13.
I have held the letters.
2. The teacher will have sung.
14.
You (pl.) had warned the farmers.
3. We will not advise the teacher.
15.
A book was praising the poet.
4. The gods taught the girls, but not the master.
16.
You (sg.) will see the gate.
5. The book teaches the queens.
17.
I will ask the queen and the farmers.
6. The letter had praised the master.
18.
Anger will have wounded the gods.
7. The god sees the native land and the queen.
19.
The teacher used to frighten the girls.
8. I have called the god.
20.
The farmer prepares the fields.
B.
9. The queens were not wandering, but the ghosts were. 21.
We saw the native land.
10.
The book does not praise farmers.
22.
The books have not taught the girls, but the teacher has.
11.
The teacher will carry the girl.
23.
The queen will have sung.
12.
The letters wound the poets.
24.
Books warn the girls, but do not frighten (them).
17
Lesson IX
SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS (CONTINUED)
Second declension nouns ending in –um in the nominative singular are neuter.

2nd declension ending
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-um
-
-
-um
-





verbum
verb
verb
verbum
verb
word
verba
verbrum
verbs
verba
verbs
words
of the word, word’s
to / for the word
word
by / with / from the word

Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-a
-rum
-s
-a
-s





of the words, words’
to / for the words
words
by / with / from words
RULE: For neuter nouns in Latin, the nominative and accusative forms are the same, and the plural of those cases ends in –a.
A few second declension masculine nouns have a stem that is the same as the nominative singular.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
puer
puer
puer
puerum
puer
boy
of the boy, boy’s
to / for the boy
boy
by / with / from the boy
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
puer
puerrum
boys
puers
puers
puers
to / for the boys
of the boys, boys’
boys
by / with / from boys
18
Vocabulary IX
Second Conjugation Verb (like mone)
time,
timre,
timu,
---
Second Declension Nouns (like verbum, magister)
factum,
verbum,
puer,
vir,
fear, be afraid of
fact
verb
puer
vir
n.
n.
m.
m.
deed
word
boy
man
Exercise IX
A.
1. Puer factum timet.
11.
Magistr n monurunt.
2. rint.
12.
s et librs tenbit.
3.  nn .
13.
Puellae et rgnae nn bant.
4. Facta puerum docurunt.
14.
Agricola sbat, pota verba.
5. Factum puerum terret.
15.
Libr virs nn terrrunt.
6.  vdrant, sed nn umbrs.
16.
Vir verba nn cantverat.
7. Vir n servbunt.
17.
Liber verba, nn facta .
8.  verba cantbat.
18.
Vir ports nn servbunt.
9.  umbrdrunt, sed nn silvs.
19.
Patriam nn amvistis, sed rgnam.
20.
n ls, sed epistuls, tene.
1. I like the boy.
11.
The teacher was fearing the ghosts.
2. The girls prepare words.
12.
The masters will have called the god.
3. The god will frighten the ghosts.
13.
We had frightened the farmers, not the poet.
4. The man praises the native land, but not the queen.
14.
The gods will not carry the waters.
5. The letter was holding words.
15.
The boy had hurt the farmer.
6. You (sg.) will have seen the deed.
16.
The farmer did not prepare the field.
7. The letters praise the girls.
17.
Anger will not wound the gods, but men.
8. The water had wandered.
18.
You (pl.) were holding the gates.
9. We taught the deeds, but not the words.
19.
I loved, but did not praise, the anger.
20.
The gods praised the words and deeds.
10. Rgna puers rog
B.
10. The books have advised the boys.
19
Lesson X
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS
Present System Active Voice
Verbs whose second principal part ends in -ere belong to the THIRD CONJUGATION.
To find the present stem of a third conjugation verb, remove –ere from the second principal part.
example: dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead
DCERE
-ERE
DCIn the third conjugation a vowel appears between the stem and any ending beginning with a consonant. Note how the
vowel varies.
Singular
st
1 person
2nd person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
2nd person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
PRESENT TENSE

ending
-
-s
-t



nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
-mus
-tis
-nt



1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

- am leading,
- do lead
you lead,
- are leading,
- do lead
he/she/it leads, - is leading,
- does lead
dcimus
dcitis
dcunt
we lead,
- are leading,
- do lead
you lead,
- are leading,
- do lead
they lead,
- are leading,
- do lead
IMPERFECT TENSE

ending
-bam
-bs
-bat



dcbam
dcbs
dcbat
I was leading,
-led,
-used to lead
you were leading,
-led,
-used to lead
he/she/it was leading, -led,
-used to lead
dcbmus
dcbtis
dcbant
we were leading,

-bmus
-btis
-bant



ending
-am
-s
-et
-led, -used to lead
you were leading, -led, -used to lead
they were leading, -led, -used to lead
FUTURE TENSE




dcam
dcs
dcet
I will lead,
-am going to lead
you will lead,
-are going to lead
he/she/it will lead,
-is going to lead
dcmus
dctis
dcent
we will lead,
-are going to lead
you will lead,
-are going to lead
they will lead,
-are going to lead

Plural
st
I lead,

Plural
1st person
dc
d
dcit
-mus
-tis
-ent



In the third conjugation the future tense is marked by vowels.
20
Vocabulary X
3rd Conjugation Verbs (like dc)
dc,
mitt,
pn,
b,
dcere,
mittere,
,
scrbere,
dx,
ms,
psu,
scrps,
ductum
missum
p
scrptum
lead
send
put, place, set up
write
Exercise X
A.
1. Magister puers .
11. Puella epistulam mittet.
2. Pota verba scrbbat.
12. Epistulam nn vdimus.
3.  et epistuls .
13. Deus  et  .
4. Vir librs .
14. Rgnae magistrum .
5.  mitt.
15. Aquam nn mittbtis.
6. Cantbis, sed nn vocbis.
16. Puellae et puer patriam amant.
7. Libr nn errbunt, sed potae.
17. De facta, nn verba, .
8. Agricolae librs .
18. Rgnae  .
9. ra dominum terruerit.
19. Agrs et n aquam, vdistis.
10. Magistr verba b.
20. Umbra puellam nn vulnerbit.
B
1. We will lead boys and girls.
11. God will send water.
2. I used to write letters, not books.
12. The farmer has prepared the field.
3. You (sg.) are going to write a letter.
13. The teacher was leading the men.
4. The poets send books.
14. Girls are holding the gate.
5. I will send the letter.
15. Boys do not write letters, but men do.
6. The master had advised the poet.
16. We had praised the gods and the men.
7. She frightens men, not girls.
17. I love woods and fields.
8. The teachers will not be mistaken.
18. You (sg.) were writing words.
9. They wounded the queen but not the poet.
19. We will have sung the deeds.
10. I am placing books.
20. You (pl.) have not feared water.
21
Lesson XI
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice
To find the perfect stem of a third conjugation verb, remove the final – from the third principal part:
DX
-
DXThe perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses are formed by adding endings to the perfect stem.
The endings are the same as in the first and second conjugations.
perfect stem + ending
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person












Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
rd
3 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
rd
3 person

1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
 I led
 you led

- have led,
- did lead
- have led,
- did lead
 he/she/it led- has led,
- did lead
we led,
- have led,
- did lead
you led,
- have led,
- did lead
they led,
- have led,
- did lead
PLUPERFECT TENSE
perfect stem + ending


 I had led










Plural
1st person
PERFECT TENSE
 you had led

 he/she/it had led
we had led
you had led
they had led
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
perfect stem + ending


 I will have led










 youwill have led

 he/she/it will have led
we will have led
you will have led
they will have led
RULE: When the subject consists of two or more nouns joined by et, the verb must be plural:
Magister et rgna puellam laudant.
22
Vocabulary XI
First Declension Nouns (like puella)
dea, deae,* f.
flia, fliae,* f.
Second Declension Nouns (like dominus)
nntius,
flius,
goddess
daughter
nnti,
fli,
m.
m.
messenger
son
* The dative and ablative plurals are debus and flibus.
Exercise XI
A.
1.  et  nntium m.
13. .
2. Pota librs posuerat.
14. Flius aquam portvit, sed librum nn msit.
3. Librs et epistuls scrpsermus.
15. De facta,  verba amant.
4. Librum .
16. Vir nntium mserat, sed  errvit.
5. Agricola aquam dcbat.
17. Umbram vids, sed nn vide.
6. Rgna et nntius cantbant.
18. De virs terrurant et monuerant.
7. Agricola et dominus librum vdrunt.
19. Nntium ms.
8. Pota et nntius agrum tenent.
20. Rgna puers et puells vdit.
9. Magister et dominus s mserant.
21. Librum posuist.
10. Puer et magister  scr.
22. Silvam vidmus, et silva pots terret.
11.  et dea nntium dxerint.
23. Flia aquam portat.
12. Aqua et umbra agrum serv.
24. Epistulam, nn librum, m.

B.
1. The queen and the poet have sent letters.
7. We praised the field.
2. You (sg.) led the men and boys.
8. The girls and boys fear forests and fields.
3. A son and a daughter had placed the books.
9. The boys and girls were not afraid of the gods.
4. You (sg.) will have written a letter.
10. I have carried the books.
5. We had sent a book.
11. The gods will not frighten the boys and girls.
6. The boy and the girl feared shadows.
12. The queen and the daughters will praise the god.
13. The messengers and the teacher will have written letters.
14. The gods and a book will have led the native land.
15. The gods and goddesses will not hurt the queen.
23
Lesson XII
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES are words that modify nouns.
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION ADJECTIVES have three sets of TERMINATIONS, or endings: one for masculine forms,
one for feminine and one for neuter.
First and second declension masculine adjectives are declined like second declension masculine nouns (e.g. dominus).
Feminine adjectives are declined like first declension nouns (e.g. puella). Neuter adjectives are declined like second
declension neuter nouns (e.g. verbum).
Example: bonus,
bona, bonum, good
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
masculine
feminine
neuter
bonus
bon
bon
bonum
bon
bona
bonae
bonae
bonam
bon
bonum
bon
bon
bonum
bon
bon
bonrum
bons
bons
bons
bonae

bons
bons
bons
bona
bonrum
bons
bon
bons
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
RULE: An adjective agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender. This is the SECOND RULE OF
CONCORD.
Puella bona librs amat.
Puella bons librs amat.
The good girl loves books.
The girl loves good books.
Two or more adjectives modifying the same noun are usually joined by et which is not translated in English.
Puella bons et longs librs amat.
The girl loves good, long books.
One adjective modifying nouns of different genders may be repeated with each noun in Latin.
Puer bons librs et bona verba amat.
The boy loves good books and good words.
24
Vocabulary XII
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives (like bonus)
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
altus,
alta,
altum
bonus,
bona,
bonum
magnus,
magna,
magnum great, large
meus,
mea,
meum
Neuter
high, deep, tall
multus,
multa,
multum
much, (pl.) many
good
parvus,
parva,
parvum
small, little
tuus,
tua,
tuum
your, yours (belonging to
one person)
my, mine
Exercise XII
A.
1. Flia mea cantbit.
7. Librum magnum runt.
2. Rgna bona puells parvs docet.
8. De facta multa laudverant.
3. Vir magn ports alts servbunt.
9. Agricola aqus alts timbat.
4. Magister librs tus nn portvit.
10. Dea  bonum dxerat.
5. Patriam meam po  laudbant.
11. Rgna librs mults et bons vdit.
6.  s s mserint.
12. Dominus virs bons vulnerverit.
13. Silvae magnae umbrs mults et alts 
14.  s mults scrpsrmus et msermus.
15. Puellae parvae et puer magn pugnbant.
16. Flius bonus et flia bona meum magistrum rogverint.
17. Puellae multae alts silvs et umbrs timent, sed nn des.
18. Libr me magn nn laudant, sed
B.
1. We will have praised the good native land.
2. The messengers had written and sent many letters.
3. The girls and boys fear your forests and my fields.
4. The good master has carried the great books.
5. Many farmers hold great anger.
6. My son and your teacher are carrying many great books.
7. The queen and the farmer will see many fields and forests.
8. My good teacher was warning many poets.
9. Your gods and goddesses will sing.
10. You (pl.) will have feared the great gods and goddesses.
11. My ghost will terrify the little boys and little girls.
12. Your queen and my master had fought.
13. Your son and daughter will fear my words.
14. You (sg.) were calling and praising the large men and small boys.
25
Lesson XIII
ADJECTIVES
Some adjectives of the first and second declension have a masculine which declines like the noun liber,
their endings in the same way, dropping the
Example: sacer,
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-e- in the stem.
sacra, sacrum, holy
masculine
feminine
neuter
sacer
sacr
sacr
sacrum
sacr
sacra


sacram

sacrum


sacrum

sacr
sacrrum
sacrs
sacrs
sacrs

sacrrum
sacrs
sacrs
sacrs

sacrrum
sacrs
sacra
sacrs
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Some adjectives have a masculine like puer and retain the -e- in the stem.
Example: miser,
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
misera, miserum, wretched
masculine
feminine
neuter
miser
miser
miser
miserum
miser
misera
miserae
miserae
miseram
miser
miserum
miser
miser
miserum
miser
miser
miserrum
misers
misers
misers
miserae
miserrum
misers
misers
misers
misera
miserrum
misers
misera
misers
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
26
libr and add
Vocabulary XIII
Second Declension Adjectives ending in –er
Stem drops the –e- (like sacer):
Stem keeps the –e- (like miser):
noster,
nostra,
nostrum
our
miser,
misera,
miserum
unhappy, wretched
pulcher,
pulchra,
pulchrum
beautiful
lber,
lbera,
lberum
free
sacer,
sacra,
sacrum
holy
vester,
vestra,
vestrum
your, yours (belonging to
more than one person)
Exercise XIII
A.
1. Portam vestram .
11. s flis mults .
2. Nostrs s mittam.
12. Agricolae lber patriam lberam amant.
3. Vir miser pugnant.
13. Flia tua epistulam parvam scrpsit.
4. Librum sacrum nn tene.
14. ra vestra  misers terruerat.
5. ram nostram nn timbtis.
15. Facta sacra .
6. Magistrs ls laudvrint.
16. Agricolae miser agrs parbunt.
7. Silvae sacrae agricolam parvum .
17. Puer mult portam magnam servbant.
8. Domin nostrs pulchrs .
18.  me epistuls nostrs portvrunt.
9. ra puers et  monbat.
19. Verba mult et bon cants, sed nn scrbis.
10. Pota sacer mults librs scrbet.
20. Magister puers verba multa et bona docuerit.
B.
1. We were singing unhappy words.
8. I will carry much water.
2. Wretched books teach wretched deeds.
9. We will have sent many letters.
3. My wretched son wanders and sings.
10. You (sg.) have praised my free native land.
4. The beautiful girl will lead the poet.
11. Your daughter will see our woods and fields.
5. The free master has praised your (sg.) deeds.
12. You (pl.) are preparing your gate.
6. You are frightening the wretched poet.
13. Great teachers used to praise good poets.
7. You (sg.) will hold your anger.
14. She saw the holy books.
15. Many gods had protected our fields and our forests.
16. Free sons and daughters will sing the great native land.
17. The little boys were asking the queen and the teachers.
27
Lesson XIV
FOURTH CONJUGATION : -VERBS
Present System Active Voice
Verbs whose second principal part ends in - belong to the FOURTH CONJUGATION.
To find the present stem remove the final –re from the second principal part.
Example: audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear
AUDRE
-RE
AUDThe –- of the stem shortens before another vowel and before final –t or
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
ending
-
-s
-t



-mus
-tis
-nt



–nt.
PRESENT TENSE

audi
auds
audit
I hear,
-am hearing,
you hear,
-are hearing,
he/she/it hears, -is hearing,
-do hear
-do hear
-does hear
we hear,
you hear,
they hear,
-do hear
-do hear
-do hear

audmus
audtis
audiunt
-are hearing,
-are hearing,
-are hearing,
The 3rd person plural has the vowel –u- between the present stem and the personal ending.
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
ending
-bam
-bs
-bat



-bmus
-btis
-bant



IMPERFECT TENSE

audibam
I was hearing,
-heard,
audis
you were hearing,
-heard,
audibat
he/she/it was hearing, -heard,

audibmus
we were hearing,
-heard,
audibtis
you were hearing,
-heard,
audibant
they were hearing, -heard,
-used to hear
-used to hear
-used to hear
-used to hear
-used to hear
-used to hear
The imperfect has the vowel -- before the ending, just as in third conjugation.
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
ending
-am
-s
-et



-mus
 tis
-ent



FUTURE TENSE

audiam
audis
audiet
I will hear,
you will hear,
he/she/it will hear,
-am going to hear
-are going to hear
-is going to hear
we will hear,
you will hear,
they will hear,
-are going to hear
-are going to hear
-are going to hear

audimus
auditis
audient
In the fourth conjugation the future tense is marked by vowels.
28
Vocabulary XIV
Conjunctions
4th Conjugation Verbs (like audi)
audi


veni


re,
venre,


v
vn


pntum
ventum
hear, listen to
fortify; build
quod
-que *
because
and
punish
come
*The conjunction –que is added to the end of a word and is translated before the word to which it is joined.
puer puellaeque = puer et puellae
Exercise XIV
A.
1. Canttis sed nn audmus.
2. Puells puersque vocb et venient.
3. Puers et virs bons nn p.
4. Dominus puells rogbat sed nn audibant.
5. Silvae aquaque agrs nostrs mnibant.
6. Bonus magister pulchram rgnam .
7. Puellae  tua verba , quod librum bonum scrpsist.
8. Agricolae miser et magn domin vnint, quod rgna epistulam msit.
9. Verba sacra des nn vulnerverant.
10. Patriam nostram servbimus quod  monurunt.
11. Pota magnus s mults scrpsit et  verba factaque laudvit.
12. Umbram magnam time quod  misers terruit.
B.
1. You (pl.) hear my words.
6. I will punish.
2. We were fortifying the native land.
7. They are fortifying the fields.
3. Ghosts used to come.
8. You (sg.) had led many messengers.
4. I was listening to my daughter.
9. We have not written books.
5. They will have punished the messenger.
10. Deep water did not frighten the boy and the girl.
11. The unhappy teacher was carrying the big books, but not the little (ones).
12. The great queen frightens my daughter because she punishes many girls.
13. We are coming because the master has called.
14. You (pl.) were wandering and carrying your letters.
15. I will write the letter; you (sg.) will listen to my words.
29
Lesson XV
FOURTH CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice
To find the perfect stem of a FOURTH CONJUGATION verb, remove the final - from the third principal part.

AUDV

AUDV-


The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses are formed by adding endings to the perfect stem.
The endings are the same as for the first, second and third conjugations.
PERFECT TENSE
Singular

st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
audv
audvist
audvit
I heard,
-have heard,
-did hear
you heard,
-have heard,
-did hear
he/she/it heard,
-has heard,
-did hear
audvimus
audvistis
audvrunt
we heard,
-have heard,
-did hear
you heard,
-have heard,
-did hear
they heard,
-have heard,
-did hear

Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Singular

st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
audveram
audvers
audverat
I had heard
audvermus
audvertis
audverant
we had heard
you had heard
he/she/it had heard

Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
you had heard
they had heard
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
audver
audveris
audverit
I will have heard
audverimus
audveritis
audverint
we will have heard
you will have heard
he/she/it will have heard

Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
you will have heard
they will have heard
RULE – The GENITIVE CASE is used to show possession. It shows to whom a thing belongs.
Puer liber
the book of the boy / the boy’s book
30
Vocabulary XV
2nd Declension Nouns (like dominus)
campus, camp m. plain, playing field
,

m. wall
servus,
serv
m. slave
somnus, somn m. sleep
ventus, vent
m. wind
2nd Declension Nouns (like verbum)
bellum, bell n. war

 n. weapon, javelin
Exercise XV
A.
1. ram vent timuimus.
6. Servus rgnae cantat, quod rgnam nn timet.
2. Serv tla dominrum nn portverant.
7. Mr alt agrs campsque servbunt.
3.  potam vulnerbant.
8. Magister  puellsque verit.
4. De magn servum nn msrunt.
9. Bellum miserum nostrs flis docbit.
5. s rgnae nn .
10. Mr  puells tenuerint.
11. rs rgnrum timu, quod servs misers pnverant.
12. Fli et fliae deae bonae magns aqus patriae runt.
13. Serv magn tla bell  n portbunt.
14. Des agrrumque vident.
15. Nostr potae epistulam nn scrpserant, quod bant et bant.
B.
1. You sent the messenger of the teacher.
2. The gates of the wall will have guarded the teacher’s little girls and little boys.
3. Your (pl.) poets will not praise the wars of the gods and goddesses.
4. The sacred books of the queen hold the letters of the poets.
5. The waters were carrying the men of our native land.
6. We have heard the beautiful queen, small girls and miserable boys.
7. Many farmers send the letters of the poets, but not of the master.
8. Your (sg.) forests terrified the small girls, because they held many shadows.
9. The native land’s queen will fear my anger, but not yours.
10. The beautiful book of the poet praises the weapons of war, because they have saved the native land.
11. The wretched slaves were carrying the books of the master, because he was fighting.
12. The poets ask the miserable daughters and the son of the master.
31
Lesson XVI
THIRD CONJUGATION: IVERBS
Present System Active Voice
Some third conjugation verbs resemble fourth conjugation verbs in the present system. Such verbs can be recognized
from their first principal part, which ends in -iand second principal part, which ends in -ere. The present stem of
these verbs ends in –i. They are called THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM VERBS.
Example:
capi, capere, , captum, take
In the imperfect and future tenses, third conjugation I-stem verbs are conjugated like audi. In the present tense, they
are conjugated like audi in the first person singular and third person plural. Elsewhere in the present tense they are
conjugated like dc, with a short -i- joining stem to ending, instead of the long -- seen in audi.
PRESENT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ending
present stem + ending
-
-s
-t



-mus
-tis
-nt




capi
capi
capit
I take,
-am taking, -do take
you take,
-are taking, -do take
capimus
capitis
capiunt
we take,
-are taking, -do take
you take,
-are taking, -do take
they take,
-are taking, -do take
he/she/it takes, -is taking, -does take
IMPERFECT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ending
-bam
-bs
-bat
present stem



capibam
capibs
capibat
I was taking,
-took, -used to take
you were taking,
-took, -used to take
capibmus
capibtis
capibant
we were taking,
-took, -used to take
you were taking,
-took, -used to take
they were taking,
-took,
he/she/it was taking, -took, -used to take

-bmus
-btis
-bant



-used to take
The imperfect has the vowel -- before the ending, as in the fourth conjugation.
FUTURE TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ending
-am
-s
-et
present stem



capiam
capis
capiet
I will take,
-am going to take
you will take,
-are going to take
capimus
capitis
capient
we will take,
-are going to take
you will take,
-are going to take
they will take,
-are going to take
he/she/it will take, -is going to take

-mus
-tis
-ent



In the third conjugation the future tense is marked by vowels.
32
Vocabulary XVI
3rd Conjugation I-Stem Verbs (like capi)
capi
faci
fugi
capere,
facere,
fugere,
cp
fc
fg
First Declension Nouns (like puella)
captum take, seize, capture
factum make, do
fugitum flee, run away, avoid
ra,
terra,
rae,
terrae,
f. shore, rim, edge
f. land, earth, a country
Exercise XVI
A.
1.   capi.
6.  altum posuimus.
2. ram terrae fugimus.
7. .
3. Serv s dominrum nt.
8. Vir lber librs bons scrbunt.
4. Librum tuum  capim.
9. .
5. Verba bona scrbitis et facta magna .
10. Misers puers virsque sacrs fugitis.
11. Servus miser agrs domin fugibat, quod tla domin servum .
12. Agricola bonus servum miserum servvit.
13. Dominus  msit, quod servus miser fgerat.
14.  servum domin capiet.
15. Sed somnus dominum fugiet, quod servum miserum bonumque vit.
B.
1. You (pl.) will capture the queen’s fields.
2. We were avoiding the teacher’s wrath.
3. We saw your (sg.) book.
4. The gods make the good books of holy poets.
5. I was taking the weapon of the master.
6. We have asked the beautiful goddess, but you have fortified our shore.
7. The anger of the gods frightens the small farmer.
8. We will capture your (sg.) sons and daughters, because you are making a high wall.
9. You (sg.) were making the wall because we were capturing your sons and daughters.
10. Wretched war will punish the men of your (pl.) native land.
11. The anger of the gods will frighten our queen.
12. Poets write books, but men do great deeds.
33
Lesson XVII
THIRD CONJUGATION: I-STEM VERBS
Perfect System Active Voice
To find the perfect stem of any verb, remove the final – from the third principal part:
CP
-
CPThe perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are formed by adding endings to the perfect stem.
The endings of the perfect system are the same for all verbs.
Singular
PERFECT TENSE


cpist
cpit
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1 person
nd
2 person
3 person
Singular
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
nd
2 person
3 person
Singular
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
- have taken,
- did take
he/she/it took,
- has taken ,
- did take
cpimus
cpistis
cprunt
we took,
- have taken,
- did take
you took,
- have taken,
- did take
- have taken,
- did take
cperam
cpers
cperat
I had taken
cpermus
cpertis
cperant
we had taken
cper
cperis
cperit
I will have taken
cperimus
cperitis
cperint
we will have taken
you had taken
he/she/it had taken
you had taken
they had taken
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1st person
Plural
you took,

1st person
rd
- did take
they took,
PLUPERFECT TENSE

1st person
Plural
- have taken,

st
rd
I took,
you will have taken
he/she/it will have taken

you will have taken
they will have taken
Prepositions
Latin PREPOSITIONS govern objects in the accusative or ablative case. Learn the case governed with each preposition.
The prepositions in (into) and ad (toward) govern the accusative case and show motion toward an object.
silvam nrunt.  girls came into the forest.
Ad mrum fugit.
He is fleeing toward the wall.
Examples: Puellae in
34
Vocabulary XVII
3rd Conjugation I-Stem Verbs (like capi)
accipi
interfici
accipere,
interficere,
accp
acceptum
interfc interfectum
receive
kill
Prepositions with Accusative
ad
in
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives (like sacer)

ter,

tra,

trum
to, towards, at
into, onto, against



sick
dark, black
Exercise XVII
A.
1. Servus miser agricolam .
10. Aegr vir des rogant.
2. Ad ram fugimus et .
11. Mea flia aegra epistulam tuam accipit.
3. Dominus serat.
12. In silvs tr de errbtis.
4. In altam aquam vnistis.
13. Des terrs fcrant.
5. Dea magna verba vestra audiet.
14.  altus campum servbit.
6. Facta bell nn laudbimus.
15. Magister puers mults nn pnverit.
7. Bellum fgist et ad portam nostram vnist.
16. Servs aegrs accpimus, sed nn interfmus.
8. Ventus ter in agrs veniet et agricols terrbit. 17. Deae aquam in agrs agricolrum .
9. Rgna flis tus nram tenuit. 18. s nostrs in tram umbram silvae .
19. Dominus ports  multsque in  posuerat.
20. Fli nae ventum audvrunt sed nn vdrunt.
B.
1. We will seize the great gate.
7. I have sent your (sg.) letter, but not your books.
2. The water comes to the shore.
8. The girl was not fleeing the ghost.
3. The queen’s slaves will kill a messenger.
9. You (sg.) will carry water to the field.
4. You (pl.) were receiving books.
10. She seized the sick boy of the free slave.
5. I had not listened to my master.
11. You (pl.) wrote the words of holy poets.
6. He is fortifying a beautiful gate.
12. Weapons had killed the unhappy men.
13. The great ghost seized the slave and carried (him) into the dark forest.
14. The sick man’s slaves had done many great deeds.
15. The anger of the wretched queen will frighten the little girls.
16. The homeland is calling good men and they will fight.
17. I will lead men onto the high wall, but not into deep water.
18. Teachers carry books to the shore.
35
Lesson XVIII
IRREGULAR VERB: SUM
The verb sum has irregular principal parts. In the present system, its conjugation is irregular. In the perfect system, the
formation is regular from the third principal part, fu. All forms must be memorized.
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
I
II
III
SUM,
ESSE,
FU
IV
FUTRUS,
be
PRESENT SYSTEM
PERFECT SYSTEM
PRESENT TENSE
PERFECT TENSE

sum
es
est

sumus
estis
sunt
Singular 
1st person
fu
I have been,
2nd person
fuist
you have been,
rd
3 person
fut
he/she/it has been,
Plural
1st person
fuimus
we have been,
2nd person
fuistis
you have been,
3rd person
furunt
they have been,
PLUPERFECT TENSE
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
IMPERFECT TENSE

eram
ers
erat
ermus
ertis
erant
we were, -used to be
you were, - used to be
they were,- used to be
FUTURE TENSE

I will be
you will be
he/she/it will be
erimus
eritis
erunt
we will be
you will be
they will be
Singular 
1st person
fuer
nd
2 person
fueris
3rd person
fuerit
Plural
1st person
fuerimus
2nd person
fueritis
3rd person
fuerint
I will have been
you will have been
he/she/it will have been
we will have been
you will have been
they will have been
The verb sum is usually a linking verb, which joins the subject to another word, either noun or adjective. That word is
a COMPLEMENT. A noun complement is called a PREDICATE NOUN. An adjective complement is called a PREDICATE
ADJECTIVE.
RULE – A predicate noun agrees with the subject of the verb in case; a predicate adjective agrees in case, number and
gender.
Puella est bona.
Agricola est bonus.
Vir est agricola.
-were
-were
-were
Singular 
1st person
fueram
I had been
2nd person
fuers
you had been
3rd person
fuerat
he/she/it had been
Plural
1st person
fuermus
we had been
2nd person
fuertis
you had been
rd
3 person
fuerant
they had been
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
I was, - used to be
you were, - used to be
he/she/it was, -used to be
er
eris
erit
-was
-were
-was
The girl is good.
The farmer is good.
The man is a farmer.
36
Vocabulary XVIII
Irregular Verb
sum,
esse,
fu
futrus be
1st/2nd Declension Adjectives (like bonus)

fessus,

malus,
pius,

fessa,

mala,
pia,
amcum
fessum
rtum
malum
pium
friendly
tired, exhausted
angry
evil, bad, wicked
dutiful, devoted, loyal
Exercise XVIII
A.
1. Rgna est aca.

9. Aquae furunt pulchrae.
2. Serv fess
  fli fuerant mal.
3. Pius sum; deōs amō.
11.  erat ter.
4. Noster magister fuerit rtus.
12. Puella aegra erit fessa.
5. Erimus agricol bon.
13. ō
 
 n est umbra.
7. De nn fuimus.
15. Fessus sum, et bonus erit somnus.
8. Misera
 
17. rtusla in agricols parverant.
18.  agricolaeaqus trs sacrque amverint.
19. Rgna eram, quod  bam.
20. Umbra silvae trae flis flisque potrum terrbit.
B.
1. The gates are tall.
7. We had not been farmers, but teachers.
2. I am an angry queen.
8. You (sg.) will be a beautiful goddess.
3. The little boys have been tired.
9. Our book was beautiful but small.
4. The native lands will be sacred.
10. The words of the poets have been friendly.
5. We will not be evil masters.
11. You (pl.) have been sick and tired.
6. Your (pl.) sleep was good.
12. My letters used to be large, but small.
13. The waters of the land terrify the miserable boys and girls.
14. We have n 3ot warned the tired boys at the gate.
15. The sick poet was carrying the letter into the native land.
16. I was hearing the sacred words of the gods and goddesses.
37
Lesson XIX
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
Masculine and Feminine
Nouns whose genitive singular ends in –is belong to the THIRD DECLENSION.
To find the stem of any Latin noun, remove the ending from the genitive singular form.

-IS
-
LGIS
-IS
LG-
The nominative endings for the third declension vary.
Third declension nouns are declined by adding the case endings to the noun stem.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
ending
--is
-
-em
-e
noun stem + ending





mls
mlitis
mlit
mlitem
mlite
soldier
of the soldier, soldier’s
to / for the soldier
soldier
by / with / from the
soldier
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
-s
-um


mlits
mlitum
soldiers
of the soldiers,
soldiers’
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-ibus
-s
-ibus



mlitibus
mlits
mlitibus
to / for the soldiers
the soldiers
by / with / from the
soldiers
Third declension feminine nouns use the same endings as the masculine.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
ending
noun stem + ending
--is
-
-em
-e

-s
-um
-ibus
-s
-ibus









lx
lgis
lg
lgem
lge
lgs
lgum
lgibus
lgs
lgibus
38
law
of the law, law’s
to / for the law
law
by / with / from the law
laws
of the laws, laws’
to / for the laws
laws
by / with / from the laws
Vocabulary XIX
Third Declension Nouns (like mles and lx)
dux,
l
mles,
soror,
vx,
ducis,
lgis,
mlitis,
,
cis,
m.
f.
m.
f.
f.
leader
law
soldier
sister
voice
Exercise XIX
A.
1. Magnus dominus sorrs aegrs vocbit.
7. litum rts puells ad terram portverit.
2. Vestrae vcs sunt miserae.
8. Dux lgem nn fcit, sed patriam amvit.
3. Ms accipint.
9. Mea soror fuerit magna rgna.
4. Rgna  mlit nn rogat.
10. Rgna patriae errbat et cantbat.
5. Vcem piae rgnae audveram.
11. Sacra dea  amcs et magistrs vit.
6. Mlits bellum fugiunt, et dux s .
12. ra magistr puells et puers monuit.
13. Tua flia pulchrs librs fcerat, sed nvrat.
14. Fessus  epistuls pulchrs in librum pnbat.
15. s flisque capibmus, et s pis in campum dcbmus.
16. Noster agricola sacrs po nn audbat, quod mrum bat.
17. rta dea mals puers interfcit, quod pugnverant.
18. Dominus lgs bell scrbbat et librs magns parbat.
B.
1. The sick soldier was guarding the gates of the native land.
2. The laws of the dutiful master punish the bad boys and girls.
3. The ghost of your (sg.) sister wanders into the lands.
4. The loyal slave has received the sister of the farmer.
5. The sister of the master loved the books and letters of the poets.
6. We will have fled the anger of the leader and the shadows of the forest.
7. The good messenger will send the sons and daughters to the plain.
8. The evil queen received the teachers, poets, and soldiers into the native land.
9. You (pl.) have heard the beautiful voices of the holy goddesses.
10. The leaders of the slaves will have killed the tired messengers of the master.
11. The friendly wind was carrying my words toward the shore.
12. Our wretched teacher had taught the beautiful words of the poet.
39
Lesson XX
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
Neuter
Neuter nouns of the third declension obey the neuter law: The nominative and accusative forms are the same, and the plural
of those cases ends in -a.
To find the stem of any Latin noun, remove the ending from the genitive singular.
Example: opus,
operis, n.
OPERIS
-IS
OPER-
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

ending
--is
-
--e





Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
work
opera
operum
operibus
opera
operibus
works
of the work
to / for work
work
by / with / from the work

-a
-um
-ibus
-a
-ibus





Example: carmen,
Singular
opus
operis
oper
opus
opere
carminis, n.
to/for the works
works
by/with/from the works
CARMINIS
-IS
CARMIN-

ending
--is
-
--e
of the works





carmen
carminis
carmin
carmen
carmine
song
carmina
carminum
carminibus
carmina
carminibus
songs
of a song
to / for a song
song
by / with / from a song

-a
-um
-ibus
-a
-ibus





40
of songs
to / for songs
songs
by / with / from songs
Vocabulary XX
3rd Declension Nouns (like carmen and opus) 1st/2nd Declension Adjective (like bonus)
carmen,
ltus,
,
,
onus,
opus,
carminis,
ltoris,
,
,
oneris,
operis,
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
longus,
song
longa,
longum
long
shore, coast, beach
river
name
burden
work, task
Exercise XX
A.
1. Puellae pulchrae carmen longum .
7. gna gs mals facit quod est rta.
2.  longum s fesss terrbit.
8. Fessus mles  amcae puellae audvit et fgit.
3. Dcis servtus portbunt.
9. Onera servrum ad flmen portv.
4. Opera factaque virrum pirum ambimus.
10. Malus magister fesss puers multa verba docuerat.
5. tus terrae erat longum, sed puer nn timbat. 11. Mea soror bona puerum parvum ad  dxit.
6.  itum pirum scbam
 Vcs puellum pulchrrum erant amcae.
B.
1. The long river carries water to the shore.
2. The good slaves sang many beautiful songs.
3. Tired soldiers were carrying burdens of the leaders.
4. The gods will praise the works of loyal men.
5. We have heard the voice of your (sg.) sister.
6. I fear sleep and the song of the evil master.
7. The friendly teacher will have done the task of (his) slaves.
8. The slaves were wretched because they were carrying great burdens.
9. Your (pl.) leader has called my sons to the war.
10. You (pl.) saw the dark shadows and fled.
11. You (sg.) have carried my name and my words to your homeland.
12. Into my book I will place the words and deeds of a great man.
41
Lesson XXI
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
I-Stems
Some third declension nouns have a characteristic -i- in the genitive plural of all genders. Some neuter nouns have -i- in the
ablative singular and nominative, genitive, and accusative plural. These words are called I-STEMS.
To find the stem of any Latin noun remove the genitive singular ending.
NVIS
-IS
NV-
URBIS
-IS
URB-
MARIS
-IS
MAR-
I-Stems fit into three categories:
PARISYLLABICS
PARISYLLABIC words, whose nominative and genitive singular forms have an equal number of syllables (e.g.
ship).
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural








s (-s)


MONOSYLLABICS WITH STEM ENDING IN 2 CONSONANTS
MONOSYLLABIC words, whose stem ends in two consonants (e.g. urbs, urbis, f. city).
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
Plural
urbs
urbis
urb
urbem
urbe
urbs
urbium

urbibus
s (-s)
urbibus
NEUTERS ENDING IN –E, -AL, -AR
Neuter nouns, whose nominative ends in -e, -al, -ar (e.g. mare, maris, n. sea).
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
Plural
mare
maris
mar
mare
mar
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus
42



nvis, nvis f.
Vocabulary XXI
3rd Declension I-Stem Nouns
(like vis, urbs, and mare)
   citizen
ns,
gentis, f.
tribe, nation
mare, maris, n.
sea
  f.
ship
urbs,
urbis,
f.
city
Exercise XXI
A.

1. rtus  rnam .
6. Flia agricolae epistulam longam accipibat.
2.  maris vent  vocat.
7.  ad rs marium ātrrum err
 
 vs urbem runs nderant.
4.  parva aquam portvit.
9. O pon urbs gentium .
5. litum et   voc
 n portbunt.
11. Dux mlitum nntis pis ad ltus maris mserat.

12. Libr carminaque potrum multa verba pulchra tenuerint.

13. Fli cvium fess errant, sed fliae miserae erant.

14. rtae gents aquam ad agrs cvium nn portvrunt quod aegrae sunt.

15. Verba sorris meum servum vulnerant, sed carmina potrum nn vulnerant.

B.
16. Vocem de et parv puer ram nn timuist.
1. The song of the citizens is long.
2. The tribes will guard the gates of the city, but not the black ships.
3. We wrote the names of the ships.
4. The letters of the tribes warned the citizens.
5. The laws of the city punished the evil farmers and masters.
6. The shades of the forests had terrified the queen of the tribe.
7. The black ships of the native land carried the books of the poets to a friendly country.
8. I am a loyal citizen, but not a good farmer.
9. The winds of the sea punished the sick little girl and the master of the ship.
10. You (sg.)were praising the holy laws of your native land.
11. The friendly queen will advise the master of the slaves.
12. Our soldiers had wandered into the fields of the angry leader.
13. We fled to the shore of the sea, but the winds were great.
14. The wretched goddess and great god fight.
15. The good messengers will carry my angry words to the man.
43
Lesson XXII
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Present System Passive Voice
The ACTIVE voice expresses what the subject does; the PASSIVE voice expresses what is done to the subject.
Examples:
The boy calls. (active)
The boy is called. (passive)
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

PRESENT TENSE

endings
-or
-ris
-tur



amor
amris
amtur
I am (being) loved
ammur
ammin
amantur
we are (being) loved
you are (being) loved
he/she/it is (being) loved

-mur
-min
-ntur



they are (being) loved
IMPERFECT TENSE

endings
-bar
-bris
-btur



-bmur
-bmin
-bantur




ambar
ambris
ambtur
I was being loved,
-used to be loved
you were being loved,
-used to be loved
he/she/it was being loved,
-used to be loved
ambmur
ambmin
ambantur
we were being loved,
-used to be loved
you were being loved,
-used to be loved
they were being loved,
-used to be loved
FUTURE TENSE

endings
-bor
-beris
-bitur
you are (being) loved



ambor
amberis
ambitur
will be loved
ambimur
ambimin
ambuntur
we will be loved
you will be loved
he/she/it will be loved

-bimur
-bimin
-buntur



you will be loved
they will be loved
A passive verb cannot have a direct object.
The person by whom something is done is expressed by the ablative case with the preposition ab/ (by). This is called the
ABLATIVE OF AGENT.
Example:  ab mlitibus portantur. Weapons are being carried by soldiers.
The means by which something is done is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. This is called the ABLATIVE OF
MEANS.
Example: Mlites tls vulnerThe soldiers are being wounded by weapons.
44
Vocabulary XXII
1st Conjugation Verbs (like am)
, ,
,
nntire,
v,
nntiv,

nntitum
show
report, announce
1st Declension Masculine Nouns (like )
incola,
nauta,
prta,
scrba,
incolae,
nautae,
prtae,
scrbae,
m.
m.
m.
m.
Preposition
inhabitant
ab/+ abl.
sailor
* (The shortened form
pirate
may be used before a
writer, secretary
consonant.)
by
Exercise XXII
A.
1. .
7. ls vbmin.
2. ntur.
8.
3. Portberis.
9. s incolrum rmin
r derum servbimur.
4. Carmen  nauts canttur.
10. Puellae servbuntur.
5.   min.
11. rt prts nn laudbunt.
6. Vulnerbimur  scrb mal.
12.  nntibantur.
13. Epistula meae fliae  sorre tu monstrbitur.
14. Nautae fess  prt vulnerbuntur.
15.  virs tla nn parbantur, quod bellum nn nntibtur.
16. Carmina multa cantbantur et rgna laudbtur.
17. Onera magna et aqua  servs ad dominōs portantur.
18. Vcs mlitum incols misers silvae terrurunt.
19. Cvs servque ad urbem vnrunt et portam mniunt.
20. Eris nauta lber quod nvem meam servvist.
B.
1. We are being called.
9. The good secretary will be praised.
2. I was being carried.
10. Your name is being announced.
3. The boy is wounded by your (sg.) words.
11. You (pl.) were being asked.
4. You (sg.) will be shown.
12. She was being loved by her friends.
5. The songs were being sung by poets.
13. Burdens are carried by the inhabitants.
6. You (pl.) are not being praised by your teachers. 14. I am coming to the shore.
7. Good poets write beautiful songs.
15. The high walls of our city will be guarded.
8. The great queen’s laws were being announced. 16. I will receive the teachers’ books and letters.
17. The poets’ songs are being sung by the friendly citizens.
18. The pirates’ leaders were leading the soldiers onto the black ships.
45
Lesson XXIII
FIRST CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Passive Voice
Passive forms of the perfect system consist of two words: the Fourth Principal Part (called the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE)
declined like bonus and a form of sum.
PERFECT TENSE
Singular
ending + form of sum

st
-us/-a
sum

amtus/-a
sum
I was loved,
- have been loved
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
-us/-a es
-us/-a/-um est
2nd person
3rd person
amtus/-a es
amt
you were loved,
amt sumus
amtestis
amt sunt
we were loved,
- have been loved
you were loved,
-have been loved
they were loved,
- have been loved
- have been loved
he/she/it was loved, -has been loved


- estis
- sunt



ending + form of sum
-us/-a eram
-us/-a ers
-us/-a/-um erat



- ermus
- ertis
- erant



PLUPERFECT TENSE

amtus/-a eram
amtus/-a ers
amtus/-a/-um erat
I had been loved
amtmus
amt ertis
amt erant
we had been loved
you had been loved
he/she/it had been loved

you had been loved
they had been loved
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
ending + form of sum

-us/-a er
-us/-a eris
-us/-a/-um erit



-erimus
- eritis
- erunt



Plural
1st person



amtus/-a er
amtus/-a eris
amtus/-a/-um erit
I will have been loved
amt erimus
amt eritis
amt erunt
we will have been loved
you will have been loved
he/she/it will have been loved
you will have been loved
they will have been loved
In the passive of the perfect system, the perfect passive participle agrees with the subject in case, number, and gender.
Singular
Plural
Puer amtus est.
The boy was loved.
Puella amta est.
The girl was loved.
Nmen  est. The name was loved.
Puer amt sunt.
The boys were loved.
Puellae amtae sunt. The girls were loved.
Nmina amta sunt. The names were loved.
When an adjective modifies two or more nouns of different genders, the adjective agrees with the masculine rather than with
the feminine. This also applies to the perfect passive participle in the perfect passive system.
Puer et puella laudt sunt.
The boy and the girl were praised.
46
Vocabulary XXIII
3rd Declension Neuter Nouns (like carmen and opus)
caput,
corpus,
iter,
is,
pectus,
capitis,
corporis,
itineris,
iris,
pectoris,
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
head
body
journey, road, way (iter
facere = make a journey, march)
a right, law
breast, chest, heart
Exercise XXIII
A.
1. Iter m est.
7.
Mea soror  est, quod vx est pulchra.
2. Vct ertis.
8.
  ae sumus.
3. Nvs mstrtae sunt.
9.
ra patriae ntita erunt.
4. Corpus vulnertum erit.
10.
In silvam atram errabas.
5. Porta servta erat.
11.
l tum est.
6. Carmen erit longum.
12.
 mala et  n pnt erant.
13. Multae navs prtrum  nauts nostrs  sunt.
14. Corpus dcis prtrum  mlitibus monstrbitur.
15. Caput prtae mal ad ltus porttum est.
16. Corpus meum est fessum, sed pectus pium.
17. Mlites in silvs iter fcrunt et ad m vnrunt.
18. Fli fliaeque agricolrum ad agrs nn t sunt.
B.
1. The soldier’s breast has been wounded.
7. The rights of free men will be praised.
2. Many songs will be sung.
8. The inhabitants are angry.
3. The ship will make many journeys.
9. We did not see the head of your ghost.
4. Burdens had been carried.
10. Our slaves will be sick.
5. Sick sons are loved.
11. The letters have been prepared.
6. Water was carried to the master.
12. The country’s name will have been praised.
13. We have been preserved by the rights of nations.
14. We guarded our heads, but our bodies were wounded.
15. The queen warned the citizens of the city, but she was mistaken.
16. The gods will send wind to the sea and will punish the sailors.
17. The leader of free men will be a good teacher.
18. The hearts of the loyal soldiers were captured by the girls of the free nation.
47
Lesson XXIV
PREPOSITIONS
These prepositions are followed by an object in the ablative case:
PREPOSITIONS THAT GOVERN THE ABLATIVE
by; away from
with, along with
about, concerning; down from
out of, from
in, on
in front of; on behalf of
without
under
/ab *


/ex *




Most other prepositions in Latin govern the accusative case.

Ab and ex may drop the final consonant before a word beginning with a consonant other than h.

A few prepositions, like in, govern both the accusative and ablative cases. The meaning of these prepositions depends
on the case of their object.
in urbem
in urbe
into the city
in the city
ABLATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WHICH USE THESE PREPOSITIONS
ABLATIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT – The personal agent with a passive verb is expressed by the ablative with the preposition
/ab.
Puella  rgn  est.
The girl was loved by the queen.
ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT – Accompaniment or association is often expressed by cum followed by the ablative. With
when it means together with or in company with is translated by cum followed by the ablative.
Puella cum  cantat.
The girl sings with the sister.
ABLATIVE OF PLACE WHERE – Place where or in which is expressed by the ablative with the preposition in .
In urbe manet.
He remains in the city.
ABLATIVE OF PLACE FROM WHICH – Place from which is expressed by the ablative with the preposition
Ex urbe venit.
/ab, d or /ex.
He comes from the city.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
INTRANSITIVE VERBS are verbs that cannot take a direct object. These often are used with a prepositional phrase.
In terr vir stat.
The man stands on the land.
48
Vocabulary XXIV

/ab


/ex

pr
sine
sub
from, away from; by
First Conjugation Intransitive Verb (like amo)
st ,
st
with, along with
about, concerning; down from
st stand



from, out of

in, on
in front of; on behalf of
without
mane

manre,
sedre,
mns
sd
 remain, stay
sessum
sit
under
Exercise XXIV
A.

  cum prt nn manent.
7. Agricola librs d agrs in   portvit.
2. Dux cum rgn pr magn et alt urbe sedbat. 8. Parva puella sine nmine in urbe errat.
3. Corpus sine capite  stbit.
4. Nvis longa sub aqu manbat.
9. Malus  parvs puers  terruerit.
10. Pis flis ad bellum in urbe prtrum .
5. Rgna  flirum flirumque bit. 11. Pectus mlitis s agricolrum vulnertur.
6. Potae in camp stbunt et carmina . 12. Ir rgnrum ab cvibus urbium accepta sunt.
13. Magister amcam epistulam d  ad parvum puerum mittet.
14. Incolae urbium ad navs pulchrs in  iter faciunt.
15. In silv sedbtis, quod fess ertis.
16. Scrba longa carmina d ducibus gentium scrpserat.
B.
1. The body of the sailor will remain on the coast in front of the city.
2. The ships of the angry queen had fled the city .
3. I was hearing the songs about the ships in my sleep.
4. You (sg.) had sat in the ship on the sea with the little girls.
5. You (pl.) were wandering out of the fields and singing songs without books.
6. The beautiful sister of the little girl was standing in front of the angry soldier.
7. The tribe of pirates had remained in the city with the leader.
8. The gates of the city were guarded by the inhabitants with weapons.
9. The evil laws of your (pl.) leader will not remain in the native land.
10. We captured the evil men with the sacred weapons of the gods.
11. My heart has been wounded by the words of the leaders.
12. The long river sends ships of the native land into the great, black sea.
49
Lesson XXV
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES
Many adjectives use endings of the third declension.
To find the stem remove the ending from the genitive singular.
A few third declension adjectives have a masculine singular ending in –er. These adjectives have a different form in the
nominative singular for each gender.




The ablative singular of all genders ends in -.
The genitive plural of all genders ends in –ium
The accusative plural masculine and feminine end in -s.
The nominative and accusative plural neuter end in –ia.
ACRIS
-IS
ACR-
ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
cer
cris
cr
crem
cr
cris
cris
cr
crem
cr
cre
cris
cr
cre
cr
crs
crium 
cribus

cribus
crs
crium 
cribus

cribus
cria 
crium 
cribus
cria 
cribus
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
USES OF ADJECTIVES
The ATTRIBUTIVE use of adjectives gives information about the noun modified.
Puella pulchra cantat.
The beautiful girl is singing.
The PREDICATIVE use of adjectives follows a linking verb and completes the meaning of the sentence.
Mles est amcus.
The soldier is friendly.
The SUBSTANTIVE use of adjectives: Adjectives are often used without nouns in Latin; the gender of the adjectives signifies
“men,” “women,” or “things.”
masculine:
feminine:
neuter:
bonus
bona
bonum
Bon des laud.
= a good man
= a good woman
= a good thing
bon = good men
bonae = good women
bona = good things/ goods
Good people praise the gods.
50
Vocabulary XXV
3rd Declension Nouns (like mls and )
lx,
nox,
lcis,
noctis,
f.
f.
light
mns,
mntis,
m.
mountain
pns,
pontis,
m.
bridge
3rd Declension Adjectives (like cer)
cer,
celer,
night
cris,
celeris,
cre
sharp, fierce, keen
celere swift, quick
2nd Declension Noun (like verbum)
,
,
n.
Exercise XXV
A.
1. Nstrs capient.
6. Lx in monte erat pulchra.
2.   pugnbitis.
7. Rgna ex regn nn veniet.
3. Puella pulchra in ponte .
8. Celer ventus d montibus vnit.
4. Celers  mur fugiunt.
9. Sine r celer servus fgit.
5. Cum amcs man.
10.  regn nostr est magnum.
11. Miserae verba sacra de audbant et pectora .
12. Celers acrsque laudtae sunt.
13. Puer aegr tls, nn verbs, vulnert erant.
14. Lber marque itinera faciunt.
15. Serv in agrs manent et  agricols  faciunt.
16. Verba cria domin in pectoribus nostrs .
B.
1. of the swift soldiers
6. about the great body
2. by sharp words
7. by my teacher
3. toward many mountains
8. on behalf of the slaves
4. into the dark woods
9. out of night
5. under the high bridge
10. without anger
11. She had been wounded in the head (by a sharp weapon.)
12. Night flees with the light.
13. Good people teach boys and girls by (their) deeds.
14. Your head will remain on your body.
15. We have received many songs and letters.
16. The sons and daughters of our native land have been called into the city.
17. You (sg.) will be praised because you have not been mistaken.
18. The tired soldiers carried burdens out of the water and onto the bridge.
51
kingdom
Lesson XXVI
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES
Some third declension adjectives have only two forms for the nominative singular: one for the masculine and feminine, and
one for the neuter.
To find the stem remove the ending from the genitive singular.
OMNIS
-IS
OMNADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Masculine/Feminine
omnis
omnis
omn
omnem
omn
omne
omnis
omn
omne
omn
omns
omnium
omnibus
omns (s)
omnibus
omnia
omnium
omnibus
omnia
omnibus

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Neuter
Some third declension adjectives have only one nominative singular form. This is used with masculine, feminine, and neuter
nouns.
The dictionary forms of these words are given as with nouns: the nominative singular and genitive singular: e.g. flx,
flcis.
ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine/Feminine

flcis
flc
flcem
flc

flx
flcis
flc
flx
flc

flcs
flcium
flcibus
flcs (s)
flcibus
flcia
flcium
flcibus
flc
flcibus
IRREGULAR THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
The nouns
mter, pater, and frter, though parisyllabic, are not i-stems and have a genitive plural ending –um.
mtrum
of the mothers
patrum
of the fathers
52
frtrum
of the brothers
Vocabulary XXVI

3rd Declension Adjectives (like omnis)
brevis,
breve
short, brief
omnis,
omne
every, all
3rd Declension Adjectives (like f
,
audcis
bold
flx,
flcis
happy


Irregular 3rd Declension Nouns
, 
m.
brother
mter,  f.
mother
pater,
patris,
m.
father


  et  amant.
2. Tuus flius et nostra flia librs brevs tenbant.
3. Audx dominus carmina longa potae magn 

 rum  puells vocbantur.
5.  rtae umbrs s in silvs vderat.
6. Puers c d mar et nvibus docueritis.
7. Magnum pectus mlitis tls ducis celeris vulnertum est.

 s trs silv et flmina longa ēbunt.
9.  soror rgnae parvum puerum portverat, quod us erat.
10. Dominus bonus  flcem ad urbem patriae mittit.
11. Prtae omnia facta mala nautrum in  et  laudbunt.
12. Onera magna gentis in itinere ab omnibus in ponte posita erant.
B.
1. The lights of all the cities remain.
2. All the citizens of the city came to the bridge.
3. The short and sharp words of the little boy will wound the mother and father.
4. The soldiers without weapons were wandering into the dark forests of the native land.
5. We sent the masters and slaves of the land to the queen.
6. The bridge of the city will remain because it will have held great burdens.
7. The inhabitants of the mountain had seen many ghosts, but were not frightened.
8. The long river carries the happy sailors in boats to the sea.
9. The god of sleep led my brothers and sisters into the night.
10. The dutiful daughters will place the books and letters onto the walls.
11. Mothers and fathers wandered out of the forests and into the cities of the kingdom.
12. The bold little boys wounded every soldier of the tribe with sharp weapons.
53
Lesson XXVII
SECOND CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Present System Passive Voice
The personal endings are the same as the First Conjugation.
PRESENT TENSE
Singular
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

moneor
monris
montur
I am (being) warned
you are (being) warned
he/she/it is (being) warned

monmur
monmin
monentur
we are (being) warned
you are (being) warned
they are (being) warned
IMPERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

monbar
monbris
mon
I was being warned,
- used to be warned
you were being warned,
- used to be warned
monbmur
monbmin
monbantur
we were being warned,
- used to be warned
you were being warned,
- used to be warned
they were being warned,
- used to be warned
he/she/it was being warned, - used to be warned

FUTURE TENSE
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
st
1 person
2nd person
3rd person

monbor
monberis
monbitur
I will be warned
you will be warned
he/she/it will be warned

monbimur
monbimin
monbuntur
we will be warned
you will be warned
they will be warned
APPOSITION
A noun describing another noun is an APPOSITIVE. An appositive agrees in case with the noun it modifies.
 rx pugnvit.
 rgem timmus.
Est flius Ggis.
Gaius the king has fought.
We fear Gaius the king.
He is the son of Gaius the king.
54
Vocabulary XXVII
2nd Conjugation Verbs (like doce)
3rd Declension Noun (like mles)
move,
movre,
,

dle,
dlre,
dlv,
dltum destroy
move
rx,
rgis,
m.
king
Exercise XXVII
A.
1. lbitur.
6. Mter mea, rgna magna, amtur.
2. Patrs flcs videntur.
7. Frter tuus, pota , librum scrpsit.
3. Porta nn movtur.
8. Fli fliaeque  magistr bon monbantur.
4. Verba docentur.
9. In r sedbat et rgem rogbat.
5. Caput meum tene.
10. Vir,  bonus,  nn timuit.
11. Incolae terrae verbs pis rgis bon movbuntur.
12. Celeris nox d montibus ad mare vnit.
13. Audx soror cum frtribus multa bella 

  mlits corpora ex  in terram rant.
15. ra magna rgnae ab omnibus cvibus vsa est.
16. Tua flia, mea amca, carmina potrum amat, sed nn librs.
17. Lgs  pro cvibus  scrb, me frtre, dl

  magistr laudta est quod ram tenuerat.
B.
1. The city will be destroyed.
2. Our leader, a bold man, has been praised.
3. My books are being moved.
4. Water is being carried.
5. You (pl.) will have been wounded.
6. We had been asked by the king.
7. The inhabitants of the native land will be shown.
8. The farmers, the leaders of the tribe, will be angry.
9. You will be seen by my brother.
10. The tired men, your brothers, are sitting under the bridge.
11. The citizens killed the queen because she had led the poets out of the native land.
12. Gius, the slave, has written many books and many letters on behalf of my father.
55
Lesson XXVIII
SECOND CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Passive Voice
The passive voice of the perfect system is formed in the same way for all verbs: the fourth principal part, declined like
bonus, is followed by the appropriate form of sum.
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

PERFECT TENSE
monitus/-a sum
monitus/-a es
monitus/-a/ -um est

monitsumus
monit estis
monit sunt

- have been advised
you were advised,
- have been advised
he/she/it was advised,
- has been advised
we were advised,
- have been advised
you were advised,
- have been advised
they were advised,
- have been advised
PLUPERFECT TENSE
monitus/-a eram
monitus/-a ers
monitus/-a/-um erat

monit 
monit 
monit erant

I was advised,
I had been advised
you had been advised
he/she/it had been advised
we had been advised
you had been advised
they had been advised
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
monitus/-a er
monitus/-a eris
monitus/-a/-um erit

monit/-ae erimus
monit/-ae eritis
monit/-ae/-a erunt
I will have been advised
you will have been advised
he/she/it will have been advised
we will have been advised
you will have been advised
they will have been advised
ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN
ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN OR WITHIN WHICH: Latin uses the ablative case with no preposition to express the time when or
within which something happens. English uses various prepositions: on, at, in, during, by, and occasionally no preposition.
Proxim ann Caesar urbem dlvit.
56
(In the) next year Caesar destroyed the city.
Vocabulary XXVIII
3rd Conjugation Verbs (like dc)
dc,
rg,
st
dcere,
rgere,
dx,
rx,
dictum

2nd Declension Nouns (like dominus)
annus,
say, speak, tell
m.
year
rule
nd
1st Declension Nouns (like puella)
1 and 2 Declension Adjectives (like bonus)
prmus,
proximus,
ann,
prma,

proxima, proximum
hra,
first
hrae, f.
hour
next
Exercise XXVIII
A.
1. Gents miserae  sunt.
7. Ad rgnam vct ers.
2. Mlits audcs  erant.
8. Vulnert sumus.
3. Soror mea prm hor docta est.
9. Verbs tus motus sum.
4.  mlitum proxim ann ta erunt. 10. Nostrae  vx est pulchra.
5. Flil prim nn terr erant.
11. In ltore manbitis.
6. Urbs ta erat et   erant.
12. Sub ponte flminis stetist.
13. Nocte pr s bis et s servbis.
14. Pr duce flcia verba dcam.
15. Prtae mal ab rgn fgrunt et iter ad mare fcrunt.
16. Brev nocte iter ad monts facimus et incols monbimus.
17. Prm lce part eritis quod mlits vderitis.
18. Corpora d montibus portvimus et in navs cum capitibus posuimus.
19. rta gns multa misera dxit.
20. Proxim ann mults ponts mrsque m.
21. Omns lgs in pectoribus nostrs tenbuntur.
22. Prm hr in ponte stbmus et flmen vidbmus.
B.
1. Your hearts have not been moved.
4. We have spoken with your friends.
2. Our native land had been destroyed by night.
5. You (sg.) will come at dawn.
3. The queen’s anger will have been reported.
6. We are not killing sick soldiers.
7. I love all the songs of my native land.
8. Next year he will see my brother.
9. You (pl.) were seen under the bridge with the daughter of the king.
10. The father and mother will have been saved by our slaves.
11. I will take the letters from the messenger and carry (them) to the king.
12. In the first year of the war all the inhabitants were frightened by the deeds of bad (men).
57
Lesson XXIX
FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS
Nouns whose genitive singular ends in
-s belong to the FOURTH DECLENSION.
To find the stem of any Latin noun remove the ending from the genitive singular.
GRADS
CORNS
-S
-S
GRADCORNMost fourth declension nouns are masculine. A few fourth declension nouns are neuter and have a nominative ending in -
Fourth declension nouns are declined by adding the case endings to the noun stem: grad- or cornFourth declension feminine nouns use the same endings as the masculine.
Singular

endings

grad
step
Genitive
-us
-s

grads
of the step, step’s
Dative
-u

gradu
to / for the step
Accusative
-um
-


gradum
grad
step
Nominative
Ablative

Plural
Nominative
-s

grads
steps
Genitive



graduum
gradibus
grads
of the steps
Accusative
-uum
-ibus
-s
Ablative
-ibus

gradibus
by / with / from the steps
Dative

by / with / from the step
to / for the steps
steps
If the nominative singular of the noun ends in -, the noun is neuter in gender.
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

endings
-
-s
-
-
-





corn
corns
corn
corn
corn
horn
-
-uum
-ibus
-ua
-ibus





cornua
cornuum
cornibus
cornua
cornibus
horns
of the horn, horn’s
to / for the horn
horn
by / with / from a horn

58
of the horns
to / for the horns
horns
by / with / from the horns
Vocabulary XXIX
4th Declension Nouns (like gradus or corn)
3rd Declension Adjective (like
omnis)
sus,
domus,
exercitus
flctus,
gradus,
manus,
corn,
css,
doms,
exercits,
flcts,
grads,

corns,
m.
f.
m.
m.
m.
f.
n.
chance, misfortune, fall
fortis,

army

wave, tide, flood, sea

step

hand

horn

Exercise XXIX
A.
1. s maris in me somn
 tra est ma hra noctis.
3. Exercitus patriae in domins in silv pugnbat.
4. Proxim ann rgna css agricolrum miserrum vdit.
5. Omns doms urbis flctibus marium d.
6. De et deae  terrs regunt; nautae maria regunt.
7. Grads parvrum flirum ab flc  laudt sunt.
8. Cornua in ports doms posurunt.
9. Magnae navs ab domin et bons nba
 Magister puerrum multa verba et pulchrs librs docuerat.
11.  lce p rtus mlitis miser multa verba dxit.
12 lits pontem mnverant quod flmen erat altum.

  magn rgna domum omnem vocvit.
14. Manibus pectoribusque mlitum fortium cvs servbuntur.


 Horns are weapons of the inhabitants of forests.

 The waves of the dark sea will not frighten the brave king.

 The pirates and sailors led the boys and mothers from the homes.

 I prepared our great ships and led the sailors onto the shore in the night.

 The sharp words of the angry ghosts terrify the tired girls of the city.

 You (sg.) had wandered into the forests and fields without your books.

 With large waves the swift seas carried the tall ships to the shore.

 The brave soldiers had not asked the beautiful queen about the next war.

 We will have held the books and letters of the holy poet in our hands.

brave, strong
home, household*
*Domus often uses the ablative dom.

forte
 The words of all the poets will have been written by hand.
59
Lesson XXX
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT AND I-STEM VERBS
Present System Passive Voice
Singular
dcor
dceris
dcitur
1st
2
nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
3
rd
1
2
nd
3
rd
Singular
1st
2
nd
3
rd
Plural
1st
2
nd
3
rd
we are( being) led
you are (being) led
they are (being) led
capior
caperis 
capitur
I am (being) captured
capimur
capimin
capiuntur
we are (being) captured
you are (being) captured
he/she/it is (being) captured
you are (being) captured
they are (being) captured
IMPERFECT TENSE
dcbar
dcbris
dcbtur
I was being led
you were being led
he/she/it was being led



I was being captured
you are being captured
he/she/it is being captured

Plural
st
he/she/it is (being) led

1st
2
you are (being) led
dcimur
dcimin
dcuntur
1st
nd
I am (being) led

Plural
Singular
PRESENT TENSE
 
dcbmur
dcbmin
dcbantur



we were being led
you were being led
they were being led
we are being captured
you are being captured
they are being captured
FUTURE TENSE

dcar
dcris
dctur

dcmur
dcmin
dcentur
I will be led
you will be led
he/she/it will be led
we will be led
you will be led
they will be led
capiar




capientur

In the third conjugation the future tense is marked by vowels.

I-stem verbs have an
I shall be captured
you will be captured
he/she/it will be captured
we shall be captured
you will be captured
they will be captured
–i- in every form of the present passive system except the present tense, second person singular.
ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME
Latin uses noun phrases in the accusative case with no preposition to express how long an action lasts. English often uses
the preposition for or no preposition.
Mults anns rx regbat.
Mults anns in tali manmus.
The king ruled for many years.
We will stay in Italy many years.
60
Vocabulary XXX
c)
cern,
ger,
volv,
teg,
cernere,
gerere,
volvere,
tegere,
crv,
gess,
volv,
tx,
crtum
gestum
voltum

perceive, discern; decide
carry on; (bellum gerere, wage war)
roll
cover, conceal, shelter
Third Declension Adjectives (like omnis)
dulcis,
gravis,
dulce
grave
sweet
heavy; serious
Exercise XXX
A.
1. Amc facts cernuntur.
5.   rgibus mals mults anns regt.
2. Multa bella gerbantur.
6. Flcts alt mar ad ltus volvuntur.
3. Silvs tegmur.
7. Prm hr bellum gertur et urbs dlbuntur.
4. Mults hrs dcbtis.
8. Gravs mlits ex exercit ducis mt erunt.
9. Ab amics nostrs .
10. Soror mea d lge  pr rge stetit et multa verba dxit.
11. Celer ventus et flcts magn nvs nostrs ad ram mrun.
12. Mare magnum et celers ventvem vestram in terram volvent.
13. Omns anns fess mlits itinera facibant et bella pugnbant.
14. Mter dulcis rgnae in ponte stbat et  cvibus laudbtur.
15. rts nn vdimus  mare tr nocte tegbtur.
16. Pota carmina d incols patriae sed nn d rge nostrpsit.
B.
1. For many years bold slaves were waging war with (their) masters.
3. The happy sailors have perceived friendly girls on the shore.
2. The names of the sweet girls will be written in books.
4. The gods will punish the black heart of the evil king for all (his) years.
5. The soldier’s body had been watched over by (his) loyal friends.
Corpus militis ab amicīs piīs servatum erat.
6. The sailors' bodies were being rolled over by the waves of the river.
7. You (sg.) will discern the voice of the god on the holy mountain.
8. Brave men were being sheltered in our house for the first hour.
9. In the next hour the words of your leaders will be reported.
10. During the night the heavy walls of the city were being destroyed by the soldiers.
11. The heavy steps of the angry queen are being perceived by the king.
12. For many years the devoted king was carrying the burdens of all the citizens.
61
Lesson XXXI
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT AND I-STEM VERBS
Perfect System Passive Voice
The passive voice of the perfect system is formed the same way for all verbs: the fourth principal part, declined like
followed by the appropriate form of sum.
bonus is
PERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ductus/-a sum
ductus/-a es
ductus/-a/-um est
I was led,
-have been led
you were led,
-have been led
duct-ae sumus
duct/-ae estis
duct/-ae/-a sunt
we were led,
-have been led
you were led,
-have been led
they were led,
- have been led
he/she/it was led, - has been led
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ductus/-a eram
ductus/-a 
ductus/-a/-um erat
I had been led
you had been led
he/she/it had been led
duct-ae 
duct/-ae 
duct/-ae/-a erant
we had been led
you had been led
they had been led
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
ductus/-a er
ductus/-a eris
ductus/-a/-um erit
I will have been led
duct-ae erimus
duct/-ae eritis
duct/-ae/-a erunt
we will have been led
you will have been led
he/she/it will have been led
you will have been led
they will have been led
THE DATIVE CASE
DATIVE CASE is used for INDIRECT OBJECTS. An indirect object is a person to or for whom something is given, said, told or
shown.
 puellae monstr

I show the girl the books; I show the books to the girl.


Liber tilis magistr est.
Verba potae sunt similia carmin.
The book is useful to the teacher.
The poet's words are like a song.
62
Vocabulary XXXI
Irregular Verb
dare, ded, datum
d,
1st Declension Adjective (like bonus)
crus,
cra, crum
dear
to give
rd
2nd Declension Noun (like verbum)
3 Declension Adjectives (like omnis)
similis,
tilis,
simile
tile
,
similar, like (+ dative)
dn
useful



 Magister librum parvae puellae dat.

 Epistuls longs nntis nn dabmus.

 Agr patriae domins agricolsque dat erant.

  rgnrum flcibus puers dabuntur.

 Scrbae furunt tils pots.

 Liber epistulaque sunt tils magistr.

 Parvae puellae urbis magnae erunt crae deae.

 litum  servs rgnae dulcis portta erant.

 De deaeque pulchrs camps umbrs trs noctis texrunt.

 Nautae ex mar alts  et omns doms patriae cernunt.

 Flucts magn flminis navs volvent et audcs prts terrbunt.

 x in dom atr est similis don derum. 
B.
1. The little boys are dear to their brothers, the soldiers.
2. The short hours of the night are useful to all.
3. The words of our teacher are like the words of the gods.
4. War is bad for all the tribes.
5. The farmers from the fields are giving gifts to the pirates of the seas.
6. The beautiful book of the poets has been sent to the teacher of my daughters.
7. My sister, the queen, gives letters to the messenger, and the soldiers guard the gates.
8. Because the strong mother guards (her) sons and daughters, she is like a soldier.
9. The rights of citizens were seized from the miserable farmers and slaves.
10. The slaves were sent into the dark forests for many years.
11. The great, holy books of the goddesses had been received by the happy citizens.
12. The inhabitants of the plain gave gifts to the sweet queen in the great city.
63
n.
gift
Lesson XXXII
FIFTH DECLENSION NOUNS
Nouns whose genitive singular ends in - belong to the FIFTH DECLENSION.
Fifth declension nouns are feminine in gender, except dis, which is usually masculine.
To find the stem of any Latin noun remove the ending from the genitive singular.






Singular
RE
-E



endings
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
-s
-e
-
-em
-





rs
r
re
rem
r
thing
-s
-rum
-bus
-s
-bus





rs
rrum
rbus
rs
rbus
things
of the thing, thing’s
to / for the thing
thing
by / with / from a thing
of the things, things’
to / for the things
things
by / with / from the things
*The genitive and dative singular ending changes to - when it is preceded by a vowel:
dis – gen. sg. di.
REVIEW OF THE CASE ENDINGS FOR THE FIVE DECLENSIONS
1st
2nd
2nd
3rd
3rd
4th
4th
5th
m.
n.
m. + f.
n.
m. + f.
n.
n.
Singular
Nominative
-a
-us
-um
---
---
-us
-
-s
Genitive
-ae
-
-
-is
-is
-s
-s
-e
Dative
-ae
-
-
-
-
-u
-
-e
Accusative
-am
-um
-um
-em
---
-um
-
-em
Ablative
-
-
-
-e
-e/-
-
-

Nominative
-ae
-
-a
-s
-a/ia
-s
-ua
-s
Genitive
-rum
-rum
-rum
-um/ium
-um/ium
-uum
-uum
-rum
Dative
-s
-s
-s
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-bus
Accusative
-s
-s
-a
-s
-a/ia
-s
-ua
-s
Ablative
-s
-s
-s
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-bus
Plural
64
Vocabulary XXXII
5th Declension Nouns (like rs)
dis,
di,
m.
day
s,
fde
f.
faith, loyalty
rs,
re
f.
thing, affair, matter
specis, speci,
f.
appearance, sight
sps,
spe
f.
hope
3rd Declension Adjectives (like omnis)
facilis,
facile
easy
difficilis, difficile difficult
Exercise XXXII
A.
1. Mala fds incolrum  dlvit.
2. Rs difficils, verba facilia sunt.
3. Sps rgnae  et  nntitae sunt, sed   et  rts.
4. Facilia facta flcem virum piumque nn facient.
5. Difficilem di vdistis, quod onera montibus similia portvistis.
6. Rs  exercitus f, quod mlits audcs sunt.

  di n corporum .
8. Prma  est brevis et pulchra hra, sed incolae manent in somn.

 gnae patriae librs et dna omn fliae  dabunt, quod rs difficils .
10. Potae et magistr in terrs cum frtrs et sorribus omn errbant.

  iter in urbem faciet, et audiet verba potrum amcrum in ponte.
12. Vx vestrae fliae bonum patrem in nvem nn vocverat, sed in ram.
13. Sp vent nautae  parbunt.
14. Grads nntirum parv sunt, sed grads ducis parv nn sunt.
B.
1. The sweet queen was guarding the affairs of the city.
2. Hope of many good things will lead the citizens to war.
3. On the next day heavy burdens had been carried to my great ships on the seacoast.
4. We will have advised the bold leader about the evil hopes of angry pirates.
5. Faith is easy for the loyal heart, difficult for the evil (one).
6. You (sg.) sat on the high mountains for many days and sang about the affairs of the city.
7. The deeds of the man will show everyone the rights of the citizens.
8. The father had given the teacher (his) son's easy work.
9. The difficult sea used to be feared by the farmers and soldiers but not by the sailors and pirates.
10. The long songs of the poets wounded the king with sharp words.
11. The words of the sweet little girl are like songs and will move my great father.
12. The faith of our fathers will be destroyed by the appearance of the ghost at night.
65
Lesson XXXIII
FOURTH CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Present System Passive Voice

Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
st
1 person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
audior
audris
audtur
I am (being) heard
audmur
audmin
audiuntur
we are (being) heard
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

you are (being) heard
he/she/ it is (being) heard


Singular
1st person
PRESENT TENSE
you are (being) heard
they are (being) heard
IMPERFECT TENSE
audibar
audibris
audibtur

audibmur
audibmin
audibantur

I was being heard,
-used to be heard
you were being heard,
-used to be heard
he/she/it was being heard, -used to be heard
we were being heard,
-used to be heard
you were being heard,
-used to be heard
they were being heard,
-used to be heard
FUTURE TENSE
audiar
audiris
auditur

audimur
audimin
audientur
I will be heard
you will be heard
he/she/it will be heard
we will be heard
you will be heard
they will be heard
In the fourth conjugation the future tense is marked by vowels.
The final - of the present stem is shortened before a vowel.
66
Vocabulary XXXIII
3rd Conjugation Verbs (like dc)
surg,
tend,
surgere,
tendere,
surrx
tetend,
ctum
tensum/tentum
3rd Declension Adjectives (like flx)
ingns,
sapins,
ingntis
sapientis
rise, swell, stretch upward
extend, stretch out, proceed
3rd Declension Adjective (like omnis)
trstis, trste
huge, vast
sad
wise
Exercise XXXIII
A.

1. Verba ducis audib
4. Bon mans ad des tendunt.
 vs mal pnientur.
5. Carmina trstium puellrum nn audientur.
3.  mrus urbis nostrae mnibtur.
6. Sapins rx nn errverat.
7.  de maris ing flcts in nauts s .
8. Terra nostra  mar ad monts tendit.
9. ra mea surrxit quod meum  interfcerant.
10. Scrba fessus verba tr accipit et in libr scrbit.
11. Bellum est  difficile

 stis specisntis vir sorrem meam terruit.
13. Lgs patriae sunt sapients, sed  cvibus nn laudantur.
14. Verba sapientium in urbe nostr audientur.
15. Proxim di forts mlits in bellum corn voct sunt.
16. Amcus servus  domin aegrtur.
17. Brev nocte nostr doms  s in monts m.
18. Dulcis rgna gravem  timbat, sed similis rg exercitum ducbat.
B.
1. We carried great and heavy burdens for many hours.
2. All the cities of our native land were being fortified by our (men).
3. The messenger was sent out of the city at the first hour.
4. At dawn all our possessions will be sent into the ships.
5. You (pl.) were being heard by Gaius, our friend, and by many citizens.
6. For many days we sat on the shore and stayed with the sad sailors.
7. You (sg.) will be taught by the words and deeds of your teachers.
8. The master will be punished because he has said many evil things to the loyal slaves.
9. The light of day has fled before the huge shadow of the night.
10. I wrote many books and letters with my (own) hand.
11. The leaders rose and stretched out their hands to the gods.
67
Lesson XXXIV
FOURTH CONJUGATION: -VERBS
Perfect System Passive Voice
The passive voice of the perfect system is formed the same way for all verbs: the fourth principal part, declined like bonus,
is followed by the appropriate form of sum.
PERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

/-a sum
audtus/-a es
audtus/-a/-um est

audt/-ae sumus
audt/-ae estis
audt/-ae/-a sunt
I was heard,
-have been heard
you were heard,
-have been heard
he/she/it was heard,
-has been heard
we were heard,
-have been heard
you were heard,
-have been heard
they were heard,
-have been heard
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

audtus/-a eram
audtus/-a ers
audtus/-a/-um erat

audt/-ae ermus
audt/-ae ertis
audt/-ae/-a erant
I had been heard
you had been heard
he/she/it had been heard
we had been heard
you had been heard
they had been heard
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Singular
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person
Plural
1st person
nd
2 person
rd
3 person

audtus/-a er
audtus/-a eris
audtus/-a/-um erit

audt/-ae erimus
audt/-ae eritis
audt/-ae/-a erunt
I will have been heard
you will have been heard
he/she/it will have been heard
we will have been heard
you will have been heard
they will have been heard
68
Exercise XXXIV
A.
1.  monts ex terr surgent et  lx di.
2. Magister    puers in agrs prm hr dibit.
3.  liber d rge rgnque ab duce mlitibus datus est.
4. Umbrae silvae ad  tendunt, sed prim  nn .
5. Urbs nostra nn montibus et   erat, sed sp  fortium.
6. Epistulae longae  et patrum ad flis flisque missae erunt.
7. agricolae audcis in omn urbe patriae  est.
8.  duce fess nn  ermus, sed multa mala fcermus.
9. Dulca carmina potrum ab parvs puers et puells cantta sunt.
10. rta soror rgae pr ports urbis cum audc mlite nocte stbit.
11. Longs hrs noctis terr umbrs  sunt et flcts s t sunt.
12. Amc incolae urbis furunt simils f nauts.
13. Difficilis liber ad bellum  servs ducis porttur.
14. Rgna, cra rg bon,  nv prrum territt.
15. Portae trae doms fort flctibus et celeribus vents dltae erunt.
16. Ingns ra derum et s s in s et  mserat.
B.
1. In the night the high bridge had been captured by the angry citizens.
2. The voice of the small leader was heard under water.
3. Our city has been fortified by the bodies of our brave citizens, not by walls and weapons.
4. The hearts of the boys and girls had been fortified by the words of a wise book.
5. Our sons will seize the books about the beautiful girls from the wall of the house.
6. The sweet voices of the holy goddesses were heard the next day from the mountains.
7. You (sg.) will be punished because you will have hurt the plains and fields of your native land.
8. We stayed on the ships because pirates were in the city.
9. The difficult burdens were placed on the wall of the city by the tired slaves.
10. Bad things have not been taught by your wise teacher.
11. The rights of citizens are similar to gifts of the gods.
12. We wrote a long letter to the queen, because you (sg.) had done many good deeds.
13. The misfortunes of the happy poets destroyed the faith of the bold citizens.
14. I had feared the angry voice of my father, but not the sweet gifts of my mother.
15. The hopes of the king were destroyed by the anger of the slaves.
16. The gift of the wise teacher will be useful to the sad girl.
69
READINGS
The following short passages use primarily vocabulary and grammar from the lessons indicated. Additional
vocabulary is given below the passage. The first passages are numbered as individual sentences, but seek to have some
sequential sense. Later passages narrate succinctly the legends of Romulus and Remus, Tarquinius Superbus, Lucretia, the
Horatii and Curiatii, Horatius at the Bridge, and the Dictatorship of Cincinnatus.
These passages are intended to be read in class, as sight translation, with the help and guidance of the teacher. The
legends have been chosen to provide opportunities for general discussion of the development of Roman government, culture,
and values.
Some unfamiliar words should be guessed with the help of English cognates; meanings of italicized words are given
beneath each passage.
Lessons I - V
1. Agricola patriam amat.
2. Patria agricolam vocat.
3. Agricola pr patri pugnre parat.
4. Agricola pr patri pugnat et patriam servat.
5. Patria agricolam laudat, quod patriam servvit.
6. Potae agricolam laudant et d agricol cantbunt.
pr on behalf of
quod because
d about
Lessons I - VI
1. talia est longa paeninsula in mar.
2. Rma est urbs maxima in tali.
3. Rmn urbem Romam amant.
4. Rmn aquam amant; aqua Rmns nn terret.
5. Mare Rmns ad Graeciam et ad Siciliam et ad Africam portat.
6. Rmn aquam "Mare Nostrum" vocant.
7. Rmn in mar errant, et aqua mns n vulnerat.
mar sea
maxima greatest
urbs city
ad to
70
Lessons I - VIII
1. Magister librum tenet; librum portat.
2. Puellae librum vident et magistrum rogant,
3. "Librumne ns nstr?"
4. "Vs librum nstr."
5. Magister puells librs amre docet.
6. Magistrum puellae laudant et docre parat.
7. Subit puellae umbram vident; umbra puells terret.
8. Magister ram nn tenet.
-ne (particle indicating a question)
subit suddenly
ns us
mnstrbis you will show
vs you
Lessons I - X
1. Magister puers vocat.
2. Puer b; magister ram nn tenuit.
3. Puer ram timent; nn pugnābunt.
4. Magister dominum vdit et puers monuit.
5. Puer verba in librs scrbunt; magister librum scrpsit.
6. Dominus magistrum et puers laudbit.
Lessons I - XII
1. Agricolae agrs servāre .
2. Deam magnam .
3. Magna dea aquam multam mittet.
4. Aqua agrs nn ; agricolae bonam aquam et deam magnam nn timent.
5. Agricolae bon patriam et rgnam magnam amant.
Lessons I - XIV
1. In librs potae d  et des scrpsrunt.
2. Mercrius, nntius derum, veniet quod de msrunt.
3. Nntius virs monbit; vir audient et ports mnient.
4. Vir pugnbunt et puells puersque servbunt.
5. Deum laudbimus, quod virs monuit et nostrs s flisque servvit.
d about
derum (gen.) of the gods
71
Fbula d Rmul et Rem
Lessons I - XVI
Romans were fond of explaining their special role in the world as being due to the divine ancestry of the founder of Rome.
Mult de Rmns servbant; d des potae s mults narr; erat
flius vis. Mars lim ad Rheam Silviam in somn vnit et flis gemins fcrunt. Nmina
geminrum erant Rmulus Remusque. Rx malus flis timuit quod rgnum  patre Rheae
Silviprat. Rx putvit, "Fli Rheae Silviae erunt rgs." Rx igitur puers infants in silvs
mserat, sed Mars flis servvit. Mars lupam msit, quae Rmulum et Remum ntrivit. Puer lpam nn
timurunt et nn fgrunt.
 was
Iovis (gen.) of Jupiter
lim once (upon a time)
gemins twin
x king
from
 father
vit thought
igitur therefore
in (+acc.) into
who, which
ntrivit nursed
 wicked
lupam wolf

quae
How Rome Got Its Name
Lessons I - XVIII
Agricola lim in silvs vnit et gemins audvit. Ubi puers vdit, amvit et ex silvs dxit. Post mults
anns Rmulus et Remus erant magn. Urbem novam facibant, ubi Rmulus Remum interfcit.
Nmen "Rma" ex nmine "Rmul" . Mult vir vnrunt et novam urbem habitābant. Mrs
alts fcrunt; mr casās servvrunt. In casīs tamen erant nullae fminae, nullī fli, nullae fliae.
ubi when
ex out of
post after
tamen however
nullae no, not any
novam new
habitbant lived in
cass houses
Lessons I - XX
The founders of Rome were all male. This story tells how the Romans won wives by subterfuge combined with strength.
Rmn Sabns virs, fmins, flis flisque ad lds vocvrunt. Ad lds  n vnrunt;
erant nn rt, sed amc et pi. Sabn vir nulla tla portvrunt; fminae flis et flis dcēbant.
SubitRmnlis Sabns cprunt et ad cass runt. Parents cum flis fgrunt et tla
parvrunt. Proximō annō rt vir Sabn vnrunt et pugnre parāti erant. Fliae tamen Rmns
amvrunt et vocvrunt: "Estis  s frtrsque; sunt vir nostrlite , sed tla
depnite." Itaque Rmn et Sabn erant amc; Sabnae Rmns Sabnsque servvrunt.
proxim ann in the next year
itaque and so
part prepared
vir husbands





72
nlite don't
depnite put down
la d ti et Curiti
Lessons I - XXII



mae gents alis in tali pugnbant. Rmn des invocvrunt; de urbem servvrunt.
Albn lim, gns finitima, ad urbem Rmam vnrunt et impetum in mns crunt. Mult Albn
mults Rmns vulnervrunt; mult Rmn Albns mults. Inter virs erant trs frtrs Rmn,
Hti nmine, et trs frtrs Albn, Curiti nmine.
alis other
finitima neighboring
impetum attack
inter among
s threemine by name
Lessons I - XXIV
In extending their power, Romans also extended prosperity. It was in the interest of all to establish victors without
killing the vanquished.
nus ex Hortis nntivit, "Bellum est malum. Mult erunt vulnert; mult erunt mortu. Ego et frtrs
me pugnbimus trs fr Curitis. Trs frtrs manbunt; trs frtrs fugient vel morientur. Curiti
mox dus fr Hortis interfcrunt. nus Hortius sine frtribus, sine amcs mnsit. Hortius ab
Curitis fugibat; Curiti post Hortium venibant. nus Curitius erat pr frtribus. Hortius num
pugnvit et interfcit. Secundus Curitius ad Hortium vnit; Hortius secundum interfcit.
nus one
mortu dead
ego I
vel or
morientur they will die
mox soon
dus two
Lessons I - XXVI
As the boundaries of Rome's power expanded, Romans overcame many neighboring tribes and assimilated them
under Roman rule.
Omns frtrs fuerant audcs; ultim erant audcissim. nus frter Hortius cum n Curiti pugnre
parbat. Omns Rmn Albnque omns vidbant. Curitius erat cer sed fessus; Hortius Curitium
interfcit. Rmn erant flcs. Rx Rmnrum erat rx Albnrum quod Horatius Curitium ultimum
interfcerat. Rmnum rgnum erat magnum in tali.
ultim last
audcissim boldest
rx king
Fbulae de Ultim Rge Rmn
73
Lessons I - XXVIII
The Romans learned to hate tyranny. This story also shows the value put on the chastity of women and the respect
paid to honorable suicide.
Rmulus erat prmus rx Rmae. mnn erant septem rgs Rmae. Ultimus rx erat Tarquinius
Superbus, malus et rtus. Sextus Tarquinius, flius rgis, tr pulchram Lucrtiam amvit.
Lucrtia Sextum nn amvit, sed frustr fgit. Sextus tamen Lucrtiam cpit et vit. rta et
perturbta Lucrtia s interfcit. Rmn igitur Sextum Tarquinium et patrem Tarquinium Superbum ex
urbe m srunt. Tarquinius Superbus in proximum rgnum fgit. Rx Lars Porsenna, amcus
Tarquinrum, cum exercit magn ad urbem Rmam vnit et urbem obsdit.
n altogether
decorvit dishonored
septem seven
ta upset
mtrnam married lady
frustr in vain
 herself
 therefore
Lessons I - XXX
The valor of one man keeps the enemy out of Rome; the god of the River Tiber saves the man.
Rmn omns pnts trans flmen in urbem delbant, sed nus pns nndum deltus erat. Prm lce
exercitus Porsennae ad pntem vnit. Trs Rmn mlits in pnte stetrunt; nn mvrunt, sed pntem
tenurunt. Post es, amc Rmn pntem delbant. Dnique nus mls Rmnus,  Ccls
nmine, in pnte pugnvit. Amc nntivrunt: "Pns deltus est!  pntis vidmus!" Tum
t in flmen hs verbs saluit: "Pater Tiberine, accipe haec arma et hunc mlitem!" Rmn flics
erant quod Hortius nn vulnertus est et urbs servta est.
nndum not yet
post behind
es them
leaped
haec these
hunc this
dnique finally
Lessons I - XXXII
74
tum then
hs these
saluit
Romans put a high value on courage and loyalty, especially when combined with disdain for physical suffering.
Di exercitus Porsennae urbem obsidbat, sed Rmn erant audcs fortsque et mrs tenbant. nus
Rmnus, Gaius Mcius nmine, in castra Porsennae nocte vnit. Rgem interficere voluit, sed Mcius
scrbam fortcit. Mcius vsus est et captus. Ductus pr rge, "Rmnus sum cvis," inquit,
"Gaium Mcium vocant. Post m alter venient. nus t interficiet." Lars Porsenna Mcium pnre
voluit. Tandem Porsenna Mcium in ignem ne mintus est. Mcius ipse dextram manum in ign
tenuit. Lars Porsenna Mcium laudvit et cvs Rmns: "Rmn sunt forts et nbils; Rmns
igitur nn pugnbimus." Exercitum ab urbe Rm dxit. Rmn cvs erant lber sub lgibus sed sine
rge. Mcius igitur "Scaevola"  est quod dextra ign  est.
di for a long time
castra camp
voluit wanted
forte by chance
t you
tandem eventually
 fire
tus est threatened
Scaevola Left-handed
post after
 himself
 others
dextram right(hand)
Lessons I - XXXIV
After the suffering the abuses of monarchy, the Romans chose to share leadership power equally between two men
(called consuls) elected annually. In times of crisis, the Senate could appoint a dictator for six months at a time who would
have absolute power.
Post septem rgs et csum Tarquini Superb, Rmn cvs rem pblicam constiturunt. Duo consuls
quotanns  cvibus fact sunt; liberttem cvium et ira Rmnrum servvrunt. Aedu lim, gns
, contr Rmns surrxrunt. Lcius Qunctius Cincinntus cnsns omnium dicttor dictus
est. Nnti  sent ad Cincinntum in agrs vrun et in urbem vocrun. Cincinntus pius
exercitum Rmnum contr Aedus xit. Quam celerrim Aedus  iugum msit. Sext decim di
dicttram dposuit et vis prvtus  agrs rvnit.
rem publicam republic
constiturunt set up
consuls consuls
quotanns each year
liberttem
freedom
contr against
ns as quickly as possible
sub
iugum under the yoke (an act of submission)
sext decim sixteenth
dicttram dictatorship
75
GRAMMATICAL CATECHISM
The Sentence
Q: What is a sentence?
A: A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.
Q: What are the two parts of a sentence?
A: The two parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Q: What is the subject of a sentence?
A: The subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun which the sentence is about.
Q: What is a compound subject?
A: A compound subject consists of more than one noun or pronoun joined by a conjunction.
Q: What is the predicate of a sentence?
A: The predicate is what is said about the subject. It must include a verb.
Q: When does gapping occur?
A: Gapping occurs when the same word is understood in more than one part of a sentence without being
repeated.
Parts of Speech
Q: What are the eight parts of speech?
A: The eight parts of speech are: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
Q: What is a noun?
A: A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Q: What is a pronoun?
A: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Q: What is an adjective?
A: An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Q: What is a verb?
A: A verb tells what the subject does or has done to it.
Q: What is an adverb?
A: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Q: What is a preposition?
A: A preposition is a word that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence.
Q: What is a conjunction?
A: A conjunction is a word which connects words in a sentence without affecting the grammar.
Q: What is an interjection?
A: An interjection is an exclamation and does not affect the syntax of the sentence.
Q: What is an article?
A: In English, the words the, a, and an are articles. There are no articles in Latin.
76
The Noun
Q: How are Latin nouns classified?
A: Latin nouns are classified in five declensions.
Q: How is the 1st Declension marked?
A: The 1st Declension is marked by the ending -ae in the genitive singular.
Q: How is the 2nd Declension marked?
A: The 2nd Declension is marked by the ending - in the genitive singular.
Q: How is the 3rd Declension marked?
A: The 3rd Declension is marked by the ending -is in the genitive singular.
Q: How is the 4th Declension marked?
A: The 4th Declension is marked by the ending -s in the genitive singular.
Q: How is the 5th Declension marked?
A: The 5th Declension is marked by the ending - in the genitive singular.
Q: What are the uses of a noun in a sentence?
A: The uses of a noun are subject, direct object, indirect object, possessive, object of a preposition, or appositive.
Q: What is an appositive?
A: An appositive is a noun which describes another noun.
Q: What three things do noun endings show?
A: Noun endings show case, number, gender.
Q: What are the five cases of Latin nouns?
A: The five cases of Latin nouns are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative.
Q: What are the two numbers of Latin nouns?
A: The numbers of Latin nouns are singular and plural.
Q: What are the three genders of Latin nouns?
A: The three genders of Latin nouns are masculine, feminine, neuter.
Q: What are the uses of the nominative case?
A: The uses of the nominative case are subject, predicate nominative, and appositive.
Q: What are the uses of the genitive case?
A: The uses of the genitive case are to show possession or to translate "of."
Q: What are the uses of the dative case?
A: The uses of the dative case are indirect object, with verbs of giving, saying, or showing, and with special adjectives.
Q: What are the uses of the accusative case?
A: The uses of the accusative case are direct object, duration of time, and with prepositions to show motion towards
something.
Q: What are the uses of the ablative case?
A: The uses of the ablative case are to express means or time when without a preposition, and with prepositions to show
agent, place where, place from which, and accompaniment.
77
The Verb
Q: What is a transitive verb?
A: A transitive verb passes the action on to another person or thing.
Q: What is an intransitive verb?
A: An intransitive verb does not pass the action beyond the doer.
Q: What is a linking verb?
A: A linking verb joins the subject with a noun or adjective complement.
Q: What five things does the verb ending show?
A: The verb ending shows person, number, tense, mood, voice.
Q: What are the persons?
A: The persons are first, second, or third.
Q: What are the numbers?
A: The numbers are singular or plural.
Q: What are the tenses?
A: The tenses are present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect.
Q: What are the moods?
A: The moods are indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle.
Q: What are the voices?
A: The voices are active or passive.
Q: What does active voice mean?
A: Active voice means the subject is doing something.
Q: What does passive voice mean?
A: Passive voice means something is being done to the subject.
Q: What is the First Rule of Concord?
A: The First Rule of Concord is that a verb must agree in number with the subject.
Q: How are Latin verbs classified?
A: Latin verbs are classified in four conjugations.
Q: What marks verbs of the 1st Conjugation?
A: The ending -re on the second principal part marks verbs of the 1st Conjugation.
Q: What marks verbs of the 2nd Conjugation?
A: The ending -re on the second principal part marks verbs of the 2nd Conjugation.
Q: What marks verbs of the 3rd Conjugation?
A: The ending -re on the second principal part marks verbs of the 3rd Conjugation.
Q: What marks verbs of the 4th Conjugation?
A: The ending -re on the second principal part marks verbs of the 4th Conjugation.
Q: What is the present system?
A: The present system consists of three tenses that use the present stem.
Q: What three tenses use the present stem?
A: The present, imperfect, and future tenses use the present stem.
78
Q: What is the perfect system?
A: The perfect system consists of three tenses that use the perfect stems.
Q: What three tenses use the perfect stems?
A: The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses use the perfect stems.
The Adjective
Q: What three things does the ending of a Latin adjective show?
A: The ending of a Latin adjective shows case, number, and gender.
Q: How does a Latin adjective differ from a Latin noun?
A: A Latin adjective differs from a Latin noun by having all three genders.
Q: What is the Second Rule of Concord?
A: The Second Rule of Concord is that an adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.
Q: What are the three uses of adjectives?
A: The three uses of adjectives are attributive, predicative, and substantive.
Q: What is the attributive use of an adjective?
A: The attributive use of an adjective modifies a noun without the intervention of a verb.
Q: What is the predicative use of an adjective?
A: The predicative use of an adjective follows a linking verb and completes the meaning of a sentence.
Q: What is the substantive use of an adjective?
A: The substantive use of an adjective omits the noun in Latin.
79
SYNOPSIS OF A VERB
AM, AMRE, AMV, AMTUM 3RD PERSON PLURAL
Indicative
present
Active
Passive
amnt
amntur
imperfect

ambantur
future
ambunt
ambuntur
perfect
am
amt sunt
pluperfect
amverant
amt erant
future perfect
amverint
amt erunt
Infinitive
Active
Passive
present
amre
amr
perfect
amvisse
amt esse
 esse
amtum r
future
Participle
present
Active
Passive
amns, amantis
amatrus, -a, -um
, -a, -um
amandus, -a -um
Active
Passive
perfect
future
Subjunctive
present
imperfect
perfect
pluperfect
ament
amentur


amverint
amt sint
amvissent
amt essent
Imperative
singular
plural
Active
Passive
am
amre
amte
ammin
80
TABLE OF THE FOUR VERB CONJUGATIONS – ACTIVE VOICE
Present
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
ams
amat
ammus
amtis
amant
mone
mons
monet
monmus
montis
monent
dc
dcis




capi
capis
capit


capiunt
audi
auds
audit


audiunt
ambam
ams
ba
ammus
amtis

mon
mons

monmus
montis
ba

bs
bat
bmus
btis
bant






audi





1st
am


capi
audi
nd
ambis
mons



3rd
ambit


capiet

Imperfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
Future
singular 2
ammus
monmus



nd
amtis
montis



rd
ambunt


capient

am
amvist

amvimus
amtis

monu
mon
monuit
monuimus
mon









cpit



aud
aud
audvit



am
am

am
am

mon
monuers

monus
mon




m
tis

cperam





aud
audvers
audverat
audvermus
audvertis
audverant
mon
monueris

monus
mon







cper





aud
audveris
audverit
audverimus
audveritis
audverint
1
plural
2
3
st
Perfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
Pluperfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
Future Perfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
amver
amveris
amverit
am
am
amverint
81
TABLE OF THE FOUR VERB CONJUGATIONS – PASSIVE VOICE
Present
First
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
amris

ammur
ammin
amantur
mone
monris

monmur
monmin
monentur
dc
dceris




capior
caperis
capitur


capiuntur
audi
audris
auditur


audiuntur
ambar
amris
b
ammur
ammin

mon
monris

monmur
monmin
ba

bris

bmur
bmin
bantur
capibar
ris



bantur
audi





Imperfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
Future
am


capiar
audi
nd
amberis
mon



3rd
ambitur




st
ammur
monmur



nd
ammin
monmin
min


rd
ambuntur







aud
aud
/a/um est
1st
singular 2
1
plural
2
3
Perfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
am
amtus/a

es
/a/um est
mon
mon






monitus/a/um est
 




am
amt/ae

estis
monit/ae
mon
sumus






 




amt/ae/a
sunt





sunt
am
amtus/a

ers
mon
mon

s



s



t/ae/a
Pluperfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
/a/um erat
monitus/a/um erat
 
 
t

m
t

s
aud
aud

s
 
/a/um erat


m
tis


mus

am
amt/ae
 monit/ae
eratis
mon
amt/ae/a
erant





t/ae/a
erant

eris
mon
mon








aud
aud


Future Perfect
1st
singular 2nd
3rd
1st
plural 2nd
3rd
am
amtus/a


/a/um erit
monitus/a/um erit
 
 
/a/um erit
am
amt/ae
eritis
monit/ae
mon
erimus














amt/ae/a






t/ae/a

erunt
82
erunt
TABLE OF THE FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONS
First
Singular
Third
puella
dominus
verbum

opus
Ngradus
corn
s
Genitive
puellae
domin
verb

operis
grads

re
Dative
puellae
domin
verb

oper
grad
corn
re
puellam
dominum
verbum

opus
grad
corn
rm
puell
domin
verb

opere
grad
corn
r
puellae
domin
verba

opera
grads
corn
rs
puellrum
dominrum
verbrum

operum
grad
corn

Dative
puells
domins
verbs

operibus
grad
corn
rbus
Accusative
puells
domins
verba

opera
grads
corn
rs
Ablative
puells
domins
verbs

operibus
grad
corn
rbus
Ablative
N
M/F
N
Fifth
N
Accusative
M/F
Fourth
M
Nominative
M/F
Second
M/F
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
83
TABLE OF ADJECTIVES – FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Plural
M
F
N
F
N
bonus
bona
bonum
bon
M
bonae
bona
bon
bonae
bon
bonrum
bonrum
bonrum
bon
bonae
bon
bons
bons
bons
bonum
bonam
bonum
bons

bona
bon
bon
bon
bons
bons
bons
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
M
sacer
sacr
sacr
sacrum

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
M
miser
miser
miser
miserum
miser
F
sacra
sacrae
sacrae
sacram

Plural
N
sacrum
sacr
sacr
sacrum
sacr
M
sacr
sacrrum
sacrs
sacrs
s
F
sacrae
sacrrum
sacr
sacrs
sacrs
N
miserum
miser
miser
miserum
miser
M
miser
miserrum
misers
s
misers
F
miserae
miserrum
misers
s
misers
Singular
F
misera
miserae
miserae
miseram
miser
N
sacra
sacrrum
sacrs
sacr
sacrs
Plural
N
misera
miserrum
misers
misera
misers
TABLE OF ADJECTIVES – THIRD DECLENSION
Three Terminations
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
M
cer
cris
cr
crem
cr
F
cris
cris
cr
crem
cr
N
cre
cris
cr
cre
cr
Two Terminations
Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
M/F
omnis
omnis
omn
omnem
omn
N
omne
omnis
omn
omne
omn
Plural
M
crs
crium
cr
crs/s
cr
F
crs
crium
cr
crs/s
cr
N
cria
crium
cr
cria
cr
One Termination
Plural
M/F
omnes
omnium
omnibus
omns/s
omnibus
Singular
N
omnia
omnium
omnibus
omnia
omnibus
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
84
M/F
N
flx
flx
flcis
flcis
flc
flc
lcem flx
flc
lc
Plural
M/F
flcs
flcium
flc
flcs
flc
N
flcia
flcium
flc
flcia
flc
CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY
Verbs
3rd Conjugation -i
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptum, receive
capi, capere, cp, captum, take, seize, capture
faci, facere, fc, factum, make, do
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum, flee, run away, avoid
interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill
1st Conjugation
amre, amv,  love, like
cant, cantre. cantv, canttum, sing
err, errre, errv, errtum, wander, make a mistake
laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum, praise
monstr, monstrre, monstrv, monstrtum, show
nnti, nntire, nntiv, nntitum, report, announce
par, parre, parv, partum, prepare
port, portre, portv, porttum, carry
pugn, pugnre, pugnv, pugntum, fight
rog, rogre, rogv, rogtum, ask
serv, servre, servv, servtum, watch over, guard,
save
voc, vocre, vocv, voctum, call
vulnerre, vulnerv, vulnertum, wound, hurt
4th Conjugation
audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen to
mni, mnre, mnv, mntum, fortify, build
pni, pnre, pnv, pntum, punish
veni, venre, vn, ventum, come
Irregular
d, dare, ded, datum, give
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be
2nd Conjugation
Nouns
dele, delre, delv, deltum, destroy
doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach
mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay
mone, monre, monu, monitum, warn, advise
move, movre, mv, mtum, move
sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain
terre, terrre, terru, territum, frighten
time, timre, timu, -, fear, be afraid of
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see
1st Declension: Feminine
aqua, -ae, f., water
dea, -ae, f., goddess
epistula, -ae, f., letter
flia, -ae, f., daughter
hra, -ae, f., hour
ra, -ae, f., anger, wrath
ra, -ae, f., shore, rim, edge
patria, -ae, f., native land
porta, -ae, f., gate
puella, -ae, f., girl
rgna, -ae, f., queen
silva, -ae, f., forest, woods
terra, -ae, f., land, earth, a country
umbra, -ae, f., shadow, ghost
3rd Conjugation
cern, cernere, crv, crtum, perceive, discern; decide
dc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send
, , posu, positum, put, place, set up
reg, regere, rx, , rule
scrb, scrbere, scrps, , write
surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, swell, stretch
upward
teg, tegere, tex, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter
tend, tendere, tetend, tensum/tentum, extend, stretch
out, proceed
volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll
1st Declension: Masculine
agricola, -ae, m., farmer
incola, -ae m., inhabitant
nauta, -ae, m., sailor
prta, -ae, m., pirate
pota, -ae, m., poet
scrba, -ae, m., writer, secretary
2nd Declension: Masculine
ager, agr, m., field
85
annus, -i, m., year
campus, -, m., plain, field, playing field
deus, -, m., god
dominus, -, m., master
flius, -, m., son
liber, libr, m., book
magister, magistr, m., teacher
mrus, -, m., wall
nntius, -i, m., messenger
puer, puer, m., boy
servus, -, m., slave
somnus, -, m., sleep
ventus, , m., wind
vir, vir, m., man
iter, itineris, n., journey, road, way
is, iris, n., right, law
ltus, ltoris, n., shore, coast, beach
mare, maris, n., (-ium) sea
nmen, nminis, n., name
onus, oneris, n., burden
opus, operis, n., work, task
pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest, heart
4th Declension: Masculine
csus, -s, m., chance, misfortune; fall
exercitus, -s, m., army
flctus, -s, m., wave, flood, sea
gradus, -s, m., step
2nd Declension: Neuter
4th Declension: Feminine
bellum, -, n., war
dnum, -i, n., gift
factum, -i, n., deed
rgnum, -i, n., kingdom
tlum, -, n., weapon, javelin
verbum, -, n., word
domus, -s, f., home, household
manus, -s, f., hand
4th Declension: Neuter
corn, -s, n., horn
3rd Declension: Masculine
5th Declension
dis, -, m., day
rs, -e, f., thing, affair, matter
specis, -, f., appearance, sight
sps, spe, f., hope
cvis, cvis, m.+ f., (-ium) citizen
dux, ducis, m., leader
frter, frtris, m., brother
mles, mlitis, m., soldier
mns, montis, m., (-ium) mountain
pater, patris, m., father
pns, pontis, m., (-ium) bridge
rx, rgis, m., king
Adjectives
1st and 2nd Declension: 3 terminations
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick
ter, tra, trum, dark, black
altus, -a, -um, high, deep, tall
amcus, -a, -um, friendly
bonus, -a, -um, good
crus, -a, -um, dear
fessus, -a, -um, tired, exhausted
rtus, -a, -um, angry
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched
lber, , , free
longus, -a, -um, long
magnus, -a, -um, great, large
malus, -a, -um, evil, bad, wicked
meus, -a, -um, my, mine
multus, -a, -um, much, many
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
parvus, -a, -um, small, little
pius, -a, -um, dutiful, devoted, loyal
prmus, -a, -um, first
proximus, -a, -um, next
3rd Declension: Feminine
cvis, cvis, m.+f., (-ium) citizen
gns, gentis, f., (-ium) tribe, nation
lx, lgis, f., law
lx, lcis, f., light
mter, mtris, f., mother
nvis, nvis, f., (-ium) ship
nox, noctis, f., (-ium) night
soror, sorris, f., sister
urbs, urbis, f., (-ium) city
vx, vcis, f., voice
3rd Declension: Neuter
caput, capitis, n., head
carmen, carminis, n., song
corpus, corporis, n., body
86
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (belonging to one person)
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (belonging to more
than one person)
Prepositions
, ab, (+ abl.) by; from, away from
ad, to, towards, at
cum, (+ abl.) with, along with
d, (+ abl.) about, concerning; down from
,ex, (+ abl.) from, out of
in, (+ acc.) into, onto, against; (+ abl.) in, on
pr, (+ abl.) in front of; on behalf of
sine, (+ abl.) without
sub, (+ abl.) under
3rd Declension: 3 terminations
cer, cris, cre, sharp, fierce, keen
celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick
3rd Declension: 2 terminations
brevis, -e, short, brief
difficilis, -e, difficult
dulcis, -e, sweet
facilis, -e, easy
fortis, -e, brave, strong
gravis, -e, heavy, serious
similis, -e, similar, like
omnis, -e, every, all
, -e, sad
tilis, -e, useful
Conjunctions
et, and
-que, and
quod, because
sed, but
Adverb
3rd Declension: 1 termination

audx, audcis, bold
flx, flcis, happy
, ingentis, huge, vast
sapins, sapientis, wise
nn, not
87
VOCABULARY
Nouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For
regular first, second, fourth and fifth declension nouns, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g.
mrus, -). Where the stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second
declension nouns and in the third declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given.
Adjectives: Adjectives have the nominative singular forms for all genders given. For regular first
and second declension adjectives, and for regular third declension adjectives of two terminations, only the
endings of the feminine and neuter are given (e.g. bonus, -a, -um). Where the stem cannot be determined
from the nominative singular masculine form, the full forms are given. In the case of third declension
adjectives of one termination, the nominative singular form is followed by the genitive singular form.
Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is
regular (i.e. forms its stems like am, mone, or audi), a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laudo
(1), I praise). If the verb is irregular, its principal parts follow.
At the end of each entry, the chapter number in which the word was introduced is given in square
brackets.
LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY
A
brevis, -e, short, brief [XXVI]
, ab, (+ abl.) by [XXII]; from, away from [XXIV]
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptum, receive
[XVII]
cer, cris, cre, sharp, fierce, keen [XXV]
ad, (+ acc.) to, towards, at [XVII]
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick [XVII]
ager, agr, m., field [VIII]
agricola, -ae, m., farmer [IV]
altus, -a, -um, high, deep, tall [XII]
amcus, -a, -um, friendly [XVIII]
am love, like [I]
annus, -, m., year [XXVIII]
aqua, -ae, f., water [V]
ter, tra, trum, dark, black [XVII]
audx, audcis, bold [XXVI]
audi (4), hear, listen to [XIV]
C
campus, -, m., plain, field, playing field [XV]
cant (1), sing [II]
capi, capere, cp, captum, take, seize, capture
[XVI]
caput, capitis, n., head [XXIII]
crus, -a, -um, dear [XXXI]
csus, -s, m., chance, misfortune; fall [XXIX]
carmen, carminis, n., song [XX]
celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick [XXV]
cern, cernere, crv, crtum, perceive, discern;
decide [XXX]
cvis, cvis, m. and f., citizen [XXI]
corn, -s, n., horn [XXIX]
corpus, corporis, n., body [XXIII]
cum, (+ abl.) with, along with [XXIV]
B
bellum, -, n., war [XV]
bonus, -a, -um, good [XII]
D
88
d, (+ abl.) about, concerning; down from [XXIV]
dea, -ae, f., goddess [XI]
dele, delre, delv, deltum, destroy [XXVII]
deus, -, m., god [VIII]
dc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell [XXVIII]
dis, -, m., day [XXXII]
difficilis, -e, difficult [XXXII]
d, dare, ded, datum, give [XXXI]
doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach [VI]
dominus, -, m., master [VIII]
domus, -s, f., home, household [XXIX]
dnum, -i, n., gift [XXXI]
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead [X]
dulcis, -e, sweet [XXX]
dux, ducis, m., leader [XIX]
H
hra, -ae, f., hour [XXVIII]
I
in, (+ acc.) into, onto, against [XVII]; (+ abl.) in,
on [XXIV]
incola, -ae m., inhabitant [XXII]
, ingentis, huge, vast [XXXIII]
interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill [XVII]
ra, -ae, f., anger, wrath [VII]
rtus, -a, -um, angry [XVIII]
iter, itineris, n., journey, road, way [XXIII]
is, iris, n., right, law [XXIII]
E
,ex, (+ abl.) from, out of [XXIV]
epistula, -ae, f., letter [V]
err (1), wander, make a mistake [II]
et, and [III]
exercitus, -s, m., army [XXIX]
L
laud (1), praise [I]
lx, lgis, f., law [XIX]
lber, , , free [XIII]
liber, libr, m., book [VIII]
ltus, ltoris, n., shore, coast, beach [XX]
longus, -a, -um, long [XX]
lx, lcis, f., light [XXV]
F
facilis, -e, easy [XXXII]
faci, facere, fc, factum, make, do [XVI]
(iter facere, to make a journey, to march)
[XVI]
factum, -i, n., deed [IX]
flx, flcis, happy [XXVI]
fessus, -a, -um, tired, exhausted [XVIII]
fids, -e, f., faith, loyalty [XXXII]
flia, -ae, f., daughter [XI]
flius, -, m., son [XI]
flctus, -s, m., wave, flood, sea [XXIX]
fortis, -e, brave, strong [XXIX]
frter, frtris, m., brother [XXVI]
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum, flee, run away, avoid
[XVI]
M
magister, magistr, m., teacher [VIII]
magnus, -a, -um, great, large [XII]
malus, -a, -um, evil, bad, wicked [XVIII]
mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay
[XXIV]
manus, -s, f., hand
mare, maris, n., sea [XXI]
mter, mtris, f., mother [XXVI]
meus, -a, -um, my, mine [XII]
mles, mlitis, m., soldier [XIX]
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched [XIII]
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send [X]
mone (2), warn, advise [VI]
mns, montis, m., mountain [XXV]
monstr (1), show [XXII]
move, movre, mv, mtum, move [XXVII]
multus, -a, -um, much, many [XII]
mni (4), fortify, build [XIV]
mrus, -, m., wall [XV]
G
gns, gentis, f., tribe, nation [XXI]
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on (bellum
gerere, to wage war) [XXX]
gradus, -s, m., step [XXIX]
gravis, -e, heavy, serious [XXX]
89
N
rgna, -ae, f., queen [IV]
rgnum, -i, n., kingdom [XXV]
reg, regere, rx, rctum, rule [XXVIII]
rs, -e, f., thing, affair, matter [XXXII]
rx, rgis, m., king [XXVII]
rog(1), ask [I]
nauta, -ae, m., sailor [XXII]
nvis, nvis, f., ship [XXI]
nmen, nminis, n., name [XX]
 not [I]
noster, nostra, nostrum, our [XIII]
nox, noctis, f., night [XXV]
nnti (1), report, announce [XXII]
nntius, -i, m., messenger [XI]
S
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy [XIII]
sapins, sapientis, wise [XXXIII]
scrba, -ae, m., writer, secretary [XXII]
scrb, scrbere, scrps, , write [X]
sed, but
sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit [XXIV]
serv (1), watch over, guard, save [III]
servus, -, m., slave [XV]
silva, -ae, f., forest, woods [VII]
similis, -e, similar, like [XXXI]
sine, (+ abl.) without [XXIV]
somnus, -, m., sleep [XV]
soror, sorris, f., sister [XIX]
specis, -, f., appearance, sight [XXXII]
sps, spe, f., hope [XXXII]
sub, (+ abl.) under [XXIV]
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be [XVIII]
surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, swell,
stretch upward [XXXIII]
O
omnis, -e, every, all [XXVI]
onus, oneris, n., burden [XX]
opus, operis, n., work, task [XX]
ra, -ae, f., shore, rim, edge [XVI]
P
par (1), prepare [III]
parvus, -a, -um, small, little [XII]
pater, patris, m., father [XXVI]
patria, -ae, f., native land [V]
pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest, heart [XXIII]
prta, -ae, m., pirate [XXII]
pius, -a, -um, dutiful, devoted, loyal [XVIII]
pota, -ae, m., poet [IV]
, , posu, positum, put, place, set up
[X]
pns, pontis, m., bridge [XXV]
porta, -ae, f., gate [VII]
port (1), carry [II]
prmus, -a, -um, first [XXVIII]
pr, (+ abl.) in front of; on behalf of [XXIV]
proximus, -a, -um, next [XXVIII]
puella, -ae, f., girl [IV]
puer, puer, m., boy [IX]
pugn (1), fight [II]
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful [XIII]
pni (4), punish [XIV]
T
teg, tegere, tex, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter
[XXX]
tlum, -, n., weapon, javelin [XV]
tend, tendere, tetend, tensum/tentum, extend,
stretch out, proceed [XXXIII]
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain [VI]
terra, -ae, f., land, earth, a country [XVI]
terre (2), frighten [VI]
time, timre, timu, -, fear, be afraid of [IX]
, -e, sad [XXXIII]
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (belonging to one person)
[XII]
Q
-que, and [XIV]
quod, because [XIV]
U
umbra, -ae, f., shadow, ghost [VII]
urbs, urbis, f., city [XXI]
R
90
tilis, -e, useful [XXXI]
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (belonging to
more than one person) [XIII]
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see [VII]
vir, vir, m., man [IX]
voc (1), call [I]
volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll [XXX]
vx, vcis, f., voice [XIX]
vulner wound, hurt [I]
V
veni, venre, vn, ventum, come [XIV]
ventus, , m., wind [XV]
verbum, -, n., word [IX]
ENGLISH – LATIN VOCABULARY
A
burden, onus, oneris, n. [XX]
but, sed
by, , ab, (+ abl.) [XXII]
C
about, d, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
advise, mone (2) [VI]
affair, rs, -e, f. [XXXII]
against, in, (+ acc.) [XVII]
all, omnis, omne [XXVI]
along with, cum, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
and, et [III], -que [XIV]
anger, ra, -ae, f. [VII]
angry, rtus, -a, -um [XVIII]
announce, nnti (1) [XXII]
appearance, specis, -, f. [XXXII]
army, exercitus, -s, m. [XXIX]
ask, rog(1) [I]
at, ad [XVII]
avoid, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum [XVI]
away from, , ab, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
call, voc (1) [I]
capture, capi, capere, cp, captum [XVI]
carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum [XXX]
carry, port (1) [II]
chance, csus, -s, m. [XXIX]
chest, pectus, pectoris, n. [XXIII]
citizen, cvis, cvis, m. and f. [XXI]
city, urbs, urbis, f. [XXI]
coast, ltus, ltoris, n. [XX]
come, veni, venre, vn, ventum [XIV]
conceal, teg, tegere, tex, tectum [XXX]
concerning, d, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
contain, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, [VI]
country, terra, -ae, f. [XVI]
cover, teg, tegere, tex, tectum [XXX]
B
bad, malus, -a, -um [XVIII]
be, sum, esse, fu, futrus [XVIII]
be afraid of, time, timre, timu, - [IX]
beach, ltus, ltoris, n. [XX]
beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum [XIII]
because, quod [XIV]
black,ter, tra, trum [XVII]
body, corpus, corporis, n. [XXIII]
bold, audx, audcis [XXVI]
book, liber, libr, m. [VIII]
boy, puer, puer, m. [IX]
brave, fortis, -e [XXIX]
breast, pectus, pectoris, n. [XXIII]
bridge, pns, pontis, m. [XXV]
brief, brevis, -e [XXVI]
brother, frter, frtris, m. [XXVI]
build, mni (4) [XIV]
D
dark, ter, tra, trum [XVII]
daughter, flia, -ae, f. [XI]
day, dis, -, m. [XXXII]
dear, crus, -a, -um [XXXI]
decide, cern, cernere, crv, crtum [XXX]
deed, factum, -i, n. [IX]
deep, altus, -a, -um [XII]
destroy, dele, delre, delv, deltum [XXVII]
devoted, pius, -a, -um [XVIII]
difficult, difficilis, -e [XXXII]
discern, cern, cernere, crv, crtum [XXX]
do, faci, facere, fc, factum [XVI]
down from, d, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
dutiful, pius, -a, -um [XVIII]
91
E
hear, audi (4) [XIV]
heart, pectus, pectoris, n. [XXIII]
heavy, gravis, -e [XXX]
high, altus, -a, -um [XII]
hold, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum [VI]
holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum [XIII]
home, domus, -s, f. [XXIX]
hope, sps, spe, f. [XXXII]
horn, corn, -s, n. [XXIX]
hour, hra, -ae, f. [XXVIII]
household, domus, -s, f. [XXIX]
huge, , ingentis [XXXIII]
hurt, vulner (1) [I]
earth, terra, -ae, f. [XVI]
easy, facilis, -e [XXXII]
edge, ra, -ae, f. [XVI]
every, omnis, omne [XXVI]
evil, malus, -a, -um [XVIII]
exhausted, fessus, -a, -um [XVIII]
extend, tend, tendere, tetend, tensum/tentum
[XXXIII]
F
faith, fids, -e f. [XXXII]
fall, csus, -s, m. [XXIX]
farmer agricola, -ae, m. [IV]
father, pater, patris, m. [XXVI]
fear, time, timre, timu, - [IX]
field, ager, agr, m.[VIII]; playing field, campus, -,
m. [XV]
fierce, cer, cris, cre [XXV]
fight, pugn (1) [II]
first, prmus, -a, -um [XXVIII]
flee, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum [XVI]
flood, flctus, -s, m. [XXIX]
forest, woods, silva, -ae, f. [VII]
fortify, mni (4) [XIV]
free, lber, lbera, lberum [XIII]
friendly, amcus, -a, -um [XVIII]
frighten, terre (2) [VI]
from, , ab, (+ abl.) [XXIV], ,ex, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
I
in front of, pr, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
in, in (+ abl.) [XXIV]
inhabitant, incola, -ae m. [XXII]
into, in, (+ acc.) [XVII]
J
javelin, tlum, -, n. [XV]
journey, iter, itineris, n. [XXIII]
K
keen, cer, cris, cre [XXV]
kill, interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectum [XVII]
king, rx, rgis, m. [XXVII]
kingdom, rgnum, -i, n. [XXV]
G
L
gate, porta, -ae, f. [VII]
ghost, umbra, -ae, f. [VII]
gift, dnum, -i, n. [XXXI]
girl, puella, -ae, f. [IV]
give, d, dare, ded, datum [XXXI]
god, deus, -, m. [VIII]
goddess, dea, -ae, f. [XI]
good, bonus, -a, -um [XII]
great, magnus, -a, -um [XII]
land, terra, -ae, f. [XVI]
large, magnus, -a, -um [XII]
law, lx, lgis, f. [XIX], is, iris, n. [XXIII]
lead, dc, dcere, dx, ductum [X]
leader, dux, ducis, m. [XIX]
letter, epistula, -ae, f. [V]
light, lx, lcis, f. [XXV]
like, am (1) [I]
like, similis, -e [XXXI]
listen to, audi (4) [XIV]
little, parvus, -a, -um [XII]
long, longus, -a, -um [XX]
love, am [I]
loyal, pius, -a, -um [XVIII]
H
hand, manus, -s, f. [XXIX]
happy, flx, flcis [XXVI]
head, caput, capitis, n. [XXIII]
92
put, , , posu, positum [X]
loyalty, fids, -e f. [XXXII]
M
Q
make, faci, facere, fc, factum [XVI]
make a journey, iter facere [XVI]
make a mistake, err (1) [II]
man, vir, vir, m. [IX]
many, multus, -a, -um [XII]
march, iter facere [XVI]
master, dominus, -, m. [VIII]
matter, rs, -e, f. [XXXII]
messenger, nntius, -i, m. [XI]
mine, meus, -a, -um [XII]
misfortune, csus, -s, m. [XXIX]
mother, mter, mtris, f. [XXVI]
mountain, mns, montis, m. [XXV]
move, move, movre, mv, mtum [XXVII]
much, multus, -a, -um [XII]
my, meus, -a, -um [XII]
queen, rgna, -ae, f. [IV]
quick, celer, celeris, celere [XXV]
R
receive, accipi, accipere, accp, acceptum
[XVII]
remain, mane, manre, mns, mnsum [XXIV]
report, nnti (1) [XXII]
right, is, iris, n. [XXIII]
rim, ra, -ae, f. [XVI]
rise, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum [XXXIII]
road, iter, itineris, n. [XXIII]
roll, volv, volvere, volv, voltum [XXX]
rule, reg, regere, rx,  [XXVIII]
run away, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum [XVI]
S
N
sad, , -e [XXXIII]
sailor, nauta, -ae, m. [XXII]
say, dc, dcere, dx, dictum [XXVIII]
sea, mare, maris, n. [XXI]; flcts, -uum, m. (pl.)
[XXIX]
secretary, scrba, -ae, m. [XXII]
see, vide, vidre, vd, vsum [VII]
seize, capi, capere, cp, captum [XVI]
send, mitt, mittere, ms, missum [X]
serious, gravis, -e [XXX]
set up, , , posu, positum [X]
shadow, umbra, -ae, f. [VII]
sharp, cer, cris, cre [XXV]
shelter, teg, tegere, tex, tectum [XXX]
ship, nvis, nvis, f. [XXI]
shore, ra, -ae, f. [XVI]; ltus, ltoris, n. [XX]
short, brevis, -e [XXVI]
show, monstr (1) [XXII]
sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum [XVII]
sight, specis, -, f. [XXXII]
similar, similis, -e [XXXI]
sing, cant (1) [II]
sister, soror, sorris, f. [XIX]
sit, sede, sedre, sd, sessum [XXIV]
slave, servus, -, m. [XV]
sleep, somnus, -, m. [XV]
small, parvus, -a, -um [XII]
name, nmen, nminis, n. [XX]
nation, gns, gentis, f. [XXI]
native land, patria, -ae, f. [V]
next, proximus, -a, -um [XXVIII]
night, nox, noctis, f. [XXV]
not,  [I]
O
on, in (+ abl.) [XXIV]
onto, in, (+ acc.) [XVII]
our, noster, nostra, nostrum [XIII]
out of , ,ex, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
P
perceive, cern, cernere, crv, crtum [XXX]
pirate, prta, -ae, m. [XXII]
place, pn, pnere, posu, positum [X]
plain, campus, -, m. [XV]
playing field, campus, -, m. [XV]
poet, pota, -ae, m. [IV]
praise, laud (1) [I]
prepare, par (1) [III]
proceed, tend, tendere, tetend, tensum/tentum
[XXXIII]
punish, pni (4) [XIV]
93
soldier, mles, mlitis, m. [XIX]
son, flius, -, m. [XI]
song, carmen, carminis, n. [XX]
speak, dc, dcere, dx, dictum [XXVIII]
stay, mane, manre, ,  [XXIV]
step, gradus, -s, m. [XXIX]
stretch out, tend, tendere, tetend, tensum/tentum
[XXXIII]
stretch upward, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum
[XXXIII]
strong, fortis, -e [XXIX]
sweet, dulcis, -e [XXX]
swell, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum [XXXIII]
swift, celer, celeris, celere [XXV]
wave, flctus, -s, m. [XXIX]
way, iter, itineris, n. [XXIII]
weapon, tlum, -, n. [XV]
wicked, malus, -a, -um [XVIII]
wind, ventus, , m. [XV]
wise, sapins, sapientis [XXXIII]
with, cum, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
without, sine, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
word, verbum, -, n. [IX]
work, opus, operis, n. [XX]
wound, vulner [I]
wrath, ra, -ae, f. [VII]
wretched, miser, misera, miserum [XIII]
write, scrb, scrbere, scrps,  [X]
writer, scrba, -ae, m. [XXII]
T
Y
take, capi, capere, cp, captum [XVI]
tall, altus, -a, -um [XII]
task, opus, operis, n. [XX]
teach, doce, docre, docu, doctum [VI]
teacher, magister, magistr, m. [VIII]
tell, dc, dcere, dx, dictum [XXVIII]
thing, rs, -e, f. [XXXII]
tired, fessus, -a, -um [XVIII]
to, ad (+ acc.) [XVII]
towards, ad (+ acc.) [XVII]
tribe, gns, gentis, f. [XXI]
year, annus, -i, m. [XXVIII]
your, tuus, -a, -um (belonging to one person)
[XII]; vester, vestra, vestrum (belonging
to more than one person) [XIII]
yours, tuus, -a, -um (belonging to one person)
[XII]; vester, vestra, vestrum (belonging
to more than one person) [XIII]
U
under, sub, (+ abl.) [XXIV]
unhappy, miser, misera, miserum [XIII]
useful, tilis, -e [XXXI]
V
vast, , ingentis [XXXIII]
voice, vx, vcis, f. [XIX]
W
wage, ger, gerere, gess, gestum [XXX]
wall, mrus, -, m. [XV]
wander, err (1) [II]
war, bellum, -, n. [XV]
warn, mone (2) [VI]
watch over, guard, save, serv (1) [III]
water, aqua, -ae, f. [V]
94
INDEX
Ablative Case:
Accompaniment: 48
Agent: 44
Means: 44
Place from Which: 48
Place Where: 48
Time When: 56
with prepositions: 44, 48
Accusative Case:
Direct Object: 12
Motion Towards: 34
neuter like nominative: 18
Duration of Time: 60
cer (declined): 50
Active Voice: 44
Adjectives:
agreement with nouns: 24, 36, 46
attributive: 50
predicative: 36, 50
substantive: 50
First and Second Declension: 24, 26
Third Declension: 50, 52
am (conjugated): 2, 4, 6, 8, 44, 46
Aorist (distinguished from Perfect): 6
Appositive (agreement with nouns): 54
audi (conjugated): 28, 30, 66, 68
bonus (declined): 24
capi (conjugated): 32, 34 60, 62
carmen (declined): 40
Complement: see "Direct Object," "Indirect Object,""Predicate Adjective," "Predicate Noun"
Conjugations: 2
First (active): 2, 4, 6,8, (passive): 44,46
Second (active): 12, 14, (passive): 54, 56
Third (active): 20, 22, (passive): 60, 62
Third I-Stem (active): 32, 34, (passive): 60, 62
Fourth (active): 28, 30, (passive): 66, 68
corn (declined): 58
Dative: 62
Declensions (adjectives): 24 (See also: "Adjectives")
Declensions (nouns): 10
First: 10
Second: 16, 18
Third: 38, 40
Third I-Stems: 42
Fourth: 58
Fifth: 64
Table of endings for 5 declensions: 64
Direct Object: 12
Dominus (declined): 16
dc (conjugated): 20, 22, 60, 62
lx (declined): 52
Gapping: 14
Genitive: 30
gradus (declined): 58
Indirect Object: 62
x (declined): 38
liber (declined): 16
mare (declined): 42
les (declined): 38
miser (declined): 26
95
mon (conjugated): 12, 14, 54, 56
vis (declined): 42
Neuter Law: 18
Nominative:
Predicate Adjective: 36
Predicate Noun: 36
Subject: 8, 10, 22
Nouns: 8,10, 16, 18, 36
irregular Third Declension: 52
I-Stems Third Declension: 42
omnis (declined): 52
opus (declined): 40
Parisyllabic: 42
Passive Voice: 44
Predicate: 8, 12, 36
Prepositions:
with Ablative: 49
with Accusative: 34, 35
Principal Parts of Verbs: 2
puella (declined): 10
puer (declined): 18
s (declined): 64
Rules of Concord:
First: 10
Second: 24
sacer (declined): 26
Sentence: 8
Subject: 8, 10
Compound subject: 22
sum (conjugated): 36
Terminations: 50, 52
Time:
When: 56
Duration: 60
urbs (declined): 42
Verbs (see also "Conjugations"):
Transitive: 12
Intransitive: 48
Linking: 36
Person, number, tense, mood, voice: 2
verbum (declined): 18
Voice: See "Active Voice," "Passive Voice"
96